GOSAT-3) Water Cycle

JAXA’s Earth Observation Missions, Data Policy and Applications

Osamu Ochiai Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

October 23rd 2020 @ Stakeholder Consultation 3: Satellite Data and WMO Data Policy JAXA’s Satellite Development and Operation Schedule

JFY 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

National Security ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 Disaster ALOS-3 (Optical) Land ALOS-3 Follow-on Monitoring ALOS-4 (SAR) ALOS-4 Follow-on

Climate Change AMSR-3 GCOM-W/AMSR-2 (Hosted by GOSAT-3) Water Cycle

Precipitation GPM/DPR

Vegetation Aerosol GCOM-C/SGLI Clouds EarthCARE/CPR Earth Observation Earth GOSAT/FTS GHG GOSAT-2/FTS-2 GOSAT-3 (MOE Mission)

2 Current JAXA Earth Observation Satellites

Climate Change Disaster Risk Management GOSAT GOSAT-2 GCOM-C

ALOS-2 Launched: Cloud/ Launched: 2009 Launched: 23 December 2017 Aerosols/ Greenhouse 29 October 2018 Vegetation Gases

GCOM-W GPM

DPR: Precipitation Dual Frequency Land Surface Launched: 2014 Radar (Radar)

Launched: 2012 Water Launched: 2014 Courtesy of NASA Cycling

3 Sharing EO data for tackling Climate Change

Atmosphere

Precipitation Greenhouse Gases Aerosols

Land

Forest/Non-Forest LST

1980 2019 Ocean

Arctic Sea Ice SST Chlorophyl-a Concentration 4 Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) Measured by GCOM-W & C, GOSAT&GOSAT-2, GPM/DPR, and ALOS-2

Total Essential Climate Variables 54 Atmosphere Land Ocean (ECVs) ECVs measured by Atmospheric Biosphere Hydrosphere Physical GCOM-C&W, Surface Upper-air 25 Composition GPM/DPR and Above-ground Groundwater Ocean surface heat flux biomass GOSAT Precipitatio Earth Aerosol Sea ice Sea level Sea state n radiation and ozone budget precursors Albedo Lakes Sea surface currents by GCOM-C Evaporation from River discharge Sea surface salinity Pressure Lightning Aerosols land properties Sea surface stress Fire Anthroposphere Subsurface salinity by GCOM-W Radiation Temperature Carbon budget dioxide, Fraction of Anthropogenic Sea surface temperature methane & absorbed Greenhouse gas Subsurface currents by GPM/DPR other photosynthetically fluxes greenhouse active radiation Subsurface temperature gases (FAPAR) by GOSAT, Biogeochemical GOSAT-2 Land cover Anthropogenic water use Temperatur Water Cloud Inorganic carbon Transient tracers e vapour properties by ALOS-2 Land surface Nitrous oxide temperature Cryosphere Nutrients Water Wind speed Ozone Ocean colour Oxygen vapour & direction Leaf area index Glaciers Snow Soil carbon Ice sheets and ice Biological/ecosystems Wind speed shelves and Marine habitat properties direction Soil moisture Permafrost Plankton

5 JAXA ‘s Open and Free Data

Satellite/ Sensor MOS/JERS/ADEOS/ADEOS-2/ ○ AMSR-E/TRMM

GOSAT ○

GCOM-W and GCOM-C ○

GPM ○ ALOS AVNIR-2 (10m) ○ PALSAR (10m) ○ DSM (30m) ○ Annual Global Forest map / mosaic (25m) ○

ALOS-2 Annual Global Forest map / mosaic (25m) ○

6 Application in Numerical Weather Prediction

• JMA, ECMWF and other meteorological agencies assimilate AMSR2 TBs into their global numerical weather prediction model to improve forecast accuracy. Also, JMA recently started to use AMSR2 TBs and soil moisture content in local model.

