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UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben an Interview with John Lions
Winter/Spring 1994 Celebrating 25 Years of UNIX Volume 6 No 1 "I believe all significant software movements start at the grassroots level. UNIX, after all, was not developed by the President of AT&T." Kouichi Kishida, UNIX Review, Feb., 1987 UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben An Interview with John Lions [Editor's Note: This year, 1994, is the 25th anniversary of the [Editor's Note: Looking through some magazines in a local invention of UNIX in 1969 at Bell Labs. The following is university library, I came upon back issues of UNIX Review from a "Work In Progress" introduced at the USENIX from the mid 1980's. In these issues were articles by or inter- Summer 1993 Conference in Cincinnati, Ohio. This article is views with several of the pioneers who developed UNIX. As intended as a contribution to a discussion about the sig- part of my research for a paper about the history and devel- nificance of the UNIX breakthrough and the lessons to be opment of the early days of UNIX, I felt it would be helpful learned from it for making the next step forward.] to be able to ask some of these pioneers additional questions The Multics collaboration (1964-1968) had been created to based on the events and developments described in the UNIX "show that general-purpose, multiuser, timesharing systems Review Interviews. were viable." Based on the results of research gained at MIT Following is an interview conducted via E-mail with John using the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Lions, who wrote A Commentary on the UNIX Operating AT&T and GE agreed to work with MIT to build a "new System describing Version 6 UNIX to accompany the "UNIX hardware, a new operating system, a new file system, and a Operating System Source Code Level 6" for the students in new user interface." Though the project proceeded slowly his operating systems class at the University of New South and it took years to develop Multics, Doug Comer, a Profes- Wales in Australia. -
Characterizing Pixel Tracking Through the Lens of Disposable Email Services
Characterizing Pixel Tracking through the Lens of Disposable Email Services Hang Hu, Peng Peng, Gang Wang Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech fhanghu, pengp17, [email protected] Abstract—Disposable email services provide temporary email services are highly popular. For example, Guerrilla Mail, one addresses, which allows people to register online accounts without of the earliest services, has processed 8 billion emails in the exposing their real email addresses. In this paper, we perform past decade [3]. the first measurement study on disposable email services with two main goals. First, we aim to understand what disposable While disposable email services allow users to hide their email services are used for, and what risks (if any) are involved real identities, the email communication itself is not necessar- in the common use cases. Second, we use the disposable email ily private. More specifically, most disposable email services services as a public gateway to collect a large-scale email dataset maintain a public inbox, allowing any user to access any for measuring email tracking. Over three months, we collected a dataset from 7 popular disposable email services which contain disposable email addresses at any time [6], [5]. Essentially 2.3 million emails sent by 210K domains. We show that online disposable email services are acting as a public email gateway accounts registered through disposable email addresses can be to receive emails. The “public” nature not only raises interest- easily hijacked, leading to potential information leakage and ing questions about the security of the disposable email service financial loss. By empirically analyzing email tracking, we find itself, but also presents a rare opportunity to empirically collect that third-party tracking is highly prevalent, especially in the emails sent by popular services. -
The Freedom of Speech at Risk in Cyberspace: Obscenity Doctrine and a Frightened University's Censorship of Sex on the Internet
NOTES THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH AT RISK IN CYBERSPACE: OBSCENITY DOCTRINE AND A FRIGHTENED UNIVERSITY'S CENSORSHIP OF SEX ON THE INTERNET JEFFREY E. FAUCETrE INTRODUcTION On November 8, 1994, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) removed' a small handful of topics from among the thousands of Usenet newsgroups2 subscribed to by the university computer sys- tem and available on the Internet' .because they contained en- coded sexually explicit images Under the new policy announced by Erwin Steinberg, university vice provost for education, none of the university's 9,000 computers would list the approximately forty newsgroups.5 The newsgroups that were censored are all known as "binaries,"6 and they contain, among other things, encoded imag- 1. Despite the University's restriction on the sexually explicit newsgioups, techno- logically adept students can circumvent the policy by accessing the groups through other file servers. However, for the purposes of this Note, the efforts of these enterprising students are not important when compared with the symbolic effect of the censorship. 