mmm si ^o»oPgiy CAPit«l INDEX RATES fyi*>\ ^EDITORIAL

FOOO W0RTAGE8 1H ZIMBABWE .....page 1 RECOGNXTXCN AGREEMENTS: * response p«o» 11 AS our coves* indicate*, one of tha thaaaa in ORGANISING WWEN7 page 14 All rotas are for five issues, ^ » this, the teenty firat, issue of lork In Progress s INTRODUCTION TO POLITIC*. ECONOHY is that of the dominance of monopoly capital, Rataa in SOUTHERN AFRICA part 3 page 23 and the effects of this dominance, in South Individuals, trada unione and DEPENDENT INDUSTRIALISATION: the Africa. community organisetlone: A 7,50 SA CAM page 2& There are qualitative, aa eell as the Inatitutiona and librarlaai R15,00 TRAINING POR CAPITAL: Da Lange Obvloua quantitative, differences (fro- small- Group distribution: (par copy) R 1t00 1 raporta page 36 scale. 'competitive capital) In tha eey that Raducad rataa and/or a cartaln number of INFORMATION monopoly capital structures a society (the complimentary coplaa can ba arranged on courts peg* 42 relationship beteeen classes); in ma demands request. «ade of the state and limitations placed on the wilaon-rowntree pege *8 activities of the state; and in a range of labour action page 49 gCOND CLASS AIRMAIL RATES effecte that monopoly capital has in aiany 15STERN EUROPE and BRITAIN • Individual*: R20.00 areas (such as education end training, eub- ADDRESS Organisational R29,00 contlnental politics and economics, internal political Btructuras» employment and unemployment, USA and CWAOA etc]. EDITORIAL ADDRESS: Individuals : R25,00 These differences erlse out of euch PO Box 931M Organisational R35,00 2143 Yaovllla choreeteriat ice of monopoly capitalist as tha SOUTH AFRICA need for long-tana planning end social stability SURFACE MAIL RATES ouTaioE SOUTHERN AFRICA in ehlch to plan (it doee not matter ell that Individuals : R 7,SO much ehether it le achieved through repreaeion WCfiK IN PROGRESS 21 - February 1982 Organisations: R12,S0 on concessions, or, BM in most cases, ooth); .the need for a reasonably skilled end etabla labour Important I If payment ia mads in non-Rand force (with high productivity, arising from the ' Cover by Kevin Humphray. currancy plaaia add bank and conversion t uaa of sophisticated technology. Interruption charges. of production is even more serious than it la Plaasa apaclfy tha adition which you wish Tha natura of Work In Progress, which ia to for amell-ecele capital); the amy in ehlch stimulate debate and present controversial your subscription to begin with. monopoly capital is tied into a world system of viewe on a aida ranQa of subjects, ensures that tha opinions expressed do not necessarily Cheques and Postal Ordara to ba made payable capitalist production (through investment, raflact tha viaaa of tha aditorial collactiva. to «0RK IN PROGRESS. supplies, technology, markets, etc). The article by Gramme 81och la directly concerned vlth thess issues, as he traces the Thie laaua of work In Pragraaa aditad and published by an aditorial collactiva of £0 growth of South African monopoly capitalism in jorlsaan atraat, 2001 braamfontaln. industry, in a eorld content and, therefore, largely placing both monopoly and competitive paga it

capitalist in a dapandant poaltlon in that aacondly, tha lapoaaibillty of changing auch Tha adltora baliava that WIP la filling a gap ayataw. aapacta of tha naw Zlababaaan aoclaty in tha spreading of lnforaation, ldaaa, and It la froa thia depandant poaltlon that, aa dlatributlon of food, ahile production analysis of trands in South Africa. Va also for axaapla, tha axtraaa unaaploywant in South occura undar tha aaaa ralatlonahlpa bataaan baliava that WIP la a long way off ranching Afrioa arlaaa. Changaa in tachnology or in tha daaaaa aa pravloualy. Hara valuabla laaaona aa »any paopla aa aould find it a uaaful world aarfcat dlractly affact South African can ba laarnad froa ahat haa (not) baan publication. cap it anna, -ith labour having to baar tha brunt achlavad in Tanzania, and ahat la balng attaaptad To raisady thia altuation aa ara aaklng of it. In our Labour Action aaction w« point to In Mocaablqua. raadara to gat othara to aubacriba, or to tao racant oaaaa of ratranchaant in tha aotor In tha Labour Action aaction carta in ask for a Twm capias for thaasalvas (thraa or industry, viz at Dataun and at Slgaa (both of indicators also aaarga, othar than tha obvioua aora) to distrlbuta on a ragular oasis. thaa good axaaplaa of aulti-oational ona of tha axtant of tha raaiatanca to and For auch distributors tha price of WIP coapanlaa - WCa). victory againat arbitrary introduction of pension -ill ba R1,00, ahila tha aubacrlptlon prlca Anothar way In ahich aonopollaatlon hita tha laglalatlon. Tha incraaalng lnvolvaaant of tha la M*H par copy. aorking claaa la through prlca aattlng (aada bantuatana In labour rapraaaion atanda out •*

poaaibla through control of aartcata). Thia la ahathar It ba in tha Ciakal, or In SophuthaTaaana. •apactally aarioua in tha food Industry (aaa •hat naads to ba axaainad la both tha dlract savaral artlclaa In pravloua WlPa). and cruda rapraaaion (through datantlon, arraata,

Tha contribution on tha Oa Langa Haport ahootinga) and other aathpda (labour acraanlngJ on aducation draw* tha linka batvaan tha Involvaaant in diaputa aattlaaant, ate). racoaaandationa of tha Coaalttaa and tha naads Anothar Indicator in thia aaction pointa of larga-acala capital operating In induatry at a datarioratlon in tha alraady bad condltlona for aorkara aith graatar skills than had baan i in tha bantuatan raglona and, in fact, in all providad undar tha Bantu Education ayataa. araaa outaida tha aain cltlaa in South Africa Our firat artlcla, by Richard Carvar, -paopla ara going on atrika, not froa a poaltlon raturna to food production and consumption of atrangth but froa a altuation of daaparatlon, - thia tlaa in a diffaranat contaxt to that of ahara atrikaa aould 'normally' ba aost unaxpactad tha contributions in «IP 1? and 20. Thia artlcla , (and thoaa ara tha faa atrikaa that bacon daala with food production, both aa an Inter­ knoan). aorkara ara willing to rlak balng flrad national and national aconoalc concarn aa wall (aora of a cartalnty than a rlak in praaant-day aa a political* tool. \ South Africa) in situations ahara unaaploya»jnt Thara ara, of couraa, aany lnaadlata and la moat iaaadiata * bacauaa condltlona ara ao obvioua parallels to ba draan aith tha altuation bad and aagaa so lov that loaa of thoaa aagaa in South Africa - for axaapla malnutrition ahlia cannot hold paopla to thair Joba. harvaatlng record crops; atarvatlon ahila axportlng Aa always, tha adltora aould aalcuaa and dumping food. But probably tha most contributions on thaaa and othar matters of important aapacta of tha contribution on Zlababaa iaportanca In cuntanporary South Africa. arap firatly, tha aoutharn Afrioan .contaxt and Short (about tao pagaa) .ccasaanta on iaauaa that tha doalnanca of South Africa aithln tha tub- hava baan ralaad in artlclaa ara also aalcoaa. continent [immt for axaapla, tha artlcla in WIP 19 on Botha's *conatallatlon<); and. ^ _*•_

co—on occurrence when measles is accompanlad by be expected to deteriorate over the next six FOOD severe malnutrition. months'.3 They have. Tha blind girl ems salting at a clinic at The areas worst hit by food shortages form Dindl in tha raaote north-east of tha country, two broad crescents on either side of tha country: SHORTAGES 200 kilometres from tha naaraat tarrad road and from Slpolllo in the north to CMplnge in tha j hoepital. Sua Hunt, a doctor sant out by tha south-east and from Omayi in tha north-wast to

British charity Oxfaei, aaa paying Her fortnightly Belt Bridge in the south. Not only ere these IN ZIMBABWE visit to tha clinic. Sha said tha case ems tha areas where the ear aaa hotteet. They also typical: 'Malnutrition'undarllaa tha Illness in take In moat of the tribal trust landa. all tha children. This alters aejny aspacts of then Oxfam did a nutrition survey in five thair dl aaa aaa, measles being a particular rural areas soon after independence it got some Is this « holy thing to in, In * rich and fruitful land, example. This ia a terrible problem, particularly horrifying results. In one erea 60JL of one-to- Babes reduced to misery, ahan you think that in Europe it la not a serious Fad with cold and usurous hand? fiva-yemr-olda ware undernourished and 13)1 1 William Blake Illness . severely undernourished. In another area the ZIMBABWE'S maize crop this year will ba a record ' Hare acuta, but equally forgotten, ia tha figures ware 56)1 and 30%. These were worse ana. In December (i960) the Commercial Fanasrs' fata of tha Tonga people, who live on tha southern than a Had Croee survey while the war was still Union, ahich rapraaanta tha 5 000 large and shorea of Lake Karlba. Their trouble* began going on. (The main technique used In each mainly ehlt**oenad fans, pradictad a crop of with tha flooding of tha Zambesi valley to make case waa to measure tha child'a upper ere batwaan lt6-2-«n tonnaa - aora than doubla ahat way for Lake Karlba in tha lata 1950s. Tha circumference, which should be at least 13,5c* aaa produces in 1960. Evan if tha harvaat Tonga had lived by fishing, as wall as faming In a eel1-nourlshad child between one and five.) ia nearer tha low figure It will still beat t»w well-irrigated river banka. without Bill Chinyuky, co-ordinator of tha charity the 1,4-m tonna record Mt in 1973; consultation they eere moved up onto tha Christian Care, says that those figures era part lhen ttot announcement aaa made I had Just escarpment. Tha fertile riverine farming areas of a continuous downward trend. Ha points out finlahad several weeks of travelling in tha no longer existed and fiahing rights on tha nee that the Qxfem aurvay aaa done soon after tha 'tribal trust landa' of Zimbabwe - tha rural lake were sold commercially. The Tonga began to harvaat, whan food stocks would have been at araas ahara tha bulk of tha black population die out* thair highest. This is borne out by Ministry Uvea. It aaa hard to ballava that «a vers The effects of the eight-year liberation of Health figures released in Oeceaber 1980. talking about tha eeaej country. I had aaan war on food supplies accelerated thet process. The Ministry's roeearch, carried out in September llttla evidence of racord crops and abundance - In 1976 tha Infant mortellty rate among tha Tonge showed that in tha Binge area, eherm the Tonga and plenty of avidanca of malnutrition, aaa reckoned to be 300 for every 1 000 live live, near Beenda, near Vest Nicholson end occasionally of starvation, and of nearly a births.1 In March 1979 the question of 'current around watibi there was 60-60* undernutrition million people having to ba fad by a relief starvation among tha Batonka people of Oaayi and among children from one to five. Other sreaa programme. Binge1 was raised In parliament. The co-eUnlster euffered 40-60)1 undernutrition: Mtoko, large Perhaps Zimbabwe*a problem la that Its food of internal Affairs said In reply that he was parts of Victoria Province, Belt Bridge, crlaia is not spectacular enough. Ona case aware of food ahortagea in the area and Nyemandhlovu and Lupene. Undernutrition le also serious in e number of other areas. among many summed It up: a nina-yaar old girl appropriate steps had bean takenP Bix months aha did not Batch tha ldantlklt plotura of a later e bulletin of the International Coaailttae Tha food relief programme is funded by the malnourished child. Thara eas no distandad bally of tha Red Cross (ICEC) spoke of a 'high United Nations High Coamiaslon for Refugees or pencil-thin limbs. Yet shortage of food had prevalence of malnutrition• among Tonga children 1 (urjHCfl) and organized by the Department of Social permanently disabled her - aha aaa blind, a and predicted that 'conditions in the area can Services. Officials from both organizations say that their pffljr— is dealing with shortages •The food is there but it'» not reaching the there mas not enough food. Until efter and certainly It la the main thing standing right paopla. It's only reaching areas share independence ehite farmers produced maize for between Zimbabwe and mass starvation. They the roads are good end these are the placas export, even in periods when starvation was ara Batting food to 600 000 or so paopla througn share people are better off.* widespread. "We were exporting food at the 570 distribution points at ft cost of Z$3-n expense of our local populace', es Beecroft p (about £2-m) a swnth. The programme eas admits. 8o, apert froe a fee driblets of food originally plannad to faad 500 000 at moat. **• aid, It has been possible to eupply tha entire Each person gsta 1 GOO calories a day, mad* feeding programme out of Zimbabwean produce. up of maize meal, soya flour, sugar, milk powder, Koaever, tha coat of tha programme is 4 Jr i A •• • * drlad kapante (a anil fifth), beans and salt. •* ' r EmlmmmirV Inflated by its dependence on private companies. Tha food progrwaaa Is only part of tha UWC B^^^"^^^^ ** m>-* ii^ I \l— '* M ' All comaireial agricultural produce Is bought mk mT r^f plan for raaattling those oho flad tha country at fixed prices by statutory agencies. In tha during tha asr, as vail as 'internal refugees*. \ OwOutf V- case of maize, tha staple food, the government Gut according to Brian Baacroft, Director of has been obliged to push up the price it pays tv lilt Social Services, paopla ara baing fmd on tha BuWiw to commercial farmers so aa to keep them growing baala of naed regardless of whether thay have •FortViciene the crop. Before maize reaches tha relief t 'Striken bean refuge**. programme it haa to be sold to a private company Social Services has between 400 and SCO IfltttW for milling and packaging and bought back by staff ruririing the programme. This sounds a lot, Social Services. Brian Baacroft says that the but thay ara not able to monitor vho naads faading government would save nothing by elimineting in a population of 7,5-m aprafjd over nearly the middleman, but hie calculation is beaed on 400 000 square kilometres. Yet by comparison tha aaaumption that the feeding programme will • * *ith similar operations elsewhere wastage and Star. 03.11.81 be over in a few months. thaft ere low. A bigger problem la that eiany Allegations thet companies are stockpiling paopla assume that relief la a reward for thair •hat I see confirmed thla impression. In food are widespread but firm evidence haa yet i support for tha majority ZAMU (PF) during tha tha north-east, for example, people amy have to emerge. There la such an abundance of moat ear. On* ZANU(PF) UP says, 'Paopla'eaa that to aalk several miles to get to tha distribution foodstuffs that stockpiling probably wouldn't j «a ara now in power and thla la tha first time point. Those eost in need are laaat able to work. Some companies who recently tried to hold anyone has avar brought the* aaalla meal. Thay make the trip. No real check can be kept of shoe back beans to push up the price found themselves faal that because thay supported tha liberation the food is reaching and fee people ere left with an awful lot of beana on thair htinda struggle it is a right that thay should get sufficiently sell off to save food for those eho as the market got glutted. But if there were SON sort of help. Evan those *ho haw plenty cannot manage. stockpiles It would be nothing new. A yeer eight feel thet they should register to get In Uatabeleland, ahlch embraces teo of ths ego en offlcel admitted that there were aaalie meal.' areas with 60-80)1 malnutrition, things have bmmn •embarrassing surpluses* of food, but under war Koaever, this sort of problem is unavoidable, mods sores by tha government's attempt to deal conditions it was impoeeibls to tell how More serious still le the fact that raliaf is with abuses by cutting off supplies. Host of amberreeaing. Certainly tha government haa not reaching significant areas share it la matebelelend did not get a delivery in November always had a policy of maintaining 'buffer atocks' needed. bWCft end government officiels admit and Blnga, the eorst spot in the* whole country, of maize. ] that they cannot reach everyone, but Chinyuku has only ever had one* However, there is a more fundamental problem aeys that the problem la sore serious than that: Tha pnUee in Zimbabwe has never been tr-at with the prpgramme and that ie the belief page 3 apparently wharmd by most aid and government supply- For most people' basic services are no caused food shortages, whet did? officials that tha food crisis is meinly caused longer provided and in many areas the Drought goes some of the way towards by returning refugee*. Tha LMCFTe mendete runs administration has completely broken down'. wxpleinlng the problem. There were two successive out In April and food rallaf is plannad to stop After e visit to missions in the east of years of low rainfall. But Oils happens once in March. Tha accaptad view is that with the country. Bav David Ayllng of the Elim Pente­ every four years on average. There must be raasonabla rains this aaason everyone will have costal Church concluded that 'there is widespread e more specific reason far the ecute crisis* enough food, Ona official told me 'There ween't malnutrition among edults aa well ea children- - The reeson the Co—ere lei Farmers1 Union wee a problem last year. There's never been a a sure lndicetion of the extent of the problem. egltatlng over tha drop in mmiza production eae problem. There is e problem now but things aren't At leeet one refugee, found dead after so that it could use the issue to erfaue for really serious. There has never been starvation etumbllng acrosa the Zemblan frontier, hmd only higher prices to be paid to the producer. in this country'. undigested grass in his stomach when doctors 'The value of gross output in agriculture has That is wrong on every count. Aa lono ago performed e post mortem. remained static or declined/ seld David Spain, as ftfarch 1979 tha co-Wnlstere of Agriculture The medical consequences of melnutrltlon then vice-president of the CFU, 'whereas the announced that 'Uany tribal truat lands are also serious. In Que Que the Medical Officer prlcaa of input items have continued to rlee, 1 facing famine in tha montha ahead1. In July of Health reported a general deterioration in meinly due to Imported inflation . 1979 the then preaident of tha Co—excial Formers' health standards as m raault of the war. Thle The real cause le much simpler: the war. Union, Dennis Norman, earned of the 'dangerously Included an increase In ceses of melnutrltlon And food ahortmges were not juet en accidental 6 low' level of food supplies. and me1nutrition-related diseases such at result'of the conflict between the illegal white 'Malnutrition among children in some areas regime and tha Zimbabwean nationallet movement* ia terrible and many of them are not immunized *Vhen msesles is associated with malnutrition, They were e matter of deliberate policy on the against infectious disease/ said Or Alan Pugh, tha effect le dieaetroue,' a Rhodesien Secretary pert of the Rhodesien government* Thie le why the Provincial ttadlcel Off leer of Health for of Health once obeerved. And so it nee proved. white civil eerventa ere reluctant to ecknowlwdge Uetabelelend, In August 1979. *Thie la setting In the lest montha of the wor Salisbury was hit that the problem ie not new. - the infant mortality rate among the under-f ivee by a maeeles epidemic and Dr Pugh said that in A direct cause of malnutrition in msny areas climb rapidly, In spite of our past successee.' Uetmbolelend 'Children are going blind fro* was the government *e policy of 'protected A good geuge of the problem before the ear measles and vitamin deficiencies.''S villages.* The Idea, which originated with the ended and the refugees returned Is the extent of A study of admissions of children aged one British in Malaya end was practised by the the operations of the relief agmnclea. The ICFC to ten in July 1979 at St Joseph's clinic in Americans In Vietnam, was to leolmta the^lvlllan in Zimbabwe had the largest Red Croea teem outside Chishawaehe tribal truat land rmrnr Salisbury population from the guerillee by forcing them to Kampuchee - 202 in all. Ita bulletins were ehowed weight loss which could be directly live in theee compounds. Thre*>~quartera of a full of reports of 'serious nutritional problems. attributed to undernourishment. At one end of million people were moved into 2*20 protected Three-quarters of the populetion of the wiarebani the age range, children between e year and villagae (PVs), often many miles from their tribal trust land, for example, were living off eighteen months averaged only Just over two- fielde. Curfew hours were usually Gpm-fiam, wild fruit! 'The reserves in the granaries are thinJe of the normal weight for their ego. For though in one PV I visited they lasted until llem running low, the lest crop hevlng been nine-to-ten-year-olds the picture was tha same: and there were even cases of 22-hour curfews. particularly bad and tha next one not being due an average of 21,5 kilograms compared with e Curfew-oreafcers were shot. Tha combination of for several months.' norm of 30.17 dietance and curfew meant that soma people could not cultivate their fields at all and everyone The Catholic Justics end Peace Commission The significance of ell these exemplee is had their working hours cut short. It was elso reported that, 'Food ia scarce in many areas, and thet they dete from before the return of the impossible to guard crops against predatore. in the coming months will be in even shorter refugees. But if it was not the refugees who MO* 0

such as baboons. often lost or stolen. Vany people talk of the ere being over-optiaistic when they say that The result was a breakdown of nor*el security forces having a deliberate policy of the feeding progrseai can end in March (1061;. In agriculture in much of the country. In the shooting cattle. A survey by the then University many arses psopls have not been able to plant first year of protected village* In one area, of Rhodesis found that 30 people in the Uukumburw enough food to live on because they neve no dtiths increased by 37$, Eighty psr cent tribal trust land lost s total of 516 large weens of ploughing. of these were frow starvation and ons In every stock units whsn they were aoved Into protected The outlying areas where there were aoat flvs adults suffarad froa ealnutrition. villegee. (Cattle ere one large stock unit. protected villages are worst hit. But there is

Ona HP fro* ths white rapist's parliewjent Swell stock such as goats, pigs, calves end not such cauee for optlalsa in other regions. described what things m like In tha villages: sheep are considered 0.2 of e unit.) 130,4 One IF from Victoria Province, where there were Ths psopla ars hungry) where food rations large stock units eere token by the governaent, few PVe, ways: 'The enaey was very ruthless. have baan given out they ars inadequate and 300,6 were stolen or strayed, 73,2 were sold snd As s reeult soae people apent aoet of their food at tha atoras in tha kaaps ahara it Is stocked is prioad exorbitantly hion; thars 11 6 were lost in other ways. -five out tlae in the eounteine. They could hardly plough. aas no expansion of haalth facilities, Zn one place there wee e group of people who'd contrary to tha govarnaant claim to tha of the sample of 38 owned cattle before they contrary and only alnor abdication was were aoved; et the tie* of tha survey only never eeten anything like mealie aeel for three available; aewegs and aster facllltlas sers rudlaentary and tha s«all fro* tha tollete three owned any livestock - Just 12,4 units years. They had eiaply lived on aeat. They In sow* caaps was appalling} outbreaks of between thee. 25 had turned into wild enlaels.' tflerrtioaa, sora eyes, bilharzla and kwashiorkor m oOMsonplac*; in tha reins Anthrax now effecte all areee and the tsetse In parliament in early 1979 one eP drew tha roofs leaked and blankets and household ettentlon to 'the burning down of nuaerous effects became saturated with eater. fly. has climbed out of its usual valley areas up the eecerpswjnte. An average plot would need kreals end granaries, the shooting of cattle, - After Bapteaber 1978 soae 70 of tha protected four or five strong oxen to plough with. Many the cloeure of shops and grinding wills, the 1 villages were opened up, but farw-ers returned to have none. denial of tribes-wen of the right to buy eemlie their lend to find a shortage of seed end For tha laet planting season, which began •eel, the forced labour of trlbeeaen on the fertilizer end often their hoae* destroyed too, 26 in Ncveaber, offlciele said that people could upkeep of roads.' \ ostensibly to deprive the guerillas of shelter.21 till by hand. This ignored tha fact that in This was Operation Turkey, the Military The east earious legacy of the protected aany cases land had not been ploughed for two codenaae for the destruction of food supplied villege eystee has been the loss of cattle, or three years (because of the ear and protected that the security forcee'reckoned could reach which everyone needs to plough with. Again this villegee) end the topeoil le like concrete. the guerillas, tfider the eartial lee which eee recognized In 1979. The Deputy Minister of Deveg, the agricultural development depertwent covered 9Cflt of the country the troops were Lands sol* that 1-e) out of the total of 3f-e of the Ministry of Lends, has a well-organisstf empowered to destroy crops, livestock, huts cattle In the tribal truet lands had died. schema for training heads of families In faming, snd personal property of those suspected of According to the Wnietar of Haswj Affaire, over providing seed, fertilizer end tools, end collaborating with the guerilla** S0]l of the cattle In the Hondo Valley had died. ploughing where poesible. Seed pecks have been The stated ala of Operation Turkey eee to Both eon attributed this solely to the widely distributed but training only reachee allow only the barest alniaua of food to reach guerilla c sepal pn of destroying cattle dlpe. ISO 000. Host crucially, at the beginning of the local population so that they would have This undoubtedly did cause serious probleaa the planting wesson Oeveg next Just 46 tractors none to share with the guerllles. Grain silos but it aas only part of a general breakdown of to sake up for the depletion of the cattle herd. were destroyed or left with tiny stocks, large veterinary servicee. ... . nuabars of bush stores were closed, end people A senior Oeveg official reckons they need et that it also leaves out of account ie the entering protected areas were restricted to no effect of protected villages on cattle. They This, then, ie e aajor reason for thinking store than 10 kilos of grain or Its equivalent .^ could not be taken inside the PVe so they that the UtCR end the Ziabacwwen government Anything above that eaount they were forced a. to dump or. in sons uui, to Mt before admissions "probably represent less than one *allowed on the land.) There were roughly one proceeding. tenth of the clinically apparent petlents with hundred times as many African farmers as European. Evan when shops were still open, people protein energy malnutrition,* The African rural areas contain some 80% of the faced serious hazards. Often the shops were It has been estlmeteq that eech person total rural population. * e long way - up to 20 kilometres * fro* the needs 3851bs of mmlze a year. The Agricultural Mhite farms are concentrated in the centre protected villages they sera supposed to servo Marketing Authority's chief economist reckoned of the country in neturml farming regions II and and eere difficult, or impossible, to reech that even in 1962 the mml*e available in the III (the first an intensive ferming region with during the hours available under curfee tribal trust lands only averaged 35?lb» per good rainfall, the eecond e semi-intensive regulations. In some districts, even if people person. In 197? it was 23llbs. farming region with moderate rainfall, suited reached the store they could still be required It has been estimated that'in one tribal to livestock raising or production of cash crops*} to produce written authority - signed by the trust lend in a drought y*or 37% of the families Seventy-five percent of the tribal trust lands district commissioner - before they could buy food. fell below subsistence and 20ft into the are concentrated in netural farming regions IV This'food could still be confiscated by the amy subsistence category. brought, remember, and V. Both are affected by drought, region V if the local commander had any suspicion that it comes once every four yeei-s on average. more seriously, and neither la suitable for cash • might have reached tha erong hands. Black workers employed on white farms are cropping. Region V covers large areas of the This policy undoubtedly had an effect on no better off. A University of Rhodesia survey Zambezi valley and the Lowveld area in the south* the course of the ear. It greatly increased found that of all farmworkers' children under east. Region I, which covers small areas In 32 most people's demoralization and mar eeeriness five who were sampled. 90% were malnourished. the meat of the country, is a high rainfall and ployed a part in forcing tha leaders of the In the case of waged workers low pay is a major region suitable for plantation farming. • nationalist parties to eccept less favourable cause. In June 197? over GO* of ferm labourer* The tribel trust lands were the least terms for independence then they might otherwise received less thmn the poverty datum line mage of favourable farming areas to start with. They have done. Ita effects are still felt In the 2*20 a month. The food rations which often suffered worse erosion end Include 6Sjl of the dislocation of agriculture and the lack of the supplement the money wage have been described country's dwalas or 'domed insleberp terrain' - usual grain stores to cover periods of shortage* by one medical specialist es wholly inadequate.33 massive domes of infertile granite ehlch cut The present acuta food crista therefore For moat rurel blacks We food problem down the amount of farming land and Increase predates the return of the refugees and is the la a direct result of the system of land tenure erosion in the surrounding erea. It ia possible direct result of the mar policies of the fonser - which in many ways was the central Issue in to superimpose e number of maps: limits of mhite government. But there is a chronic food the liberation struggle. At independence the dryland cropping, rainfall, endemic malaria, problem that goes back much further than that. rurel arees were divided almost equally (18-m eroaion haxarde and domed inaleberg terrain. For example, a study of paediatric hectares) between European end African land. Tha resulting montage corresponds fairly closely admissions to Harare hospitel in Sellsbury in Although the formal racial allocation of land to the tribal trust lends. 1973. ehen the guerllle ear mas hardly underway, had been abolished by an amendment to the Land To these initiel disadvantages haa been found that malnutrition mas the first, second Tenure Act in 1977. the rmelity remained the added population pressure. One geographer has or third diagnosis for about a third of all same. On the one hand were more then 13-m described the cerrying capacity pf land thus: children admitted. The vast majority of those hectare* of ehite farms plus forests and parks. Any area of land will support -"• perpetuity admitted were found to be underweight for their On the other, 16-m hectares of tribel trust lande only a limited number of people (and livestock) ... if this limit ie exceeded, age. Transport costs and hospital fees meant plus 'African purchase areas* designed to without e compensating change in the system encourage a small class of black commercial of land use, then a cycle of degenerative that the majority of malnourished children would changes Is set in motion, which must result not have been included in such figures. farmers. (The lest Minister of Lands before in deterioration or destruction of the land and ultimately in hunger and reduction of Professor U J Riley maintained that the Herare independence spoke of 'lazy people* not being the population. 34 page &

