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Internet Servisi Usenet Internet servisi dr Dušan Ljubičić Beogradska akademija poslovnih i umetničkih strukovnih studija Usenet Usenet • 1980.g razvili studenti univerziteta Duke i S.Karolina • Naziv Usenet dolazi od User Network • Javna diskusija o različitim temama u vidu tekstualnih poruka 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 2 Usenet • Vrsta oglasne table gde svako može da iznese svoje stavove i ideje, postavi pitanje, dobije odgovor na postavljeno pitanje, podeli svoje znanje i iskustvo sa drugima… • Svetska zajednica ljudi koji razmenjuju ideje i informacije 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 3 Diskusione grupe u Usenet mreži • Skladišta na Usenet serverima • Sadrže datoteke koje grupisane u diskusione grupe • Naziv grupe ukazuje na tematiku i zato se zovu i tematske grupe, interesne grupe i grupe 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 4 Poruka (post, artikal) • Diskusione grupe su adresa na koju korisnici šalju svoje poruke • Poruka (artikal, post), je u obliku teksta ili u binarnom formatu (sve što nije tekst, audio, video, softver…) • Proces slanja poruke naziva se posting • Poruka istovremeno može da se pošalje na adresu više diskusionih grupa • Danas postoji preko 100 000 diskusionih grupa 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 5 Nazivi diskusionih grupa • Ime diskusione grupe počinje sa prefiksom koji ukazuje na najširu tematiku, npr. comp za kompjutere • U nastavku posle tačke dolazi naziv podgrupe, npr. software (comp.software) • Daljom podelom bi grupa comp.software.windows • sci.psychology, sci.research, soc.college.org, soc.culture.african, talk.religion, talk.politics... 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 6 Hijerarhije diskusionih grupa • Početno ime grupe (npr. comp) određuje njenu hijerarhiju, a tačka ukazuje na hijerarhijski nivo • Hijerarhija se skraćeno zapisuje navođenjem grupe sa tačkom i zvezdicom iza, npr. comp.*, sci.* itd. 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 7 Hijerarhija grupe Comp 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 8 Tri hijerarhije • U početku su sve grupe nalazile unutar tri hijerarhije, fa.*, mod.* i net.* • Prva je bila u vlasništvu ARPANET-a, druga je označavala grupe koje su imale moderatora, a net.* grupe bez moderatora • Kada je broj grupa narastao 1987. godine je urađeno Veliko preimenovanje (Great Renaming) i uvedeno je sedam novih hijerarhija 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 9 Hijerarhije diskusionih grupa • comp.* - postovi o računarima • news.* - postovi o Usenet-u i diskusionim grupama • sci.* - postovi o nauci i tehnologiji • rec.* - postovi o rekreacionim aktivnostima i hobijima • soc.* - postovi o društvenim temama i kulturi • talk.* - postovi o debatama i drugim temama o kojima može da se vodi konverzacija • misc.* - postovi o svemu što ne može da se svrsta u neku od preostalih hijerarhija 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 10 Hijerarhije diskusionih grupa • Hijerarhija humanities.*, koja se bavi humanističkim temama (literatura, filozofija ...) uvedena je 1995. • Ovih osam hijerarhija čini tzv. Osam velikih (Big 8) hijerarhija i u njih, zajedno sa alt.* hijerarhijom spada najveći broj grupa na Usenet-u 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 11 Alt.* hijerarhija • Velike nedoumice oko toga koje grupe dozvoliti • Nisu bile dozvoljene grupe koje bi se bavile drogom, seksom i drugim osetljivim temama • Ovaj problem je rešen uvođenjem hijerarhije alt.* • Alt.* je alternativna hijerarhija koja koja nema centralizovanu kontrolu i praktično svako ko ima tehničke mogućnosti može da kreira svoju alt.* grupu 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 12 Alt.* hijerarhija • John Gilmore je 1992. god. hteo da pokrene grupu na temu droge - rec.drugs • Administratori su odbili • Gilmore stvara vlastitu hijerarhiju alt.* na kojoj neće postojati cenzura • Sumnjalo se da alt umesto alternativa označava anarhiste, ludake i teroriste 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 13 Alt.* hijerarhija • Ne znači totalnu slobodu jer administratori Usenet servera imaju poslednju reč • U grupi alt.config - saveti i upustva za kreiranje nove diskusione grupe i spisak najčešćih razloga zbog kojih su predložene grupe odbijene • U okviru alt.* hijerarhije najveći broj grupa na Usenet-u 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 14 Trolovanje • Korisnici Useneta, revoltirani zbog velikog broja „pridošlica“, novih korisnika pokušavaju da ih oteraju • 1992. god, nastaje trolovanje • Iskusniji korisnik objavi neku urbanu legendu u Usenetu, noviji korisnik se „upeca“ i reaguje i počinje ruganje i napad – trolovanje • Trolovi se trude da izazovu pažnju, duhoviti, napadni, bezobrazni, vulgarni… 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 15 Ostale hijerarhije • Pored devet - veliki broj manjih hijerarhija (oko 600) (odnose se na region, kompaniju, proizvod, projekat…) • hijerarhija de.