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A Comparison Between Natural and Planned Languages
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Gobbo, F. Publication date 2011 Document Version Final published version Published in Journal of Universal Language Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Gobbo, F. (2011). The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages. Journal of Universal Language, 12(2), 45-79. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Federico Gobbo 45 Journal of Universal Language 12-2 September 2011, 45-79 The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages Federico Gobbo University of Insubria 1 Abstract Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. -
Introduction: in Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
In Search of Esperanto
Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 182-192, 2015 INTRODUCTION: IN SEARCH OF ESPERANTO Humphrey Tonkin* University of Hartford West Hartford, USA DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.12 Regular article ABSTRACT After almost one hundred years of continuous use, Esperanto has achieved the status and character of a fully-fledged language, functioning much as any other language does. Research on Esperanto is hampered because knowledge of the subject is often regarded, ipso facto, as evidence of a lack of objectivity, and also because Esperanto, as largely an L2, is elusive, and its speakers hard to quantify. The problem is compounded by the rapid shift in its community from membership-based organizations to decentralized, informal web-based communication. Also shifting are the community’s ideological underpinnings: it began as a response to lack of communication across languages but is now often perceived by its users as an alternative, more equitable means of communication than the increasingly ubiquitous English. Underlying these changes is a flourishing cultural base, including an extensive literature and periodical press. There is a need for more research – linguistic, sociolinguistic, and in the history of ideas. In intellectual history, Esperanto and related ideas have played a larger role than is generally recognized, intersecting with, and influencing, such movements as modernization in Japan, the development of international organizations, socialism in many parts of the world, and, in our own day, machine translation. KEY WORDS Esperanto, Esperanto community, interlinguistic research, language ideology CLASSIFICATION JEL: O20 *Corresponding author, : [email protected]; +1 860 768 4448; *Mortensen Library, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA Introduction: in search of Esperanto INTRODUCTION In an influential essay some years ago, the late Richard Wood described Esperanto as “a voluntary, non-ethnic, non-territorial speech community” [1]. -
Esperanto, Civility, and the Politics of Fellowship: A
ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ana Velitchkova Omar Lizardo, Director Graduate Program in Peace Studies and Sociology Notre Dame, Indiana July 2014 © Copyright by ANA MILENOVA VELITCHKOVA 2014 All rights reserved ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY Abstract by Ana Velitchkova This dissertation examines global, regional, state-, group-, and person-level processes involved in the growth of the movement formed around the constructed international language Esperanto. The Esperanto movement emerged in the global arena in the late nineteenth century as a response to inequalities in the nation-state field. In the course of several decades, the movement established a new global field based on the logic of equal communication through Esperanto and on the accumulation of cultural capital. While the field gained autonomy from the nation-state field, it has not been recognized as its equal. Persons endowed with cultural capital but lacking political and economic capital have been particularly drawn to Esperanto. Ironically, while attempting to overcome established unfair distinctions based on differential accumulation of political and economic capital, the Esperanto movement creates and maintains new distinctions and inequalities based on cultural capital accumulation. Ana Velitchkova At the regional level, the Esperanto movement became prominent in state- socialist Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. The movement found unexpected allies among independent states in the Eastern European periphery. -
The International Language Esperanto a Course Ĉi Tiu Kurso Estis Adaptita El La Iama 10-Leciona Esperanto-Kurso Aǔ Free Esperanto Course
The International Language Esperanto A Course Ĉi tiu kurso estis adaptita el la iama 10-leciona Esperanto-kurso aǔ Free Esperanto Course. La materialo estis rearanĝata, por ke ĝi funkciu kaj rete kaj por poŝta, papera koresponda kurso kaj kiel kurso-libro en ĉeestaj kursoj. Grafike ĝin prilaboris Nino Vessella, Harnyos Ferenc kaj João Vicente. Kunordigis Renato Corsetti. Introduction WHAT IS ESPERANTO? Esperanto, the international language, is a language developed to make it easier for people of different cultures to communicate. Its author, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof (1859-1917), published his "Lingvo Internacia" in 1887 under the pseudonym "Dr. Esperanto". It is now spoken by at least two million people, in over 100 countries. There are thousands of books and over 100 periodicals published currently. But what makes it any more international than French, English or Russian? Incorrectly termed ’artificial’ (the right word is ’planned’), Esperanto is specifically intended for international/intercultural use, so those who use it meet each other on an equal footing, since neither is using his or her native language. With national languages, the average person isn’t able to express himself as well as a native speaker or the gifted linguist. Thanks to its simple, logical, regular design, anyone can learn Esperanto fairly rapidly. A LIVING LANGUAGE Esperanto is a living language, used for everything people use any other language for. But it’s much easier to learn than a national language. Even people who can’t remember a word of a language they studied for years in high school or college need only months of intensive study to become fluent in Esperanto. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