In nearly 40Jl of tha tribal truat lands tha ratio Aa long ago as 1972 30% of fame in aouth-sast That aas tha rationale behind Operation Turttey. of papulation to carrying capactiy is thraa ektebeleland were unoccupied or uaad only for That too aas the Indonesian government's tines ma graat as tt ahould be. In 13]t it is raaidantial purposes. In 1976 only 19% of attituda when It invaded Eaat Timor in 1975. flva tlaes or aora aa graat* A recent potantlal cultivable land in ahita araas aas The fled Croaa aaid in July 1979 that of geographicel paper estimated that; balng uaed. 79 000 rafugeea in 13 government camps, 60 000 Land degradation la widespread in amny of A nuatoer of things now Tali into place* faced starvation. The government aaya that thia theea tribal araas and in aoae caaaa haa is inevitable and cites the disruption of raachad auch advanced stages that Tha apparant contradiction beteean food ahortagaa regeneration prooaaaaa will take eeveral and tha racord aalza crop la resolved. It agricultural production by the 1975 civil aar dacadaa to reetora tha vegetation and soil bafora it invadad. But eyawitnaaaae aaintaln cover to a productive state; that ia b—11 claar hoe flhodaala was abla to axport assuming population pressuree can ba food 'at tha expense of our local populace*. that since 1975 there haa baan a systematic drastically reduced and active aaeaurae are policy of destroying cropa end displacing the takan to ancouraga regeneration, 33 In fact. Ziatoabea sill contlnua to export part of its grain 'aurplue*. On« raaaon for tha population. Since 19Q0 the araa undar cultivation in tha Incraaaad cosjeercial aaiza production ia that tribal trust landa has incraaaad from about But food la a aora subtle aaapon if it can tha independent Ziababssen goverment quickly ba both withheld and offered at appropriate 215 000 hactaraa to about 2»5-ai hactaraa. This agreed to giva ahita famars tha aassiva incraaao aoaanta. Thus in tha 1979 'internal settlement' »aa for thraa naln reasons: in producar pricaa refused by its predecessors. election, at tha height of Operation Turkey [ a An incrsaaa in huaan population froa about v Although this haa had tha daairsd affact of aupportara of Blehop Muzoreee distributed j 0,5-n to ovar 4ne; incraaslng tha aaount of nalxa, tha government sacks of aalza to sin votes for thslr a introduction of cash crops. la only abla to aaat tha incraaaad coat by candidates.39 Pfumo raVanhu, tha Huzoraaa a Oaclining yiald froa tha land, ehich -sent that starting exports again. So little of tha 'auxiliaries', maintained their own food supply aora land had to ba famed. incraaaad crop aill reach tha atarving and tha to uaa In this say. Baarlng all this In adnd It is not surprising aalnourlahad. Something similar la happening on e world that tha productivity of tha tribal trust landa scale. According to one U8 president, food haa Is low. Xn 1976 tha total value of fan Tha distinction between tha acuta food become ra tool in tha kit Of American production in tha ahita araas aas Z0428,*-*, problem cauaad by tha aar and tha chronic problem cauaad by tha land system la a bit artificial. diplomacy1. Tha northern hemisphere produces coaperad with production for rural houashold It aaa tha fact that tha ahita ooaaajnity had consumption in black araaa of 2*90,i-n and a disproportionate aaount of the world's food. auch a hold on coaaarcial food production that UB fanaara noe account for 57% of acrid grain official aalaa worth Zf&B,?-*.36 alloaad it to uaa it so effectively as a weapon exports, according to tha united Nationa Food than it coaea to aalza, ahita fanaara of aar. and Jfcrlculture Organization (FAO), and that produoad soma 60% of tha total crop In 1978. Tha uaa of food aa a vaapon ia aa old as figura will probably rise aherply In tha next Uany tribal trust lands regularly hava to laport 42 aar itaalf• Amiaa hava alaays triad to atop 20 yaara. A CIA study explained the aalxa and aalza aaal frcai othar parts of tha food raaching tha enemy and usually civilians lapllcatione: 'As custodlen of tha bulk of the country* This aada thaa particularly vulnarabla hava baan tha aain sufferers* In tha American world's exportable grain, the UB alght regain to tha aacurity forcaa during tha ear. Civil lar tha. Fadaral Ganaral Sharldan laid tha primacy in world affairs it "held in the Tha additional irony la that nany ahita 1 aasts tha fartila Ghanandoah vallay so that intermediate post-World lar II era . forma ara not aapacially afficlant. In contraat *a crow flying across It had battar carry hia I to bla* famars who find it lapossibla to gat Henry Kissinger created a 'zap office* in own rations'. Since IMS tha problaa has got accaaa to cradlt facilltlaa, ahita faraara havs tha BUta Dapertaant. Thia aonltorad politically worse. In sara of revolution and counter- baan feethertedded. In 1376 about 1,2-a hactaraa suspect Third World countries and racoaaandad lnsurgancy tha civilian population is considsrad when they should be 'zapped* - have their food of ahita faming land aaa not balng used at all* a participant and tharafora a legitimate target. eld cut off- One of tha first targets aaa Salvador Allende's Chlla. main sourca or ricat tha country's staple, as rail liiacs to Malawi and Tanzania. The only In 197d the UB aaa using food aid to revive aall as yams and tomatoes* Tha attack aaa timed source of aalze remaining was th* 150 tonnee lta prestige In South-East Aaie. Saventy to coincide with tha and of tha rlca harvaat and belng transported daily through Rhodesia and parcant of it* allocation of aonay for tha larga warehouses wher% tha crc*> aaa atorad across the Victoria Falls railway bridga - concessionary grain purchases want to tha pro- were ona target. Anothar was tha Chokwe-iiaputo ehich the Uuzoreaa government proaptly closed. Western goverrwwnte of South Vletna*, Caebodla road, tha aain routs for transporting foodstuffs This aaa not tha first attack on tha Zeabian and South Korea, than tha Coaauniata took over to tha rest of tha country. Tha reidere destroyed econory. Its lire: eith the east coaat, the 44 in South Vletnaei In 1975 tha country aaa zapped. agricultural machinery and ona of tha four Benguela railway through southern Angola, aaa In 1979 tha British govimaant uaad tha sluices of the Aldala'de fferragewj dam, 272 km already effectively cloeod by the activity of plight of tho "boat osople1 as tha occasion for from tha border, ehich prtjvidee Irrigation for South African-backed guerlllaa. Then in April the reet of tha ragion-46 cuttino planned food aid to Vietnam worth C4-*. 1979 flhodeaian forcea serve tha Kazungula ferry Undar Britiati praaaura tha EEC folloaad suit Zimbabwe Project aaid at the time that: which crosaee the Zambezi between ZaabU and and stoppad a 100 000 ton food shipment. As 'bombing* have disrupted communications bat-sen Botswana where the borders of thoae teo countriea tha scale of starvation in Kampuchea bacaaa araaa; there la a aarloua lack of trenaport touch on Ziababaa and South African-occupied apparant tha food exporters actually hardanad facilities and grave shortages of all kinds, Namibia. The Rhodeaiana maintained that tha 1 7 thair ettitude. Both tha Brltlah m^a American particularly food. * ferry aaa being used to trenaport guerillas. •hat it aaa in fact carrying waa 14 000 tone of goverrewte initially rafueed aid on tha grounds This particularly affected the aany Zimbabwean goods worth about £24-m from Botswana to Zaabia that thay did not recognize tha Vlotnaaaeo refugees in Mozambique. Sister Jenica McLaughlin each aonth. Tha nhodasiana refuaed to allow backad reglm* in Kampuchea. This praiptad tha of tha London-based Ziababaa Project aho visited the Zaabians to raplece the "ferry, despite than haad of tha iorld Bank - Robart HacNaavra, tha ca«ps in Septaeber 1979 said thisi 'I aaa writtan guarantees thet it would not be uaad to a fonnar UB Oafanca Sacratery - to attack tha told that there ems only anough food to laat carry araa. The South African authorities co- American government for holding up food aid to until November and there waa no guarantee ooeretej) by rafuaing to allow haullare to cross ona and a Quarter million peopla. Ha contraatad that tha World Food Progrwme'e next shipment tha river at Katiaa Hulllo, GS Joe west of tha attituda of Vietnam, itaalf facing famine, eould arrive In tiM to avert a crisis- I Kazungula.51 which remained Kampuchea1a only rallabla aourca alao learned that the world Pood Pinjimaea of food.45 had only budgeted for 60 oco peopla and tha Yet the Zeabian food problem goea back TMa same combination of destroying food number, of rafugaas ia noa double that. Food even further then thla. Partly Zaabia too and sometimes aupplying it can ba saan in both aaa named as the number one priority by everyone auffarad frtm the aaaa drought aa Ziababaa, aa ,48 flhodssle and South Africa'a ralatlons alth tha Isttln Mozambique. aall aa having a cceeuilcatione system thet le •front-line lUtu', If tha food situation Thla aaa confined by the Zimbabee Project unreliable et the beat of tiaaa. But the criala lnaida Ziababaa vas a major factor puahlng tha on a visit to Hstenje refugee caap, ehlch housed waa aeverely aggravated by the shortage of two nationalist partias into a eoaprcmiiae at tha S 000 rafugeee, moetly under 16i 'Tha only food fsrtiliiars late in 1973. The taertcen ahippera Lancastar Houaa pre-independence confaranca, available aaa rice and the storeroon stocke inaisted on dlacharging ell their cargo in the anothar aaa tha dasparata prablaaa facing appeared only sufficient for one further day'a Moxambican port of 8eirav creating e bottleneck Mozambique and Zambia, hosts to tha ZWLA eupply. The majority of children sere pot­ and refueing to aeet Zeabian requeeta to go to and ZIPRA guarilla armies raapactlvaly. bellied and clearly doapetretoly undernourished*' Dar ee Salaam. In August Mozambique and ZaabU In tha week bafora tha Lancastar House In aid-October 1979 Rhodeslen traps agreed that the fertlllxare ahould evoid tha bottleneck by being shipped aouth to Maputo and talka began, Rhodsslen troops launchad a three- destroyed a bridge on tha Tazare relleay from thence through South Africa to Botswana and day raid on tha Liapopo valley, Mozambique's Zambia to Oar as Saleaa). Over tha next aonth Zaabia. South African Rellaaya agreed, but then •sin food-producing region* Tha araa la tha thla ems folloeed by raida on Zambian road and paga 9

Mid that thay could only tak» 200 ton* a day. aadicsl officar says ths,t this is only ona of ordination Council ara svolving a rwglonal food Aftar consultation with tha Rhodaslan govwrnaant aany Attacks on Individuals. Rspsstsd military policy and hava decided to sat up a Food thay aalntainad that the cargos should go occupation of Imoshu has arlven paopls out of Supplias Coaaission basad in Ziiwbebwe, which through that country. than avsntually In tha rwglon and brought cultivation to a standstill. la swan as ths bread basfcat for tha indapwndant Saptaabar a trickle of supplies began to oovw Tha public haalth co-ordlnetor for Slahwka statas in tha araa. But that in itaalf will not

through Botswanat ths Rhodasiana, by than wall district raports that out of a aanpla of 251 hava tha dasirwd affact. Ona reason, in Zlwbsbww's forawarnad, attackad tha road on ahlch thay vara chlldrwn, 164 wara found to ba walnourlshed. cess, is that with auch of tha old whits stata *

K It is thought that similar- problaaa affsct travelling. apparatus still intact, top officials will wwknda, Ngwaza and 8Usuch*nbala• Fro* torch 1979 Zaoblan dalagatlona aacratly tand to hava aora than a snaaking syepsthy with trailad back and forth bitnan Luaaka and As a raault of all thia Zeatola has bwco-s South African «las. Taka, for axaapla. tha Salisbury with rsquaats for aalzs. Tha lw lncraaalngly dapandant on iaportad food - strangs cass of Ziabebwa *s aalza iaports from govarrnant put Increasingly atrlngant conditions nalnly, of course, fros South Africa* In tha South Africa. Just aftsr indapsndancs in March on such a dsal - for axaapla tha coaplsts yaar Juna 1960-1 Zaebia will hava iaportad I960 South African whits maizs bagan arriving rwopwning of tha frontlar - and claiwad that aora than 4S0 000 tonnas of aalzs. in Sulawayo by rail. Tha total amount expected lta railways did not hava trough capacity to By now it will ba clear that it is hardly was equivalent to two-thirds of Zimbabws's tafca all tha aalza suppliss Zawfcla alght hava poasibls to aaparata tha road policy of tha foraer aonthly consumption. Yst thsrw was no naad bought In South Africa. Only a wash aftsr tha whits raglswj in Rhodesia frost that bf white-ruled for tha Iaports at all. In * id-1979 Dennis fwiodasian govarnwant had dosad tha Victoria South Africa - a conclusion which Is rathwr Korean had prwdlctad that stocks wara snough to Falls bridga In Novasfcsr 1979 - and whilw important sines ths apartheid raglma is still taka tha oountry through to aid-ISO). And whan Rhodaaian Jeta wara atlll daatroylng Zaabian tha trucks atartsd arriving *in Bulawayo, Ziwhabwa in powar and still cepeble of using tha food crops and bridgas - a dwlwgstlon visitad Salisbury * * waa atlll exporting aalzs to Zaira. A spekse- with what was daacrlbad mm a 'huge shopping Hat parson for tha Ministry of Agricultura adeltted South Africa is ths wajor food producar In of foodstuffs*.53 that *The level of tha currant crop is quits ths raglon, exporting regularly to Botswana, affpla to eeet our requireeents* and rathar gava Nor did ZswjbU'a problaaa and with tha Lasothop Swaziland, Zaable, Ziabebwa and Zairw. ths gaaa away by adding that tha South African caasaflra In Zisbatows. In aid-ISO) Ministry Xt has an afflciant earfcwUng iwschanlee, aalza would lsavw 'that auch aorw to export of Health officials urged that tha Lsueho arwa aophistlcatad storaga facilltiaa and a food latar in tha yaar*. on tha borders with Angola and Namibia ba daclarad procasslng industry* (Xt alao has a severely a disaster araa becausa of widssprsad aelnutrltion aalnourishad black population in mmny rural ' Tha dacision to import (for tha first tins causad by South African attacks. Tha incursions araas.) Xt aaaa thla aa an iaportwnt olaaant <• sines 1965) was takan in January I960, whan ths wars supposedly dirwetad at SUPO, tha Naeibien in realizing lta atrataglc ala of a 'constellation* country was suppoaadly undar dlraot rula by tha liberation organization. Other obaarvwrs clala of favourebla black-ruled states to its north. British govsmaant but in ract was wholly in that South African troops had occupied tha Spaaklng at a racant congrass of tha South African tha hands of tha civil aarvanta. Tha Grain raglon south of Hongo and wast of tha Zaabazi Agricultural Union, Stata President Harals Uarkating Board was paying tha South Africans almost continuously for a yaar. Tha troopa had Vlljosn said: 'It is imperative not only for us Z0123 a tonna - ZtfSO a tonna sore than doaestic tarfcs, simourad cars and air support. Thay aat to produce sufficient food foroursalvas but also producwra warw being paid at tha time. This up road blocks and seized Zowblan govemwent that wa shall hava nora than snough of tha basic placad an intolerable praaaura on tha new vehicles* foodstuffs so that wa can halp our nalghtoura government. It could lsava tha producar prlca whan thay axpwrianca problees.* A Zaabian buslneseaen accusad of sailing of aalza at Z075 a tonna which would hava meant that a larga nuabar of whlta faraera would not food to 9MP0 had hia houaa and Land Rovar Xt Is to countar this that ths nina waabsr f^mvm plantad aalza tha next yaar - thus craating blown up and his two chlldrwn shot. Ths district states of ths Southam African Oavwlopaant Co* a genuine dependence on South African imports* SM it as a priority to encourage the children's Alternatively it could raiaa the producer prica mothers to run the feeding points themselves* to tha sane level ae the prica it was paying They hope that after the progress* has stopped, South Africa. It choaa tha second. Tha civil its effecte will still ba felt In the graatar aarvanta raaponaibla for thia eejnoauvre era still use of energy-rich foods.57 in office. Dannie Noraan la noa Minister of However, all the feeding programmes In tha Agriculture. Theee are the people who alll be world will not break the nexus between South responsible for the Zimbabwean end of tha regional Africa and tha white farmers of Zimbabwe - and Food Supplies Commiaaion. that is tha real causa of tha problem). If If ther Food Supplies Commission le not them la to ba a long-term solution, everything going to solve Zimbabwe's food problem, what ia7 hinges on an affective redistribution of land. In tha short tans tha government will have' to Tha Zimbabwean government has begun s resettle­ maintain a food relief programme, even if it ia ment progrejaaa which .had aovad about 1 900 on a smaller seels than at present, in recognition families (10 000 people] fro*, the tribal trust of tha fact that shortages are not going to and lands onto fonear ahlta fame by tha beginning thia harvest. If the UrHCfl la unable to carry of tha iminy season. All tha resettled lord on funding tha programme, then pressure will haa baan bought at agreed rates fro* oenare who * nave to be put on other UN agenclaa and, isora hospitals, roads and so on. had either abandoned their ferae or were anxious especially, on countriee like Britain, tha former But ultimately tha Zimbabwean government • to atop farming, often for political reasons. colonial power. cannot blame all its problems on reluctant aid Tha aim is to resettle over s million out of Tha UMCR/Socisl Services programme haa Zimbabwe's ?,&-« population at an overall coat donore* It haa made a definite political choice baan a good one and tha dlat it haa offered haa optimistically reckoned at Z*60-a over threw years. not to challenge tha white commercial faming generally been nutritious. But a better model That figure of people already settled ia aactor. Evan tha Commercial Farmers' union says that tha resettlement scheme ie going too slowly. la tha awpleattntary feeding progreassa for ona- tiny -10 COO out of 4,6-m psopls in tha tribal to-five~year-olds. This progresses alma to trust lends. One reason why the echaeje has, Thie explains why at tha beginning of tha provide one full meal a day for children ehoae gone eo slowly is cost. Under tha Lancaster rainy season « nuabar of landlsaa people began wpper are clrcuefsrencs le below 13CM. Tha House settlement the government la not allowed to occupy ahlta owned lend. Tha government took supplemant consists of maize meal, beans, ground- to take over land without paying compensation. a tough lina towards the squattere at first - mm with elaborate security and Jail eentancae - but nuts and oil. Tha progrejaaa le under tha To gat the nationalist parties to agree to this| auspices of tha Ministry of Health and backed ths British government made vague promisee of in the end had to let SOM of thesi stay on the by a consortium of eid agenclaa* Its drawback aid to meet the coat* Sydney Beksrwjseyi, the occupied land for this season. it that It too will and by April (I96l). eUnietar of Lands, expleine ahat has In ftoct The last word should go to one of tha people But what distinguishes the supplementary happwnedi 'No money has been earmarked for land who equattad on Lord Salisbury's 12 000 hectare feeding progrejaaa from ejoat similar ventures is acquisition and ahen we discuss edth verloue fern in manicaland, when farm ataff triad to that it aims to provide nutritional education donor countriae and you teJce up tha Question, tum the squattere off, ha said: 'Thia is Zimbabwef and encourage self-reliance. they simply become vary pale and don't want to not flhodeale - you don't have to buy land'. A key role ia assigned to fonear ZANLA and discuss tha mattar*. Shortage of aid holds up 2IPAA asdics aho fons s link between the government ths progrejaaa in other ways: there Is not enough Richard Carvwr (January, 1961) departments Involved and tha local committees equipment and skilled personnel, and not enough ahlch aupervlae feeding* Tha schema's organisers money to develop a rural Infrastructure - schools, page.10

Footnotes tha aar*, raport submitted to tha Rhodesien 38. Roger Rlddall, Tha Land Question, CIIR, London nd p13. •1« Rhodasian Catholic Bishops' Conference, Catholic Bishops' Conference, August 1978. t ^; Commission on Social Services end Oevelop- "'•rt, 'Starvation In Tongelend', 1976 (*l«to). 20. 'A look at life in tha protacted vlllagas of 39. Tha Rise 29 April 1979. Information in thia article which i« not tha north eastern dlatrlcta - part of tha * referenced la generally firet-hend material Nemekonde constituency', 1978 (aimeo). 40. African Confidential. 18 July 1979. ahich I gathered ehlla travailing in Zimbabwe from October to December. 1980. Other waterial -21. John Gilaurray, Rogar Rlddall and David 41. Quoted in Tha Profits of Poos, ear on Want, la taken froa an articla jointly written with Senders, Tha Struggla for Haalth, CIIR, London 1976, p13. David Gandara (noa Otfern's Hadlcal Mviaar in London, 1979, p31. See also National Obsarvar, Zimbabwe) in lata 1979, ehlch appaarad In a 28 Juna 1979. 42. Financial Tjmee, 14 Novaabar 1979. - shortened version in tha London Sunday Tlmoa. "22. BBC, 30 July 1979. 43. Tha Profits of Doom, p13. 2. Herald, 1 March 1979. 23. BBC, 3 Auguat 1979. 44. Naa Stateaman, 21 September 1979. 3. Harald. 22 September 1979. 24. New Stataswan. 17 August 1979. 45. Naa Stateaman, 12 October 1979. 4. Thia aould aaat tha average energy require- 25. Tha Volca. 1 April 1979. 46. 'Rhodeeian Raid on Mozambique - tha Facta', taant for a child up to about four yaara old. MAGIC, London nd; Natal Dally News, 10 Tha daily requirement for a moderately activa Octobar 1979; New Statesman, 1a September 1979. adult mmn la about 3 000 caloriaa a day. 26. Parliaaarttary Proceedings, (Hsngard), 7 February 1979. 47. 'Critical food shortage in camps in 6. Harald. 3 March 1979. 27. Bar on Kant Outlook, No 2, August /Sap tember 1979; Financial Times. 1 Usy 1979j 'Raport on Mozambique', Zimbabwe Project, 12 Nov <979t 6. BBC Summary of World Broadcaata (haraaftar a visit to Rhodesia, 10-22 January 1979', 8«A. 46. ibid. BBCJ, 26 July 1979. 28. J*< Anton, 'Analysis of medical peedletrlc •Missions. Harare Hospital, "973', Tha 49, ibid. 7. Harald, 9 Auguat 1979. Central African Journal of Medicine, VOl~53, No 9. Saptanbar 1977, p!99. SQ. For damage caused by raids saa BBC, 21 8. Richard Carvar and David Senders, 'why Nowester 1979; for thalr affacta on food Ooaeeje will hava to apaad food to tha aar 29. HJ Alley, 'Protaln and anargy rsqulnairits eupplles see, among others. Tha Guardian, zonae', Sunday Tlaaa (London), 23 Dacaabar 1979. and tha affacta of their deficiencies'» 11 Tha Rhodasian Scianca Name, Vol 9. No 6, Juna 9. Rand Daily Mail. 10 November 1979. WIS, pHB. 51. Nee African, August 1979.

10. Southarn Croaai, 21 Octobar 1979. 30. EG Cross, 'Tha tribal trust lands in tranaitlon: 62. Full account in Zimbabwe Infonaatlon Group tha national implications', Tha Rhodasian Bulletin, No 9-10", December-January 1978-9. 11. Harald, 24 April 1979. Scianca Neas, Vol 11, No 8, August 1977, piae. 83. The Times, 19 Novmaber 1979. 12. "Position papar on atarvation in tha rural 31. Vincant Tlcknar, The^ Fcoo^Problem, CIIR, areas of Rhodesia', Zimbabwe Project, London 1979, plO. 54. The .Economies 24-30 January 19B1. 4 Auguat 1979. 32. ibid. p17. 55. Rand Dally Mail. 17 Octobar 1979. 13- Harald, 4 Auguat 1979. 33. ibid. p17. 56. Portions par parson aa follows: t4. Rhodesia, Raport of tha Secretary of Health gvj cals protaln (gwj) for tha year ended 31st Pacember 1966, 34. V Allan, Studiaa In African Land U Maize meal SO 178 4,5 Salisbury 1967. Northern Rhodesia, Rhodes-LivingstononePepe ia r Beana 15 49 3,8 NO id, idd9. Groundnute 15 88 3,5 15. Pally Dispatch, 16 Auguat 1979. Oil 10 90 - * 35. JR Initio*, 'Environmental Constraints and 402 11,8 16. Harald, 9 August 1979. Population Pressures in tha Tribal Trust This supplement is in accord with the World Areas of Zimbabwe', Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal. Health Organization recommendstlone. 17. Information froa Catholic Commission for July-Augunt 1960. Juatlca and Peace, November 1979. 57. Tha following notes, prepared by David 36. Tlcknar 1979, p19. Sanders for tha supplementary feeding 18. Rand Oallv Uall. 23 Hay 19TO, programme, explain ahy thia la important. 37. ibid. pfll. 'Recent and authoritative research haa 19, 'Bone aspects of tha dehimainleing affacts of shown that undernutrition syndromes previously • paga 1 attributed to protaln daficiancy art In fact dua tha lntaraata of union laadarahip (any alaa to ganaral food and anargy daficiancy. «han tha total food intake la Inadequate in anargy RECOGNITION aould thay algn aaay thaaa righta?). terem, protaln {ahich amy not necessarily ba Again, where regi Stmt ten la mada a inadequate) cannot ba utlllaed and extra protaln •111 ba of no value. Tha aain raaaon for thla condition of recognition, tha author notaa energy-deficit ia that tha atapla in under- that *It la a quaatlon that ahould ba dacldad davalopad countrlaa la uaually an unrefined AGREEMENTS: caraal (aalza In Zlabebee) ehoeo bulklnea* only aftar langthy and opan diacuaaion amonget •hen cooked make* it difficult for a child to aat union aenbershlp. It ia cartalnly not a eufficient in ona sitting to aatiafy hia/har anargy naada unlaaa - aa is unllkaly - aha/ha daclaion that can ba imposed on aeatoerahip in haa frequent meals* a response thia aannar'. 'Thia nee thinking on ahat aaa previously thought of aa "protein-deficiency aalnutrltion* ' Tha traataant of anti-strike clauaaa la haa profound implications for nutrition tha aaaa. Tha union laadarahip, 'overehelaed aupplafaantatlon/rahabilitatlon. In ahort, it IN Work In Prooraaa Ifi, 'trade unioniM' bagina la noe accaptad that energy-rich fooda - fata and nis/ner nota on recognition agreements by by tha ganaroaity of tha coapany in affording oils - ara aore laportant in corracting under— recognition* algn aaay tha 'legal right' to nutrition than tha tradltlonally-ueed protaln. aaklng ahat a recognition agraaaant la. Ha/aha strike. And having ao signed, if eorkere go (X latarloa and PR Payne, 'The Protaln Qap', poaaa tha quaatlon: la It a docuwent confarring Mature. Vol 286, No 8631, pp1t3-117). For, on strike, 'tha union buraaucracy aould atand in addition to baing ueelese aa "tieeue-building rights of representation on aortara, or ia It food* until anargy requireaente hava baan satisfied, protaln provldaa lesa anargy par unit aalght a daal bataaan aanagvant and 'paid union to loaa atop order and organlalng facilities than fat and all. In fact, both protaln and officUla' to ratlonallae thair ralatlonahlp7 and many other carrots offarad by recognition*. carbon ydrata provlda 4 caloroaa par gra* aa apposed to fat/pil which provlda 9 Galarias Cantral to tha author's entire critiqua la thla All tha 'dangara and pltfalla' floa froa par gra». auppoaad aaparation of lntaraata bataaan eorkere thia baalc dualiaa undarlylng tha agraaaant. •Hence tha atratagy In nutrition on tha ona hand, and 'paid union offlciele' on It la eyaptoautlc that 'tradb unionist's)' supplementation/rehabilitation ahould ba to tha other. All tha dangara to ahich 'trada prescription for overcoming tha dualiaa ahould lneraaaa tha anargy content of tha atapla (maize) /logune (baan, groundnut) elx by the addition unionist' alarta hia/har raadarahlp floa froa ba 'strong organisation in tha eorkplece and of oil or fat. Vagatabla oil la ganarally a hljji laval of participation by tha coapany'a cheaper and aaalar to uaa than aniaal fat. thla contradiction within tha bounda of tha aorkere in tha nagotiatlona for recognition- . In Ziababee groundnut oil aould probably ba trada union. Tha Joint QA«U - SA Chlorida it appropriate1. coavltnent to profitability la Our first objection then, la that there citad aa 'en unfortunata attltuda by union ia a tandancy to fatlahlaa tha 'agraaaant' in 'trada unionist's' erguaent. It ia not tha laadarahip' and ona ahich 'aey aall aat tha agraaaant that cauaaa 'highly bureeucrotleed or ataga for a ralationahlp bataaan fp—ft and tha union laadarahip ahich la conductad orr undemocratic unlonis*', but by tha author'a a falaa baala*. oan argument it ia tha union buraaucracy that A second ralatad problea than notad la cauaaa tha objectionable agraaaant* tha undertaking to nagotUta aagaa and working Our aacond objection la that tha artlcla conditiona at an industrial council laval. Thla locataa tha problaaa aaaoclatad with agraaaanta removes tha fpcua of struggle froa tha factory at tha laval of tha union buraaucracy only, floor 'laaving it in tha handa of a faa union (and ita counterpart, tha''anllghtanad' and 'generous' eaployar). Thara ara aora leaders'. Tha conceding of Mmgmnt parogativt in respect of dlealaaale and intarfaranca in Inaldioua problaaa aaaoclatad aith tha ahop ataaard alactlona ara all likewise arguad recognition atratagy than tha problaa of union froa tha atandpoint that thay ara againat tha buraaucracy. .lntaraata of eorfeara, era] by implication in Our third objection la tha assumption P=fl. 12

* that tfiw dangara ara ataoclatad alth tha Sclantlflc aanagaa*nt, 'ti*a and aation atudlaa, Translating tha slogan 'ahop floor poiar' racognltlon agis—ant only- Tha dangara and incraaaing uaa of aod%rn vldao tachnology into a raallty in thla anvlronaant is highlighted by tha author arm not paculiar lapoaa graatar datallad control ovar aortcar problematic and should navar ba undaraatiaatsd. to tha racognltlon atratagy but to all bahavlour and awiftar disciplinary rasponaaa Cartain basic concaaslona hava to ba aon in union stratagias. Tha artlcla aa a conaaquanca to atapplng out of Una. A ahop staward at ordar to anaura tha aurvlval of atrong, falla to idantify tha diffaring potantialltlaa Colgata put It aiaply: 'You can't avan piss damocratlc ahop floor organlaatlon. - Thaaa for auch dangara In diffarant stratagias* without panaiaalon*. In fetlth and Naphaa concaaaiona hava to ba axtractad froa capital Our fourth objactlon la that tha agraaawitt •anagaasnt Intrackicad diffarant colourad ahich has ganarally raalstad tha aorkara; ara traatad aaparataly frcai tha undarlylng ovaralls for aach dapartmant to dlacouraga daaanda for tha right to hold ganaral aaatinga atratagy. AU amaaasma that hava aa thair aovaaant froa ona daparba«nt to anothar. In aithin aorking houra (ahathar to doaooratlcally haading 'raoagnltlon BQisaaints' ara lumpad thla aay, aanagaaant aaa abla to pick out tha alact or aandata thair aorkar laadarahlp). Ifcjch togathar, mn ahan thay accord no racognltlon aorta? laadarahip in tha 1973 atrika. tha aaaa appllaa to tha right of aorkar laadarahlp fit All* Evaryday ccaaiunlcatlon bataaan aortcar and aa a group to hold rao^lsr aaatinga during Our fifth abjactlon la tha atatlc natura of aortcar la althar prohlbitad during aortc [thay aortcing houra. atari ganarally, in ordar to •trada unionist's' analysis. Tha artlcla flra aortcars at a taxtlla factory in Sanonl anaura aortcar control ovar a trada union aa a ahola (praclaaly to avoid tha buraaucrmtlaatlon prvaanta a anapahot of ona faatura of th« for talking to aach othar during aortc), or of tha union laadarahlp), aorkara hava alao praeant labour acanat and falla to locata It prwantad by tha.nolaa of aachjnary or tha all* damndad tha right to ba glvan tiaa off to In tha context of a davaioplng aortcar stmjglti day barraga of Radio S on tha loudapaakar attand union faaatlngs or to attand to othar Tha article consaquantly alaaaa tha point that ayataa* Taa tiaaja and lunch tiaaa ara ataggarad, # union buslnaas. Thara la no unlvaraal a*nagaaant'a racant inltiativaa with agraaaants tharaby hlndaring avaryday accaaa of ona aorkar 'aaak-and' on tha thraa shift ayataa. Tha ara aaaantlaHy countar-offanalvaa olaad at to anothar. Shift ayataaa anaura that aoat of sabbath no longax haa organisational algnlflcanca. gaining control of a tarraln ahieh haa hltharto tha aorkforca navar aaata togathar at tha largaly baan of tha trada union's choosing. aorttplaca and aafca It alaoat iapoaaibla for Tha racognltlon atratagy lnvolvaa prlaarlly tha aortcar laadarahlp in tha factory to aaat tha racognltlon of tha union's orpanlaad praaanca •a wlah to bagin ahara tha pravloua artlcla aa ona. Indaad, during tha Fraaa strika If) in tha aortcplaca. Any agraaajant that doas not on racognltlon agraaaanta laavaa off. In Plnatoan (alth thraa diffarant aMft ayataaa contain thaaa concaaaiona la not a 'racognltlon* agraaaant. It la not a aattar of daflnltion. that artlcla, tha author praacrlbad tha raaady oparating), ona of tha ahop ataaarda raaarkad Thara la no naad to coaa to an agraasjant to to tha problama ldantlfladi 'strong organlaatlon that 'aa hava to hava a atrika in ordar to 'racognlsa' a trada union if tha trada union In tha aorttplaca*. Thla la part of tha hava a full ahop ataaarda- aaating'. If thia doas not damnd an organisational praaanca in propaganda armury of all tha 'prograaalva* la trua of aortcar laadarahlp, it U all tha tha aortc placa. It la not ao auch a dangar of unlona. "ita alaboratlon in prajctlca la aor* aora trua of ganaral aaatinga of aorttara, ao 'racognltlon agraawanta' that unlona agraa to coaplax. It la not almply a nattar of cholca or aaaantial to daaocratic ahop floor brganlaatlon. nagotlata aagaa and aorking condition* at tha assart Ion/ It haa to ba forgad in an oftan It la obvious that tha dagraa and axtant induatrlal council, ao auch aa a fundaaantal blttar atruggla alth capital* of control will vary alth tha alia of tha dlffaranca in princlpla. It la tha diffaranca Tha aodarn factory la a hoatlla anvlronaant factory and tha natura of tha industry. Sarvica bataaan a union that lnalats on tha princlpla for aortcar organlaatlon. Highly acphlsticatad lnduatrlaa lika transport and tha docka ara of ahop floor poaar (auch aa tha F06ATU- aodaa of control and auparvialon do not Btop lass difficult for aork placa organlaatlon. afflllatad Chanlcal Aorkara' Industrial Unlfn alth tha organlaatlon of production, but quit* But tha bulk of 6outh African Industry, such aa did in tha Colpata dlaputa), and a union ahlch dalibarataly attaapt to dlaorganisa attempts iron and ataal, aining, taxtilaa, autoaobila doaa not (such as tha CUBA~afflllatad Chajaical - by aartcara to challanga thla control. and chaalcal ravaal thas* charactarfstlca. •ii BBCLH