* - nemačka, fr.* na francusku… • Hijerarhija free.* nastala 1998. još slobodnija po pitanju sadržaja od alt.* hijerarhije 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 16 Binarne datoteke • Veliki broj poruka (datoteka) koje se nalaze u diskusionim grupama su u obliku čistog teksta • Pored tekstualnih datoteka, koje su obično male veličine, u diskusionim grupama nalaze se i binarne datoteke čiji sadržaj može da bude zvuk, video, slika, programski kôd (softver)… • Grupe u kojima se nalaze binarne datoteke se prepoznaju po tome što u svom nazivu sadrže reč binaries, na primer dk.binaries.film ili alt.binaries.movies 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 17 Kodiranje • Usenet je napravljen za slanje tekstualnih poruka i svi znakovi koji nisu tekst ne mogu da prođu • Zato se binarne datoteke pre slanja kodiraju u tekst • Koriste se različiti programi za kodiranje, a danas se najčešće koristi program yEnc • Isti program se koristi i za vraćanje nazad u binarni format 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 18 Binarne datoteke, veličina • Binarna datoteka koja je veća od veličine maksimalnog posta (npr. film od 1GB) prvo se rar ili zip programom kompresuje i istovremeno podeli na potreban broj datoteka (npr. film.r01, film.r02 itd.) • Sve se zatim enkriptuje nekim programom, kao što je ranije pomenuti yEnc • Onda se šalje na Usenet server u određenu diskusionu grupu 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 19 Pretraživanje binarnih datoteka • Pretraživanje binarnih datoteka se radi po nazivu artikla (filename), temi koja mora da se navede u polju Subject prilikom slanja i po sadržaju koji je opisan u .nfo datoteci 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 20 NFO datoteke • NFO datoteke sadrže dodatne, često detaljne informacije o binarnim datotekama • Npr, ako se radi o filmu navodi se naziv filma, godina izdanja, glumci, žanr filma, jezik, rezolucija, trajanje… • U obliku su čistog teksta i mogu da se pročitaju 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 21 Newsreader klijentski Usenet softver • Newsreader je klijentski Usenet softver koji se koristi za čitanje artikala (postova), njihovo slanje i preuzimanje sa servera i slanje i preuzimanje binarnih datoteka • Radi na sličan način kao i programi za elektronsku poštu • Na Usenet server se povezuje preko NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) protokola 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 22 Vrste Newsreader-a • Tekstualni samo čitaju i šalju tekstualne postove, binarni rade samo sa binarnim datotekama, ali nisu efikasni u radu sa binarnim datotekama kao binarni, NZB downloader-i mogu samo da preuzimaju binarne datoteke dok kombinovani imaju mogućnosti svih prethodnih • Uglavnom su samostalni programi koji se preuzimaju sa Interneta i instaliraju na lokalni računar • Takođe, postoje i oni koji se izvršavaju u veb brauzeru 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 23 Preuzimanje Newsreader-a • Newsreader-i takođe mogu da se podele na komercijalne i besplatne • Usenet Explorer i NewsToolz su primeri komercijalnog i besplatnog newsreader-a. Preuzimanje i mogućnosti ovih programa možete videti na veb stranicama – http://www.techsono.com/usenet/newztoolz?Sou rce=NewzToolz i – http://usenetexplorer.com 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 24 Instalacija • Posle instalacije potrebno je konfigurisati Newsreader, tj. uneti naziv servera, korisničko ime i šifru, NNTP port (119), SSL port (443 ili 563) i eventualno druge parametre koje Usenet provajder pošalje posle otvaranja naloga 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 25 Komunikacija na Usenet-u • Komunikacija na Usenet počinje pisanjem poruke (artikla) u nekom od newsreader programa, slično email-u po tome što sadrži zaglavlje i telo poruke • U telu poruke se piše sama poruka (artikal) • U zaglavlju se nalaze polja od kojih su obavezna: From, Date, Newsgroup, Subject, Message-ID i Path • U Newsgroups piše se adresa jedne ili više diskusionih grupa kojima se poruka šalje, npr. soc.culture.japan • U polje Subject, koje je za razliku od email-a ovde obavezno, navodi se ukratko tema poruke 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 26 Komunikacija 2. korak • Kada je poruka napisana, šalje se na Usenet • Ovaj postupak se zove posting • Newsreader šalje poruku Usenet serveru sa kojim je povezan • Poruka se na serveru smešta se u grupu kojoj je poslata 3/29/2020 Internet servisi – dr Dušan Ljubičić 27 Komunikacija - protokoli • Za slanje poruke koristi se NNTP protokol (Network News Transfer Protocol) • Protokol radi na portu 119 • Za bezbedan prenos podataka NNTP protokol koristi port 433 • Posle ovog koraka poruka je dostupna Usenet korisnicima koji su povezani sa tim serverom,
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