Rainfall forecast of previous 3-hr by 21-hr forecast starting from 9Z on July 11, 2012. Rain rate over Kyushu area is improved by Target using AMSR2. area

Forecast without AMSR2 Forecast with AMSR2 Observation

(Images provided by JMA) 7 GPM/DPR Improves Operational Meso-scale Numerical Weather Prediction

W/O DPR

With DPR

Ground Observation

8 Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation

Dual-Frequency Precipitation Gauge-adjusted Quoted by JMA website Radar Providing reference standard GPM Microwave Imager cloud motion Global information by IR Precipitation imager on Measurement Geostationary satellite Core satellite Constellation satellites ©JMA Precipitation Microwave IR Imager Radar Radiometer

• hourly global rainfall data Multi-satellite Rainfall Product • 0.1x0.1deg. lat/lon distribution • Various version such as realtime for monitoring or long-term gauge- ・website ・CSV adjusted for climatological ・netCDF ・Binary purposes ・GeoTIFF ・png 9 Multi-satellites and Models

Hourly animation of GSMaP accumulated rainfall by the Super Typhoon No.19 “HAGIBIS” from 00Z 5th Oct. to 23Z 13th Oct., 2019 10 GSMaP’s Contribution to WMO SEMDP Space-based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring Demo. Project

• WMO Space-based Weather and Climate Extremes Monitoring (SWCEM) Demonstration Project (SEMDP), East Asia and Western Pacific Regional Subproject initiated in 2018 (Kuleshov et al. 2019, DOI:10.5772/intechopen.85824). • JAXA participates to this subproject with the GSMaP, and provide the GSMaP_Gauge_NRT product with 19yr-climate normal. • Targets are heavy rainfall and drought from 5-days up to a month. WMO SEMDP Kinck- Case study over Indonesia on Dec2014 off Workshop, Reporting gauges Satellite Detected Region of Extreme Jan. 2018, BMKG, Heavy Rainfall based upon percentiles Jakarta, Indonesia from past 19-yr data

WMO SEMDP GSMaP (v6) Gauge-NRT Workshop, Nov. 2018, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

11 (mm/day) Precipitation extremes monitoring using the near- real-time GSMaP

The result of the left panel was reported in Japanese TV News because we provided information shortly since disasters occurred, based upon the statistical product in operational processing.

Extreme heavy rainfall area above 90th percentile for weekly precipitation (July 1-7, 2020).

https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP_CLM/index.htm 12 Capturing the Damages Caused by the Typhoon by ALOS-2 and GCOM-C Simulation of river dischargeFlooding by 1 area-km aroundresolution Chikuma land river detected by ALOS-2/PALSAR at Sediment discharges/suspended solids along the coast surface/floodplain model2:56Z (Today’s on 13 Earth Oct. -2019.Japan) detected by GCOM-C/SGLI at 1:53Z on 13 Oct. 2019. Flooding of Chikuma river was forecasted by the model. 3m res., HH pol.

Flooding area

Broken bank 250m res., RGB composite https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/water/ 13 Aerosol Monitoring and Forecasts

Jeju Island (altitude:1950m) (blocks the aerosol)

• The high and nearly continuous AOT over land and ocean are estimated from Himawari-8/AHI • Transports of aerosols are captured by utilizing frequent (10-min) observations by AHI 14 JAXA’s Open and Free EO Data and Services

Portal Name and URL G-Portal Provides products of GPM, GCOM-W, GCOM-C, GOSAT, and Past Satellites and Sensors (MOS-1/1b, JERS-1, ADEOS, ADEOS-II, Aqua/AMSR-E, TRMM/PR) https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr/ (Contacts : [email protected])

GSMaP: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Provides hourly Global Rainfall Map in Near-Real-Time (GSMaP_NRT), available four hours after observation. (GPM-Core GMI, TRMM TMI, GCOM-W1 AMSR2, DMSP series SSMIS, NOAA series AMSU, MetOp series AMSU, and Geostationary IR) https://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GSMaP/ (Contacts : [email protected])

JAXA Himawari Monitor Provides multi-satellite products from the Himawari Standard Data provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) as well as the geophysical parameter data (Aerosol Optical Thickness, Sea Surface Temperature, Short Wave Radiation, Chlorophyll-a, Wild Fire, Photovoltaic Power, Cloud Optical Thickness and Cloud Type) produced by JAXA. https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/ (Contacts : [email protected]) GDAS: GOSAT Data Archive Service (Operated by National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)) Provides GOSAT products (Methane and CO2). https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/index_en.html (Contacts: [email protected]) JAXA for Earth JAXA’s Earth Observation data and research at glance. http://earth.jaxa.jp/en.html 15 For Our Sustainable Future Thank you for your attention.

Images of the Earth about 340,000 km from the center of the Earth took by the Hayabusa2 after the swing-by on December 4, 2015.

Australian continent on the upper right, and Antarctica on the lower right. 16