Oorkwrs' Uilon which agreed with AECI to strategy presents an important challenge to growth and stability' in their egreemwnt with negotiate at Industrial council level only). tha wariclng class movement In South Afrlce. Chloride. As *trede unloniet' rightly soya, The proper focus far critique In thia casa la 'Trade unionist' locates the problem 1this statement in itself need not hove any the industrial council strategy, not lta primarily as one of diverging Interests between direct consequences for wcrkere on the shop written expression In an agreement. ronk and file and union officialdom. The whole floor'. This might well bo the type of It Is not only the democratic needs of drift of hie/her argument Is to atrses the concession the working close can live with, worker organisation tnat need to ba struggled 'function* of recognition agreements as a ohlltf It bullda up shop floor power, On the for, It la oftan tha wry existence of ohop new form of control, despite thw qualification at other hand, it might hove Important Ideological floor organisation. Dismissal la a powerful the end of thet contribution. Vo would argue repercussions, though not to the extent one weapon, particularly In times of high unemployment. that the agreement should be seen as both an imagines: It could blind workere to the feet It la Yielded by capital deliberately to undermine expreeelon and a site of etruggie. Capitol's thet presently one of the key arose of dlaputa shop floor organlaatlon by wooding out warkere* new counter-offensive la the outcome of the is precisely thw relatlvo distribution of wages loaderwhlp, Quito'apart fro* markera' Individual •increasingly effective Use of agreements to and proflte. In any caao, our intention hare interests In Job security, tha llmitotion of entrench and buttress organ!satioral rights In la merely to point out the proper peramortere msnegeriel prerogatives to hlra and flra has the work place. The fundamental objection to of the daboto over ouch a concession, end important organisational significance, liany the approach of 'trade unionist* le the failure to reject 'trade unloniet'a* eleplietic otrugglaa for recognition have focussed to aee that it is capital's power that forces treatment of compromise in tense of apaclfloally on this limitation of th* right these counter-concessions, not those facile leoderehlp 'attitudes'. to fire. Ihot la at stake la capital'a right reasons advanced such as tha 'unfortunate attitude The dangers of these recognition agreements and power to discipline labour. Any simplistic by union leadership1 or their being 'overwhelmed t must be studied within a theoretical and notions of 'oconomism* or agreements serving by the generosity of the company*. strategic understanding of intermediate as 'foris of control1 overlooks the impetua and The underlying 'danger' that 'trade unionist* struggle. But there are dangers end pitfolio main thruat of the recognition strategy. seeks to expose ie the opportunism of the union that are specific to those recognition The problem associated with agreements leoderehlp. This Is certainly a danger to all agreements end which need to be more fully exa not contaxtualised by 'trade unionist'. working class organisations * but this approach debated end discussed. The author's concerna and examples In respect tends to conflate necessary compromise with' e One of the dengwrs wo hove experienced hea of 'profltablllty'« 'matters for negotiation', opportunism. And surely this is the proper boon the tendency to individualise the 'company interference In union affairs', and locus of debete7 Agre meants havo no universal procedures. Rights against dismissal and 'strikes' all reflect en Important ehlft In character, Thoy havo no apodal prapertiaa -* disciplinary action should not bo individualised capital's atrotogy towards tha thruat of working which exist independently'of the etruggie from end settled in a 'rational-legal1 manner; they class organisation In tha worfc place. Capital's which thoy spring. Agreements reflect temporery should be seen as and translated into collective first line of resistance wae tha blankst outcomes of struggle between capital and working righto. refusal to negotiate at plant level and to class organisations, and their fom will twnd a Procedures should avoid, in our vlow, Joint insist that all relations with the trade union to reflect thle relative power et any one time. declaion-oBking. Worker leadership sftould " bo restricted to the industrial council. The fundomentol strategic problem) le the avoid being implicated in management decisions, Various Individual capitals hava begun to break l nature and extent of the concessions that con be The concesolon, for example, that no worker will ranks aftar long and bitter struggles (Colgato, compromised in order to achieve significant bw dismissed without the worker lemderahip'e organisational rlghte In the worfc piece. It is Prowler Paper, BAPPl). Tha second lino of consent and agreement ie e very far-reaching this approach that would defend SAAVU'e response is to try and extract counter Inroad into managerial prerogatives, but it declerotion of their committment to'profitablllty, rwrrles with It w hidden paneltv- elncw wt page M

ti*» the worker leadership My be identified struggle. Ve are elso seeing the increasing eith tr* management's discipline, involvement of women in community struggles - n ORGANISING ft There ia a danger that once tM COnceeeione for exemple egelnst rant increases in Soeetd neve been eon, the struggles «ey be viewed in. 1960 end 1961» and in the Durban townships a>s being over. Workers end worker leadership of Phoenix and Newlands East in I960. Vomeri must remain vigilant end not fell into the trap WOMEN? have elso bean part of the growing worker of fetlehlelng the egieeeint Just as the militancy and etrikee; the Sea Harveet strike concessions vere eon through struggle, they Thie article eae written collectively by a in Cape Town end the Frame strike in Durban •Owen'a etudy group in Johannesburg. It le the can only be defended or extended through result of 18 aonthe of dlecuaelon and raaaarch have involved large numbers of women workers- by individual aeabera of the group. etruggle. Far thie to be echieved, thd The reeistence of women against forced removals The queetione to which me addressed ouraelvea agreement muet be the warkere* egreseent. involved the basis of women's oppraaeion and etttyenga **» y*t another battle in woman's exploitation In South Africa$ and hoe women have reeistence to Influx control. It euet be en expression of their demende in organised egainat thie. In trying to find legel form, end hence readily coaprehenelble aneavra to thaee queetione, ee begen looking Despite these struggles there are still at other laeuee: hoe do working class ecaten to end workable.by than, in South Africa actually experience eage lebour? many woman who have not become Involved in m The legally binding agreement amy hot be Hoe do they spend their tiae at hone? ihat reeistence to their oppression as workers, aorta of organleationa ere they involved in? the appropriate instrument for edvanclng •hat followe are aoeo of the aneeara ee women and as blacke. Those woman who have the workers'** struggle in all lnd^encee.^ Once found to these questions. They ere by no aeane been involved in specific community or worker eorkere* rights "are no strongly entrenched in * f* final or definitive, but ee do feel that they begin to tackle some of the ieportant iaauaa. etrugglee often do not sustain their involvement .-* the fectory that It would entail a protracted v #e would appreciate responses to, and once the immediate issue is over* 4 :-I* cowente on what ee have written. and debilitating etruggle foreV' to * . Thie raises for ue many issues that Question overthrow then. it e*y be better to elide an the nature of woman's oppression, and ite egreaaent to lapse, end leeve the union ' Ve women share with our menfolk the cares reletion to the broader etruggle against unconstrained by reciprocal obligations. end enxletiae imposed by poverty and lte evile. Ae elvee end aotherei it falls upon apartheid. There are two questiona that The development of the debate in this ue to aaka smell wages stretch a long eay. immadietely coma to mind. Firstly, why do ee It ie ea who feel the crlea of our children direction, ee believe, will eaiterielly eeelst whan they axe hungry end alok. It ia pur need to organise woman, and secondly, do we need in translating the slogans of shop floor lot to keep and care for hoaea that are too separate organisations for eoman? In eneear , democracy and ehop floor power Into dally • * smell, broken and dirty to keep clean to the flret question ee will try to shoe thet These are evils thet need not exist. They practice "and concrete reality. exist because the society in which wa live me need to organise a omen so thet they can eln J<* ie divided into poor end rich, into non- their liberation in the process of involvement European end European.., .Vie woaan have stood trade unionlata and will etend ahoulder to ehouldar vith in the struggle eQelnet epertheld and capitalist '•W. - our menfolk in a coaaon struggle against exploitation. In eneeer to the eecond question, poverty, race end class discrimination,... ie ehall teach the aen that they cannot hope ee trill try to shoe that there era specific eaye to liberate theaseIves froa the evile of diacriaination and prejudice es long as they that different groups sxperlence their fell to extend to eoaan complete end exploitation under epertheld. Thie goee for unqualified equality in lee and in practice. -from the Women's Charter of the women Just es it does for students, workers end Federation of South African Women, 195a. different communities in a racially divided society. FOR the first time elnce the 1950s ee ere seeing the beginnings of women's political organisations To answer these questions ee eill look *t which era capable of bringing together ell women two mein issues: et the specificity of woman's who are committed to the national democratic oppression in South Africa! and at the forme i Paga 15 which WIIO'I organisation has t«k«n both dally llvaa. For example, loaar aagaa mean Tabla A: Employment pattama aaongat afrlcan formally and informally. lnadaquata food, poor housing and lnfarior 1970. aducatlon. Wood and paper Manufacturing 3 000 The Specificity of Tomen'a Organisation •a aald aarllar that women experience Agriculture 656 000 •OllEH make up half of the oppressed paopla In both axploltatlon and opprasaion in tha same Oomeatic sarvlcaa 633 000 South Africa. Together with tha oppressed aay aa tha working clasa aa a ahola. Ho«avar t Medical and welfare 43 000 masses thay ara aaparatad from tha aaana of thay alao axparlanca exploitation and opprassion Education' 33 000 production and forced Into wage labour. Thay in apaciflc aaya which -aa will go on to diacuss wholesale and retail 29 000 racaiva vary little of tha aaalth that thay now. Clothing Manufacturing 21 000 produca for others. Thay ara axcludad from Catarlng and accommodetlon 20 000 political poaar and control ovar tha most baaic Soman In lege Labour Taxtila aanufacturing 15 000 daclalona which affact thalr llvaa. Influx Somen In all capltallat countriaa work In tha Food aanufacturing 13 000 control datarainaa ahara thay can live and work. loaaat paid, least aklllad 'occupations*. Thay Public administration and defence 6 000 Lika tha raat of tha working claaa thay ara forcad ara usually tha last to ba hlrad ancrtha firat Laundry 4 000 to andura a constantly decreasing standard of to ba flrsd. Thay ara part of ahat aa call a Other aanufacturing and sarvlcaa 21 000 living aa inflation aata Into •••671 wages; rm^mmm army of labour. Thia meana that thay Unclassified 216 000 ara drawn into production during pariods of thay suffer tha affacta of overcrowding dua Unemployed 16S 000 Induatrlal growth and fired during recessions. to shortage of housing and lnadaquata health Total economically active woaan 1 689 000 Thua, woman for* tha largest group of unaaployad fecllitiea. (Source: 1970 Population Canaus)i paopla. At thla ataga aa naad to drae a diatinctlon Tha oondltlona of work in domestic and In South Africa» working claaa woaan batwaan axploltatlon •«! oppression, than aa agricultural aactora era generally tha worat axparlanca tha aorta of axploltatlon and aay that a—i and tha wording claaa in general in South Africa 1 there ara no minimum wage ara exploited, aa mean that thay do not oan tha opprassion ahlch wa hava described abova. egrearn ante covering thasa workera; thay ara aaana of production (factories, farmm and mines), However, bacauaa of tha racial charactar of axcludad from mmmbarahlp of tha Unemployment p and that thay ara forcad to work for tha owners South African capitalist, It is black working Inauranca Fund and tha •orkmen'e Companaation of tha aaana of production (tha boaaaa) for a claaa woaan who axparlanca thla axploltatlon Fund which meane thay cannot gat unamploymant wage* Tha working claaa la axploltad bacauaa and opprassion aost intanaaly. Influx control pay, alck pay or maternity leave; thay ara not tha valua of tha «aga aarnad la aqulvalant to togathar with an ldaology that aaya that covered by any laglalatlon limiting tha number tha valua of tha goods ahlch tha bosses conaldar domestic labour and work in tha clothing and of hours thay can work. Thay are axcludad that thay naad in ordar to llva (that ia, tha food industrlas la 'wgmen'e work' forca waftan from tha provision* of the Induatrlal Conciliation. valua of thalr food, clothea, rant and tranaport). into apaciflc aactora of employment. Tha Act t ahlch meane that thay cannot organlea into Tha aaga la not aqulvalant to tha valua of following tabla shows that two-thirds of. registered or state recognised trade uniona. all tha goods ahlch tha aorkar produces. " Tha afrlcan woaan in employment work in agricultural A faw examples show the affects of this* dlffaranca bataaan tha valua of a worker's or domestic sectors; tha rast ara apraad Domestic sorter* in Johanneeburg •^rn an wage and tha valua of tha gooda ha/sha producaa amongst tha food, catering, clothing, taxtlla average of H57 a month/1' and in tha Eastern la profit. It la this profit shich tha bosses and service Industries - all of which ara Cape aa little aa R30 a month or ImmmV ' kaap for themselves. traditionally ragardad aa araaa of 'woaan'a Soman farm workers in the Eastern Cape earn work* in capltallat societies. 1 Whan n tpaak of oppraaeion «a ara talking even less, somatimaa as little aa 60c a day, about tha aay in ahlch working paopla axparlanca For these mleerable wages women work aa long as 4 tha affacta of thla axploltatlon in thair M to OS hours a —•* * ' paga 16

Tha position of tcwn in induatrial ba engaged in subsistence faming in tha mare disadventaged. For sxample, thay ara lagally aaployaant in tha cities Is Marginally bttttr. bentustans to provide for thair feellies* dlscrlainatad against so that thay cannot But thay ara still aaployad in aactora attic* Tha rMlity of this situation la that thara la rant houaas (thay can only kesp a houaa if

sra ralativaly labour lntanalva, ag food and no land avallabla for aost rural aoaan to aortc* aidovad or divorcad}. SXJSSM also foca clothing, and they are ssvioyed it the lonet Aa M Mid above, tha Job* daflnad for women ara opprassion on a parsonal laval aithin tha MQM to do the eoet uneklUad aortc. The average so bad that mmny nam choose to raMln unemployed fanily. DoMStlc aortc in thair hosts la nekly sago far iown in the Transvaal clothing rathar than aortc long hows doing hMvy nenuel conaidarad to ba tha traditional rola of aoaan. industry is about R25 par eestc for a quallflad aortc for starvation sagas* Ones again Ideology plays a poaarful rola in 5 sorttar and R1S for an unquaUflad eorfcer. * ' A aoaan froa fflnterveld sho au unabla to ralnforolng this oppression. Tha Idaology It takaa a mm§\\ beteeon tao and four yaara find eortc because sha did not hava tha 'right ahlch says that mm ara tha hues—iaiii and aan to qualify in thia eactor. staap in har pass1, described har situation tha aaga samara, antranchaa doaastlc aortc aa Aa aa aaid ssrlisr, aoaan ara alao excluded Hk« this; *I hava rw^wr aorfced. I aould lika aoaan"s sphara of rasponslblllty. froa lnduatrial aaplo>asnt by the racial nature to aortc, but thara la no aortc and too evch Deans tic aortc la both oppraaslva and of South Africa's capltaliat apprauion - tha unaaployaant. So bacausa thara la nona I lndiractly exploitative. Firstly, It is a 6 Influx control lava being tha cornaratona of clean, and than X sleep*. * ' 'free' aarvica ahich bossM gat froa thair thia. In 1964 aoaan eithout urban rights vara Ltooaployaont la oppressive not only bacausa eortcera' alvaa. Tha wife of a Bolivian pravantad froa antarlng an urban araa unlass it excludes aoaan froa aarning a aaoe, but alao ainaaortcar, Ooaltllle Barrioa da Chungara thay had a specific job to go to. Slnoa 1974 * because of tha affact shich it haa on aoaan*s •xplslnsd it Ilka thia: thia regulation appliaa equally to afrlcan aen oonaolouanaaa. Uiaaployad iasm ara laolatad Oanarally aa can't count on soaeone alaa snd sosem nalthar ara pansittad to look for frtai tha rsit of sooiaty. Thay raaain at hoae, to halp around tha housa. Whet tha husband arm is so llttla and really M all haver thair own jobs in an urban araa. Tha tightsning with nothing but houseeor* to occupy thair tlaa. to halp out i Thia life-style ralnforcaa subservience, paaaivlty •all, I think that all of thia prwee^hoe of Influx control represents part of tha coiswan tha alnar la doubly axploltod, no? and tha laok of self-confidence. Bacausa, with such a asmll aaga, tha BpMB oppression axparlancad by tha afrlcan working . haa to do such aore In tha hoai. And class of both aaxaa* Unemployment alao forcM aoaan Into asny raally that*a unpaid aortc that M'ra 'Infernal* (and aoMtiaM illegal) occupations doing for tha bosses, isn't ltT...** Ona day X got tha IdM of asking a chart. aoaan and Urs^ploysajnt such aa haeJclng, HQUOT braving and prostitution. Va put aa an example tha prlca of sashing For tha aany aoaan sho ere widowed, divorcad clothaa par doien placaa and aa figurad Table A atoova dafinaa 1 669 000 aoaan aa out hoa aany dozens of item ee aashad a economically active. According to tha 1970 or abandonad, thaaa activities ara tha only month. Than tha cook'a aaga, tha baby- nd alttar'a and tha aarvant's. Va figvrad canaus thara ara ? 997 000 afrlcan aoaan in swans of support for thasioolves * thair s out avarythlng that aa ainara' alvaa do South Africa. This sMna that about thrM fMlllM. Lika tha raat of tha unanployad in every day. Adding it all up, tha aaga naadsd to pay us for ahat aa do in tha ousrtere of afrlcan aoaan ara not in foraal South Africa, aoasn with fswlliaa to support c*n hons, coaoarad to tha aagas of a cocfc, a expect vary llttla in tha aay of stata Mshsrsoaan, a babyalttar, a ssrvant, sas aaployMrt. *•** afrlcan aoaan ara not saployed such hlghar than ahat tha aan aarnad In tha and probably navar hava been. This Is not aulstanca for themselves^ and thair faalltM. alna for a aonth. (?) bacausa thay do not aant to aortc - axtra Secondly, aany aortclng claas soaan sra income aould bs useful to aoat aortclng class apsian'a Experlsnca^of Dally Qporasslon in fact angagad in soaa fom of aaga labour % families. It la rathar beceuM apartheid policy la Mid aarllar that aon%n shara problems In < outsids ths horns, Thay thua aacparianca a haa involved attempts to provant • oam froa tha cosaajnity aith tha raat of tha working class - 'doubla day*. After aortclng for thair aaployar lMvlng tha bentuetana and forming part of an overcrowded living conditions,'high rants, all day thay auat COM hoM and lock after urbaniaad sorting claas. Tha idaology of inadaquata haalth facllltln. Evan aithin this thair famillaa. Host urban aortclng clsss aparthaid apaclfias that wgswn ara suppoaad to situation, hoMvar, somen ara comparatively paffe 17

rlM before GShOO, get hoa* aftor •an and aoaan will disappear if tha atructuraa those engaged in wage labour can potentially 16h00 indgo tobtd between 21h30 and 23h00. of oppraaalon and exploitation ara removed at tha bacoae claaa conacloua. Hoeevar, the ooasjon A •—B who eorke 6 days a week at a knitting ganaral level. It la eomething ahlch naada to experience of exploitation at the workplace la factory deacribed her situation aa follows: ba confrontad and challenged as part and parcal an important starting point for tha development Wy huaband doesn't cow. Ha tftlnke it of tha procaaa of social changa. For If of worker corvjclouenese. la a aojsan'a job. I thir* to too - waking claaa aoaan continue to experience man aa we heve ehoen that aoaan In capitalist ahat can Z way?...He tails you ha la tlrad, t that ha naada to relex. than I oat 'rubblahaa' and 'bulUee* (ccnaon tame), and ewjn societies generally, end In South Africa In I don't ralax, I hava to cook. IB) contlnua to ragard woaap aa 'caualng trouble', particular, tend to ba employed in sectors Moat of tha aoaan Interviewed at this than hoa will solidarity avar ba poaslbla7 which ere badly paid, unprotected by legislation factory simply laughed when thay vara eeked *• hava attamptad to ahov, than, that working and relatively unstable within the general whether their huabenda helped with tha housoeoiki claaa aoaan axparlanca exploitation and oppraaalon economy. Hot only thla, but within thaaa Ona thing In caav to -lectors women worker a tend to gat the worst deal. lntarvloaad aaa 'no tie*'. Tha both pacifically aa loain, and generally aa raaponalbllltlaa of housework and chlldoara eawabere of a black worklnc class, la will now Organisation on e large scale for better In aoat caaaa operated In auch a aay aa to clrcuieecrlbo thalr thoughts and activities. look at hoa working claaa aoaan in South Africa worxing conditions, sages and benefits le thus Weerineee la a these ahlch runa hava raapondad historically to thalr oppraaalon. throughout. (9) vary difficult In these sectors. Particularly •hat farms of oryaniaation hava thay baan In domestic and fans labour, tha possibility It la thla lack of time and aaarlnaaa which attracted to? Oo thaaa orgenleatlons (or of aoaan organising to laprove working tlaa many woman ao oloaaly to dcsatatlc duties. could thay In tha future) catar for tha oonaUtlone le limited. These workere ara 'Hoa can you hava time to vlalt vhan you hava aaplratlona of aoaan*a llbaratlon? To ahat highly controlled, and leolated. Thay '•' tao faalllas to local after7* (a daaaatlc worker axtapt has tha specificity of thalr oppraaalon often live on their aaployer'e previses and In tha Eaatam Capi);'10' 'I navar go, to fllaa baan addraaaad by tha enjor political novaaanta even their lalaura time le controlled. or llva ahoaa. I Juet work' (factory worker, , ovar tlawj7 Thasa ara tha questions aa will Resistance in any fora la often mat with Jotvjnmeburg)* 'n' conaldar in thia next aectlon. Examples of harsh punishment: docking of aegae and Thus, for aany eoein lalaura tlaa actlvltlaa organlaetlona -ill ba drawn on to illustrate baatlnga ara not uncoaeaon. Tha absence of **) reading, llatanlng to music, vialting frlanda - polnta. Our aeeessaajnt will conclude with eoae large scale trade union organisation of aoaan ara not poaalbla. Tha drudgary of thalr dally dlecueelon on the question* of the 'separata' In South Africa, then, must be understood aa lives must ba aaan to ba aa auoh an aapact of organisation of aoaan. a function of the forme of wage labour aoaan thalr oppraaalon aa oppression in tha workplace are engaged In, end not simply aa a result of and coanunlty. Trade Union Organisation aoaan'a peaalvity. Participation in tha process of social Thla la not to sey that ataman ere entirely Abuse of production (aege labour) haa historically unorganised in the trade union movement. Over It la important to racognlaa that working provided the beais for the development of the peat years there heve been fine examples claaa woaen alao axparlanca thalr oppraaalon 'class conaclouaneas* aaonget workers (le e of action on tha part of aoaen workers. For In tha fon* of physical and saxual abuaa by consciousness of the exploltetion of workers exajaple, In 1979 -omen workers et the Sea Host woaen In thia country do not dara walk ea a claaa). For It la In the process of social Harveet factory in Saldhana Bey led e militant In tha toanahlpa at night. Tha lncldanca of production that eotlcere become aware of the and aucceaaful strike against low wages and rapa la ona of tha hlghaat in tha aorld. advantage* of collective action, le era not management's refusal to recognise their union, Domestic battering of women is ccaawonplace • It suggesting that workers bacoae 'class coneciouV the Pood end Canning Workers' l*1"1- Soman also Is not sufflciant alaply to hopa that thla automatically if they are Involved in wage played important roles In the Fettle end tfonle brutal aenifestation of tha division between labour. Neither ara ve suggesting that only strike pf 1990, and the Frametex strike in Durban 18

In tht MM year. In addition, tn* development bacauaa if tha union has got nothing to already existing division of tha workforce along thraaten tha employers with than thay can of a nuMr of General torkere' Unions, organising do nothing a» a ahop steward, tad that ia llnea of sex. To ignore theee iesues is tot in largely in the service aactor, has vaant a vast why I a* alao frightened and scared*.*So I effect, exclude Mny women from organlMtion, an lazy to talk up... .For what If you ara lncraasa in tha nuwfcer of eomon organised in end also to run the risk of excluding women'e • flrad. Ona parson said tha union must- unions over tha past f« yaara* threaten the employers not to fire - the demands from programmee far eoclel change. union Just Mid thay auat COM end thay Than, of coursi, there la tha National will find thaa another Job. But then you The fact that woman eorteare are largely Union of Clothing lor**r*, a TUCW union which are working from factory to factory...You auat find sons thing to thrMten the unorganised, that what organisation there la, la parallal to tha Garment workers' Union. employers. (19) la inadequate, and that many working class

Ona of tha largaat unions in tha country with The etated conservatism or tha union, than, woman ara not employed in eage labour polnta a Mlnly female membership of 23 000, it is mil clearly reflected in factory floor organising to two important things; firstly, it la known for ita general conservatism. Lucy strategies. Women in the garment industry, obvloua thet the acale end quality of union llvubelo, general secretary of tha NUCV aince 1953, than, ara only organiaad in so far u tha NUC* orgenieetloh emonget woman neade to be draatlcally stated In 1974 that h«a a large membership on paper. improved. Secondly, the orgmniMtion of women An organlsad labour fores la beneficial • outside of the workplace (in the reproductive Even those trade unions which are far more bath to tha employer and tha employee... sphere) le abeolutely vital if working class tha female worker la disciplined and haa progressive end efficient in their organising tha full knowledge that aha ia part of tha woman are to become an integral part of tha etrateglee than the NX* have yet to addresa satabllahMnt and thua contrlbutaa to battar procese of political opposition in thle country. productivity and laaa absenteeism; aha themselvee to soma of the isauas facing woman faala tha raaponslblllty aha has to play In - tha aatabllahmnt. (12) eorteare in particular. For example, trade unions ara atill to face the fact that woman workers Community Organisation Again, In I960 aha aaid of har union: often feel reticent about remaining after wording Tha organisation of woman in tha reproductive " If tha production dropa tha anployar hours to attend union meetings on account of sphere (what we will broadly term 'community alaays phones ua and aayai coat and talk 1 to your paopla * X don't know what la their domestic raaponslbilitlM (detained by organisation ) has historically bean strong in happening, and ao on. we apaak to tha tha vary rigid sexual dlvieion of labour In South Africa. In tha 1940s woman ware involved workers and try to tall them that M won't ba able to gat more money for you at tha tha household which mi referred to earlier). on e large ecale In tha campaigning for food next nagotlationa bacauaa you paopla The responsibilities of children, In tye retione and the organisation of food co- don't Mnt to produce. (13) absence of child care facilitlM, are often oparatlvae during a time whan food prices were workers ara organiaad in tha union via central in the exclusion of woman from full rockwttlng. In the early 1930s thay were atop orders. A ahop Stewart at a Johannesburg participation In union affaire* Not only thia, instrumental in organising 'Cultural Clubs* factory had thia to aayi 'It la a disappointing but there ara condltlone of wartc which era as alternative schools during the schools union, Thsra ia nothing thay can do to halp specific to women which need to be recognised - boycotts of the period. Throughout the flret tha workers. Thay navar coma to addraaa tha for example maternity leave and pay; sexual part of thia century they fought agalnet workers - only when there is something Important abuse of woman workers by supervisors and betterment schemes which ware designed to deny to tall tha paopla (ilk© shan thar* is going bosMS (widespread, it eweaa, but virtually women of their primary means of subsistence - to bo an incraaant or additional deductione). unrecorded); humiliating body mrthit by , 4) land. Resistance to resettlement hee also That la uaually about 2 or 3 tlaas a yaar ^ man; and the absence of child care fecilitles. been ongoing and militant on the part of Commenting on tha absanca of a shop steward It la sometimes claimed that to take up euch black women* in har aaction of a knitwear factory, a worker Issues might ba divlelve of the working class More recently, women have been involved in atatad: as a whole. He would esaert in turn thet not organisation around rent increases, transport Thay aay thay ara scared bacauaa Naidoo to addre» such Issues 1* to reinforce an (a production manager) flrad two ahop Increases, and squatter removals. Tha women of ataaarda two yaara ago...Thay ara scared Crossroads in 1978, and the women of Phoenix psga 19

township, -car Durban, in I960, posaibly sarve saying,.*.aspecially for war because I a* woman of South Africa, tith a broad range of | alone with tha kids. as the best examples. organisations federated to it, it could claim Tha same wcawjn, without axcaptlon, explained that Woman have also baan lnvolvad in community to raprasant aany thousands of woaan. \ thay did not hava tha tiaej to participate in orgenieation on tha Cape Penlnaula on a large Tha Federation was responsible for spear- 1 protest and resistance agailnat conditiona of llf* scale. Tha women of Sowato vara hailed far heading a particularly mill tent march.of 20 000 j in tha townahipa. Tor axajepla, leading militant protest* against rant increases woaan to Pretoria, In protaat against tha pass My husband has tha tie**..Ha has a lot In September 1960, It would ba tma to aay, more tine. X would like to go to tha laws. It draw up and adopted a Women's Charter. Njwaver, that daaplta tha determination and meetings. Sometimes ha taUa me about which even today still ahowa remarkable integration them, eometimes ha doaan't. There ara militancy dlsplayad by women In all thaaa mostly nan who go to tha meetings. in ita approach to tha relationship between Instances, thalr involvement by no avians Sc**e ataman do go, but nona of ay frlanda. woaan*a oppression and tha oppression of tha represented mass participation. In Crossroads, Fsar of tha polica aaa al*o a factor for many working class as a whole. At tha aaaa time, tha for example, no more than 300 woman came togsther of tha •oaiin intarviaaad. A nuabar also stated ANC Women's League oparatad as a branch of tha j at any one tlaa. And in Sowato a total of a that their husbands did nt)t allow them to African National Cbngrasa* One of tha Laagua** j fav hundred soman marched on tha Community participata in 'cceeeunity organisation'/16* stated alas was to wort, actively against the Council Chaabara, Thia la not to dladniah tha Women's participation in community 'tem-aaking rola" which woaan were tending to ' aloniflcanca of these avanta, but simply to organisation has baan historically influenced taka on in tha national political movement. aaaart tha Importance of avoiding making by a paradox. On tha one hand, because) of thalr Evan today tha ANC in exile has an established generalisations about 'the eoman' of Soaato or structural poaition in society, black woman in woman's section. Tha particular stranyth of Crossroads as a whola• Tha fact ia that in South Africa hava exparlancad tha brunt of both tha FSAV and tha ANC Women's Laagua in tha 1950s lay in tha fact that both oparatad cases auch aa these only tha already politicised wording class oppression, and haw thus become In close aaaociatlon with tha aajor ganaraliaad aoaen tend to participator axtraaaly aiilitant In soma circuastancaa. Thay political organisations of the tiaa. Thus tha Va ara not to assume, however, that tha) taka on a disproportionate load in tha raproduction absanca of mass participation in coaeajnity of thair familias, and thalr atftjctural poaition possibility of their work becoming cut off froa organisation necessarily reflects a lack of haa also meant exclusion froa wmployment for mainstream political trends aaa minimised. Although tha FSAfl aaa navar officially banned, consciousness on tha part Of aTDawal in South many. Thia perhaps has left them 'fraa' to Ita activities petered out with tha banning of Africa today* ttaaajn workers intarvlaaad in participata in civic affairs. (k> tha other' hand, tha largest ganaraliaad political movement of I Johannaaburg had tha following to say about thia aaaa structural poaition haa daflnad them conditiona in townahipa: primarily aa wives and housekeepers, with tha time - tha ANC * in I960* ' Tha houses are matchbox houaaa. And we ara neither tha time nor tha disposition to bacoaev In acre recent times, a number of women's \ also taxed for tha elactrlca but our houaaa otharwiaa lnvolvad. ara not electrified. You can't do anything political organisations hava baan established. about rents Thebahali, ha la selling us. Tha United Woman's Organisation (UWO), based in Political Organisation the Western Capa, and tha Women'e Federation based Now tha rant ia a vary big problem....if you don't pay thay'll knock in tha night and If tha community organiaation of aonan haa on tha Rand, ara two currant examples. Both taka you to tha rant offica. Va ara all historically presentad problems, what of organisation* hava drawn inspiration from tha crying. Everybody ia crying with tha rant*. political organisation? National political historical example of tha FSAV. Thay hava Ita old Thebahali who made all this troubla organisations in South Africa hava recognised organised vary differently, though. Tha UK j with tha rants. I should ahoot hlai if Z aaw hia - lots of people have baan like tha specificity of women*a oppression. In has a fadaral structure, with branches in that for hia. thay aay ha la getting a ( 19M tha Federation of South African Woaan was almost avary township in tha western Cape. j lot Of money.... established with tha axpfess purpose of Significantly* ita composition la completely Tha rant goes up avary day* There la no confronting problem* sxparianced by tha oppressed non-racial, aa aaa tha composition of tha P«G« 20