2. These newsgroups are "bulletin board-style discussion groups" that can be read from, responded to, and downloaded to an individual's computer. See David Landis, Ex- ploring the Online Universe, USA TODAY, Oct. 7, 1993, at 4D. The Usenet newsgroups are available worldwide via Internet. See id. 3. The Internet is the most commonly known "wide area network" (WAN). It "evolved from networks established by the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation. [The] Internet connects various government, university, and corporate entities, spans 137 nations, and has at least fifteen million users." Eric Schlachter, Cyberspace, the Free Market and the Free Marketplace of Ideas: Recognizing Legal Differ- ences in Computer Bulletin Board Functions, 16 HASTINGS COMM. -
Nonprofit Security Grant Program Threat Incident Report
Nonprofit Security Grant Program Threat Incident Report: January 2019 to Present November 15, 2020 (Updated 02/22/2021) Prepared By: Rob Goldberg, Senior Director, Legislative Affairs [email protected] The following is a compilation of recent threat incidents, at home or abroad, targeting Jews and Jewish institutions (and other faith-based organization) that have been reported in the public record. When completing the Threat section of the IJ (Part III. Risk): ▪ First Choice: Describe specific terror (or violent homegrown extremist) incidents, threats, hate crimes, and/or related vandalism, trespass, intimidation, or destruction of property that have targeted its property, membership, or personnel. This may also include a specific event or circumstance that impacted an affiliate or member of the organization’s system or network. ▪ Second Choice: Report on known incidents/threats that have occurred in the community and/or State where the organization is located. ▪ Third Choice: Reference the public record regarding incidents/threats against similar or like institutions at home or abroad. Since there is limited working space in the IJ, the sub-applicant should be selective in choosing appropriate examples to incorporate into the response: events that are most recent, geographically proximate, and closely related to their type or circumstance of their organization or are of such magnitude or breadth that they create a significant existential threat to the Jewish community at large. I. Overview of Recent Federal Risk Assessments of National Significance Summary The following assessments underscore the persistent threat of lethal violence and hate crimes against the Jewish community and other faith- and community-based institutions in the United States. -
Ifdef Considered Harmful, Or Portability Experience with C News Henry Spencer – Zoology Computer Systems, University of Toronto Geoff Collyer – Software Tool & Die
#ifdef Considered Harmful, or Portability Experience With C News Henry Spencer – Zoology Computer Systems, University of Toronto Geoff Collyer – Software Tool & Die ABSTRACT We believe that a C programmer’s impulse to use #ifdef in an attempt at portability is usually a mistake. Portability is generally the result of advance planning rather than trench warfare involving #ifdef. In the course of developing C News on different systems, we evolved various tactics for dealing with differences among systems without producing a welter of #ifdefs at points of difference. We discuss the alternatives to, and occasional proper use of, #ifdef. Introduction portability problems are repeatedly worked around rather than solved. The result is a tangled and often With UNIX running on many different comput- impenetrable web. Here’s a noteworthy example ers, vaguely UNIX-like systems running on still more, from a popular newsreader.1 See Figure 1. Observe and C running on practically everything, many peo- that, not content with merely nesting #ifdefs, the ple are suddenly finding it necessary to port C author has #ifdef and ordinary if statements (plus the software from one machine to another. When differ- mysterious IF macros) interweaving. This makes ences among systems cause trouble, the usual first the structure almost impossible to follow without impulse is to write two different versions of the going over it repeatedly, one case at a time. code—one per system—and use #ifdef to choose the appropriate one. This is usually a mistake. Furthermore, given worst case elaboration and nesting (each #ifdef always has a matching #else), Simple use of #ifdef works acceptably well the number of alternative code paths doubles with when differences are localized and only two versions each extra level of #ifdef. -
Newscache – a High Performance Cache Implementation for Usenet News