Dr. Esperanto's International Language
Cover & prefatory Main text Grammar Vocabulary Footnotes GK home page The original 1887 Esperanto proposal, back in print for a new millennium Dr. Esperanto’s International Language, Introduction & Complete Grammar by Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof por Angloj English Edition translated by R.H. Geoghegan Balliol College, Oxford 1889 New printing, edited and preface by Gene Keyes 2000 Halifax, Nova Scotia: Verkista HTML version with updated preface 2006 Berwick, Nova Scotia Gene Keyes Website http://www.genekeyes.com [Back cover] In 1887, Warsaw was under the thumb of the Russian empire. In that year, an obscure Polish eye-doctor, Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof, published identical pamphlets in Russian, Polish, French, and German, proposing Esperanto the easy-to-learn neutral second language for every country. Today, Esperanto is alive and well around the world, and throughout the Internet. This is the 1889 English version of that “First Book” where it all began, reprinted for a new millennium. “My whole grammar can be learned perfectly in one hour.” —Zamenhof [Inside front cover] Permitted by the Censor Warsaw 5 January 1889 ____________________________________ Printed by Ch. Kelter Nowolipie Str. N. 11 For a language to be universal, it is not enough to call it that. An international language, like every national one, is the property of society, and the author renounces all personal rights in it forever. 1889 2000; 2006 Cataloging Information: 1) Author: Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus (1859-1917). 2) Translator: Geoghegan, Richard H. (1866-1943). 3) Editor: Keyes, Gene (1941- ). 4) Esperanto. 5) Language and Languages. ISBN 978-0-9698643-5-6 Pamphlet edition published 2000-09-24 First printing Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Verkista First online HTML version 2006-11-28 Gene Keyes Website http://www.genekeyes.com Berwick, Nova Scotia, Canada NB: Footnotes are gathered at the end, but hotlinked so that you can read each one in turn, then be hotlinked back to where you left off. -
The Esperantist Background of René De Saussure's Work
Chapter 1 The Esperantist background of René de Saussure’s work Marc van Oostendorp Radboud University and The Meertens Institute ené de Saussure was arguably more an esperantist than a linguist – R somebody who was primarily inspired by his enthusiasm for the language of L. L. Zamenhof, and the hope he thought it presented for the world. His in- terest in general linguistics seems to have stemmed from his wish to show that the structure of Esperanto was better than that of its competitors, and thatit reflected the ways languages work in general. Saussure became involved in the Esperanto movement around 1906, appar- ently because his brother Ferdinand had asked him to participate in an inter- national Esperanto conference in Geneva; Ferdinand himself did not want to go because he did not want to become “compromised” (Künzli 2001). René be- came heavily involved in the movement, as an editor of the Internacia Scienca Re- vuo (International Science Review) and the national journal Svisa Espero (Swiss Hope), as well as a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, the Academy of Es- peranto that was and is responsible for the protection of the norms of the lan- guage. Among historians of the Esperanto movement, he is also still known as the inventor of the spesmilo, which was supposed to become an international currency among Esperantists (Garvía 2015). At the time, the interest in issues of artificial language solutions to perceived problems in international communication was more widespread in scholarly cir- cles than it is today. In the western world, German was often used as a language of e.g. -
TEKA: a Transnational Network of Esperanto-Speaking Physicians Marcel Koschek University of St Andrews [email protected]
Hungarian Historical Review 10, no. 2 (2021): 243–266 TEKA: A Transnational Network of Esperanto-Speaking Physicians Marcel Koschek University of St Andrews [email protected] The Tutmonda Esperanta Kuracista Asocio (Worldwide Esperanto Medical Association, TEKA) was founded in 1908 at the Fourth International Esperanto Congress in Dresden and was the international medical association of the Esperanto movement. The aim was to “facilitate practical relations between Esperanto-speaking doctors of all countries.” The interest within the Esperanto movement was immense: after one year, TEKA had more than 400 members all over the world with a focus on Europe; one year later, there were more than 600 members with official representatives in about 100 cities. In Europe, a medical press in Esperanto had already been established. The approach of these journals was both simple and brilliant: the doctors presented the latest medical findings from their home countries in a peer review system and critically examined the articles in their vernacular. This made each issue a compendium of the most important and pioneering findings of national research. The numerous experts also had many other connections with, for example, the Red Cross and similar organizations. Thus, after a short period of time, TEKA brought together the expertise of countless physicians. This paper examines TEKA as a transnational network of experts before World War I. The history of the association and the role of Medicine within the Esperanto movement are briefly discussed. The focus is then on the various association journals and the circulation of knowledge. Finally, the essay offers a look at TEKA’s cooperative endeavors with the Red Cross. -