FSA» In the 1950s. Tho toman's Federation, factory in Johannesburg,.every one participated bible, and they take us on tripe. The men f ifil on the other hand) appears to be organised en In a church activit/, or a co-operative of learn agriculture and gardening'. the basis of individual membership at present- some kind, or both. Some of the women described The patterns described above were common Both the uwo and the Women's Federation Their participation in such activities in the to almost ell the women interviewed* There were are organising woman In separate political following mays: a fee, however, whose sources of social organisation* but with the intention of Kathy Gumode belongs to an organisation called intercourse were even more limited. Julie, for 1 involving thee in the broader struggles of 'Secretat Solidarity ., It has a membership of example, stated: *I am not going anywhere the oppressed. For example, rent protests, 35 women, and its expressed purpose is that of because 1 haven't got the money - If you Just struggles around education, consumer boycotts 'offering prayers for the sick and for each other** move an inch you must have money...How can I (such as the boycott of Wilson Rowntree The members meet once a month on a Sunday, *If have a stokvel (similar to en mtshaoio) whan sweets), as mail as support for overtly you have got problems you raise them to thm I have got children and not enough money?* (19] political issues such as the anti-Republic Day women. They give you a prayer to give you And for moggie, the only sources of social campaign and the enti-Ciakei campaign, have hope'. interaction vera regular attendance at Lutheran all been part of their activities. Pauline Sikupele described her time outside church services (with no organisational we have looked at throe areas in mhlch women of eortc: 'You know e woman is always busy at involvement in the church), and attendance at are being organised - at the workplace, in the home...It is a double Job*..you Just get a rest school parenta meetings three times a year. community, and in political organisations. when you go to the mtshaoio or to church - That The husbands of most of tho women interviewed However, what becomes clear from these examples is whera you get a little bit of rest (laugh)*. did not shore their involvements, fhile the is that there is very little mass organisation She described the activities of the Mehaolo women worm almost without exception regular of women. This does reflect, to a certain (literally translated, meaning 'give each other church-goers, their husbands rarely extent, thm level of organisation of the a helping hand'): each Sunday Paulina and 11 accompanied them. They were on the whole close Gouth African working class in general. But em other woman meet at one of their respective soccer followers - either players themselves, have tried to shoe that there are a whole range homes with R10 in hand. Each member takes a or regular match attendora. Thoy were not of factors which further exclude women from turn in taking the total of R120 collected Joined by their wives in this. 'I stay at participation in organisation. These Include each meek. 'Then the HP is a little bit less... home to do the washing end toko care of the the 'double day*, isolation, passivity, and After producing money we have tee and maybe some house1, said one woman. In addition, most of subservience to men. cake, ffe also make Jokes of things in our lives. the husbands of the wonen interviewed belonged we pass the problems as Jcfces there*. Pauline •hat becomes evident is that it is to a saving co-operative of some form. A male also used to belong to the 'Houeewlvea League1 in necessary to explore the areas in ehlch eomen worker interviewod described his participation Soeeto: are already informally organised. An assessment in such a co-operative: of the possibilities that these forms of I left after three years when I was a little It is like a syndicate, a stokvel. «e go organisation present for the mobilisation and bit tired. There w*s no time. The purpose on Sundays. There are about 05 people, was to try and give us some ideas in our but only 30 attend every week. The others conscientisetion of women against their families.. •Even if you have got a broken Just send the money. Everybody peys HIS oppression mould be useful, ie hope to make * heart. They unite and connect us together a week. Some goes to the burials, the so we ere not alone. Sometimes if you have rest to tha bank. At the end of the yaar some tentative suggestions, bosed largely on got difficulties at home they put you the money is shared betwmen us, and the nice. (1?) interest. No women are allowed — wherever research conducted in early 1961 amongst there is a woman there is always trouble. mean in a clothing factory. Uary mantlaneng attends a Roman Catholic Church on Sunday morning's. After the service The men drink together over the collection of the money, and those who wish to eat have a meal Informal, ' Spontaneous' Organ 1 se 11 on she attends meetings of what she calls 'temple*. There, 'they teach me ho% to sew, to learn the prepared by the wife of tha host. Of a group of 25 momen interviewed at a clothing P/ige ?!

The co-operatives mention** (the stokvals and seriously. For it may be. possible to use these Conclusion I wtshaolos) obviously form an Important part of widespread and existing forms of organisation During this article we have argued that there the social network of both men and women In and transform seme aspects of their content; are specific ways in which women are oppressed the tow* • ' :>••• They have a crucial economic •hile continuing to deal with sume of the day and exploited. He have also argued that function. Banking facilities, credit facilities, to day problems which working class women wemen remain the least well organised section insurance policies,etc,ere generally speaking not experience as women, they begin to raise the of the oppressed masses. easily available to the working class in South consciousness of their participants to a point we have explored the different forms of where they clearly perceive the link between Africa, and therefore the co-operatives are a organisation of women in South Africa - both their problems as women, and their exploitation crucial inte mod late form of organisation which formal and informal. He argue that the issues end oppression as part of the black working enables people to save, and to keep out of which oppress women in particular cannot simply class as a whole. debt. be defined as 'women's problems* to be fought Church activities are clearly on enormous These organisations are already serving against only in separate women's organisations. source of 'release' for the women interviewed. to connect wording class women, end are We feel that to assume that separate women's Church ^Bry often takes precedence over other providing an arena in which women ^rm able to political organisations have the capacity tyy activities. One women stated: learn skills of leadership and self-assertion themselves to deal with all issues faced by I have never been to a protest meeting vithout the constant and critical surveillance women is to make a number of serious mistakes. •bout the rents- Sometimes my husband of men. Potentially they could also be forums Firstly, It ossumes that at this point in goes, but I have not time. They are usually on a Sunday, and I must go to In which women could work against the fotalime time the majority of women ore ready to church, end then I am busy with they tend to express about their oppression as participate in mass politics. Ve have already the washing. (32) women, and exploitation as workers - giving them argued that this is not the case.' Secondly, Vhat is particularly interesting about the the confidence and insight to work actively there ia a clanger of inadvertently encouraging I co-operatives and church activities is their against their conditions of life through separatist politics - of forcing all politically sex-exclusivo nature* The mixing of men and participation in formal organisations conscious women to «ork In women's organisations women in the same stokvel or church group is [trade unions, local civic associations, to the exclusion of oil other sites of socially inconceivable to most. The expressed national political organisations, ate). organisation. This is not to diminish the interests and needs of the average wording class importance of separate women's political Grassroots organisation into relatively man and woman, which may coincide at the organisations. Tor example, while a woman's informal and spontaneous small groups la ' workplace, appear to radically part mays organisation struggles ogainst the specific obviously no Substitute for national forms of exploitation of women in the workplace, outside of workplace activity. Energies ere mobilisation against oppression. However, this also has to be an issue that is confronted jj channeled into entirely different forms of such organisation is absolutaly necessary. in day to day trade union organisation. So too fl activity. Ideologies of 'masculinity' and with community organisation. A women's jj 'femininity' clearly inform these separate For we can see that in the case of women, such organisation can bring women together around J activities, and the sexual division of labour organisation serves two vital purposes: on issues such a child care, or high food prices. |! in the household is both reinforced by, and the one hand, it is able to meet some of the Out this does not mean that these should not be J reinforces, the sex-exclusive nature of imeediete neap's of women, by addressing their confronted in brooder groupings, and that women I activities. day to day problems. On the other hand such organisation could act as a means of Pjj This is not to deny that both men and women incorporating women in the broader political '4 derive some valid pleasure from these activities. shouldn't be involved in other community issues. struggle against exploitation and oppression l They cannot be dismissed as a manifestation of But it Is to argue that these can only be of the working class as a whole. I eome 'false consciousness'. They must be taken effective if they exist within the context of the organisation of women, and of men and women. page 22 •

at different levels. 7. de Chungara, 0o«icilla Barrios and Btaemg. Shindler, Jennifer - 'The effects of influx Let «e speak, 1976:34.35. In conclusion *e would lik* to cCAwit on control and labour saving appliances on domestic service in South Africa' e position which is sometimes held In political 8. Barrett, 1981:9a. (unpublished mimeoj circles - the suggestion that woman need to ba 9. Barrett, 198l:M. Yawitch* Joanne - 'Black wemn in South Africa: organised only in orter to draw than into the 1979 capitalism, employment and reproduction' mainstream of political organisation, We 10. Cock, 1980:53 (Hons dissertation, University of Witwatersrand, Jhb) contend that this position is an expedient onel 11. Barratt, 1961:95 . for it denies the specificity of women's Yawitch, Joanne - 'Rural Natal, 1959. The 12. South African Out lock *,* 26 February, 1976:110 1978 Women's riots', in Collected Papers of oppression. It ignoree the very reel problems the History of Opposition Conference faced on e dey to day basis, which some of the 13. Interview conducted by Paul Handler, 1979. ^DevBlopmfrr.t Studios Group, University • of Witwetersrend, Jhb) women quoted In this article Identify. It also Id, Berrett, 1961:88 assumes that the liberation of women will Yawitch, Joanne - 'Women and Passes: the case of 15. Barrett, 1961:90 1977 the Befurutse revolt* (unpublished automatically come about with th« achievement of paper). democracy in South Africa. Historically, it 16. Barrett, 1961:105-107 has been shown that this is not the case. In Walker, Cherryl - 'The Federation of South African 17. Barrett, 1961:99 1978 Women*, in Collected Papers of the countries like Mocambiquet it has been necessary History of Opposition Conference to formally entrench the equality of men end 16. Barrett, 1961:100 (Development Studies Group, University of Witwatersrand, Jhb) women through legislation far equal wages, 19. Barrett* 1981:101 shered housework, equal legal statue, etc. Rowbothem. Sheila - Women, Resistance end 20. Barrett, 1961:100 Revolution (Pelican, Honeondsworth) This formal entrenchment of equality has been seen es the basis for the ongoing emancipation 21. Berrett, 1981:101 Otvadt. Gall - We Will Smash This Prison [Zed, I960 London) of women In every sphere of their lives. It 22. Barrett, 1961:106 is only through the equal and active participation Latin American and Caribbean Woman's Collective • 1977 - Slavs QT Slaves: the challenge of women in ell organisations, how, that of Latin American wcrien (Zed, London) j women's basic minimum demands will be met in a ? - Fighting Two Colonialisms: *orwen future democratic South Africa. A Select Bibliography - in order of relevance in Guinea Bissau

Kroa, Cynthia - *Urben African Women's Organ- | Barrett, Michelle - Women's Oppression Today 1979 isatlons and Protest on the Rand, | Notes 1980 (Verso, London) 1939 - 1956' (Hons dissertation, j • University of Witwetersrend, Jhb) |« J Shindler. The effects of influx control Cock, Jacklyn - Maids and Madams (Raven, Jhb) • and labour saving devices on domestic 1960 service in South Afrioe. Barrios de Chungere, Domitilla and Vlezzer 2. J Cock. Maids and Madame, 1960:39 1978 Moema - Let me Speak (Monthly Review Prwss, London J 3. Cock, 1980. * Kollontai, Alexandra - Selected Writings 4. Cock, 1960:d2 1977 (Allison and Bosby, London}

8. J Barrett. Knltmore - e study in the Oavlas, Margaret Llewelyn (ad) - Life As We Have relationship between sax and class. 1961:39 1977 Known It (Virago, London!

6. J Yawitch. Slack women in South Africa: Barrett, Jane - 'Knltmore: a study in the Capitalism, employment and reproduction, 1981 relationship between sex and class1 1979:51 (Hons dissertation, University of Witwetersrand. Jhb) page 23

Each and every commodity.is produced in a specific amount of time which it takes (under average [INTRODUCTION period of time, be it a minute, an hour or e conditions) to produce that commodity. full day. It la the amount of time which it We then want on to consider a special takes to produce a commodity that enables commodity - labour power: this, wtf found, was j TO POLITICAL dissimilar commodities to be compared and the capacity to work productively. Under o . exchanged. capitalist system, labour power is e commodity, j But it is not the passing of actual and Is bought and sold in the market place. In \ time which is the basis,of labour time; it is concrete terns, this involves people selling { ECONOMY, not the real time which it takes to produce a their capacity or potential for woi* to another, \ commodity which is important, but the time This capacity, labour power, is sold for a wage, I which it should, on average, take to make. and it is workers who sell their capacity to j part 3 Tor any commodity there is a period of time work to employers. which is considered average or •normal' for The production and reproduction of labour Its production. Because tMe everege is power involves the maintenance of the owner established in changing circumstances, and of the labour power [the worker). The maintenance WE began thie series as en attempt to explain is established through the operation of a of the worker involves a certain basic minimum the way in which the capitalist system works. whole series of societal factors, it ia of food, clothing, shelter, etc. The valua Initially, we sera not concerned with any referred to aa socially necessary labour time. of labour power is therefore equivalent particular capitalist society, but rather with 'Socially necessary' can be taken in the to the average labour time necessary to capitalism in general. Part 1 of the series produce those goods which are necwsssry to triad to answer a specific question: where widest sense to mean 'in the generel conditions maintain the worker. Aa with all commodities, does capitalist profit COM from, and how applying in a particular society1. 'necessary' here means socially necessary — is it produced? Commodities ere therefore produced for To deal with this question, we began by exchange (to be bought and sold). They must and this changaa in different circumstances- examining the smallest* most basic unit of have e uae or function or else they would not The valua of labour power includes e number of the capitalist economy - the commodity. We be bought. But their use and physical features different components, which change depending found that commodities are goods which are are not the basis of the way they are exchanged. on the circumstances of society - the relative produced for exchange, rather than for the Thair exchange value, or the way In which power of the capitalist and working classes, use or consumption of the direct producer. commodities are compared for the purposes the sort of government in power, etc. But if commodities are produced for exchange, of buying and selling, is based on the average; He found that labour power had a special there must be some way of comparing them to soclally necessary amount of time it takes to feature which no other commodity possesses*: each other- We had to find something which make the commodity. This time, labour time, it has the capacity to produce new value in all commodities have in common and which is not the same as the actual time which production. The collective labour power of the L allows them to be exchanged, or to be equal to production takes: it is decided upon in terms working claas is the basis of all new value each other in certain proportions or ratios* of average conditions of production (speed produced under the capitalist economic system. ; of work, machinery, skill. amount of This feature which all commodities share Labour power is able to produce more than its I la that they ere products of human labour. work involved, etc). own value. They era produced by people working on raw The average amount of labour time involved Finally, in the first part of the series, materials with machinery and tools* The way in in the production of commodities is the iwmssure we triwd to find out where cepitalist profit which labour is expended In the production of by which commodities are compared. One can say comes from, and how it is produced. To commodity is measured in labour time* that the value of any commodity is based on the explore.this, we went back to the idee of page 24

labour time, is ths length of time in which ones ths workers have already producsd valus woHclng day: this means that while necessary work 1B actually performed by the wording SQuivalsnt to thair own subsistence nssds. labour tims remains ths same length, surplus class. This tins is called surplus labour time. labour time (and hence surplus vslus) is increased.

Imagine that this block below represents ths But thsrs is another way of changing tha length of ths working day (ths tiaa in which relationship of nscssssry to surplus Labour nscsssory labour-time surplus commodities, and value, srs producsd): labour-tine time without actually changing ths lsngth (N) (5) of ths working dsy: this involves s Changs ti»e in which valus is producsd vslus of laboOr-oowsr surplus /slue produced • in ths divisions within the working day. Let us iiesgins s working day of 8 hours, divided K\ nscssssry labour tims, ia ths psriod in which into 5 hours necessary lsbour tims, snd 3 hours ths wording clsss produces ths valus of its surplus lsbour tims: length of working day own wagss; S, surplus labour tins, is tha

During tha coursa of tha working day, ths psriod in which ths working class producss wording class has to produce sufflcisnt valus surplus value. Surplus valus is ths basis of N 8 to covsr ths vslus of its own labour powsr, capitalist profit, as well as ths othar sxpsnsas nscssssry for ths maintenance of a capitalist which is paid to it as wagss whsn ths capitalist S hours 3 hours purchssss labour powsr. So during port of tha order. working dsy ths working class is effectively The valus producsd in surplus labour time Ths lins dividing ths warding dsy into surplus producing ths valus of its own wsgss: Is thsn tskan ovsr by ths capitalist class ss snd necessary labour time (A-6) can be moved, surplus vslus, and this is ths way in which thus changing tha relative division of ths |— tima in whirh value is producsd —J capitalists sxploit worksra * thsy llvs off wording dsy; tima in which working -less ths profits from thair labour. Exploitation is orodu~es valus of it labour ^^ thus s relationship involving ths taking ovsr power of ths valus producsd by ths working class Y~ lsngth of working day —J during surplus labour time.

H In part 2 of tha ssriss, ws sxasilnad two This psriod of ths wording day is callsd vsry importsnt sets of relations in capitalist nscssssry labour time, in that it is ths tie* socisty: ona of thasa involved ths ways in In this case, nscssssry labour tiewj Is cut down in which ths working class producss vslus which ths capitalist clsss attempts to obtain - to 4 hours and surplus lsbour time is increased wqual to ths valus of ths goods nscssssry for •era surplus vslus from tha woifeing class, is to 4 hours, thus giving ths capitalist a greater its subsistence and maintenance. If ths wording ths differsnt ways in which ths dsgrss of rate of exploitation, and more surplus valus. day ended after thw passags of nscssssry exploitation is increased. The labour time nscsssory to produce the labour time, thsrs would bs no profit for ths In order to gensrats mors snd mors profit, value of wages can bs changed because it capitalist class. the capitalist clsss has to change ths reprssents what is socially nscsssary to survivs. 6ut ss our diagram Indicates, ths working rslationship between nscssssry and surplus Thus, the power of the cepitelist clsss may, dsy is dividad into two parts, snd during tha labour ties, continually attempting to st certain stages, bs such that it actually sscond section worksra ars producing naw valus increase surplus lsbour time (s) relativs to reduces whst is considered socielly nscsssory solsly for ths banafit of ths capitalist class. necessary lsbour tins (N)* * for wording class survival. In practical tsnns, This is why it is callsd surplus (or additional) One way we sxamlnsd of increasing surplus this depressing of working clsss consumption valus: it is valus producsd in ths tlas worked msans tbst workers eat less, end that tha labour tims was to increase ths lsngth of ths page 2S quality of what they Mt is poorer; the this cen be done by altering, through repression needs of capitalist production. Proletarianisation Quality of housing and clothing may decline, whet is considered socially nacassary Tor enteiled the separation of producers from their there will ba less money available for health working class consumption. Another way Involves traditional means of production, so that thay care, schooling of children, etc. the speeding up of production in the sectors were forced to sell their labour power in The different mays In which the capitalist in which consumption goods are produced, thereby ordar to live. In practical terms, this class attempts to Increase surplus labour time lessening the value of the wage, and socially usually meant the forcing of non-capitalist (and surplus value) is one very important relation necessary labour tima. agricultural producers from their land. in understanding why there are different types But the mechanism dealt with here involves But the development of South African of capitalist societies. Ve can new move on to setting the value of tha wage at the level of capitalism took a slightly different peth - see ho* this relation explains some of the eays the Individual worker, rather than the whole largely because of tha specific labour in ehlch South Africa developed as a capitalist family unit: this means that the capitalist retirement of the gold mines, about which we society. class Is able to lengthen surplus labour time need not go Into any detail here. It is at the expense of necessary labour time. Sufficient to note that Olagremtically, this is represented in the In sons sorts of capitalist societies, the value 1. the mines had to keep wages as low as sketch above, where the internal division of of the eage received far necessary labour time possible in order to keep functioning. This the working day (A-6) is moved leftwards worked cover* not only the individual worker, was largely because of tha low grade of the but the whole family unit. In othar words, (A*-aO- gold ore that was being mined, and the the value of the goods produced during necessary But if this occurs, you may ask, how is International setting of the gold price. labour time is equivalent to the value of the labour power produced and reproduced in the Increased costs could not ba passad on tp goods needed to maintain and reproduce both the long term? If the worker receives a wage gold buyers, as oftan happans with other Individual worker and his/har family* sufficient only for his/her own dally needs, commodities; This is not the result of any charitable how does the family * the institution through 2. the South African gold mines could not make instinct on the pert of employers, but is rether which new labour power is produced - survive? any extensive use of female or child labour a necessary part of the maintenance of a In an earllar period of South African because of the very physically demanding nature capitalist economy. For if the labour power capitalism, we can partially explain this by of tha work involved in mining. of workers wears out as it gets used up (ie looking et the function of the reserve areas The mine owners thus faced a dilemma: as workers get old, exhausted, and die), (later called bantustans or 'homelands*}, and they had to have very cheap labour, but could then It is necessary for new labour power to the policy and practice of segregation. One not employ whole family units in production. b* produced. effect of this system involved the separation *• They were only prepared to pay the Because labour power, as a commodity. Is of the worker from the rast of the family equivalent of a single parson's wage, but not separable from its owners, the workers, unit, which remained in the reserve area, still needed family units to reproduce and the production of new labour power involves while the worker was employed in the maintain new labour power. biological reproduction as well as the urban areas (usually the mines). This It was in this context that a system of maintenance and training (education) of the system of separation of wege*-eerner from family migrant labour was developed. In this way, children of the working cless. was entrenched and enforced by tha influx families were only seml-prQlatarlanisad; the * One way for tha capitalist class to increase control laws, which are the basis of the male worker was employed on the mines on e migrant labour system. Its rate of exploitation [represented by the contract basis, being forced to return 'home' relationship of necessary to surplus labour time In some cases of the development of after each contract; whlla tha family unit (l worsted by the direct producers) is to lessen Capitalism, the whole family was was expected to maintain itself through the necessary labour time. As discussed earlier, prolatarianised in order to meet the labour limited agricultural potentials in the |l PV 26

raeerva ermaa. production in particular ways. These says took To ensure the melntenmnce of thaaa acctwnt of tha special clrcuutances inside lnadaquata raaarva araaa, segregation DEPENDENT South Africa, and so ensured that South (including tha varloua Land Acta) ema Africa's path of capitalist accumulation enforced. To anaura that families did not (or 'development' had ita oan spacific join worfeara In tha towns, Influx control a** INDUSTRIAL- charactariatlca. By examining thaaa chmrecterla- anf oread, end In thie way mining oapltal am* • tics and the particular path of accumulation, aa abla to pay tha woritar a vary low wage, while can Qat a better undaratandlng of some of tha production In tha raearvaa aaa auppoiad to ba ISATION: economic forces that have shaped tha varloua aufflclant for tha rest of tha faiilly (and claseaa in South Africa. Thla will give us a nam labour poaar) to ba reproduced, background to tha struggles being aagad by tha Thla say of dapraaaing nacaaaary labour different components of our society; on the time haa obviously had profound Implication* the SA case part of tha working paopla a struggle to organise

for tha aay In ahlch South African aooiaty haa Thla papar la based on my M thaala praaantad to and ovorcaaa tha poverty and misery that la tha devaloped. Tha racial nature of capitalism. UCT In January, I960, Tha Davalopiant 0/ other aida of tha boasas' wealth, and so anaura Manufacturing Industry In South Africa 1939-69. Involving a aagragatlon principle, la ana of where raiavant rafarancu and bibliographies Bay democratic control ovar their Uvea at their its affacta, aa la tha hiatory of tha policies ba found, aa aall aa more extensive and datallad places of work aa wall as in their political aigumenta. It aaa origin*!1/ written for uaa by Involving raaaxvaa/bantuatana. lhlla thla atudanta In tha Induatrial Sociology couraa at and social Ufa. manner of changing tha ralatlonahlp between tha Unlvaralty of Capa Town. aurplua and nacaaaary labour time can not Tha International Economy and ttorHmm Forms of- \ Imperialism on lta oan explain thaaa difficult notions, IN any society, tha aay In ahlch paopla produca THE years of tha Second World Bar consolidated It remain* a kay to undaratandlng tha aay In •nd aho controla tha product ara crucial In a number of tendenclee in the "world aconoay* ahlch capitalist aoclatlaa developt It la undaratandlng a range of aapacta of aoclaty aa that aara first manifested in tha 1930's. alio an Important factor In undaratandlng a whole. Although thla artlcla concentrates on Theaa changea took place in tha national economies ahy capitalism davalopa diffarantly and tha economy, and aora particularly on of the advanced capitalist cantrme of Europe, unavanly In varloua countries. Manufacturing Industry, It should ba borne In North America and Japan, whoee pace of development mind that tha analyala naada to take account of • determined tha rhythma of tha entire imperialist tha lnter-ralatlonehips of economica, politics syatea. Tha most daclaiva indication of tha new and ideology to obtain a fullar plctura of social lmperlallet order aaa aaan in the United States, Ufa in modem South Africa. under whoee impetua and domination tha ahattarad South Africa la a capitalist economy, war-time aconomiea of Europe and Japan ware fully intagratad in tha world aconoay. To restructured and rebuilt. The war yaara marked understand aconoaic developments lnalda South a qualitative ehlft in social relations, jjehering Africa, it la thus nacaaaary first to aurvay tha in a naw arm of capltaliat development. affacta of imperialism and international economic what did these changes in the economies of * processaa, Thaaa shapad South Africa's economy L the advanced capltaliat countries imply? Hoe largely through tha affacta of competition on ^d*d thla affect tha nature of imperialism? what an aconoay geared to profit. IA order to ensure were the implications for the underdeveloped and increase tha profits in their oan hands, countriaa? The most Important aspect of thaaa South Africa's capitalist bosses had to organise changes »•3 an incredible rise In productivity. page 2?