THE ADVANCED COMPUTING SYSTEMS ASSOCIATION The following paper was originally published in the Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference Monterey, California, USA, June 6-11, 1999 NewsCache – A High Performance Cache Implementation for Usenet News _ _ _ Thomas Gschwind and Manfred Hauswirth Technische Universität Wien © 1999 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. For more information about the USENIX Association: Phone: 1 510 528 8649 FAX: 1 510 548 5738 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.usenix.org NewsCache – A High Performance Cache Implementation for Usenet News Thomas Gschwind Manfred Hauswirth g ftom,M.Hauswirth @infosys.tuwien.ac.at Distributed Systems Group Technische Universitat¨ Wien Argentinierstraße 8/E1841 A-1040 Wien, Austria, Europe Abstract and thus provided to its clients are defined by the news server’s administrator. Usenet News is reaching its limits as current traffic strains the available infrastructure. News data volume The world-wide set of cooperating news servers makes increases steadily and competition with other Internet up the distribution infrastructure of the News system. services has intensified. Consequently bandwidth re- Articles are distributed among news servers using the quirements are often beyond that provided by typical Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) which is de- links and the processing power needed exceeds a sin- fined in RFC977 [2]. In recent years several exten- gle system’s capabilities. -
Fortran Resources 1
Fortran Resources 1 Ian D Chivers Jane Sleightholme May 7, 2021 1The original basis for this document was Mike Metcalf’s Fortran Information File. The next input came from people on comp-fortran-90. Details of how to subscribe or browse this list can be found in this document. If you have any corrections, additions, suggestions etc to make please contact us and we will endeavor to include your comments in later versions. Thanks to all the people who have contributed. Revision history The most recent version can be found at https://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran-information/ and the files section of the comp-fortran-90 list. https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A0=comp-fortran-90 • May 2021. Major update to the Intel entry. Also changes to the editors and IDE section, the graphics section, and the parallel programming section. • October 2020. Added an entry for Nvidia to the compiler section. Nvidia has integrated the PGI compiler suite into their NVIDIA HPC SDK product. Nvidia are also contributing to the LLVM Flang project. Updated the ’Additional Compiler Information’ entry in the compiler section. The Polyhedron benchmarks discuss automatic parallelisation. The fortranplus entry covers the diagnostic capability of the Cray, gfortran, Intel, Nag, Oracle and Nvidia compilers. Updated one entry and removed three others from the software tools section. Added ’Fortran Discourse’ to the e-lists section. We have also made changes to the Latex style sheet. • September 2020. Added a computer arithmetic and IEEE formats section. • June 2020. Updated the compiler entry with details of standard conformance. -
Against Cyberanarchy"
AGAINST "AGAINST CYBERANARCHY" By David G. Posit TABLE OF CONTENTS I. IN TRO DUCTION .....................................................................................................1365 II. UNEXCEPTIONALISM IN CYBERSPACE ................................................................... 1366 III. SETTLED PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................ 1371 IV . FUNCTIONAL IDENTITY ......................................................................................... 1373 V . SC A LE ...................................................................................................................1376 V I. E FFEC TS ................................................................................................................ 138 1 V II. CON SEN T ..............................................................................................................1384 V III. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS .....................................................................................1386 I. INTRODUCTION It makes me indignant when I hear a work Blamed not because it's crude or graceless but Only because it's new... Had the Greeks hated the new the way we do, Whatever would have been able to grow to be old?' Professor Jack Goldsmith's Against Cyberanarchy2 has become one of the most influential articles in the cyberspace law canon. The position he sets forth-what I call "Unexceptionalism"-rests on two main premises. The first is that activity in cyberspace is "functionally identical to -
Usenet News HOWTO
Usenet News HOWTO Shuvam Misra (usenet at starcomsoftware dot com) Revision History Revision 2.1 2002−08−20 Revised by: sm New sections on Security and Software History, lots of other small additions and cleanup Revision 2.0 2002−07−30 Revised by: sm Rewritten by new authors at Starcom Software Revision 1.4 1995−11−29 Revised by: vs Original document; authored by Vince Skahan. Usenet News HOWTO Table of Contents 1. What is the Usenet?........................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Discussion groups.............................................................................................................................1 1.2. How it works, loosely speaking........................................................................................................1 1.3. About sizes, volumes, and so on.......................................................................................................2 2. Principles of Operation...................................................................................................................................4 2.1. Newsgroups and articles...................................................................................................................4 2.2. Of readers and servers.......................................................................................................................6 2.3. Newsfeeds.........................................................................................................................................6 -
