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Rawalpindi) 2014 Weather and Maize Crop Development in Potohar Region Punjab (Rawalpindi) 2014 By Khurram Rashid Muhammad Ayaz Khalida Noureen National Agromet Centre Pakistan Meteorological Department Pitras Bukhari Road, Sector H-8/2, Islamabad, Pakistan Contents ABSTRACT ……………………………………………….................................. 5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.1 Geographical Description and Climate of Pakistan and Central Punjab (Study Area) 6 1.2 Scope of the Study …………………..………………………………………………………….……………… 7 1.3 Objective of the Study………………………………………………………………………………………… 8 1.4 Review of Agriculture Production in Pakistan………………………………….………….……… 8 1.5 Maize Production in Pakistan ……………………………………………………………….…………….. 9 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHOD -------------------------------------------- 10 2.1 Phenology ………………………………………………………………….............................................. 10 2.1.1 Phenological Observations ……………………………………………………………………. 11 2.2 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ------------------------------------------- 13 3.1 Rainfall and Maize Crop Growth …………………………………………………………………………. 14 3.2 Air Temperature and Maize Crop Growth ………………………………………………………….. 15 3.3 Soil Temperature and Crop Growth …………………………………………………………………….. 17 3.4 Heat Units Consumption during Crop Cycle…………………………………………………………… 18 3.5 Relative Humidity (%) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 3.6 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration, ETo (mm/day) …………………………………………….. 20 3.7 Wind and Crop Growth………………………………………………………………………………………… 21 3.8 Crop Water Requirement…………………………………………………………………………………. 22 3.9 Agro Meteorological Summary of Crop Cycle ……………..……………………………….......... 24 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ----------------------- 26 4.1 Conclusions …….……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 4.2 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27 REFERENCES …………………………………….............................................. 29 - 2 - List of Figures Page No. Figure 1.1 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) of Punjab [Normal (1981-2010)]……………………. 7 Figure 1.2 Monthly Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) of Rawalpindi during Crop Season…… 7 Mean Maximum and Minimum Temperature (°C) of Rawalpindi during Figure 1.3 7 Crop Season………………………………………………………………………………………………. Comparison of Monthly Observed Rainfall with Normal (1981-2010) at Figure 3.1 14 Rawalpindi during Crop Season 2014………………………………………………………… Mean daily Minimum Temperature (°C) of Rawalpindi during the Crop Figure 3.2 16 Season………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Mean daily Maximum Temperature (°C) of Rawalpindi during the Crop Figure 3.3 16 Season………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Figure 3.4 Mean Monthly Temperature of Rawalpindi during Crop Season……………… 16 Figure 3.5 Soil Temperature during Maize crop 2014…………………………………………………. 18 Figure 3.6 Heat Units During Crop Life 2014………………………………………………………………. 19 Graph of Crop Coefficient (Kc) for Normal Duration of Maize Growing Figure 3.7 22 Season (Emergence to Wax- Maturity)………………………………………………………. Figure 3.8 Crop Water Requirement (CWR) During Crop Life……………………………………… 23 - 3 - List of Tables Page No. Table 2.1 Observed Meteorological Parameters ……………………………………………………………. 10 Table 2.2 Phenological Stages of Maize Crop 2014 ………………………………………………………… 11 Table 3.1 Brief Summary of the Maize Crop …………………………………………………………………… 13 Table 3.2 Daily Rainfall History of the Crop Life 2014 …………………………………………………….. 15 Table 3.3 Mean Monthly Temperature during Crop Season 2014 ………………………………….. 17 Table 3.4 Heat Units Consumed by the Crop during Different Phenological Phases ………. 20 Table 3.5 Summary of some Meteorological Parameters during Crop Season 2014 ………. 21 Table 3.6 Heat Crop Water Requirement during Different Phenological Phases ……………. 23 - 4 - Abstract This study was conducted at RAMC (Regional Agrometeorological Center) Rawalpindi to investigate the impact of weather conditions on the growth and development of maize crop. Impact of variations in the meteorological parameters on different phenological phases and hence on final yield of Maize crop was analyzed. For this purpose, both meteorological and phenological data was collected from the meteorological observatory and agricultural field of physiology section of Millet Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi. Besides this record, other necessary features like sowing time, fertilizer, weeds removing operations are also included in the current report for the crop season (Aug- Nov-2014). The maize crop variety Ev6098, sown in the field under observation used 1274.7 heat units in 88 days during its life cycle from sowing to full maturity. The water requirement of crop was fulfilled by rainfall reported during the