For the 5MB amount of labour involved, there establish finn control... reproduce the conditions of advanced capital was e vast Increase In the quantity of products At the factory-floor level, workers found in order to produce competitively; but the output. This meant continual changes In technology their various tasks broken up and fregmented. dominant Impetus came from outside the periphery. with the use of highly sophisticated machinery They lost sight of the process of production This was dependent industrialisation. The MMCs end techniques. Scientific developments became as a whole, becoming increasingly like a human were thus well-pieced to pley their competitive closely Integrated with industrial production. part of the machines. On the one hand there game on a world-scale, shifting their production New fields of production were opened up, with developed a mass of 'semi-skilled1 machine •nd profits to various parts of the globe es the development of synthetic materials such as operators; on the other hand, technicians and conditions suited them. For the labourers in textiles, plastics end chemicals. With the engineers with scientific experience end training the peripheral countries, this game meant new growth of electronics and computer industries, increasingly found ways to extend technological forms of capitalist domination and control over the pact of technological change was speeded development to increase the profits of capital. their lives. up even further* Large amounts of money were In one way it is misleading to overstress ploughed into research and development (fl+D). the monopoly aspect of capital. Competition South Africe in the war Years These new farms of industrialisation meant between the giant produce^ was incredibly fierce. lAfl-TWE has often marked watershede in capitalist production on a mass scale. Only large snterprises By developing new and cheaper techniques, and development. Competition from overseas falls could mobilise the finance, know-how, end machinery selling at the old price till all producers had away; special enters are placed regardless of to produce cheaply enough. Teaks became Introduced the new technology and prices fell, cost; new supplies of raw materials and machinery these companies sought to make super-profits increasingly specialised; for example, huge have to be found and locally developed; economic factories would produce only one or two email or 'monopoly rents'. To compete and survive, planning is used to more efficiency use and parts that were components for other units produced companies were forced to continually adopt new allocate resources. There is often extensive elsewhere. Different plants became specialised techniques. To do this, they had to equal the sociel mobility, as social or sexual categories units in a long and complicated process of scale and sophistication of the gients in industry. of workers replace others who have gone off to production. No single factory produced the total This competition had important implications fight. product that was finally sold. All sorts of for the 'periphery' of underdeveloped countries In South Africa, the Second World War was complicated techniques were developed to ensure that had previously been suppliers of raw no exception. For the first time, manufecturing the efficient integration of the various aspects materials in the main, Mow the giant companies contributed more to Gross National Product than mi­ of the production process. sought to extend their competitiveness. These ning or agriculture. Manufacturing output grew

But speciellsation did not imply more companies were celled multinationalt or 81.6% from 1939-1904, and local materials from decentralised control. The large companies transnational, companies (UNCs). Capitalist 51,7% of input in 1938 to 60% In 1945. This ems attempted to bring ell aspects of the production production, using the high technology and achieved largely through more intensive use of process under their single control: raw material sophisticated techniques of the capitalist centres* machinery and through reallocating Jobs. White production, components, assembly, marketing, and could now take place in select countries of the employment grew 24% from 143 532 to 176 543 so on. This was called 'vertical integration', periphery where conditions were Vight*. (especially for women) and black employment rose where the different stages of production thet feed But this was not independent 57% from 216 924 to 341 128. From 2tS% blacks into each other are ell controlled by a single industrialisation. The forms of production, the to wvery white in 1939, by 1945 there were 3,1%. * centre. This is the basis of monopoly capital. kinds of techniques, th* research and development, These changes indicated an increasing move to Often companies might appear independent et e the ectual supply of sophisticated machinery or repetition woik with semi-automatic machinery, legal level, but all sorts of hidden flnanciel components, were still Set by the rapid especially in engineering and light metal controls, sharo-holding, licensing agreements, developments in the advanced centres. In the industries, that grew rapidly. Dther areas thet end so on, were used by the giant companies to periphery, there was a continual 'chase' to grew wwra food and drink, clothing, textiles, pege 2B

and chemicals - mostly consumption goods or wer- the teaks facing industry in the new ere: and expansion in the post-war era. releted goods. However, this expansion was Important technological developments t^avw achieved by 'Quantitative' growth, on tha whole, taken place prior to and during the present war - much of tha Uiion'a industrial plant The Post-War Response rethar than by qualitative changes in methods will have to be scrapped and processing A 'Rationalisation' j)f manufacturing Industry radically redesigned if the challenge of a and techniques of production. highly competitive post-war industrial and MANUFACTURING industry sought its economic Production was very skewed within industries. commercial world is to be effectively mat solution In part through the process of (para 207). In food end drink. 3,5% of establishments produced 'rationalisation'. {The political effects are I at least half of tha output; 9)1 in metal and Competition from overseas was not the only beyond the scope of this paper, but should be engineering; 3,9)1 In clothing and textiles. In problem for capital.. Inside South Africa, a new discussed In order to understand tha complex | 15 Major Industrial categories, 3,2% of firms mood of milltance was rising amongst working relation between apartheid and monopoly capital.) produced more than half of tfce output, Tha people and other oppressed groups. This found Rationalisation involved two main aapectai everoge value of plant and machinery was £4 500; expression at a number of levels: in townships i) the reorganisation of productive processes to but nearly ?5?l of establishments had under such as Sophiatown. Uartlndala and Newclare; in encourage plant specialisation and £1 000. Similarly, gross output wee £23 100; increasing organisation amongst squatters around standardisation, to be discussed later under 60% of establishment output less than £5 000 Johannesburg; in transport boycotts; in tha sections on technology and the labour process; per annum. growth in the number of black workers on il) the second aspect was seen by tha 6TI as These figures show a huge gap between small atrlke, from ?X In 1940 to the concentrating production in large finis by 1 and large undertakings. Indeed, when the war­ massive 84 035 in 1946. The African Mineworters 'reorganising downwards , end encouraging time production an0 post-war boon ended in about Strike of 1946, crushed by the State, showed the 'combination as a means of allocating 1949, many of tha smaller firms would not be able potential of even migrent workers, and sent production between firms, concentrating output in the most efficient plants, and of to survive the renewed competition from overseas. Shockwaves through rulers and ruled alike. Black closing down the less efficient ones' (para There was a profound difference between the workers were joining unions on a wide scale, with 233). I abilities of smeller- and large-scale capitals soma 256 000 workers in 119 unions under the to adapt to tha changing requirements of the new Council of won-European Trade Unions in 1945 - Later BTI Reports saw it as inevitable that { capitalist era. Above all, small capital could all in all) 40% of African worters in industry various criteria of economic performance [optimum not rely on productivity increases to remain were unionised. use of capacity, technological development, coat competitive; only keeping the costs of labour On the political level, there was increasing cutting) would lead to there being only a few II -extremely low would enable them to survive. contact between the ANC, Communist Party, and large producers in each industry. A number of government commissions commented Indian Congress, with widespread support for This tendency became even more marked as on the problems of manufecturing Industry. In their Joint campaigns. The ANC Youth League light consumer goods and intermediate goods 1909, it was saitt: ' under Mandela, Tambo and others gave impetus were increasingly produced locally rethar than At present, with few exceptions, South to tha adoption of the militant Programme of imported, in the mld-1950'e. The newer fields African manufacturing industries work on a small scale, are not highly mechanised Action, in which the people themselves would of heevy intermedlete goods and capital qoods and are largely dependent an protection ... speartieed confrontation with the state for their industries (machinery, components, engineering the position created by the small local market has been aggravated by tha erection demands to be mat. A combination of rising products, etc) required 'lenje markets and of a multiplicity of factories mostly below wages, expanding employment, popularisation of economies of scale for their economic viability' optimum size and also working below capacity (U6 40/41: pare 38-9). democratic ideas, and organised dissatisfaction (UG 36/56, para 14 p29). over the conditions of people's"lives, was also The famous Board.of Trade and Industries An indication of the growing size of forcing on capital and the state the need for (8TI) Investigetion No 282 Into Manufecturing manufacturing plants, is given by the change in new responses to re-create capitalist stability Industries (of 1945) was even more explicit ebout the percentage of plants with over 300 employees pejre 29

- in 1953 thia na 3,1% of plants; in 1967, tha proportion of firms controlling various eheres tha market was even higher then in the edvenced figure had groan to 9)t. At the sam* time, of the market. capitalist centres. Iron and steel, sectors these factories accountad for 03,6% of total It should be noted that there are problems of engineering, textiles, chemicals, exploelves, employment In 1953, and 52+ In 1967 (in 1916. with such Indicators. For example, many Firms cigarettes, rubber-tyres, ell ehoeed high virtually 100% of plants had fewer than 200 appear nominally Independent, yet on closer concantretion/cantralisation indices. workers). examination are shown to be owned by'a single In 1956, another government commieslon noted Ths lsrgar fines vara alao tha inost firm. Anglo-American,holds shares undsr names how increasingly it was the 'strong Industrial ccacetitive. In 1972 it was olaarly statad that such as Dido, Faneain, -Petard, nweldent, or financial orgmnisatlona* that ware playing 'tha mere aiza of inveetmmnt and the naad to Sharestock and Taurus'; Barlow Hand does the same tha central role in manufacturing industry (US integrate production procassas vertically are using such namea as Amxislte, Bentonlte, Cryolite 36/56, para 317). In 1977, it was found that elmost natural factors in forcing conglomerate end Dolomite. in one-third of industrial eub-categoriee, the control' (RP 69/72, pan 232, p226). Indaad, Very often control of firms is possible three top firms controlled TOfi or more of by 1977, tha tsndancy to 'large units and without any legal ownership, auch as whan a turnover. Tha top 9% of flrma controlled 63,1% conglomerates by mergers, takeovers and othsr single large buyer controls its supplier. Often of turnover; the top 10% controlled 75,9)1. maana of acquiring control* wae ottn aa likely monopoly capital encouragee smaller firma, ao In pasaing, it le Important to note tha to accalarata (RP fla/77, par* 9l). that it may move in when they have already role of berate and other financial Institutions Ona of tha classic South African examples taken initial risks or developed new producte; in encouraging tha growth of large firms. It * of 'rationalisation* was tha textile industry, and control of output within e particular was only after the war, with substantial state •ar-time tachnological developments and tha induatry doaa not ahow tha various controls and encouragement, that an adequate money market for increasing uss of artificial fibres, forcad tha linkages between different industries. induatry was sstabliahed. These brought together uss of heavy capital expenditurw. Yst in tha Furthermore, vary little detailed study isolated savings of individuals and firms for 1950's aost firms aars scattarad and mall. has bean dona to monitor the extent of control investment in areas that would bring tha higheet Vlth tha halp of the sUte-funded Industrial by monopoly capital. Indeed, as late aa 1977, a rwtume. In the first place, tbe banks themselves Development Corporation and a nuabsj of large - Government Commission argued that: ware highly cantrallaed: tha two top commercial end merchant banka (Barclaya and Standard) international firos such as Calico Printsrs of A comprehensive empirical study of the etructura of tha South African economy controlled mora than teo-^thlrda of assets. Uancr.astart Courtaulds of Britain, and 8nia haa never bean undertaken before, with tha Secondly, tha banks utilised their own steff, Viscose of Italy, 'rationalisation' was encouraged result that data on firm elzea and the measuraa of concentration in induatry are experience end facilities to encourage specific to achieve a large-acale, concantratad industry. on the whole fragmentary and incomplete (RP undertakings. 8y 1957, ona large financial Uodern equipment, association with tha technical 6a/77), institution spoke of tha 'virtual elimination* know-how of ovaraaas firas, and tha advantage In part, this ia due to the state*a of investment in small companies* By assessing of raw materials from a chaalcal induatry extraordinary toleration, indeed encouragement, their economic gains, tha benks avoided closaly llnkad to tha atate-ttacksd giant 8AS0L of monopoly Industry. •competitive and democratic* smell induatry. schemes, contributed to tha boom of tha textile • 'The trend is towards tha establishment of industry in tha 19S0*s and 1960'e. Taking all this Into account, it is neverthel­ ess clear that South African industry is highly larger industrial units ... new concerns of concentrated end centralised. As early as 1900/1 any considerable size have to be established B Concentration and Central 1satIon^ of Production In 15 specified industrial categories. 3,2% Of or sponsored by strong lnduatrial or financial IF tha lncraaalng sizs of establishments under establishments produced 50)1 of gross output. One organisation*1 (UG 36/56. para 317). 'rationalised' production aarvas as one index observer in 1954 found thet 'ratner frequently •. of tha growth of monopoly capital In South the position la ona of monopoly or near monopoly'• It ees through financial institution^ that Africa, another sat of indices relate to the Tha frequency of firms with one plant dominating mining houeea gained en entry intoPmonbpoly 0*0* 30

Industry, ae wall aa elements of the Afrikaner processes embodied in machinery* fectory layout 5,6* pa between 1963-72 es foreign capital nationalist movement* Tha 1939 Ekonomiese and design, work programmes, specifications, etc, extended its involvement in tha South African Volkskongres secured tha backing of tha It is important to note that changes In technology economy. Manufacturing Industry between 1946-5? nationalist movement for Sanlam: 'what tha - the continual revolutionising of the instrumen contributed 29)t of South Africa's domestic Broedertond wara recommending to tha Volk wara elth which man transforms nature - occur under capital formation, as compared to mining's Sanlam'a plana for expansion1 (O'Meara, 1979: specific sociel relationships. Forms of technical 10%. Much of tills was due to the state's 106). Tan years later, these companies had production are also forma of domination by involvement in lnfrastructural and basic already given up their talk of Christian- one class over another* Industrial development, such as ISCOR and SAS0L. nation*! "business morality' and •eommunaliam* The chase efter productivity-increasingly All in ell, from 1946 to 1970f the ratio of for We *hardnoaed reality of an effective fast Involves the continual Increase in 'deed' capital (in R1-m] to labour (per 1 00Q workers) developing modern capitalism' (Keller* 1966:45). labour (machinery, that embodies labour rose from 447 to 606. The retlo rose some 1,BJl By 1946, Federale Volksbelegglngs (FvG), the perforated in previous generation*] relative to pa over the period 1946-7S, increasing faster industrial axis of Sanlaei, had already teken active, living labour. Machinery takes over in the 60*s at 2.6% pa.

policy to avoid eemll undertakings. By 1954, the functions of human labour. This goes hand-in- Host of this rise in capital embodied new the Afrikaner Handeleinstltuut was calling for hand with a more scientific application of techniques developed overawe!. The larger firms consolidation of monopolies in a monopolistic knowledge to production processest summed up were far more inclined to adopt capital-intensive world - only 'well-disposed and powerfully- in extensive Research and Development (R+O) (ie labour saving) machinery- Capital-labour capitalised' Institutions should be supported. coats. Aa the Viljown Commission argued, ratios were on a par with advanced industries Today, Sanlawi and FVB are giants of the financial productivity rlaes ware haavlly dependent upon in tha capitalist centres. As has been argued: and industrial world. 'the rate of improvement of the quantity and 'technological changes in the more advanced A recent researcher was clear about the effectiveness of the capital equipment ... and countries determine to e large extent changes in dominance by the giant firms in South Africa: improvement in industriel organisation,' the capital-intensity and typical plant size of Should the present situation be allowed to Tha war saw heavy and intensive use of plant South African manufacturing industries' (Brown, continue unabated the South African economy amy in due course be dominated by government with maximum capacity use, and many aake-ahift 164). Becauae these techniquea involved enterprise* on the one hand and only a few solutions to extend, instal end repair capital production on a maaa-scale, the limited South large conglomerates on the other* (du Plessla, 1998:269). goods. After the war, with the changes in ' African market could not austaln more than a production overseas, much of the plant was few producers, increasing the tendency to monopoly To talk of "free enterprise' with so much outdated and economically obsolete. production. economic power concentrated in the hands of a email number of producers is Indeed a misnomer* High profits from the war, improved financial Laatly, it le Important to note that South efficiency, Import control measures, and the The existence of monopoly capital points to the African technology was still a step behind the existence of large firms with an ongoing process path of highly-integrated, dependent latest on the drawing-boards of European and of concentration and centralisation, ensured industrielisation in South Africa. Anerlcan producers. The small market made it conditiona under which meaelve outlays of difficult to compete at the optimum levels capital could occur to re-equip industry. C Technology of production. (For exemple, in chemicals, XT is when we look at technology, that tha Between 1946 and 1950 > fixed investment per overseas plants could produce and sell 1 000 Importance of South African Integration in the annum was 3j times greater than during the war- tons of chlorine a day; local marketa could buy imperiellst system becomes clear. The term years. A massive rise in fixed capital stock only GOO tons maximum, for similar-sized plants; "technology* embraces many facets: production of 6.9jt pa 1946-54 showed the peering of industry yet this plent-size was still more economically materials, patents [legally-captive technology), to monopoly production. This tendency continued, viable then a smaller plant!) Machinery had to technical assistance through expert^, production with a 4,9)1 rise in 1954*62, and an increase to be mostly imported, and this caused problems far the b*lmc#-0f-p«yw«nta situation (finding (ag containerieetlon). It aas decided to move in high-technology fields. Son 70% of firm* in foreign currency ta pey suppliers). into industrial equipment In tha 19S0's, and one survey used overaeea-developed techniquaa. In short, although local producers mere farced Praalar obtalnad llcancas from Clark USA, ahich This tied thea into *• pace and direction of to adopt tha most-advenced technology In ardor took seme 22% of Its shares. Licence* iater development sat by the VNC; their only choice to compete, thai* m«re loc«l limita that hindered includad Clark's Michigan earth-eovlnfl equipment, eould be to find e minimally lass-dependant tha effectiveness of their efforte. By increasing aith aany components locally machined* relationship with another IMC, or produce at tha dagraa of aonopoly control, thay could still Cleric oparatad in nlna US states, snd had prohibitive coat. ensure that thay remained profitable; but thay fiftaen subsidiaries in. Argentine, Brazil* Franca, Foreign fines financed some TDJt of their vara caught In a never-ending 'chaaa' to ksap Wast Geneany and United Kingdom. Ovarsaas investment in South Africa froa profits generated up vith a paca of technological development sat llcancas graa frrm 9jt of salas in 1950 to 33* in locally. There ear* thus not large lnfloea of In tha imperialist cantree. TMi mipjit ba 1974. Clark Equipment AG (CEAG) in Switzerland finance. Foreign investment did not mean foreign nacaaaary In tha lntaraata of profit but it did Hcansad and administered patants, trademarks, funds aa such. Yet, without a high degree of not necessarily eortc to tha banefit of South and production tachnology for Clark LISA. It oenership of local Gompeniee, foreign firms Africa's paopla as a ahola (ag saving labour ragularly sent anginaars to Praalar to *discuss exerted vast influence on the economy. Foralgn by using machinery contributed diractly to tha problems' and halp 'integrate' Praalar'* local firme flooded Into manufacturing. For example, vast number of unemployed in South Africa). procassas into lta lntamational operations. United States firms held Mi* of their lnveetment CEAG controllad tachnology changes. CIM8A in manufacturing in 1909 (27jl in mining). TMe (anothar Clark subsidiary) in tha Unltad States figure grae to 4fl* Py 1970, Thay alao held their D Foralgn Capital: Tha m\jlti-Netlonel Corporotione controllad supply of cartain components. At interest In direct lnveetment, as against portfolio Tha effectiveness of high-productivity industry ona point, ahan Premier triad to expand local investment, thus ensuring more overt control. forcad producara in South Africa to raproduos production against Clark's alehee, CI"SA aiaply In 1966, foreign investment accounted for soma rsistions and techniques of production developed stoppad component supplies for aavan monthe. 36jt of total investment, United Stataa firsxe in overseas. It alM put them in a dapandant Whan Premier 'raanalyaad' lta position! it had particular increased their Involvement in South position in ralation to thasa development*. Thla to buy cartain component kits froa Cltrk *rt gava ovarsaas firms ths possibility of investing Africa*. subject ltsalf to various quality specificetione* in South Africa *nd profiting diractly from Access to foreign tachnology involved many This anaurad that lta plant aat-up aas totally tha vulnerability of tha South African economy, coats, often paid directly overseas to tha intagratad into Clark procassas. A Clsrk Tha aultl-nationala (UNCa) could maintain thalr -parent• companies. This gave tha VNCs laaaay subsidiary in Franca controllad and lisiltad tha dominance diractly by oanlng productiva cantraa in shifting finances around the globe. In rights of local firms to export. in South Africa, snd indirectly by keeping chemlcele in South Africa, R3,7-m eaa spent on control of eccas* to advancad tachnology that Thus, Premier took most of tha business risks FUO in 1968, as against say R200-m in the UMted thay developed. In thla Motion ee look at tha and advancad tha capital. Praalar had to buy States by Du Pont. Foreign firms recouped these extent and natur* of foralgn investment in Clark components, at Clailc-etlpulated prices. costs through chargtft for royalties (PA5,3-ei in South Africa, and tha controls that tha etc Tachnology aas controllad in kay arses by Clark 1973). Vast income* mere genereted locally, sxsrtad ovar tha forma and paca of industrial and involved payment of vast licencing fees. and often repatriated. Managerial «nd technical development. Premier's 'South African^es1 enabled It to gat fees had to be paid* Component* and machinery had to ba Imported from the ItJCe concerned (soma •e start by looking at an example. A state tenders and protection; but despite minority TOjt of fixed investment between 1954-64 Involved South African ctfapany, Premier metals aas activa shere-oenerahlp, Clark aas able to ensure a imported capital equipment). Thie increased in construction •quipment and mechanical crucial degree of foreign control. Similer balance-of-peymente stralne. Often, this handling equipment, with expansion closaly tlad situations faced most local fines: to produce I tachnology aas seccnd-hand or slightly out-of- to mechenieation of othar areas in tha economy locally thay needed ovarsaas support* particularly page 32

date, enabling MNCS to ricortr losss-i on set in the imperialist pantres. kaeping out competition. Further, what such machinery otherwise not economically the most restrictions meant (and others such as * local productive. Local fln»s also sometimes had to E The State1 content1 programmes, ar direct import controls) boor their own costs adapting technology to THE stats in South Africa, through its economic was often the 'development of local overseas- local conditions. Local production under licence policies, showed itself highly sensitive to the controlled companies*, who took advantage of their usually involved producing 'to a fixed needs of profitable expeneion in manufacturing. freedom to produce at higher prices and with •pacification on a contractual basis, or It actively encouraged monopoly production, with etata support. The right to use tariff or (producing) »•• as specialists, standard parts' ite concoemitent aspects of capital-intensity import controls was also severely restricted by South Africa's participation in international («» 69/72 [ 29}, ensuring standardisation and and a strong foreign presence. bodies such as ths International Monetary Fund integration Into the HNCe overall productive In the first place, effective legislation on (lie7) end General Agreement on Trade end Tariffs processes. Furthermore, acaie 88)1 of foreign monopoliee hae been close to non-existent. (GATT). firms forbade exports of goods utilising their Indeed, the BTI, the first body set up to monitor technology, (asking it difficult to achieve monopolies, as early as 1M3 urged the state to Government tax concessions encouraged the effective and competitive BASS production locally, support only those industries where plente could use of machinery. Measures such as the control because of the email market. supply at least half the market. Ae the Minister of specific importe vers applied so as not to All in all, then, it may be said thet of Economic Affairs argued in debating the 1955 effect imports of plant, equipment and machinery- foreign Inveetmmnt had t«o main effects - Regulation of Monopolistic Conditions Act: State expenditure on ft*0 was some M5.2-m in firstly, it increased the tendency by 'local' Thie le notantlHsonopolistlc legleletion ... 1968/9, es against the A35-m in oversees payments fires to uas expenelve, capltal-lnteneive, even though a monopoly exists and even for licences, etci a minute attempt at freedom though combines eKist they can still be imported technology; and thus to operate on a Justified in South Africa if they do not from overseas-developed technology. massive seals In a monopoly situation. have a deleterious effect on the public ... There ie not another Act on our etatute In relation to foreign investment, the State Secondly, it resulted in South African productive book under which eccused persons have as encouraged this, particularly for the technological many opportunities as under this Bill. proceeeea being closely integrated with the know-how it brought. There were very few imperialist dynamics of capital development. Of only 18 investigetions ordered between 19S5 end substantial restrictions on foreign capital, Numerous Joint projects tied South African 1976, in only one case was there a prosecution. and even less monitoring of their activities. monopolize in close relationships with WCs - Aa a 197*7 Commiesion ealdt Tax arrangements allowed certain categories of for example, the Federale Volks/Sanlem chemical It cannot be said that thsse few cases pavment (for technology transfer) to be taxed giant, Santrachem, wox*ed cloaely with firms represent e considerable contribution towards enhancing end maintaining in their 'country of origin*. Curbe on finance such as the UK Oistillere Corp, the U8 Uniroyal, competition (flP 64/77, pars 145}, end credit were flexibly applied, and profit the Swiss Usurer. Du Pont, Geigy, Hoechat, Tariff protection (le artificially protecting repatriation was unrestricted within a specific Beyer and others. Often, this partnerehlp «es local goods by taxing imports) was minimally used period. The state attempted to encourage firms encouraged ty the stats, usually with its direct in South Africa. There was a danger that tariff to actually site their productive processes involvement. barriers would relse the costs of local within South Africa, but rmallsed that their

The differences between 'foreign' and 'local' intermediate and wage goods, thus affecting the primary inducement was a profitable environment. agricultural and mining sectors on which the capital were blurred in a common interest in The etete-funded Industrial Development s economy depended for foreign exchange, there high-technology, capital-intensivs production Corporation (IDC), originally established to help under monopoly reletlons. Within these boundaries, terlff berrlers did exist - in industries which, small industry, soon found itself involved almost 'South African' producers could fight for following state policy, hed to aontrol e exclusively with monopoly capital, and foreign slightly more advantageous terms, but could not substantial share of local production - this only partners. It aselstad in 'rationalisation' of escape their dependence on a rhythm of accumulation encouraged the mora established large firms by firms, and often brought the giant parestatals peg* 33

(ISCOR, SASOL) Into aasocietion with foreign contradictory nature of.accumulation.3 and strategic position. companies. Although firms were geared to high-productivity At the same time, tha simplification of The pareetatels (sew»i-private atato established Industry, they could not afford to incorporate tesks enabled new categorlee of labour to be companies] encouraged large-scale production. drastic changes in the living standards of the employed. These could often be played off They often provided a subsidised baae on which black oppressed classes. There were too many against one another. In the textile Industry, other industries could develop, such as the limits on successful production to end dependence efrioan men and coloured women replaced white growth of AECI and Sentrachem utilising many on 'cheap labour'. For example, the small martet women in the 19S0*s, and were in turn replaced m by afrlcan woman in the 1960/8. This was partly by-products from SASCL. As their size and (itself partially caused by low wage levels) done to break the unity of organised labour in increasing efficiency brought them into competition made it difficult to produce on the same scale the textile industry. The proportion of •omen in with private sector firmsv the private monopolies and as cheaply as in the capitalist centres. industry grew from 1% in 1951 to 7)1 in 1970, and often called to take them over. Although the The more the complexity of technology rose the their relatively inferior position was reinforced parastatals increased the amount of plant set higher wee the propensity to import capital goods. by wage-rates not geared to family support. up inside South Africa* they did so on terms These had to be paid for in foreign exchange. set by international cost-efficiency criterle, Economic boycotts especially preventing access The use of machinery rether than labour and often in association with foreign firms. For to African markets, competition from South Eaat increased the problem of black unemployment, to example, the 'South African* SASOL firm has the Asia, export curbs, end other limits, made a level of about 19£'in the late sixties. Again, U8 Fluor Corporation as its overell managing manufactured exports difficult. Only the gold employed end unemployed could be played off, and contractor, and includes co-partners such as the mines end agriculture could ensure foreign used to divide on sexual, racial or even 'tribal* German Lurgl, Air Liquids of France, Badger I US), exchange in sufficient quantities. These sectors lines. Mobil, and Universal Oil. in turn relied on e low level of wages. Even • * The state could not oppose the imperatives of if manufacturing could afford to Increase its Conclusion • cost-efficient production. This meant payments to workers it could not afford to risk IN conclusion, it must be stated that tha the cost structures of these primary industries. concentration, high-technology production and limitation of this paper lies in its narroet cloae-collabormtion with foreign capital as Further, the small industrialists maintained a economic focus on manufacturing industry. The the suppliers of know-how and advanced equipment. constant pressure for low costs in order to ultimate blockage to successful capitalist survive at all. accumulation, and the increasing tylng-ln of The Implications of Pepwr.aent Industrialisation Within manufacturing, however, there was a South Africa to imperialist producers, lies in in South Africa steady increase in real black wages until the the activities and organisation of the people One of the most important factors arising from recent economic crises of the late 60'a and 7QVa, who actually produce. Thus, the sorters end the South Africa's path of manufacturing growth ia the This was based on a changing productive process. their allies emongst other oppressed black classes emergence of a small end powerful capitalist class Jobs previously performed by skilled whites were in South Africa put forward demands for a clotely linked to foreign interests. This braken-up and changed Into semi-skilled operative structure of production that can meet their 'domestic bourgeoisie1 Includes elements of tasks. Unite workers were upgraded into needs rather than those of a small profit -hungry financiel capital* the mining-houses, capitalists Supervisory positions, losing much of their bourgeoisie. Increasingly organised in a in the Afrikaner nationalist movements, the previous bargaining position. Blacks were nationalist movement whose roots go back to the parestatals, and foreign companies. Capitalist 'upgraded', et lower-wages, into the newly-created early part of this century, their demands are competition between firms does not disappear; machine-oriented tasks. This increased their coelescing in struggles for democratic control piece in the productive process, and there was a but a broad consensus has emerged amongst the of the processes that affect their lives. The bourgeoisie about the economic path to follow. rise in black-white ratios from 3,1 In 1946 to 4,2 particular path of accumulation in the post-war However, consensus does not eliminate the in 1970. The black proletariet grew in muscle period has provided some of the framework within page 34

which than struggles occur. But it is not a Industry', in SA Journal of Economics process independent of thair activities. The TRAINING waya in which the people are organising, tha Kaplan, 0 * 'Clasa Conflict, Accumulation and the demands they put forward and the movmmenta within 197? State' (Sussex Univt OPhil thesis. Last few chapters). which they organise, will play the crucial part Keiier, W - *Die Ekonomiese Opkcais van die FOR CAPITAL in determining the structure of tha future. 1966 Afrikaner vanaf die Eerste Ekonomias Volkakongres van 1939 en 'n Ontleding van sy Huidige Posisie in die Lands* ekonomie* (MComm, Stellenboach), Graeme Bloch De Lange O'Meera, D - 'Class, Capital and Ideology in 1979 the Development of Afrikaner National­ FOOTNOTES ism, 1934-48' (OPhil thesia, Univ of 1« Thie section only lock* at the eWte's Sussex}. Reports economic policiaa. Yet the. question of the etete involves, above all, political forces. Reynders Commission Report (RP 69/72] There ia no direct link between economic 1972 * 'Export Trade of tha Republic of THE Commission of Inquiry undertaken by the dominance and political dominance* In South Africa*. South Africa* we have to look specifically Human Sciences Research Council (HSHC) ms set at a number of (white) clasaea in conflict Seidman, A and N Salomon - US Multinationals in with monopoly capital - the white petty* up to investigate the 'crisis' in South African 1977 Southern Africa (TPH Oar BS Salaam). bourgeoisie, email capital, fanners - as well t education and to put forward recommendations on as the effects of tha activities of the SP du Tolt Viljoen Commission (UG 36/19S8) popular clesses. The specific way in which hoe to solve it. Both the role of the Commission politice is orgeMaed - an exclusive, white 1958 - 'Policy Relating to the Protection 'democracy', the role of the National Party, of Industries". in the political economy of South Africa and the broad alliance amongst popular clesses tha nature of the educational crisis have to be againat racialism - ell have effects in Suckling, J, R Weiss and 0 Innes - Foreign determining political outcomea and 1975 Investment in South Africa - The examined to understand tha implicatiana of the possibilities. A more concrete look at Economic Factor (SPE1SJW. Uppsala). political organisation, the rhythms and racommendationa made by de Lange "a HSRC intenaity of struggles, ia needed- This ft) paper only hints at soma of the forma Commission* 'Although there has been much that shape these struggles. (MITICIUEItll) publicity given to the governments rejection of the report* there is evidence 2, This 'environment' includes political end ran UT larammTioa riu t» - use n : soclel stability. Following the Sharpeville (a) that some of the recommended changes are massacre and the crushing of peaceful african Critical Hartta pr*rt*M \ completely compatible with atata policy and political protest in We early 60's, foreign firms expended their involvement in South - lefttS for roWt tftftt pfefTMllft hwlUV ere, indeed, already being implemented, and wrlin CM »Uy In Africe to a large extent. They thus savoured ffemrtlmj • hum.? (b) that the aignificance of the report lies the benefits of apartheid controls in a period where there wee little overt opposition fran Stmt* es much in its effects on tha educational system - % trlHem tf the popular classes. •hetlthM* SmrtJmm / as on the nature and scope of political struggle MrlfSi in education. * mmrwmt of leftltfc r^^r^j 3, And does not solve the problems df 'practical' To untangle the different elements of the solutions at a political level. * "'i :r "• 4^2 41ic«lfmi ef ^» ^ report and to understand its significance within AMlUrvUtal Uftutf. the totality of society* one needs to find out FURTHER REAPING MtftM into tl* poMtlcst nttart of Board of Trade and Industries Report No 282 who is talking through it, ie which class 1945 - 'Manufacturing Industrie* in the Union interests it represents, what the political of South Africa1 /priti to: CHtitti mnldi, * objectives of these are, and how they are P.O. lOft 23B, Ou Plesais. PG - 'Concentration of Economic Power [ MSHMmn. »SI. represented in tha report* 1978 in the South African Manufacturing VSufricrlptlpn: Rl^Pc. for mfft fWr Itttffl D The overriding concern of the report lies psgs 38

