035021-F E-Online

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035021-F E-Online ÉLECTRONIQUE EN LIGNE yEnc & Co Méthodes de codage des fichiers attachés Harry Baggen Bien que la plupart des utilisateurs d’Internet se contentent, par le biais de leur ordinateur, de visiter des sites au graphisme attrayant et d’envoyer/recevoir des E-mails, la Toile, ce médium englobant notre bonne vieille Terre, offre bien d’autres potentialités. Il existe ainsi des dizaines de milliers de groupes de discussion (newsgroup) qui permettent à des amateurs de tous poils d’échanger des données concernant leurs violons d’Ingres. Le problème est que l’on se trouve confronté, lors de sa première « plongée » dans ce monde, un certain nombre de méthodes de codage, telles que yEnc et uuencode, qui, au premier abord, peuvent paraître étranges. certain Outtime BBS dont le maître d’oeuvre était Stéphane Boudin, BBS qui lui a permis de faire ses pre- mières armes dans le monde des modems...). À l’époque déjà, le télé- chargement de programmes, d’images et de toutes autres sortes de fichiers faisait le bonheur de nombre d’utilisateurs de PC. De nos jours, sur Internet, cette fonc- tion a été reprise par les Groupes comme les appelle Yahoo!, l’en- semble du réseau ayant en fait été baptisé usenet (user’s network). À l’origine, usenet était une partie d’In- ternet destinée à la transmission de messages pouvant intéresser un grand nombre de personnes. Les pères spirituels de ce concept n’avaient pas pensé à l’époque que les utilisateurs futurs se serviraient de ce moyen pour la transmission de fichiers binaires (programmes, images, musique). C’est là la raison de la naissance de différents proto- coles, méthodes et programmes Il n’y a pas si longtemps encore, il nous fallait l’autre, de messages ou pour télé- auxiliaires servant à garantir ces passer par un BBS (Bulletin Board System) charger des fichiers. (NdlR : la rédac- possibilités. pour la transmission, dans un sens ou dans tion se souvient avec émotion d’un Les serveurs servant à usenet et 46 Elektor 4/2003 ÉLECTRONIQUE EN LIGNE tête de caractères. Il existe heureusement des solutions qui permettent de contourner cet écueil. On pourra utiliser un programme de consulta- tion différent supportant lui l’encodage yEnc voire doter son browser favori d’un plug-in yEnc. Le programme gratuit yProxy [4] de Brawny Lads est un tel plug- in. Il fonctionne comme un serveur-proxy par rapport au browser existant. Autres programmes de consultation suppor- tant yEnc : Xnews [5] et Super Gravity [6]. Ce ne sont cependant pas les seuls. Si vous êtes prêt à ouvrir votre porte-monnaie vous pouvez acheter un programme connu tel que For tè Agent [7]. Sa version gratuite (Free Agent) ne supporte pas yEnc pour le moment. Il nous faut cependant placer une remarque si vous pensez que vous êtes en mesure de télécharger n’importe quoi sans le moindre problème : nombre de fournisseurs d’accès à Internet ont banni de leurs serveurs les aux E-mails utilisent un protocole savent pas encore quoi faire : Groupes à fichiers binaires (les fameux « bina- relativement simple. Dans le cas du yEnc [1]. Pourquoi trouver quelque ries ») en raison de l’énorme trafic qu’ils impli- Courriel il s’agit de SMTP (Simple chose de nouveau si les vieilles quaient. Usenet comprend de l’ordre de Mail Transfer Protocol) et avec use- méthodes fonctionnaient bien ? Les 50 000 Groupes qui créent jour après jour des net de NNTP (Network News Trans- méthodes de codage existantes pré- flux de nouvelles données de plusieurs cen- fer Protocol). sentent malheureusement l’un ou taines de gigaoctets et des transmissions de Leur caractéristique commune est l’autre inconvénient. Leur défaut le données de 1 téraoctet voire plus !. Si ces qu’ils ne peuvent tous deux traiter plus grave est un manque évident fichiers attachés vous intéressent, il vous fau- que des textes en ASCII. Il n’est par- d’efficacité. Un fichier binaire codé à dra vous résoudre à prendre un abonnement tant pas possible d’envoyer un pro- l’aide des techniques existantes voit (payant) auprès d’un fournisseur d’accès spé- gramme en fichier attaché (attach- sa taille augmenter de près de 40% cialisé dans ce domaine voire tenter de trouver ment). Pour contourner cette limita- par rapport à sa taille d’origine. La un serveur de news gratuit. Il existe de bons tion on a imaginé une technique qui transmission de ce dernier fichier moteurs de recherche pour cela : Newzbot [8] consiste à commencer par convertir prend sensiblement plus de temps et FreeNews [9] par exemple. un fichier binaire en texte ASCII, ce qu’il n’aurait nécessité dans son for- (035021) qui permet ensuite de l’envoyer par mat original. Avec yEnc, cet embon- le biais de usenet. À l’arrivée, le point est bien plus faible vu que le texte est reconverti vers son état surplus ajouté se limite à quelques binaire d’origine. Plusieurs tech- pour cents (cf. Zen’s yEnc FAQ [2]). niques sont utilisées, la plus connue À signaler en outre que yEnc intègre Adresses Internet d’entre elles étant cependant Uuen- une correction d’erreur. [1] yEnc: www.yenc.org/ code/Uudecode. Parallèlement, il En dépit de ces aspects positifs, existe également les méthodes Bin- yEnc n’a pas manqué de subir [2] Zen’s yEnc FAQ: Hex et Base64. quelques critiques, en particulier au www.geocities.com/zenwebpage/ Aujourd’hui, la plupart des browsers niveau de son concept (cf. l’article de yEncFAQ.htm Internet intègrent un lecteur de mes- Jeremy Nixon [3]), vu qu’il semble [3] Critiques concernant yEnc: sage (Outlook Newsreader sous encore présenter l’une ou l’autre Internet Explorer et Messenger sous imperfection. Il n’en reste pas moins www.exit109.com/~jeremy/news/yenc.html Netscape). Les dispositifs de codage que yEnc est devenu assez rapide- [4] yProxy: www.brawnylads.com/software/ et de décodage y sont intégrés de ment un codage très utilisé dans le [5] Xnews: http://xnews.newsguy.com/ sorte que l’utilisateur n’a pas la monde des Groupes. moindre idée de ces opérations. Un Les programmes de consultation [6] Super Gravity: fichier attaché apparaît dans son for- des Groupes des browsers Internet http://gravity.tbates.org/super.html mat correct sans qu’il ne soit néces- les plus courants ne supportent [7] Forté Agent: saire de procéder à quelque pas encore yEnc. Si vous essayez www.forteinc.com/agent/index.php « bidouillage » que ce soit. partant de télécharger un fichier Il existe cependant depuis un certain attaché codé par yEnc, tout ce que [8] Newzbot: www.newzbot.com/ temps une nouvelle méthode de vous verrez apparaître sur votre [9] FreeNews: http://freenews.maxbaud.net/ codage que tous les lecteurs ne écran est une suite sans queue ni 4/2003 Elektor 47.
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