crop like at different stages. Other weather parameters like air and soil temperature, R.H, ETO etc also supported normal crop growth, which resulted normal yield of the crop. - 5 - Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world has significant importance for countries like Pakistan. Maize is the fourth largest grown crop after wheat, cotton and rice. This study is based upon field observations of Maize crop at Regional Agrometeorological Centre, Rawalpindi cultivated in the experimental field of Millet Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi. In experimental field Maize crop variety Ev6098 was cultivated. This study will help in understanding the effect of different climatic parameters on the growth and yield of maize crop in Potohar region. 1.1 Geographical Description and Climate of Potohar region (Study Area) Pakistan has a variable climate, ranging from arid (33-254mm annual rainfall) in the south to humid (1016-2032mm annual rainfall), sub-humid (508-1016mm annual rainfall) and semi-arid (254-508mm annual rainfall) in the north. The Indus River that originates from the north along with its tributaries irrigates the great plains of the country including Central Punjab. Chaudhry and Rasul found that about 2/3 of the total agriculture area lies in the arid climate [1]. The study has been conducted for “Rawalpindi region” in the Potohar Zone with longitude 73.07°E, latitude 33.6°N and elevation of 517m from mean sea level. The Potohar region includes the Northern parts of Punjab. Its climate is semi-arid and sub-humid both in summer and winter [2]. Therefore it has a considerable temperature variations resulting in creating favorable conditions for extreme weather patterns. It receives about 1000mm rainfall annually of which 63-67% is received in monsoon season [3] (Figure – 1.1). Rawalpindi division (study area) is the central part of Potohar Region. All agricultural activities are dependent upon rainfall in both summer and winter. Maize crop is cultivated in Potohar region in summer after the onset of monsoon rains which provide adequate soil moisture for its cultivation and development. More detail about the climate of Rawalpindi during Crop season is shown in the figures (1.2 & 1.3). The highest amount of rainfall occurs in the month of August followed by September. Day time mean maximum and night time mean minimum temperatures gradually decrease from August to November. - 6 - Figure 1.1: Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) of Punjab [Normal (1981-2010)] 350 40 35 300 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 10 100 5 50 0 0 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Aug-14 Sep-14 Oct-14 Nov-14 Mean Maximum Temperature Mean Minimum Temperature Figure 1.2: Monthly Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) Figure 1.3: Mean Maximum and Minimum of Rawalpindi during Crop Season Temperature (ºC) of Rawalpindi during Crop Season 1.2 Scope of the Study Pakistan experiences a more variable and unpredictable behavior of weather systems as compared to other countries of the region. This type of weather patterns result in the variations in the amount of available water both for irrigated and rainfed agricultural lands, which consequently results in the fluctuations in annual yield of maize. Some time heavy rains along with persistent cloudy conditions trigger the viral or pest attack on maize crop and also cause rapid growth of weeds in the fields. It also prolongs the crop period, which causes delay in sowing of next crop. Rain just after sowing causes - 7 - decrease in the number of germinated maize seeds and also at the time of harvesting/threshing badly damage the final yield. Abnormal rise in day time temperature or late sowing raises crop water requirement at a particular phase. This could also cause early completion of phase and early maturity of grains. Due to which shriveled grain is obtained. Therefore, in this study the impacts of variations of meteorological parameters along with variations in soil temperature and moisture are analyzed to understand crop growth and development throughout the crop life and their impact on final yield of the crop. 1.3 Objective of the Study • To analyze and study the impact of various meteorological parameters on crop growth and development. • To investigate the water satisfaction sensitivity of crop in Rawalpindi region. • To develop the relationship between weather parameters, crops life cycle and yield obtained. • To determine the onset of pests and diseases related to weather elements. • To get a step forward for formulation of yield estimation. 1.4 Review of Agriculture Production in Pakistan Pakistan is an agrarian country whose population and economy directly or in directly (70% directly and 16% indirectly) depends upon agriculture. Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 21% of the
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