I with the so-called mismatch or incompetibillty workers1 would be needed by 19B7 In ell sectors structure. For future workers to bs reproduced of the economy end society, es OflBp—**J to tha of tha economy. But, as Charles tteth has pointed with the required levwl of skill, and with the •kills made available through the current out, 'atetletlcs on skill shortages...share an requisite societal velums, it hea become aducation system. TMi theme of 'manpower important characteristic and that is their almost imperative for their consent to be won, and shortages' and tha rola of aducation In naatlng coaplwte unreliability*. Irrespective of for at least soma of their demands to be mot - auch skin shortages la reflected in capltel's whether there la a shortage or not, vit is even if In changed form- •any speeches and reports on tha qjMtlon. obvious that....a persistant belief that there It eppemre that the HBFC rwport repraaanta From tha Urban Foundation to Umnpommr 2000, is such e thing, particularly a belief that an attempt to restructure aducation from this fro* Anglo American to Barlow Rand, tha such shortages ara widesprwed, is likely perspective; that thla restructuring alM to argisesnt haa conalstantly been made that unless ultimately to hevs laportant politics} prepare a section of the working class for a 6outh Africa'a aducation system la restructured, consaquwncee'.* ' changed divleion of labour and to give en 'economic growth* will not ba maintained. Calls Although there might not be clarity on appearance Of reform. Ae Or PJ van dor Harwe of the Nmtlonml Manpower Commission has said, for rafora hava baan made so atrldantly ovar whether there are mny 'real shortagss', and tha last year that tha reletlonshlp batwaan If there are in what eectore of the economy these Structural change in the economy damende a different kind of labour fores* The growth manpoimr naade and tha rola of education lie, it Is true thet tfte developawjnt of of giant high-technology fines, end of j In aaetlng thasa haa baan accepted M obvious, monopoly capital in South Africa end the manufacturing and public services, both akllled bleck labour and a higher correepondlngly aophisticatad technology that I Involving 'comawsn sense' .• Thla aaa wxprwesed level of general literacy (T)he de by Mlka Roeholt, chairparson of tha glint has been put to use in the production process has, Lange proposals (which I helped frame) tailored to produce such e workforce. (9) Barlow Hand group. In tha following way: ewjongst othar things, introduced a new industrial It is not co-incidentel thet this, eavl-skilled Whirs knowlsdgesbl* paopla oall for a „ division of labour between ssed-aklllsd I common educational system for all rsoe operatives on the one hand, and technical workforce is one which le to be 'rewarded* for groupe, thay ara expressing ths vlaw that Us peine with aactlon 10(l)(e) or (b) rights, ( thara la no othar way that tha wducatlonal supervisory labour on the other. Thie haa System will ba able to provide the level of replaced the previously dominant unskilled/ recognised unlonisetlon, etc. Aa Pater Buckland •killed manpower we need In the future - skilled division of labour on which the Bouth has written, thasa are mechenlmms 'whereby Indeed, what wa require now. (2) sufficient blacks can be incorporated into It la accepted that •economic growth* (or African econojey hes hlstarlcelly reeted. high-lncc positions to maintain the present 'economic emancipation' aa tha report phrases It) This process has also marked a decisive shift balance of power1 (6) demands a non-racial systaa of sducstlon, and that sway from the reliance on cheap, unskilled it la only 'politics that la blocking reform'.t3' algrant labour toeerde the conaolidetlon of e It ie important to bear in mind that the It is in this way that government rejection of a table, semi-skilled workforce. extent mnd nmturs of rofoiwjs in education depend tha rwport has bwen interpratwd: mm a typically How such m working clmsa is to be reproduced to SOM extent on the belencs of forcee within jj narrow, backward response to a 'revolutionary* haa become m much-debated quaetion for both the etata itselfj thle belance of power between contending lnteresta determines whether and how i proposel for the overhaul of the educetion capital and the state In recent years, and ita changes will take place. It le thue of importance I aya ten. partial resolution has found expression in to look at the class basis of the report/ the At the outset, we need to understand tha comeiissions of inquiry much as Vimhahn, balancm of forcee within the etata, and the reality of 'skill ahortages" a little batter. Riakert, and now tha da Lange report. Tha question of whether the i ocommmndatlons wwre •hare do they lie? Ihat is their significance? resolution of ths problem from capital's point formally rejected by government bmemuse of a Btatiatlcs on the question of the shortage of view hae become urgent, particularly in tha of skilled labour abound. At a Manpower 2000 light of recant eorkmr and student strugglss. convention in November I960, for e*smpls, it The 1976 uprising and tha boycotts of 1960 have i I was estimated that 700 000 'fully-trained rsveeled e profound crisis in the educational pege 36

The Class Basis of the Report en impression of reform,, but et the same time actually happening within educational The Main Committee of the HSRC MO heeded by rationalised and streamlined control of the restructuring. Professor do Lang*, rector of the Rand Afrikaans working class, To ell intents end purposes, many aspects University (RAU), Hia commitment to a process The HSRC commission of inquiry into of the report are already being implemented. In of restructuring or 'reform' was wall known education flte into thie broad pattern. It the statement mentioned above, Viljoen said that1 before publication of the recommendations. Tha involves an attempt to win the consent of the steps were being taken to create the South committor conaiatad of some twenty six members governed through the apparent deraclalisation African Council of Education which the report drawn either directly or indirectly fro* and reform of education, while et the same time suggests should advise the Ministry of Education. government-supporting educational institutions, streamlining and restructuring the education Moreover, there is evidence that schools in and from 'private enterprise* in the shape of system. This alms at the more adequate treining Soweto are being transformed in the manner Anglo-American. Indeed, the composition of the of a potential workforce for en eltered division recommended by the report: capital is playing a Main Camnitte* reflacta tha alliance only of labour involving changing skill needs. large pert in the provision of vocational recently consolidated in the broador political It must be borne in mind that the state is education, end in many schools plans are under way sphere, viz that between the upper echelons of a unity of contradictory class interests, for converting them into technical and commercial state power, and monopoly capital. It la on involving struggles for dominance by different high schools* Decentralisation of powers to alliance which indicates a ehift in the balance fractions of capital, changing alliances, and regional bodies dealing with salaries and of claea forces in South Africa, involving the altering balance* of power between contending appointment* Is elso taking piece, and emergence of a distinct state element representing lntereeta. The current alliance between big negotiation* for the establishment of e the Interests of monopoly capital. In a recant capital and a certain group in the stete does statutory teachers' negotiating body are paper, Dan O'Meara has shown how the not mean that conflicts within both state and under **Y* Information Department scandal associated with National Party have ceased. Indeed, there The HSflC report is thus linked Into the Muldargate allowed a reformist element to gein continues to be a fierce struggle for power interests of the ruling ellience, and although dominance in the state, reflected in the coming between the wing of etate power represented by its recommendations were formally rejected, some to power of PW Botha and his generals, Botha Treumicht, and that represented by Botha and ere already- being implemented. But it should be then appointed a new Minister of national hia generals. It is therefore not eurprising recalled that the inquiry was set up in the Education, Gerrlt Viljoon, and it eaa Viljoen'e that Minister of Education Viljoen trod very midst of the 19B0 education criais, when school associate at RAU. da Lange, who was appointed to carefully when the report was published boycotts spread to both lerge end email towns. head the Commission, attempting not to convert the recommendations To argue that educational restructuring is into a terrain of struggle between contending * simply a response to technological changes, The political interests of thia nee alliance interests within the state. or to changes within the ruling claas, is to in the state haa found expression in what some neglect the intense struggles which gave rise have called 'totel strategy1. Not much need As Viljoen notes elsewhere, nothing in the to the restructuring programme. This involved be said of this here, except that it lncludee an report actually contredicte the principle of struggle end organisation by workers in the attempt to win over and co-opt a small number of segregated education, and some of the form of strikes, stay aways. strong union1 recommendations and all of the principles have blacke to the 'free enterprise' system. This organisation, and by students in the uprisings • in feet been accepted by government.1 ' The of 1976 and 1960. There can be no understanding total national strategy wes Intended to work apparent rejection of the report by government of the dynamics a* work here without an in all spheres of society: thus, »ieh*hn and immedietely after its release must be seen in understendi^O of the way in which processes ere Riekert proposed that certain restrictions on e context where the Botha factibn is not africans be lifted, harsher forma of discrimination structured and effected by the ections of*both fully assured of lta dominance in all the be relaxed, end that trade unions be incorporated the working and popular classes. To some into the industrial relations system. This gave state apparatuses, end in the light of what is • paga 37 extant, than, tha HSRC report oust b* inn as a development and atiflea^ rather than stimulates aducatlon ayataw. Ona ia urged to ba 'realistic' raaponaa to tht damnda put forward In struggls** ' wntrwpranaurahlp, tha lifeblood of frae about tha atata'a financial contribution. Thara Howavar, tha HGK WBOWMdrtlOrtl «ttampt societies*. Moreover, 'black daaanda for a la to ba parity of expenditure, but *lt la to coma to terms with thaaa demands within tha wasslva input of aonay to achiava whita-typa inevitable that raallatlc noma ba set to contaxt of a capitalist «nd racist division of aducatlon and facilities for thair children ara determine tha financial naada in respect of labour - and tharaby co-opts and trwnafonsa economically unraallstlo and will aarva nalthar proviaion of aducatlon '(p 72). Thaaa norma tha dawanda within its own fr«M of rafBranca. society nor tha black cu—unity in tha baat srw navar apalt out, but it la aaauwsjd that poasibla way1. thay ara tha norma of wanpowar davalopaant,

Tha Move to Tacholcal Education Whlla tha HSK ia undoubtadly far aora that ia recommended in tarma of financing Aa mantlonad abova, thwrw la an axtrswwUy cloaa auphaalatlc than SYNCQH, and masks lta intantiona of aducatlon ia that atata raaouroaa ba shiftad connection batwwan tha racoaawmdatlona of tha wora carefully, for both tha priority la to tha first 6 yaars of a child's schooling, HGflC report, and tntaraata of a aora explicitly maintaining economic growth in lta praaant fom. which ahould ba 'aqual and compulsory' for all. monopoly capitalist origin. To aaa thla, a Thla hlghllghta tha unprobleaetic and Thereafter, if tha pupil continues through to coapariaon batwwan tha da Langa Cpwwdssion and technical aay in which tha HOftC report treats sacondary (formal) aducatlon, a/ha should ba SYfCOy, a 'think tank' for capital which has both tha economic devolopwajnt of tha country and financad by tha 'individual and tha community dona war* for Ganaral Mining and on subjects tha developwant of tha aducatlon system. to supplamint tha state's contribution', ia involving 'conatitutional modal* for chanpa Individuals are regarded aa factora of by his/her parents . If tha pupil on tha othwr In South Africa*f la of value. Thla coapariaon production in an aducatlon ayataw whoaa 'natural' hand procaada to non-formal (vocational) covara prloritlaa and financing, and tha atructura purpose la awjvtlng tha manpower naada of aducatlon, thla will ba largaly tha financial and content of education. capital which, in turn, ara dafinad as tha naada rasponalblllty of oapltal. Vhat thla, in affact of both puplla and workers. Phraaas auch aa meane, la that wealthier coaaunltlaa will bw 'realistic' and 'normal' abound In tha report; abla to afford and tharafora hava access to Prloritlaa and financing of aducatloni these all appaar to relate to an analyala largaly unsubsldisad aacondary schooling, For da Langa, 'tha prloritlaa (of aducatlon) which aaaa South African aconaalc davwlopaunt aa whllw tha children of tha working claaaaa ahould ba datarailnad in tha contaxt of tha nautral and conflict-free). Fran tha report It will ba channelled Into technical and currant and axpactad wanpowwr naada of tha would appaar that tha Investigation aaa vocational aducatlon (heavily subsidised by country' (p 13). lnatlgatad, not in tha contaxt of a criala for capital). Sawn froai a socio-economic point of vlaw, thw atata and capital, but bacauaa of It la rwcognlaad that tha demand for Tha reduction in tha length of fonsal aducatlon, explicitly or implicitly 'dlaharwonlaatlon* bataaan the aducatlonal aducatlon implied in tha racDaanndatlona for formulated by individuals or groupa doaa not atructura and tha wanpowar naada of sociaty* always taka practical realities Into tha majority of puplla, and thair channslllng consideration, in tha RSA all population Olaharnonisation la raflactad In 'drop-out* groups are to a graatar or lasser degree into technical aducatlon, suggesta a shift in ratas from schools and tha quantltatlva guilty of having unrwellstic axpactatIons tha critaria of dlffarantlatlon and selection of aducatlon, with tha raault that to a differences batwwan South Africa's 'dlatlnct' large extant the present aystaw).., ,hea not rathar than an and to differentiation.* ' aducatlon systems. Tha solution put forwart baan abla to auccaad in craating hansony Thua a meritocratic aducatlon la envisaged batwwan tha huesjn material it produces to tha problem of dlshanaonlsetlon la a technical and society's iianpowar naada (p 71 - whwrwby selection takes place according to ona, not a political ona: tha proviaion of an awphaaaa added). social class rathar than race, and ia legitimated aducatlon of 'aqual quality* for all. 1 For SYNCW, tha aducatlon ayate* wuat ba by an ideology of 'parity for all and 'lifwcwd to tha rwalitiaa of futura sociaty and Education of aqual quality'means simply '•quality of opportunity'. In thla ragard, it ia important to note that amongst tha values tha demands of economic progreee'.(12* ) aqual but asperate aducatlon, with aqual resources ldantiflad by 8YNCOJ la 'tha ability to copa Education haa baan "irrelevant in promoting to ba apant on tha diffarant parts of tha page 36

with foiluro and to lwm from it1. Faili was not ita mandate, and it would be petty to to 'guarantee maximum use of e facility 7 days a as In all meritocracies, must be seen to lis quibble over this. Rather* it proposes a week instead of the present uneconomic ? hours a with tha Individual and not outside of him/her. form of pre-basic education (pre-primery), which day, 5 days a weak*. The individual must lawn to cops with follura, is to prepare kids for schools. The entire Here we see a rationalisation of tho school not loam to change the social circumstances restructured education system is also designed to facilities in a way In which the student will that produce itt have various other compensatory programmes. But appear to have *a lot mora education*,* a these programmes can nevertheless not begin to 'greater number of choices*. However, tho Structure and Content of Education deal maaningfully with wider socio-economic numbor of choices, and tho increaso in the A highly-differontiatad, vocationally oriented inequalities. As recent research in England, amount of education available should not blind education structure is envisaged by both the for example, has shown, 'education cannot us to the fact that for tha worker this doos HSflC and SYtCOM. South Africa's needs for a ccMpensate for society*• not amount to democratlsatlon. The manual differentiated system of education Is supposedly Both SYNCOtt and HSRC recommend a 3-phase worker con now bocomo a skilled worker, but ho derived froa *scientific research*: formal education structure, the end of tha first atlll doos not have control of the woilc process, The integrated curriculum....is regarded in phase loading to either non-fomal aducation or and his education does not put him in a gonaral •any countries as the ideal educational academic education. The basic phase is to last condition to plan and make decisions. model. However, nowhere is it possible to obtain confirmation that Intsgratad far 6 years whila the post-basic (non-formal An indication of tho content of this typo curricula ara tha answer. It is evident froei the research that attention should or academic) Is to last for another 3 years. of education la to bo found in the broad be given to the astabllshmant of a national Streaming at all levels is to onsura that there opacifications given by SYNCOJi that policy for diffarentiatad curricula. This differentiation will differ considerably from la no 'wastage'. The basic phase is to be There will have to be a shift away from the current eysteai of differentiation (p 41}. free and compulsory. The Commission has some communicating what there is to know in tha expectation of its being relevant at some nice semantics regarding compulsory education: A note regarding differentiated education, future dote, towards learning the moans of education is to ba free and compulsory for the finding out what ona wants to know when from an earlier VIP article, ia useful here: the need arises. This means learning first 6 yoaro; thereafter the pupil must ba 'infortnetics' - how to learn, unlearn and There appears to be an essumption that tha engaged in compulsory learning but not relaorn and how to use tha information clasa structure ie immutable, and this process. assumption ia fuelled by tha .vicious cycle necessarily 'education* for another 3 years. In effact of providing an aducation which trains paopla according to thair In other words, education is to make the worker 'opportunities in life* (It) tokos as other words, students can be streamed into a bettor worker by making him/her mare adaptable. given the problematic notion that wortcing technical education from the age of 12. Technical aducation is to prepare tho worker for class children, or black children, or minority group children, have restricted H6AC and SYNCCaJ also conceive of tha school production with skills that can ba flexible and futures. By accepting this without OS a Community Looming Centre tCLC). Says question, and providing a limited aducation built on. As a taocher of on-the-job training to match tha restricted future, differential de Lange, 'our redefinition of a school: it dascribod this kind of education, education ensures the continuation of tha will be a community learning centre which will cycle. Bantu Education Is par excellance You've got the flexibility to work for mn example of this. But it is worth noting open up its facilities after hours for the 500 different bosses; but this education that tha removal of (this) aducation doos tios you to the firm, and it does It in not imply equality....if it is not coemunity*/ ' And, at the heart of SYNCQV'e such a way that you can never escape*. accompanied by the removal of differential now education system, reports the Star newspaper, In a sensa, you become a better slavo. socio-economic conditions and values...*. The worst, though, is that because ie you can't hava equality...without a is the Cofwwunity Learning Centre, serving 4 they've given you e little more knowledge, good deal of equality of condition, (14) target groups. Tnese involve: hoodstort you're that much higher up than tho next man down - so you're also a more loyal (compensatory) programmes, 10 years compulsory slave. (16) To compensate for this Inequality of schooling, ongoing educational programmes, condition, tha commission predictably did not There is thus a split into formal and non- and socio-cultural programmes for the community. formal education, academic and technical address itself to broader inequalities - that Those are all to toko place within the CLC education. It la clear that if working clatt argue for a highly-diff*r%ntieted system of capitalism amounts to a critique of consumerism education la being upgraded to technical education in which non-forval (technical and and passivity rather then its class relations education, then the contribution of capital in vocational) education will play at least as and resultant lnaqualltlee, hierarchy and tha funding of that education will determine, to laportant a part es formal education - alienated wort),children will be channelled a large degree, the content of thet education. especially *for blacks, coloured! and Indians' into a capitalist work environment without the Tha leval of *Individual* contribution to tha who are tha target group to be treined for lntermediete schooling process. For Illich formal structure for academic education in places in tha economy created by e chenged it is not the work-environment and lack of tha past-basic phaee will also be an Important division of labour and -whare there le a 'shortage*. control that is at issue hen - it la tha determinant in enauring that formal education It is an essential tmnat of liberal thought schooling. If the problem is social inequality, will be open only to certain social classes. that education will lead to social change. hierarchy and e capitalist division of labour, In South Africa liberal educationists such as than Illlch'e. solution le no solution at all. Education as an Agent of Social Change Hoemle and tlalhertoe have argued that education, The de-schobling of society will address Da Lange, in various public statements, has through providing skills tnd knowledge (which lnequelity even less than the schooling of asserted that "the present system of education in itself Is assumed to banish ignorance and society. Linking education with active work in Is far too academic', end that *it is Important prejudice) has an egalltanan, liberalising effect). the capitalist context becomes a surer means to to realism that formal schooling is not In tha 1950s and early 1960s, modernising subordination. nmcaaaarlly the effective Instrument for developing strategies In Africa also placed It Is Interesting to note that de Lange bringing about social change*. Ha has also educational provision at the centre of adopts Illich'a argument that children learn claimed thet the greatest misconception to be development programmes. Sy the mid-1960s, beat on the Job (not an entirely incorrect or overcome is that kids learn best through however, In the light of endemic under­ even undesirable option within changed social compulsory schooling, but that they Learn bast development and continued political instability, relations) to Justify their early extrusion from on-the-job. Therefore, it is argued, 'non- the relationship between education and social school into restricting, vocational, on-tha- fonnel education should become an indispensable change came to be questioned. Job training. Given our earlier criticism of part of the planned provision of education In For some analysts formal education is now Illich, it Is clear that de Lange is co-opting an South Africa*. He interestingly places South seen to be a manipulative inetrument for argument from e radical education tradition, Africa in the same category es newly-independent perpetuating class or racial dominance since it though not a revolutionary one, for his own very countries, arguing that experience hers has selects and trains an indigenous claaa of different purposes. The bankruptcy of Illlch'e proven that 'formal education sloes down collaborators. Education, rather than the proposals within a capitalist society is thus economic emancipation and political answer to development, ie now placed at the % sssn when we see the consequences of it here. development' (p 19). centra of an explanation for dependency and It le also important to note the earlier SYNCOU similarly argues that 'formal (19) argument that 'education cannot compensate for underdevelopment. education has not narrowed the income between i In the Latin American context, Ivan Illich society*. In this context, da Lange ergues rich and poor as planners indicated1, that it is, by a strange sleight of hartd that while formal argued that the solution lay In the 'deschooling in facta 'irrelevant to development, that mora of society*; that schools are the source of education will not lead to facial change*, than half all new Jobs in future will have to all social ills and that children should, technical education is 'the xay to a better life, be in the informal sector....This will require because they can, learn through experiencing the the gateway to more money and the power exercised totally new education targets and ways of world at an early age. Thus, by linking by whites'™ f^ blacks, while tha liberal continually learning outside a forael school education with active work, education will be illusion thet educational change on its own Is environaent•» en active, liberetory process. able to lead to eoclal change has long Since- been Thus, both tha HSRC report and SYNCOU If we follow Illich, (whose criticism of discredited, the report uses a part of this page 40

argument and distorts it to justify further that will provide workers eith the technical Intellectual activity'. *ork is organised and differentiation. For the HSRC Commission, competence, in some cases* but not the tools fragmented in such a way that the woricer loses formal education will not load to social change; for understanding and controlling the social all control over thw production process. technical education, however, villi farces which determine their lives; workers Increasingly, with the emergence of

As mentioned earlier, de Lenge must be will thus bs rendered more dependant on the monopoly capital, there has developed a class soon in the same light ss the reports of the factory or firm as a whole• and therefore on of engineers, scientists! technicians and Slehahn and fliekart Commissions - a response to capital. They will be technically subordinetad supervisory workers whose Job it is to co­ the crisis of accumulation of capital and to the 'uniform motion of the Instruments of ordinate work (mental labour} and to control intensified class struggle, designed to win labour'. To grasp this notion, it is necessary workers. Evan hare, though, as Bowles and worker consent with the appearance of reform to say something about the division between Qintis writs, but aismjltanaously rationalising control and mental and manual labour. The compartmantallsetlon of white-collar • skills (is) an assantlsl sspect of dividing wortcwre. capitaiiet 'divide and rule' strategy for fe have seen how technical education can The Division of Labour the control of the labour force. Even in well-paid and high-status Jobs the worker's be introduced on a large scale and how this can The division between mantel end manual labour discretion and participation Is increasingly limited. (22) appear to bs providing both more and better makes Its first appearancs with the emergence education while at the SOM time streamlining of private property. As a consequence of the The worker is thus kept ignorant of the the operation of the education system. This alienation of the direct producer from his/hsr process of production end social relations are will ensure that pupils leave school very product, there occurs the concentration of mystified for him/her. S/he Is kept ignorant early (when seen in the context of the Intellectual activity at one end of industry, of the political, economic and social forces that leadership of resistance In schools being drawn and the purely practical activity of the determine the organisation of production and from the older age group, this can si so be workers at the other. This is a separation life itself. Thie is a product of the viewed es a tactic for pre-empting such betwwen theory and practice which is reflected fragmentation and specialisation of Jobs, and resistance); it will also ensure that social in divisions between clssses, and within education the hierarchical division of labour in selection takes place not on the overt basis of In class society. Marx, quoting William capitalist society. race, but on the basis of 'wealth' and 'merit* - Thompson in Capital, writes An educational strategy that aims to since ell education, albeit different kinds of The man of knowledge and thw productive overcome this division, that attempts to restore education, will be 'of equal quality'. labourer come to be widely divided from each othar and knowledge, Instead of the physical, cultural, intellectuel and It can also be noted that remaining the handmaid of labour in the spiritual integrity of the worker must then be hands of the labourer to lncreaee his 1. equal funding and parity of facilities alone productive powers....has almost everywhere one*that restores to the worker the knowledge and will not create either an equal or a non- arrayed itself egelnftt labour.... power of decision-disking and control. Such an systematically dsludlng them end leading racial education aystsm; them (the labourers} astray In order to education must combine mental and manual labour, render their musculer powers entirely must embrace both technical education, an 2* changes in the education structure alone, mechanical and obedient. (21) without corresponding changes on the factory education to understand the process of production, Thie separation of the intellectuel powers floor» are hardly •revolutionary'; end an education which will enable the worker from manual labour is finally completed by 3. 'politics' is not blocking 'reform'» in the to understand social relations* The aim of modern industry. The workmen becomes a sense understood by the HSRC commissioners: -'polytechnic' education must be the fully- 'living appendage of the machine'. Such work in reform itself is political in the educational rounded, politically conscious individual able which s/hs Is engaged, 'does emsy with the many- as much as In any other. to take control of his/her life end work. sided play of the muscle*! and confiscates But we aleo need to look a little more Technical education, it seems, is a - every atom of freedom, both in body and closaly at technical education: the education basterdisatlon of this. Within capitalist page 41 social relations, technical education provides end non-formal education and education planning. When ww look et the proposed education skills of a kind that separate the tasks of The third level Is based on the local school management structure we see the same kind of conception and execution, thus furthering the district 'that could make up units of management proliferation of planning and administrative mental/manual division of labour which reduces smaller than the "region" or "sub-region";. Hers bodies which essentially concentrate in themselves the wortwr to 'an appendage of the machine*. It key roles are to be played by prlnclpels and functions previously undertaken and performed by is the kind of education likely to leave the circuit inspectors in reform. the individual teacher or school, vix those of worker more vulnerable than before. Technical Here more than anywhere else, the nature decision-Peking and control. This involves the change is a constant feature of capitalist of the report is exposmd. Demands by students setting up of new bodies for 'curriculating1; development. Equipped with specific skills the for a democratic education t\^\/m been linked to the creation of 'curriculum specialists'; worker can be made redundant in the case of the demand for a democratic society. In the the creation of a research body, the results technical change and replacement. present context, within the present dictates of of which are to be passed on to 'curriculum As long as technical education is part of power and control, the SACE can only play the planners'; the establishment of bodies to the maintenance of capitalist social relations. role of e President's Council, e single Ministry co-ordinate curriculum design; evaluation and it can do little more than further degrade of Education can only Involve the streamlining development 'with related services such as 1 t ?* worker. of operations, the central role of principals evaluation, examinations, certification and and circuit Inspectors can only imply continued educational technology*. This will in turn lead Qqfnocracy and Control In Education hierarchical control. to the creation of subsections for examination There is one further aspect to consider, and and certificating bodies, educational that is the question of educational management Management Strategy and Monopoly Capitalism technology units, curriculum packages, etc. which, says the HSRC report, can be regarded as The language of the modern corporation is used In conclusion, then, we can see that some of

'the philosophy and practice of decision throughout the HSFIC report, end provision for the demands for which students have laid down making, while effective teeching and learning an 'effective system of education management' their lives have been conceded in the proposals are the ultimate aim of educational is considered one of the most important of the HSRC report - parity in expenditure, management* (p 87). As such, a 'total preconditions for the restructuring of one national education system. But these have curriculum strategy' is necessary (p 41). education. been proposed by the de Lange Commission in A 3-tier system of educational management The monopoly stage of capitalism is such a way that ultimate control is maintained with strong, "built-in structure* end procedures characterised by an immense growth in the^ scale in the interests of capital. As such, any * for participation consultation and negotiation of management operations - the functions of restructured education system will involve r • at each level, ensuring that all the people and management are broadened in the modern formal equality — but continued separation; interests concerned have a "say" and can corporation in such a way that different it will be controlled from above rather than influence both educational policy and practice' functional departments concentrate specific below; end it will serve the needs of the appears to embody the demands of students in aspects of the management function in them. The monopoly sector of the capitalist economy, their struggle for democratic education, A proliferation of admlnlstretive units end rather then the interests of the working cless. relatively decentralised structure of education subdivisions within the entire corporation is proposed with one ministry of education involves the reorganisation of management into Note? served by a South African Council of Education to 'e complex of staff organisations' which 'represents the diemembenoent of the functions 1. An interesting analysis of Borne of these provide broad national policy. The second level aspects is to be found in Peter Buckland'a is based on regional educational authorities of the enterprise head*. The purpose of this paper, 'Tng HSftC Investigation: another Orlcx is control, which is en essential feature of in the wall?'. presented in Cape Town, which would be served by different bodies for December 1961. curriculum development end examinations, adult management throughout its history. page 42

2. AN, 21.12.81. . Gugulathu on Auguat 11, 1980, a 'march* froa these two venues to Klipfontein Road and tha atone 3. ROW, 30.05.81. INFORMATION throwing and oar burning incidents there. In 4. Chgrlae Math, 'Shortages of frilled Labour addition, evidence haa concantratad on tha Power and Capital Racormtruotion in'6outh Africa', African Studies Institute seminar, burning of a Poet Offica vehicle at the Unlvanity of Mtwatararand, October 1961, p 1. Nyanga bue tenainua on tha same day. a 8. Sunday Tribune, 31,12.81. Courts Tha stata haa lad ita evidence In an attempt to prove that various of tha accuaad 6, Sunday Tribune, 13.12.81. »^^—^P—a—^aaaaaaaaaaaa TERRORISM ACT TRIALS * inoltad othere et these meetings to participate 7. Dan O'wware, "Huldergate*. tha Politlca of in acte of violence, that varioua of tha Afrikaner Hatlonallea and the Crisis of the Oacar Upetha (7l)v Lawranca Larotholi (18). CegltaTiet Stata in South Africa', Oar ea Salaam. Morgan eakubala (19), Aaron Tehangeme (28), accused participated in tha march and attacked