The Seh-Lerai Language
The Seh-lerai Language The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russsell, James R. Forthcoming. The Seh-lerai language. Journal of Armenian studies. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10007898 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP 1 THE SEH-LERAI LANGUAGE. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. Day after day, Alone on a hill, The man with the foolish grin is keeping perfectly still But nobody wants to know him, They can see that he’s just a fool, And he never gives an answer, But the fool on the hill, Sees the sun going down, And the eyes in his head, See the world spinning ’round. Well on the way, Head in a cloud, The man of a thousand voices talking perfectly loud But nobody ever hears him, or the sound he appears to make, and he never seems to notice… — John Lennon and Paul McCartney, 1967. 1. A mysterious language and its maker. 2. The Temple of Wisdom and the Masons. 3. Mercurians. 4. An Internet detective story. 5. Ans haïlanzar. 6. An elegy for Smyrna. List of plates. List of appendices. Bibliography. 1. A MYSTERIOUS LANGUAGE AND ITS MAKER. We scholars of Armenian studies have tended to focus generally inward— researching the history, culture, and language and literature of the nation itself— rather than outward, considering the participation of Armenians in the wider culture of the world outside their (our) own ethnic sphere. -
En La Numero
speranto U S Bi-monthly bulletin published by the Esperanto League for North America 2006/1 Dumonata bulteno eldonata de la Esperanto-Ligo por Norda Ameriko 2006/1 En la Numero Prezidanta Saluto . 3 Raporto de ELNA al UEA . 3 The Heartbeat of ELNA – its Central Office . 4 Nova Paßaro de ELNA. 5-6 Libroforma PMEG!. 6 Loke: Georgio. 7 Kiel Organizi Kongreson . 8 Bonvenon al NASK . 9 Tradukoj por la Nova Epoko . 10 Lost in Translation . 10 Novaj Libroj de ELNA . 11 Vojaßu Esperante! . 12 “Estas nenio kion niaj superhomoj ne povas fari!” Nova, moda, alloga retpaßaro verÙajne nuntempe estas la plej grava vizaßo kiun organiza¢o montras al la mondo, diras Steven Brewer, la vic-prezidanto de ELNA Steven Brewer antaª preskaª dek jaroj. Tiam ricevi nenian respondon. Mi Antaª jaro, oni petis ke mi ßi aspektis sufi¤e moda kaj volontulis respondeci pri la proponu min kiel vic-prezi- dum kelkaj jaroj, oni sufi¤e konstruado de nova paßaro, danton de la Esperanto-Ligo zorge pligrandigis kaj pli- kaj dum la Landa Kongreso por Norda Ameriko (ELNA) bonigis ßin. Poste ßi komencis 2005 oni elektis min kiel vic- kaj mi akceptis. Kiam mi putri. prezidanton kaj oficialigis min rigardis la bezonojn de ELNA, Dum la pasintaj kelkaj jaroj kiel komisiiton pri la ret- mi decidis ke la plej granda neniu vere subtenis ßin. Oni paßaro. Mi dissendis peton ke bezono verÙajne estas la ret- povis sendadi petojn al la oni helpu min novigi kaj re- paßaro. Oni konstruis ßin komisiito pri la retpaßaro kaj desegni la paßaron. -
Creative Strategies to Approach Multiculturalism in Esperanto
159 Język. Komunikacja. Informacja Ilona Koutny, Ida Stria (red./ed.) 13/2018: 159–174 MANUELA BURGHELEA On Not Being Lost in Translation: Creative Strategies to Approach Multiculturalism in Esperanto Abstrakt (Jak nie zaginąć w przekładzie: twórcze strategie podejścia do wielokulturowo- ści w esperancie). W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano praktyki przekładu na esperanto, język skonstruowany, który liczy już 130 lat i który ma służyć neutralnej komunikacji między- narodowej. Jednym z praktycznych zastosowań tego pomocniczego języka jest udostępnienie ogólnoświatowej społeczności mówców dzieł z całego świata i z różnych epok. Analizowana jest rola odgrywana przez tłumaczenie w rozwoju esperanta oraz w tworzeniu społeczności esperanckiej. Autorka dowodzi, że tłumaczenie na esperanto spełnia kluczową funkcję społeczną i przekazuje wartości wykraczające poza zwykły transfer semantyki. Czyniąc to, stosuje interdyscyplinarną perspektywę i wykorzystuje podejścia z badań translacyjnych, językoznawstwa, antropologii i badań komunikacji międzykulturowej. Umieszczenie tych podejść w dialogu jest korzystne dla lepszego zrozumienia różnych strategii stosowanych przez tłumaczy esperanckich w celu uwzględnienia i zrozumienia esperanckiego horyzon- tu kulturowego. Abstract. This article examines translation practices into Esperanto, a constructed language with 130 years of existence and which is meant to serve neutral international communication. As such, one of Esperanto’s practical applications is to render works from around the world and from different times accessible to a worldwide community of speakers. We analyse the role played by translation in the development of Esperanto and in the creation of an Espe- ranto community. We argue that translation into Esperanto possesses a key social function and conveys values that go beyond the mere transfer of semantics. In doing so, we apply an interdisciplinary perspective and draw on approaches from translation studies, linguistics, anthropology and intercultural communication studies.