Eszter Babarczy: Community Based Trust on the Internet
PTE BTK Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Kommunikáció Doktori Program Babarczy Eszter: Community Based Trust on the Internet Doktori értekezés Témavezető: Horányi Özséb egyetemi tanár 2011. 1 Community-based trust on the internet Tartalom Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 II. A very brief history of the internet ........................................................................................................... 9 Early Days ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Mainstream internet .............................................................................................................................. 12 The internet of social software .............................................................................................................. 15 III Early trust related problems and solutions ............................................................................................ 20 Trading .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Risks of and trust in content ....................................................................................................................... 22 UGC and its discontents: Wikipedia ...................................................................................................... -
The Internet Is a Semicommons
GRIMMELMANN_10_04_29_APPROVED_PAGINATED 4/29/2010 11:26 PM THE INTERNET IS A SEMICOMMONS James Grimmelmann* I. INTRODUCTION As my contribution to this Symposium on David Post’s In Search of Jefferson’s Moose1 and Jonathan Zittrain’s The Future of the Internet,2 I’d like to take up a question with which both books are obsessed: what makes the Internet work? Post’s answer is that the Internet is uniquely Jeffersonian; it embodies a civic ideal of bottom-up democracy3 and an intellectual ideal of generous curiosity.4 Zittrain’s answer is that the Internet is uniquely generative; it enables its users to experiment with new uses and then share their innovations with each other.5 Both books tell a story about how the combination of individual freedom and a cooperative ethos have driven the Internet’s astonishing growth. In that spirit, I’d like to suggest a third reason that the Internet works: it gets the property boundaries right. Specifically, I see the Internet as a particularly striking example of what property theorist Henry Smith has named a semicommons.6 It mixes private property in individual computers and network links with a commons in the communications that flow * Associate Professor, New York Law School. My thanks for their comments to Jack Balkin, Shyam Balganesh, Aislinn Black, Anne Chen, Matt Haughey, Amy Kapczynski, David Krinsky, Jonathon Penney, Chris Riley, Henry Smith, Jessamyn West, and Steven Wu. I presented earlier versions of this essay at the Commons Theory Workshop for Young Scholars (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Collective Goods), the 2007 IP Scholars conference, the 2007 Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, and the December 2009 Symposium at Fordham Law School on David Post’s and Jonathan Zittrain’s books. -
035021-F E-Online
ÉLECTRONIQUE EN LIGNE yEnc & Co Méthodes de codage des fichiers attachés Harry Baggen Bien que la plupart des utilisateurs d’Internet se contentent, par le biais de leur ordinateur, de visiter des sites au graphisme attrayant et d’envoyer/recevoir des E-mails, la Toile, ce médium englobant notre bonne vieille Terre, offre bien d’autres potentialités. Il existe ainsi des dizaines de milliers de groupes de discussion (newsgroup) qui permettent à des amateurs de tous poils d’échanger des données concernant leurs violons d’Ingres. Le problème est que l’on se trouve confronté, lors de sa première « plongée » dans ce monde, un certain nombre de méthodes de codage, telles que yEnc et uuencode, qui, au premier abord, peuvent paraître étranges. certain Outtime BBS dont le maître d’oeuvre était Stéphane Boudin, BBS qui lui a permis de faire ses pre- mières armes dans le monde des modems...). À l’époque déjà, le télé- chargement de programmes, d’images et de toutes autres sortes de fichiers faisait le bonheur de nombre d’utilisateurs de PC. De nos jours, sur Internet, cette fonc- tion a été reprise par les Groupes comme les appelle Yahoo!, l’en- semble du réseau ayant en fait été baptisé usenet (user’s network). À l’origine, usenet était une partie d’In- ternet destinée à la transmission de messages pouvant intéresser un grand nombre de personnes. Les pères spirituels de ce concept n’avaient pas pensé à l’époque que les utilisateurs futurs se serviraient de ce moyen pour la transmission de fichiers binaires (programmes, images, musique).