• Patar Kube (18), Alton Sabuaa (18), care driven by whitee with petrol bombs and 8. Star, 28.11.81. Fuaanifclla Bool (18), Vuylalla Kzaza (19), stones. Thar* haa alao baan avidanca of meetings at 9. Star, 28.11.81. % Johannaa Wlapo (20), Jmffrey Baanaaan (20), Vuyisile Oiba (21), Richard Aanpondo (20), htoxolo School in Crossroads on Auguat 11 and 12, 10. In conversation with Boweto teachers. Ualila Uazothavai (21) and 8 youtha. 1980, 11* Buckland eephaale thia point too. Charm t Tha stata allagaa that bataaan No avidanca implicating veteran trade union 12. Star, 17, 18.11.81. August 8 and Auguat 12, 1980, tha accused and community loader Oacar Upetha haa baan lad inoltad paopla to damage motor vahiclaa by elnce Octobar 16, 1981. On that day, tha Rev 13. Athar Hueaain davalopa thia in 'Tha Economy and tha Educational Syataa in throwing atonaa and patrol bcmba. and aatting Vane, sinister of the Assembly of God Church Capitalist Societies', In Roger Pals. Ealand, alight tha vahiclaa. Tha accuaad ara chargad testified, saying that loathe had aporoachad him Fergueson, UecOoneld (ede), Education and tha Stata: Schooling end National Intareate. with assaulting and injuring six paopla, two on Sunday, Auguat 10, 1960, with a view to Qpan Univarsity Books, 1961. of whoa subsequently diad. Othar chargaa booking tha Church on tha following Monday to ralata to tha barricading of Kllpfontain Boad W. toe* In Proorta U, 1980. hold a wasting to dlscuaa tha bue boycott then by placing atonaa, traa stumps and tyraa in in force agalnet City Tramways, lepetha, who la 18. B Bamatain in Stoneeewi (ad), Education tha street; marching in singing groups over 70 and not in good health, la In cuetody and Democracy. arwad with sticks, atonaa and othar waapona; with tha othar accuaad, and approaches by hie 1Q. Star, 11.12-81. ordarlng tha cloaura of black achoola; and counsel to tha attorney-general for bail to 17. Grameci an education. congragating In various churchee to encourage "* be granted have baan unauccaaeful. paopla to participate in 'terrcrietic' 18. A taachar who aould prafar to raaain unnamed, Various members of the Riot Squed have given actlvltlaa. general evidence as to township happenings * 19. war shall Uurphraa, 'Education. OavalopaiBnt and Change1 , SAIflR, 1976, dam Is with this For background to tha trial, aaa during tha period in queetlon. Certain of in graatar detail. wIP 20:36-40. them have conceded undar crosa examination 20. Star, 17.11.81. whan tha court adjourned in mid-Oec eater, that tensions In tha townehipe are reduced 1961, tha trial had alraady run for Just undar whan they remove themselves fron sight. Tha 21* 8** Capital, volujes t chapter 14, aactiona ( Riot Squad policemen hava eeid that they want 3 and 5 for a aora detailed analyala, 100 court days, and 60 atat* witnaaa had baan callad to giva avidanca. Into the townships on August 11 to 'prevent 22. Bowles and Qlntia, Schooling In Capitallat Intimidation1 of paopla wishing to uae buses America, RKP, 1??6. Tha avidanca of tha witneaeas haa concentrated on tha meetings at tha Assembly of God Church during tha bue boycott. Considerable r in Nyanga East and tha Roman Catholic Church in animosity was shown to thwa whan they wwnt • • * page 43

in and triad to prevent peopla from using to write instructions to their counsel in prison on tha circumstances under which confessions •piroto taxis'. without these being censored by the prison were made. The state has refused to hand them j As the caBP is sub judice, there can be no authorities. The application was sbandoneti over, claiming that they are privileged. On | cowmant on tha quality of evidence at this as the risk of costs being awarded against tha December 15, 1981 - tha lest day of the trial In | stags, but it is significant that tha stats accused was considered too great to Justify that year * the presiding Judge ruled that the has had to lasd 50 many witnesses in an attempt the application. state wes bound to hand over these statements. to prove its cess. Previously mads statements The triel is now st the stage of what is The trial re-opens in the Cape Town Supreme inconsistent with evidence given in court have commonly called e trial, within a trial. Here* Court on February 9, 1982. j been handed in as sxhibits during cross the admissibility of certain admissions and * axamination of state witnesses. In respect of confessions contained in statements made to Kleas Thapalo Seaka {26}. j three wltneeses presiding Judge Williamson magistrates is being contested by the accused. Charge: The accueed, an ex-convict, was charged has reccnmended that the ettomey general Five of the accused made statements to magistrates with inciting fallow prisoners at the Barberton i investigate charges of perjury, and in respect but deny that thosa were freely and voluntarily jail to leave the country and undergo military of one witness the judge has taken the made. The magistrates end interpreters training under the Pan Africanist Congress. I jj extraordinary step of indicating to defence involved in taking tha statements have now In addition, Seoka was also charged with counsel that he sew no point in continuing given evidence, and the defence hea ergued attempting to leave the country with the \ to cross examine e witness. This was after that it is the state's onus to prove that the intention of undergoing military training. previously mode statements inconsistent with statements were made freely end voluntarily. Seoka, who made a statement to a - the evidence given had been put to the witness, The judge has been asked to infer from certain magistrate after being arrested by security comments made in tha statamente that it is not the versions in the statements end the evidence police, claimed that he had confessed as a clear that they were made voluntarily, and that result of aaeaulta on him by security police. being totally irreconcilable. if this is the case, it is for the state to Verdict! Guilty on both charges. While The trial has been characterised by various prove the admissibility of the statements addressing the court on sentence, the .procedural applications. The state initially rather than for the accused to disprove this. sought to hold the trial in camera, and this prosecutor blamed certain churches for mas opposed by the defence. The Judge ruled The Judge has also hman asked to take into the appearance of people in court charged j that the triel be held in open court except account the evidence of magistrate Croome who, with inciting violent change. In this when witnesses were under 1G years of age; in under cross examination said that the reason connection, he mentioned the decision of tiat case, each accused, regardless of age, wes why he asks persons making statements if they the Presbyterian church decision to marry entitled to have two members of his family have been threatened or esaoulted by the police people of different races! present in court. la *so that thay cannot come back later on and Sentence: 5 years on each count, to An application was made by defence counsel say they were essaulted by the police'. Croome run concurrently, ie an effective I for further particulars to the indictment as took statements from four of the accused. sentence of 5 years. well es the summary of substantial facts. The Judgement on this question - whether the onus (Krugersdorp Regional Court, 25.10.81). Judga ruled in favour of the accused describing rests on state or defence - will be given when the summary provided by the state as *a travesty the trial re-opens on February 9, 1982. Sibusisa Godfrey Uabaso (19). ^ t of whst such a summary should be. Even to cell Certain of the accused made statements Cnsrge: Tht? accused first appeared in court l . it a mini-thumb nail ekatch would be to elevate while in detention alleging that they had on August 16, 1979, where it was elleged that it into something more then it is*. been assaulted by police bwfortf making he had incited two people - Edward Buthelezl An application was also brought to order confessions. The defence hes asked the state and Patrick Nzumkulo - to undergo military the Commissioner of Prisons to allow the accused for copies of these statements, as they bear training. Ha was also alleged to have arranged psfla 44 •

transport for the two recruitees to leave photographe. Thaaa want,to be collected by tha an organisation known as tha African Youth South Africa, ANC. Congress with tha intention of furthering the * At his trial Mat*to, eho wee legally alas of the banned African National Congress. Tha accuaad are also Jointly charged eith unrepresented, pleaded guilty, and no evidence They era allagad to have incited others to leave attempting to recruit a parson far ANC waa lad by tha state. Ha m accordingly the country for ailltary training, and assisting Military training. found guilty, and aantancad to S yaara Thsir trial la due to begin In the thea to leave via tha organisation of transport. laprieonaent. Rand Supreme Court on March 15. The accused era alao charged with obtaining ahile aarvlng hla eentence on Robben information ragardlng security arrangemente at Island, ha contacted a Johannesburg firm of Khotao Sydney Beatlholo (25) and abuy the Caltax Oil Terainal in Durban, and to have attorneys, and review procaadlnga of hla Uasabata Loata (23). obtained explosives. trial were instituted. In thaaa procaadlnga, Charge: Tha state alleges that Seetlholo, a Tha accuaad, who first appeared In court tha Quuiaai Court h«ld that Mabeeo had former president of tha now-banned Sowato on January 5, 1961, ware raaainded In cuetody incorrectly baan found guilty, as hla plaa In Studenta* flepraaantatlva Council! formed the to February 23, when they will egeln appear tha loaar court had not astabllahad hla guilt. South African Youth Revolutionary Council in court In Durban. Tha oaaa waa accordingly rafarrad back to (SAYRCO) ehlla in exile. According to tha Regional Court far a re-trial. charge sheet, BAYACO alaa to incite blacks to S*6QTABE TBIAt,

than Uebeso waa brought back to court, tha overthrow tha government by vlolenca, and Gelna Uallndl (22), Sydney Maaoka (24) t state withdraw all chergee against hla, and in achieving this, to recruit people for Stan Kubheka (22), Uandlankosi ha was reissued. ailltary training. Tha state also alleges Tehabangu (20), Lucky Twala (22), Gordon (Johannesburg Raglonal Court, 26.10.81). that SAYRCO aada contact with certain Kubheka (21), and Teako Johnson (22). organlaatlona within South Africa In an Charge: Tha accuaad, all students and members Robert Martin Adaa (26) and Handle llthaabu (26). attaapt to further lta alata. of Coeas, were charged with committing acta Owyt Tha accuaad, both datalnad by security Among tha acta detailed in tha charge of sabotage and public violence. These police in lata Saptawfcer 1961 appeared In court sheet, it Is claimed that SAYRCQ pamphlets included burning down a school In Evaton, on Dacaabar 24, ahara thay faced three counts wara distributed at a aeatlng in Sowato on and eetting fire to two Veal Transport under tha Terrartaa Act, and varloue altarnatlva June 16, 1961; that Loata arranged a meeting Corporation buses. They ware also alleged to counta undar tha Internal Security and Sabotage between various AZ4P0 and A2WYU aaabaia and have dispossessed the bus drivers of their Acta. SAYRCO; and that aha arranged a meeting vehicles by violent means. % Adaa and Hthanbu era allaged to have bataaen Saatlholo and Tresai Mazwal, news Ml accuaad pleaded guilty to the alternative ccnaplrad with the African National Congraaa editor of tha Soaatan newspaper. charge of public violence, and the state to obtain information ragardlng the tranaaiaalon Tha trial ia due to begin in tha VenderMJl- withdraw the main charge of sabotage. system and other aspects of tha SABC TV toaar park Regional Court on February 6. ' Verdict: Guilty of public violence. Passing in Brixton. During July 1961, It la allagad that judgement, the magistrate presiding said thet thay visited tha toaar and obtained information Fane George Si thole, Jabulanl Wilfred while the accused were all first'offenders and of high academic quality, the offence was a serious. about It, Including tha taking of photographs. Ngcobo, and Titi Alocia llthenyana. One which 'no community can afford*. Adam la allagad to have than drown up a Charge: The accused face 2 counta undar tha Sentencei R300 or 1 yeare lapriaonaant. In report for the ANC entitled 'Report on tha Terrorism Act, and accused number 1 (Sithole) addition, e further 4 years imprisonment, Reconnaissance of tha 8ABC-TV systeaj In faces a further 15 counts relating to the conditionally suspended for 5 years, was Auckland Parte', which e*B placed in a breaking of hla banning order. imposed. dead letter box together vlth certain The state alleges that the accuaad formed pagv 45 * OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT organisations wara against South Africa as a tfohemed Abba Oaar (29), Gertierdua Hsndrikus van dar werff (20). country, but that they wars opposad to tha Charge: Photocopying and distributing an Charge: The a tote nliegto that Van dar currant govarnaant. Ha had taken van dar ANC paaphlat. Tha accusad clalaad that ha j •arff handed over aansitive documents to * men Varff with hia bacauaa tha Saazl official had racalvad tha paaphlat from an unknown african believed to bt • meafaar of a banned organisation. aantad to aast hia. Ha aaa awara that Van amt and raad it. It containad a message by The accused allegedly committed these offenses dar Varff aaa at tha tlaa in posaassion of Oliver Taabo on tha MCvs 89th anniversary. j while attachad to tha 8A0F. cartaln aacrat docueente. Ha knaw that tha ANC waa bannad, but did not The trial aaa heard In caaara in tha Grayling's trial waa hald in caaara, and know that the paaphlat waa iwilawful. Hw Johannesburg Raglonal Court. Van dar tfarff at its conclusion ha waa acquitted. Tha gava tha paaphlat to a friend, Sandra plaadad guilty to tha charge, admitting that sagiatrate praaldlng aald that tha stata Oietty, and asked her to aaka copias aa ha ha had handad dociawjnta to Banjemin Grayling had only ona wltnasa, Van d*r Varff, who had intended taking thaa to a political science (aaa below). Ha also adaittad that tha documents baan convictwd of a alallar offense and aaa class which was part of his journalism contained information which could ba ueeful to aald to ba an accoapllca in Grayling's case. course, Oaar danlad being an ANC aaabar, paopla intending to endanger tha security of Tha stata had not been sola to prova ita caaa or having any connection with the tha state. against Grayling bayond raasonabla doubt. organisation, In mitigation, Van dar Varff aald that ha (Johannaaburg Raglonal Court, 20.01.82). raallaad that ha had made a mletake, and aantad JPPC*. PROCEEDINGS to start a new life. INTEnWi. SECURITY ACT Hophibi y Teetsa (25). Verdictt Guilty. Elsinw Mohamad (20), Laslls Lax (23), Uchael Teatee aaa sentenced to 3 yw^r% imprisonment Bantanca: Four yeara, of which 40 months ara O'Donovan (21) and Banjaain Grayling (20). in the Enaelo Regional Court for refusing to conditionally auapandad for fiva years. Charge: Tha accusad ara chargad with producing testify in the Terrorism Act trial of Aepheel (Johannaaburo Raglonal Court, 30.10.81). and distributing posters which calabratad Khumalo and Raymond Oludlu. Both accusad ware - tha COth anniversary of tha founding of tha acquitted et the and of their trial. Benjamin David Grayling (20). South African Communist Party. Their trial Tsetse appealed against tha severity of Charge: Grayling aaa allagad to hava contravaned is dus to bagin In tha Johannasburg Raglonal his sentence, end particularly against tha thi Official Sacrata Act by Instigating Gertierdua Court on Februery S, 1982. trial magistrate's decision that refusing to van dar Varff (aaa above) to make a sketch, and testify in a Terrorise Act trial was es serioua to provide aacrat documents which could ba of Jariua Up hake (38). as cowaltting an offenee under the Act. uaa to South Africa's enemies. Charge t Poaaasalon of A«C literature. Tha On appeal, the presiding Judges held that j Ha first appaarad in court on November 5, accusad adaittad that aacurity polica had the magistrate had erred In his ruling, and 1961, having baan in aacurity pollca datantion found 113 copias of tha ANC publication reduced Tsetse's sentence to one year. with van dar Varff alnca July. An application 'Ueyibuye' and 12 copies of VOV (Volca of (Pretoria Supreme Court, 13.11.81). for bail was rafuaad. During this application, Voaan) at hia housa. Howaver, tha accusad Grayling agraad that ha waa opposad to tha claimed that he ran a shatosan, and that Wilfred Sebonago Uareene (20). . present govarnaant, but denied balng a aaabar aany paopla could hava laft thaa thara. Marwane was sentenced to 15 years iaprisoneajnt of'tha ANC or any othar bannad organisation. Verdict: Guilty. for taking part in guerilla activities in Ha adaittad going to Swaziland and aaatlng an Sentence; R300 or 100 dmye. November 1979. The case waa heard by tha aaployaa of tha Swaxl govarnaant who aantad to (Johannasburg Raglonal Court, 27.11.81), BophuthaTswane Supreme Court, the cherge introduca hia to repreeentetlves of cartaln being In teres of Gouth Africe's Terrorism organisations. Ha was not infonnad that tha Act. Zn summing up in the trial, the Judge paga«6

uid that whil* tne Terrorieei Act MI pasaad accused In tha Springs trial had baan involvad In South Africa, It still applied in in a 'bosjb1 factory, and that thay had consplrad BophutheTaeane aftar 'independence' bacauaa Wilson- to sabotage varioua rallaay llnee. For datalla it had not baan repealed. Leave to appaal of thia trial, aaa VIP 6:39-45)* I aaa refused. Pnala was sentenced to 30 yaara laprleonaont, Bubsacpently, laava to appaal «a« granted Rowntree John Thabo to 20 yaara, on patltlon to th* Appaal Court, ehlch contlnuaa Latal San Maainlnl to 12 yaara, to have Jurisdiction ovar the 'lndapandant* Bafana Vincent Mcoal to 12 yaara, BTATBCNT BY ThtX WL8tW-W3WT»EE SUPftCftT CCMrflTTEE bantuatana. Tha appeal la duo to be heard on Philip Khoxa to 13 yaara, and \ (JOAHNNQgyRG) * A REPLY TO MW6EMEHT Fabruary IS, by |1 Appaal Court judges, aa it Solomon Hual to 5 yaara. Tha dispute between Hlson-Aowntroo factory involvee a eonetitutional laaua of importance. AU but lejai appaalad agalnat aantancad, owners and tha 500 workers thay dismissed haa Ilareene lntanda arguing that tha Terrorise! and aara uwewcceaaful axctpt for Phela, ehoaa already gone into lta eleventh month. Tha Aot aaa in violation of tha BophuthaTaaanan sentenced was reduced from 30 to 20 yaara. boycott called for by tha South African Allied Daclaratlon of Fundamental Rights, anahrlnad (Appaal Court, Bloanfontaln, 29.09.8l). Voricere' Union (SAABU), tha trade union in lta oonetltution, and that aa auch, ha ahould representing tha aackad aoHcara, contlnuaa. not hava baan convicted. Jan Calphua Ueahllo and Joseph Ueahlgo. Tttraa powerful British trade unlona ara snowing For datalla of thia trial, aaa HP 17:35-36. thair aolidarity with BANTU by putting prassure Both appellants aara found guilty In tarn pf on floantraa Macklntoah, tha parant company of I Renfrew Leslie Cnristie (30). tha Terrorieei Act, in that thay attaaptad to Vllaon-Aowntraa. For datalla of thia trial, aaa WIP 13:3B-a? . laava tha country for military training. Bdth In July I960 Chriatia au convicted of five Thaaa davalopaanta hava baan playad out e«ra aantancad to 5 yaara. j count a under the Terrorise] Act, and sentenced agalnat a backdrop of increealng violence and I to 30 yaara iapriaonaant, Hoaever, bacauaa Both appaalad auccaaafulyagalnat conviction. , brutality In tha aaatarn Cape- I tha varioua sentences aara to run concurrantly, (Pratorla Ouprome Court, 20.10.81). Tha period loading up to tha ' independence' effective sentence aaa 10 yaara. of tha Clakal aaa earked by violent hostility, Ha appaalad agalnat conviction, aainly on Alphiua Ujthopa (22), Karabo etadiba (IB), directed against 8AMU • tha grounda that a confaaaion aada to police Garald Baabalo (19), and etenual lladlba (21), while ha aaa in their custody ahould not hava Thaaa four appellants aara convictad of furtharing Tha most recent example of thia violence baan acceptad aa evidence by tha trial court. tha alas of tha ANC by a Ga-Aaiecuaa eeajistrate aaa tha killing of OHlaaa Rpxlaa, agad 20 and a close friend of SAWU president Thozeiwile Gqwethe. However, tha Appaal Court rulod that In BophuthaTaaana. Thay aara aantancad to & She aae shot by tha Cisksi police aho, unprovekad, tha confession e*a aderteeible aa avldanca, yaara Imprisonment, 4 yaara of ahlch were opened fIra on a crowd of funeral mourners and that all but ona of tha convictions suspended, getting off a bue in fcWanteane, Tha moumera atood. In the caaa of ona count, tha Appaal Thay appaalad successfully agalnat vara workers and union!eta returning from tha Court upheld tha appaal, but bacauaa aantanca conviction. funeral of Bqaatha'a mother and uncle. Thay on this count aa* concurrent with other counte, (BophuthaTaaana Supraeia Court, 20.10.B1). vara burnt to death aftar thdir house had baan j effective sentence reailne 10 yaara. gutted by a fire bomb. Aa if to croan thia, (Appaal Court, Sloaisfontaln, QB.11.Bl). neon after tha funeral Gqeath*}, along eith SAAVU-e * vice president. Blea NJUalarei, aara detained tahwibi John Phaia and S othera. by tha South African security police. They In November 1978* Judga Da VUllera of tha era both atill in Jail/ Tranavaal BupreM Court found that all of tha * page 4?

This violancs hat ranched an intense level In the past weeks but It it not w to thi area. Union leaders Gqwetha and Njlkelana hava bun repeatedly datainad (five tioen aach), thetr houses flra bonbad, and union a ember a haraesad. In September last yaar a bua load of 205 workers •ara datainad en aaaaa - for singing aonge on their way heme frae a union meeting! Earlier In the year 34 af the fired «llawi-floantraa workers vara detained. Soon nfter, o nuabar of the* wara" taken to hospital aa a result of a hunger strike. These eventa ahow starkly that the rola of the Ciakei aoverrment la to run a vast pool of cheap and intimidated labour on bahalf of the South African state and the factory owner* In the eastern Cape. In this context, wmnagement have produced a aeeao that attaapta to justify their sacking of 500 workers and their rafuaal to doal with 8AAPJ, This document has baan distributed give aoai is out workers who hava baan active in to a nuabar of organisations In an attempt to At tha ttjwa of tha strike tha South Afrioan trada unions, to anaura a aubalssiva labour block the boycott of their goods. force for omployare. Pol ice aara uaad to expel tha workers froa tha t The memo quotaa Sir Donald Barron, cheirean factory. Alao, according to a 8AAUU Tha dishonasty of tha memo haromas oil Of the parent company Rowntre* Uacklntoeh. Ha spokaaman, 'after the large aoala datantiona of whan it la realised that to date neither tha aant a talagraoi to BAA1U Bayingt *ta have vary tha ftoantraa atrikara. Major General Charlas. union leadership nor any of ita oevabar* hava good relatione with trade unlone around the Gaba, chief of tha Clskei aacurlty, told their baan found guilty by a court of bombing the world but It la not poaalbla to hava a mewnee aho came to look for their husbands three houses- This despite charges of arson relationship with a trade union which condones that ha had datainad on tha basis of a liat and incitement that hava baan brought ogalnat intimidation and violence by its •ambers and received frtSl all son. flown tree * . aoaa of the datainad 8AWU aemtsrs. 1 haa so little regard for truth. eevwjgaeejnt danlas this, but haa nm^mr In fact, tha official policy of BANK la Thle stataaejnt la a reference to the publicly condaanad tha mora vlolant activities tolorant of workars who replace others on strike. attack on tha houses of thnm acab workers who that hava baan asaoclatad with tha strike This la based on tha union's understanding of had rsplacad eona of tha aackad 500 workers. at tha *ilson-ftowntrea factory. . This ia tha affaota of unemployment in tha eastern Cape Xn tha context of tha authoritarian response not surprising given that lilaon-Rowntraa, [40*]. SAAfflJ has in fact attempted to fan* a to union organisation in the area, this Is togather with othar aaajloyara, benefit froa tha union to copa with thia problem, # • extremely alsleading, While not denying that repression of independent trade unions and tha Wileon-Aowntraa la a signatory to tha EEC these attacks took piece, it la also Important cheap labour provided by tha Clskei - a service Coda of Conduct ahoaa first and most fundamental to nota that tha tilaon-Roentraa -nnagew*nt that haa baan raflnad by tha creation of tha clauaa states that workars 'aust t>% able to alao haa 'vary good relatione* with tha Manpower Development Cantra in tha Clafcai. chooaa freely and without Interference their -South African and Ciekal security police. To This la a computerised acroening process which. fori of representation1 (Coda 1a). Tha bosses page 4a

of filson-fiowntree benefit, directly or 'handyman', tha name for an 'aaployaa who la tha Tranaport and General Workers* Union, the Indirectly, from the brutality of trm state engaged in leaking minor repairs or edjustaents Union of Shop Distributive and Allied worker*, In the eastern Copa. to machinery, plant* or othar equipment'. Froa end the General and Municipal Workers' Union - In this light, and in view of tnair rafuaal tha agraaaant it la also olaar that tha worker may boycott the parent company's good*, haa to condean the hare*emant of SAAflU and lta repairing end adjuatlng machines au*t be paid recently resulted In new tactic* by management. membera by both South African and Clakei eiora than a Grade 1 aaployaa. According to a reliable trade union source, authoritiea. thair claim that thay cannot daal Despite thia clarity In tha agraaaant, the parent company last year gave tha three aith a union 'that provokes violence and management still claiaa.ln lta memo that tha British unions assurances that at least 300 IntlAldation1 sounds hypocritical and throw* 'Industrial Council has rulad that tha Job In of tha striking workers would be re employed. doubt on tha credibility of thalr wHols question 1* indeed tha normal function of The management of the local factory than offered wrapping aachina operatives and tha allegations to re aaploy the workers, but only whan vacancies occur. This was a clear attempt to confuse However, it if nacaaaary to taKa up at laaat Of tha 3 worker* wara completely disproved'. If tha leauee and to break tha solidarity shown ona example of miarapraaantation in tha thia la accurate, it aaana that tha lnduetrial by the British unions with BAAVU. •mo. Tha Immediate cause of the etrika aaa tha council haa wade a decision contrary to lta dlealeeal of three aweetwrepplng aechlae own legally binding agreement. 8AWU haa rejected thia tactic end tha operators bacauaa thay rafuaad to fix a aachina If wa take a cloaar lode at tha industrial striking workers stick to their original without arittan permission froa tha night­ council for tha aaaat waking industry In tha demands Of unconditional reinstatement and tha shirt foreman. . Tha worker*1 demand mm based * aaetern Cap*, thia become* lea* surprising. recognition of 8AMU. In tha meantime on two reasons. Menooewent attempt* to portray tha council aa a aanegeaent la once again benefitting from state In October, 1960, workers wara reprimanded neutral outside body, west induatrlal repression. Host of BAAlU'e eastern Cape for damaging a aachina after making * similar council* ara aade up of representatives of leader* are in Jail, including the chairperson rapalr. Thay wara told navar to rapalr any aanaqeaent and worker* of a number of factorlaa. of the wlleorv-fvMntraa workere' committe, Eric fault* of that nature again. In tha factory a In thia caaa, tha council la made up only of Hntonge. Clearly encouraged by thle, aanageaant reprimand is followed by a dismissali and tha representatives of wlleon-ftoantree management and hopes to hold out agalnat BAWL workere wara clearly afraid of lowing thalr of a tingle trade union - tha Sweat •orfcera" Union. BAAVU, however, le determined to win Joba. The Awaat workers' Union la a teawi union this struggle, and support groups all over the Secondly, tha rapalr aaa not part of thalr that excluded afrloen* froa membership until country appeal to all thoae eho support tha Job, and in fact had to bo undertaken by a un lata in i960. It only opanad lta Membership worker* and the principle of free trade highly-paid eklllod worker. to africana after aanageaant encouraged it to "' unloniea to lntanaify tha boycott of Thaaa Job daflnitlona ara unequivocally do so, fearing that BAAVAJ would eoon organiae •ileon-Aowntree gooda. laid doan in tha eqreaaant of tha industrial the whole of the workforce. SAttU allege* coireil for tha awaat making induetry, which la that work era at the factory only Join thia legally binding on aanegeaent and all aaployaaa union because thay fear loalng thalr Jobs. In tha wllson-Jtowntrea factory. Clauaa 3 of tha Tha worker* believe that tha council, far

agreement defines tha task of a Grada 1 employee froa being a neutral observer t la alaply aa baing, 'operating a machine ejhloh wrap* awaat* there to carry out the withes of aanageaant. with foil, calluloaa filai, eax-peper, or any 1 Othar material . Nowhere la it stated that Conclusion such an amployea may adjust or rapalr tha Tha boycott of Wilson-Roan tree product*, together machines — these are tasks reserved for a with the threat that three British trade union* - 09

previoualy. Government invited interested industry downed tools only hours before persons to comment before 23 October, 1961. fing of the industrial council which had Labour Action! In teres of the proposed legislation, baan celled as a result of tha Soptsmbar strikes. workora would not ba able to withdraw thair Three Huletts sugar mills were forced to close pension contributions whan leaving employment, down d» e result of tha strikes. A spokesperson unless they sere retiring. This did not include for Huletts expressed surprise at tha ectlon As we heve explained before, thla section will contributions made before the Bill becoma law. taken prior to discussions, putting this down to heve to be typed In tingle spacing because of Tha Bill made provision for various optlona: 'a vary sarious climata of dlatrust; mortars the epece thet it would otherwise take up In a to put cash into s retirement ennulty fund; don't trust tha government or the company*. every issue of WIP. We Apologise to our readers. m to put cosh into a new employers' pension fund; larkers et Seppl Tugela pulp and paper ft to keep cash (if if exceeded a certain amount) mill tn Zululond resumed wort aftar 8appl The first section provides e chronology to arranged a bank guarantee) regarding peyoute of into a special frozan account to ba oponad psnslpn monoy. the 'pensions Issue', the cause of * large at a post office, building society or bonk. number of strikee that heve been reported on Provision was made in one of the Blll'e clauses Following tha industrial council moating In this Issue of »TP, end Is the beckflraund for employers to apply for exemption from the of the eugar Industry, the chairperson of the egelnet which the strong working class resistance Act if it could be shown thet labour unrast council ennounced the appointment of a eub- oust be seen. This resletence has not only been would follow its imp lamentation. comsdttee to deel, on en urgent beele, with to the obvious issue of the money involved, but the l#*ue of the Pensions Sill. The industrial elso to the extremely undemocratic way in which council stated its Intention to requeet tha whole issue hae been handled, by both the 31.06.81 TUCSA came out in aupport of the new Bill 'in principle'. Arthur immediete clarity from goverrmient aa to whether state end employers. As is increasingly the case it intended granting exemptions or not. NUSMRV's with a range af such issues of control over the Grobelear, general secretary of TUC8A, expressed cartaln reservation about tha Bill'a affact on Nslbanoa said that ha was aetisfled with the wortlng lives of people, it is being met industrial council meeting end described the with worter rejection. unemployed workers. He suggested thet provision be made to pay out work are who could not find wort stoppages ee e 'successful and historical work. He stressed thst it waa not corract event for sorters in the Buger Industry'. Workers' demands remained tha aoma: full The section on detentions, trials end to pay out striking workers. * refund of pension contributions, elthough they herasenent of trade unlaniete is not complete • were eetlsfied with Huletts* temporary - by any mesne. Factors of space end incomplete 01.09.81 A major panalona company, Did Mutual, auapansion of contrlbutione end had returned information limits un in what we can report on. welcomed tha Bill as a big atop forward to wort. Work In Progress ie largely dependent on news­ in tha development of adequate peneiona for paper reports for Its motion on labour action, avaryona in South Africa., Ganeral manager of •a, therefore, appeal to our readers, especially the company, 'menus van dan Heaver, amid that tha 03.10.81 The Durban Chamber of Commerce was those in the union movement, to lnfon* us of government wee determined to go ehemd with 'labour action'. reported to be conaidaring plana to preservation of penaiona through the private gat government to ohalve the pension lew enterprise system, ea opposed to e national proposal* for et leest three years. Failing pension fund run by government itself. thla, tha proposal was eade that a cut off point Labour unrest erupted at Hulatte' Amatikulu ba aet to excluda those earning lass than plant, lmmedletely after 250 workers et Mt % R7 000 par annum whioh would than exclude the THE 'PENSION ISSUE' Edgecombe decided to cell off their three dey majority of block wortere frcmi the provisions etrlke. 600 workers downed toole in protest over of the plenned legislation, 27.06.81 Black Allied workers' Union (BA*U) sent the seme issues that had eparksd off tha strike e letter to the Registrar of Financial at the Tongaat Group's food end sugar planta. 05.io.61 A subcommittee of tha Natal Chamber Institutions condemning the proposed new draft Hulatta public relations managsr, Bon of Industries met to decide whet Pensions Bill, pointing out that no attempts Phllllpa, said that the firm was not willing recommendetlone would ba made to tha Registrar had been node by government to find out how to pay out tha penaiona money, but had agreed of Financial Institutions in rasponsa to the worters felt about the proposed changes which tn put it into e trust fund to be administered draft legisletlonp Referring to the etrikee would coee into effect if the Bill wee passed. Jointly by the trade union end management* which had takan place over tha lssua, fl Freekes Other unions elso criticised the proposed Selby Naibanda, secretary of MU6m», said of the Chamber sold '•» believe the matter le Bill: general secretary of the General taking on such important connotations that wa workers' Union (GVU), Dave Lewis, end secretery thet workers rejected the Hulette offer. However, they had ratumed to work on condition that tha nay this week heve to call a generel meeting of of the National Union of Sugar manufscturers memuern directly involved to give then an and ftefining Barkers (NUBUM), Selby Naibanda, union to* up .tha matter with tha lnduatrial court. opportunity to discuss the subcommittee's said that the Bill was unacceptable and would raconeisndations' • lead to unrest If passed. 02.09.81 GOO wortars at Oemall sugar mill atopped wort, but rwturned the next 06.10*81 Tha Federated Chambar of Industries 26.06.81 Draft legislation under the title afternoon. Once more the fear wes expressed issued guidelines to its mmmbere ee 'Preaarvatlon of Pension Interests thet pension contributions were'going to be e short-term response to the mounting labour Bill* *" published in the Government Gazette, frozen by planned government legislation, turmoil* It wee stressed thet black workers. keeping close to the rocommendetlone of a committee see the compulsory tranafar end preservetlon of pensions es 'depriving them of eccess to which hsd reported on tha laaua 18 months 01.10.81 1 100 workers in the Natal auger page 50

savings'. The FCI i^ommended 'meaningful discuss. Tha Bill aas se*p to be 'ill-timed', administration of pension funds and resent having negotiation with employee representatives* • because workers eare earning loe aages and because no control over Investment policies* These representatives should be offered a South Africa has a totally inadequate system of Oelegetea at the seminar concluded that the 'three -ay choice)'* social security for worker-*. new law should not be introduced for three five 1. remain! rg in tha existing pension fund without The meeting condemned the 'undemocratic years to provide for a longer period of being paid out; prectlcea of the majority of state, company preparation for tne Idee of pension preservation. 2* resigning and reclaiming pension contributions and industrial council pension funds', and called with attendant lose of long-term Mnefite; for workers and worker organisations to have 09.10.81 The Registrar of Financial Inatitutlons 3. opting into a savings fund which could yield a the right to withdraw from any pension flee to Durban to aeet a group of Natal a lump sua) payment on resignation. fund without prejudice; employers, who had become increasingly concerned It eas recommended that companies hit by unrest a eccesa to 'all information regarding about tha proposed Bill. A rapresentetive from stresa to earners that the draft Bill may still pension funds'; the Registrar's office steted thet aoikere did be emended and that the industry la negotiating a a say In the rules governing pension funda, not underatand tha contents of the proposed with authorities to have it changed. their day to day operation, investment and legislation and that the strikes revealed the loan policies. work of agitetors. 06*10.81 The Registrar of Financial Institutions The Natal Chamber of Industries end stated that there «ae no possibility 08.10.81 Pension fund representatives opposed representatives of the Chamber of Commerce of the Bill being withdrawn or unduly deferred. several clauses of the draft Bill et held secret meetings with the Registrar of *Xt la going to go through, ee certainly aa I the Associetion of Pension and Provident Funds Financial Inatltutiona end a representative em sitting on ay chair', ha aald to reporters meeting in Johannesburg. Thet approved 'in of the Department of manpower. A spokesperson in an interview in Pretoria, It ees * utter principle' the idee that pensions ehould be from the Chamber of Induatrles said afterwards nonaanee* to suggest that tha government eas preserved. The Registrar of Financial that dlaouasions had been good, but did not having a rethink on lta plan. The Commission Institutions told the meeting that 'there is reveal the nature of these. of Inquiry into the Bill had already aada ita no going beck*. Tha delegates agreed recommendations, and thoae aho had given unanimously that the clause exempting 10.10.81 The Registrar of Financial Xnetitutione evidence had supported the draft legislation. government pension funda from dlacloalng their announced that tha provlaiona of the 'There la more support for the Bill than there finances ehould be dropped. Chairman of the are people against it,' said tha Registrar. Association, Geoff Fauldlng, said that 'ee new draft Pensions Bill would come into effect have torn the Bill to shreds, no* it is for us tltree years after the Bill became law. 'This Ken Hobson, general manager of the Durban to suggeet constructive changes'. means that should legislation be passed in 1982, Chamber of Commerce stated that the Chamber eaa it will bmcome operative only during 196S*. In fact still considering Its comments to One of the moet fiercely contested clauses Employeee mho voluntarily wished to avail the Registrar in the aeice of the recant strikes. of the Bill was draft 15, demanding that themselvaa of tha benefits provided for in the Tao solutions ware being considered - deferment employers operating pension funds publish the Bill would be able to do ao as soon aa It of tha Bill, or ite amendment. He did not position of the fund - together with any deficit - became lew. The concession, according to the expect government to take kindly to deferment, with the company'a annual report. Some funds Registrar, had been made bmcause reaction to ao the best that could be hoped for eaa amendment. evaluate their assets ennually, while others the draft Bill lndlcetad that there was a great Hobeon said the)t e major issue pointed to do this only every five years. deal of uncerteinty existing amongst certain in considering the Bill ams that it had came Southern Life Association also organised' a- groups of employeee. The postponement had been eo soon after tha recommendations of the country-wide aeries of seminars. At one of these, granted in order for the members of funds to tiehahn Commission, and that both employers held in Durban, an executive member of the have the opportunity of becoming more informed and union leaders were still 'playing around Huletta Group said that in the recent work with regard to the benefits of the system* elth union recognition*. stoppages, tha pensions Bill had bean a major Thia announcement aas particularly wall- i factor- The reason for this aas that coloured received by tha Durban Chamber of Commerce 07.iO.Ei Southern Life, one of South Africa's and Indian eortcera generally raoeived wages and the Natal Chamber of Industries, who felt so loe that they used their pension funds that it would help defuse labour unrest and biggest administrators of pension aa 'savings' which they could draw on in times funds announced its Intention to produce a allow for more time to establish a secure of need. While the Bill waa aimed at Job- system of Industrial negotiation. video programme on detaila of the Bill. The hopping workers who cashed in their pension film, to be made in all major efrlcan languages, entitlements when they changed Jobs, It did aas e response to ehat they saw aa government's 13.10.81 Durban trade unions warned that tha 1 not provide adequately for the old age of failure to communicate the 'pro's end con's workers. It aas.clear th*t black workers government'a action in deferring the of the proposed legislation to black workers. viewed the issue differently to ahltee. Short* imp lamentation of the Bill would not on ita own term nemde far outweighed long-term benefits and satisfy workers, and that ehat was needed aas 08. KJ.81 Affiliates of F06ATU in Durban and refunds, end pension contributions warm often full consultation with them. Alec Erwin, Pietermarltibury rejected the Bill necessary for survival during perloda of former secretary of F0SATU, SSld that it would outright, and called for aorkere to have a direct unemployment. be a mistake to believe workers did not aay in tha running of pension funds. This understand the Bill end that all that waa required waa more time to explain the situation resolution eaa adopted by more than 500 workers workers fear they sill lose treck of their and eorker representetlves, and aas put on the to them. 'They understand the Bill....and they frozen contributions, particularly if they change don't accept it'. Me laid the blame for the agenda for the F0BATU centrel committee to Joba often. Black waiters mietruet employers* page 5 - controversy with gflmrrmnt and their lack of aaployara. 8oae industrialists argued that 0«. 11.81 The Deportment of Information aaa conaultatlom this should have bwn dona before tha panalon plan had baan draan up in •ill- reported to have circulated leafleta legislation was drawn up, Erwin euggeeted that conceived heats* and aaa causing genuine in Soeeto entitled *A Pension Is the Thing*, in tha dwfereent period could ba conatructlve If anxiety among blacks. Othara arguad that-It an attempt to curtail growing unraat over tha It aaa uaad to consult with worker organisations. aaa balng uaad as an excuse by militant trade Issue* San Klklna of SAABU suggested that only unione to create labour unraat. Ths president At the bi-annual central cceamittep meeting 'yea men' among trada unione hod been consulted of. PCX said that tha attitude takan by tha trada of F0BATU a resolution aas passed calling on ovar tho Bill* Tha determent aaa a 'tactic* uniona aaa 'shockingly irresponsible'. Thay aara government to withdraw lta propoaed legislation and workers vara asking for thalr pension activated by 'power and political gain* without ao that tha pensions question could ti^ contributions to ba rafundad Irrespective of concern for tha consequences. negotiated with organised labour. There was ahan tha Bill cam. Into affact. Tha FCI council did, hoeever, agree that a call for adequate non-racial state pensions , Certain Transvaal aaployara volcad ocepticlam tha three year delay dltf not solve anything, It was slsc suggested that as the life expectancy as to whether tha deferment would In fact dafuaa and that tha bepic Issue still had to be faced. for blacks was 53, retirement ege ehould ba lowered to B0. labour unraat. 'Slack workers ara so Aftar tha seating, FCI director Arthur suspicious of government lntantlona that I lejmmiond-Tooka stated that tha general policy BEXFSAtook the attitude that thay would doubt ahatharjayan that will help*, said one. eae that pensions and othar fame of remuneration not altar tha rules of the metal industry's should ba negotiated between employer and pension fund*. A leading board member eteted 14.10.81 Tha pension issue continued to cause employee elthout state interference. It aae that S E1FSA supported preservation and believed unraat among workers in Natal industry. suggested that a dletinctlon ba made between a It aaa in tha interests of workers. Tha unraat A Hulstts plant cloaad down aftar ahat aanagaajant panalon fund subject to preservation and a was, ha aald, tha result of a^aundarstendlngs. called a 'partial aorfc stoppage' Involving 300 provident fund ehich aas not. Fork are ehould be employees. This followed tha resignation of able to apt for either. 130 hourly-paid workere. 05.11.81 FCI called for tha Bill to ba scrapped. The exclusion of women fro« the provisions It aaa atated that FCI believed that Durban workere at a atavadoring company of tha 8111 aaa aharply attacked by Rebecca reforms In private pension ichamea could beat ratumad to work aftar management daoldad to Johnson, co-convanor of tha Women's Legal Status be achieved by negotiation between work era repay thee panalon fund contributions. Corneal ttea. and eaployara. Tha chairman of the FCI labour F0SATU leauad a eeaui endue which an a affairs coawdttee said that 'to dafuaa end 15.10.81 flortcara lnvolvad In too Natal sort summary of tha views of shop stewards and normalise the industrial relations situation, atoppagaa made It claar that thay rank and file earn*ership in tha Transvaal. the propoood legislation on tha preservation of Aid not trust tha government (Mar tha Tha "document stated that in spite of postpone­ pensions must ba withdrawn and a fresh start proposad legislation and for that raaaon ment, workers mere still auaplcloua of tha made'. FCI added that It still supported Intended to contlnua rejecting the propoeele* Bill because It 'antranches end extenda a the concept of preservation, but private penelon Tha decision to doan tools and demand eyetea ehich thay knoa la not meeting their reform could ba helped by tha development of e repayment of thalr panalon contrlbutiona aaa neede** Tha Bill had merely brought to a code of pension practices through negotiation not forced on thee by tha uniona but had baan heed long-standing worker grievances over tha between employers, employees and managers of decided upon aftar discussion among themselves. operation of existing penelon schemes. penelon funds with ths absolute minimum of state interference, t 19.10.81 A spokesperson fro* hVletta claimed 23.10.B1 This aaa tha closing date for that eoikere aara balng intimidated to object ions to tha Bill. Officials 08.11*81 The Director of aswpoaar and the strike. Thla aaa aharply danlad by a reported that thay had received 'a growing Registrar of Financial Institutions spokesperson for tha union lnvolvad at thla stream' of comments on tha Bill ahich aara announced that government would not ba going Muletta factory (tha Metal and AUlad fctkers' 'still ccning in thick and fast*, ahead with the BUI. It was hinted that Union). Tha director of tha Plataraaxltzburg legislation on the issue would be introduced Cheat]ir of Induatrlaa Mid that 'On tha basis 01.11.81 Tha director of a large group of of raports racalvad thara ara olaar Indications In tha future but aould not be done without companies in Natal suggested that consultation with all involved. that aoaa intimidation has taken place" . But, the paneione issue 'should have baan left alone ha added, *X don't think tha unraat In until meaningful discussions could have baan Pletaraarltzburg aaa due to intimidation In tha 07.11.81 Tha government rethink aaa welcomed held between eaployara and unione with a vlea by businessmen. The president of the first instance. It aaa probably due to a to coming up with a satisfactory pension echeae. genuine concern by tha black workers. It la Natal Chsjacer of Industries and tha executive sail meaning legislation, to enaure that people Tha deputy managing director of CS Smith director of tha FCI axpraaeed the hope that the gat proper retlnnent benefits. Employers have Ltd aald that 'The ahola theme of tha Vlehahn move would enaure industrial peace. explained to sorters tlaa and tlaa again ahat Comadeaion was self-determination In tha field of Tha general eecretary of 8AAffAJ aald that It lnvolvad, but thay ara coaing up against an labour relations and collective bargaining*. anile ha eelcomed tha eove, the decision did unreasonable and Irrational element ahich demands Tha Bill aas thus seen by many employers not necessarily Imply that worker grlevancea 1 payment now of pension contributions..*... to be premature end ehould be scrapped until had ended. living standards, employment conditions and opportunities have improved to a*point ehere 09.11.81 Strikes Involving 490 worfcara free) 20,10.81 Tha executive council of tha Federated workers no longer need pension money to cushion than against unemployment, llco Homes in Xslplngo, Natal, end ' Chamber of Induatrlaa eat In East London BOO workere at tha SAICC0A will In umkomaaa. ehere strong dlfferancaa of opinion emerged among Pag* 52

broke out. forkers again demanded repayment 14.12.81 SEIFBA announcpd Ha intantion to Bank employees (Durban): A meeting of ? 000 of panaion aonlaa. BAWU'a Sam Klkina hold faca to fata negotiations aith bank employees aaa balng plannad in Durban for raltaratad that the withdrawal of tha SILL all trade unlona in tha atjtal lnduatry - both officlala fro* Standard and Barclay* Banks. did not solve tha problea - both tha building Induatrlal council mawbira and othar - with m Tha aaployaaa were, aaongat othar points, and ataal Industrie* still had a praaarvatlon vlav to changing tha lnduatry'a controversial protesting • "Reef alloaanca of R80 a aonth', clauaa In thalr panalon schemes, panalon fund. Coaainta aara invltad froa tha In artier to keep bank ataff in Johannesburg. respective unlona, to reach tha panalona* (Thia la nearly aa much aa tha full aonthly aaga tO.11.81 Ron Millar, Natal laadar of tha NflP and board by December 31, 1981. of tha conatruction workers discussed in the part/ spokesperson on Manpower raport iaaedlatoly above). Utlllaatlont aald that tha adthdreaal of tha At the meeting tha general eecretary of panalona Bill ahould ba a laaaon to tha SAS80 (Tha SA Society of Bar* Officlala)» governaent that changa In South Africa could HATAL , Andre Melherbe, caaa in for a lot of criticise. only ba implemented if all partlaa aara especially aith regard to tha grading system consulted* African Exploslvee and_ Chawjlcal Industrlee^*" used by the banks. Nearly 1 S00 employees lAESCZJ luatoogintwlnij: On Friday, 4 OeceatoeT\ attended. 10.11.91 FOBATtt-effiliated Hatal and AlUad a strike ovar a demand for panalon funda to bo fJorkera' Union ralaasad a resolution paid out atartad. Initially only tha day ahifta Setter Hoae Builders: A report, baaed on a adopted by tha Transvaal executive atatlng that (between GOO and 800 aorkara) aara lnvolvad, but thay aara joined by tha night shift, bringing tha police statement, eald that aorkara at thia fin thara aaa 'nationwide worker tfiaaatlafaction* had gone on a brief aork atoppage on Monday, with tha eatal industry's group panalon fund, number of atrlkara to cloaa on 1 400 at thia fir*. 16 November. Thay appear to have returned to ona of tha largaat in South Africa. Thay aork on tha earn day (Natal Mercury, 17.11.B1). earned that thara could ba widaspraad labour Thia atrlka folloaad tha freezing by tha unraet on this ieeue. Tha raaolutlon callad atata of tha eorker-rejebted propoaala for tha for a aida ranga of changaa lnoludlng demands For transfer of panalon contributions bataaan Chick's Scrap Matala (Durban): A day-and-*> 'marker control of tha fund'. Jaba. half long strike ovar tha 'panalon issue' ended on Thureday, S Moveatoer. Tha caapany aald Officlala of 8EIFSA engaged in talka with Tha workers daaandad that thalr panaion oontributlona ba paid out without having to that thay had re employed about 9Cftt of the unions not rapraaantad on tha induatrlal 120 workers fired (on 5 November). council. Thay rapartadly told unioniata raaign froa tha Joba thay vara holding at tha AEGCI plant. Tha aorkara had also baan on atrlka ovar that if thair maeajaia aara not aatiaflad with tha unfair di amiseal of a union official. tha panalon praaarvatlon scheme thay could soak Union loadara aara aald to hava mat manage­ legal advica. ment aftar tha atrlka atartad (Star, 08.12.81). It aaa raportad that AESCI atartad taking Croda SA (Prospecton): The entire workforce on a no workforce on Monday, 7 Oacaabar, after (about ^0 worker*) doaned tools on Monday, 13.11.81 Tha chairparaon of tha Aaaociation tha atrlkara had lgnorad « call- to naturo to 2 November. Thia fallowed the non-raeolutlon Of Panalon and Provident Funds in aork. 'Fonaar eorkere' mould hava thair panalona of panalon demande (Metal Mercury, 03.11.81). South Africa aald that tha scrapping of tha paid out, aald aanagaaant. u»ny workers aara Tha aorkara returned tha naxt day, aftar aanagewent praaarvatlon laglalatlon could coat tha tax- •aid to hava ra applied tor thalr Joba. All had refused to pay out thair pension money. payar bllliona of rands - bacauaa panalona vara 1 400 aorkara had baan ra eaplyod, aald a later not balng praiarvad when aorkara raachad old age. SAAau eaa attempting to negotiate in thie raport (ROM, 06.12.81), and aould ba alloaad to dispute. Thay had to raly on atata aaaiatanca funda aat althdraa thalr panalon contribution* (Daily by tha taxpayer, while black eorkere should News, 08.12.8l). have a aay in tha edeinlstration of thair Defy Induetrlee (Durban): (See tha South African tax money, ha fait that tha massive labour Both Tha South African Alliad Markera' Union Labour Bulletin 2,1 (1973) for a diecueeion of (SAAaHJ) and tha CUSA-affUlatad SA Chemical a previous etrike at thia fins). unraat had baan causad by edeonderstandirig"" Vorfcere* Union aara aald to hava baan lnvolvad Mora the* 1 000 aorkara aara lnvolvad in and agitators. at tha A£GCI plant. a peneion dispute in October, Worker* vera A FOBATU organlaar in Piataraaritxburg demanding tha refund of panaion money; aanege aald that bacauaa workers' labour had tear. stent aaa caught by tha aetal induatry'a Induatrlal raaponaibla for producing tha aaalth of tha Alaxandar Haailton Conatnjotlon (Univaraity of Council agreement ehlch does not alloa individual land, a portion of that aaalth ahould ba paid Zululend eite}:On ladnaaday7~9 Saptamber, 60 companies to refund aorkara* panaion aoney. to thaa in tha for* of panalona. Ho atraaaad workers daaandad a pay incraaaa to 80c an hour* Employees have to raaign or die bafora they can that tha panalona laaua had forcad aanagaaant Thay laft tha alta in aufcport of thia demand. drew their panalon contributions. Tha worker* returned to aork tha naxt to coma out fran bahind thalr 'agitator theory* Hopeful observers euggaated that thia and to nagotiata aith worker rapraaantatlvaa. morning, having baan grantad a 19)1 ineraaaa, to 55c an hour! iapaeaa aould encourage big concerne, auch aa % Said Finlay Haailton of tha flra, -Tha Defy, to lobby for an alteration of tha IC ruling. 14.11.81 Tha decision of govarnexent to withdraw ineraaaa aiU bring construction eorkere' At present, neither management nor aorkara are tha Bill aaa haraldad aa an laportant aagaa in Una with tha rvirket aaga*, which, eald to hava room to nagotiata, and ae-iy eaeted victory for eorkere by tha branch aacratary according to thia exploiter, 'irf bataaan SOc houre raault. Thia aould seem to be a caaa there of tha FOBATU-affiliated National Union of and 60c an houf' (Hatal efcrcury, 11.09.8l). tha IC system haa backfirad on aan«geaient. TaxtlXa Workers. In tha meantime, workers aara told to return • to aorit aftar tha three-day atoppage, under tha c*7* 63

It appaars froa raporta that tha stoppages annual Christmas construction end builders * and dissatisfaction continued, laadlng to tha holiday. dismissal of W0 aorkars on Wednesday, 13 Septa* ir. No furthar nees. DEFY© Tha stoppages had involved Geme aorkars at threat of losing their Jobs if they didn't. Defy branches at Vast Streat, 8rickhill Aoed, Trash Grlndrod Cotta Stevedoring (Ourbsn}: On 14 agraad to wake representations to 5EIFSA about Market Gema, and Furniture Game. At Home Octobar aorkars at this firm raturnad to eork thalr daaanda. 1 300 eortere booked in on Improvement Gaaia and Point Aoad earahousa after having been on atrlka. Management had tha allotted day, the fourth day of the atrlka eortere raturnad to eork aftar a brief stoppage. agreed to repay their pension fund contributlone (03.11.81), but rafuaad to »ork. Defy fired thesi It aaa noa atatad that Gaaie did not (Natal Hercury, IS. 10.81). Tha atrlka started and began taking on nee aoiicara. recognise the CCAWU (Natal Mercury, 01.10.61). on 12 Octobar, eith aoae 200 aarly day ahlft workers (Star, 13.10.81). Polica doga and riot pollca vara called in Doobin said that tha atartlng aaga for aan aaa to dieperea tha protaating sorters. Tha aoiicara ftlGO par month, and R125 for somen. than dacidad at a noting not to collect thair Polica aara on standby on Thursday, t Heokel Chemical Works (Proepacton)i Mora than pay and not to accapt dismissal, but to continua October, 'ea a pracautlon against any possible 200 aorkars doened tool a on 19 October ovar a aaga with thair damnda for thair pension fund unraat*. Workers rafusad to accapt tha pay and pension paysient dlapute. Discussions had repayments* SAAWU haa baan rapraaanting than, and did not laava tha premises until forced to bean under aay between aanajeaeWt and represent- according to raporta. do so by polica. Dobbin aaid that altogether ativee of the Chemical Workers'' Induatrial Union (cwiu) for soma months without resolution. Aftar More information la naadad on thia atrlka. 100 dismissed eorkers had raturnad to thair job*. tao daya of striking tha men aara starting to , The ganaral secretary of tha CCNVU, Emma get restless, observed one of tha workers. 6ut E*Pengonl Transport Ltd (Eapanganl)i Vorkere at a report on 2S Octobar did not shoe any sign thia fira atoppad wort on Monday, 21 Oecewcer, Meehinlnl, said that eainagainant had refused to maat alth har. Dobbin replied that thay would of resolution of the conflict (however, another over diaaatlafactlon alth bonuaaa. report (Natal Mercury, 22.10.81) aaid that Frai prasa raporta it appaar* that 229 of only 'consider recognising tha union if thay rsgietorod* (Natal Mercury, 08.10.81). eorkere had raturnad on 21 October). tha sorters aara glvan tha option of R70 or Tha company ie Geryan bat ?0 daya imprisonment after baing found guilty on management had aat a deadline of 7 October tha seae day of 'atrlking illegally* (Section . for re-employment of strikers* However, on 14(1} of tha fliotoua Assemblies Act) (Natfel 14 Octobar It aaa reported (Natal Mercury Hulattfrtss AluminiuAU m (PlatsTaaritxburq): On Mercury, 23.12.61i ROM. 23.12.81). Aftar this 14.10.81) that 40 (52 in another report) of Tuesdaylay, 13 OctobarOctobar,, most of We morning shift tha eortere raturnad to sort* on tha naxt morning. tha dismissed sorters had raturnad, and that went on atrlka ('and lntialdated tha minority all aara being eeraaoed and re employed 1 Tha Transport and general Workers Union ahich triad to clock in , aald tha Daily Neva, 'if thair stories of intialdatlon aound althout quoting anybody or of faring any evidence aald that it aould pay half the"7ine in each feasible*. case. A union apokaaparson said that *tha worker* (14.10.81)). Thia dispute also related to tha had doanad tools althout conaultlng tha union, A Game sorters support committee subsequently 'poneion issue'* and in tarn of an agreement aftiatlng bataaan tha distributed information pamphlets in Durban. Tha atoppaga followed daaanda on tha pravioua union and Empangeni Transport Ltd oartaln drivers It ema reported in November (Poet, 11-14.11.Bl) day for penaion contributions to ba rafundad. of public vahlclas aara not allowed to strike* that tha support coaailttaa aould continua with When management eaid that thia aould only ba (ROM, 23,12.81), » it* campaign to have 90 dlaleeed sorters dona If eorkere resigned, 80 did so (followed by another 007), ehlle 40 raturnad to sort. Ensor Plastics (Prospecton): On febnesday, 28 Tha total sort force (of 1 800) In Piatanaaritxburg le made up of 300 ahitoa, 900 October t 190 worfcsra aant on strlka ovar pensions* Thay aara dismissed. By tha naxt day 35 had Indians, and about 1 000 sfrican eorfcera baan re-employed. Polica aara callad in to %u «hrays win at Gam SSMNM (Dally Neva, 14.K).8t). diaparaa atrlkars (flOV, X.10.81). On •edneedey tha 800 sorters had not raturnad. relnaUted. This ama aftar tha Came manager, By tha naxt day management conplalned of jonn Hopewell, had agraad to saa Earn Ueahlninl 'severe intinldetion and coercion* (quoting tha Gems (Durban): On 28 September (*>ndey) aiora in Johannesburg. She haa since t>mn detained. Daily Nese?) by tha firat sorter* aho had tnen 100 eorkers atoppad work brlafly at tha Orlnekar (Pinatoan): For prevloue atrlka, saa resigned. However, wore than 300 wortera had tsst Street branch of GBM Discount World aat at the Edandela Lay Ecumenical Centra and ovar sag as and union recognition* Management KP 20:46-47, had elected a negotiating team (Soeetan, aat on tha naxt day to considsr recognition About 150 aorkars want on strlka on Tuesday, 16-10,81). of four shop staeerds of tha Commercial» 8 December, ovar the provisions at tha flna'e Catering and Alllied Workers' Union (CCABUSA); Chrietmae party. Thay ware all diealssed tha Managsajent eat a deadline for return to a minimum starting wags of R220 and a ganaral naxt morning for rafueino to meet a return to inoraaaa of B60; and a raquaat that grlavancas work deadline set by management. of 12 workers at snothsr branch ba invaatlgatad Tha amount of drirec at tha party had baan (Daily Newe, 29.09.81]. limited, said management, 'for fear that things Company prasldant, John Dobbin agraad to night get out of hand* (Natal Hercury, 10.12,81). tha demands (or at laaat to investigats them), Workers eented all to ba present ahan tha strike Issue aas dleouesed eith managsmant. of the first ehift on Vonday, 19 Octob axcapt for aaga lncraasas. Vivian litem of tha and said that those aho did not return aould CCMU Mid that tha avaraga aaga aaa RU5. Tha fii» closed a few days aarly for the be taken to have resigned (Natal Uercury, page 54

19.10.81). Later on that day It MI reported Later that day the Ut Edgecombe mill started Natal Sweet Manufacturers (North Coast): that about half tha morning ihift had resumed production, end by the next day ell the mills Indian and african worters went on a two day wort [Daily News, 19.10.81). About ona third were operating once more. strike fallowing a wage dispute in September. (600 worters) were said to have resigned Management had agreed to suspend ell pension During the strike one of the workers was shot (Natal Mercury, 20.10.Bl) - this would b« mora deductions and to continue negotietions on and wounded in the chest. AD Noorgat appeared than half of tha african labour force. refunds. in the Verulam court on charges of attempted 6>- 23 October, 200 of the worters who On 9 December it was reported, (star) murder end illegal possession of a firearm. had resigned had bean re-employed {'selectively*J. that management had agreed to pension refunds Bishop Alpheus Zulu, ax-Anglican Bishop of and that 'several hundred' worters had already Notal Tanning Extract Company (Melwoth): Zululand and now chairperson of tha board of withdrawn their contributions. Huletta' Ron It was reported that on Friday, 9 October, directors of the KwaZulu Development Corporation, Phillips said that it was hoped that after 'hundreds of cane cutters and other agricultural 'agreed to intervene on behalf of worters at discussions the worters 'would decide to return workers1 employed by NTE went on strike at Huletts Aluminium company* (Star, 28.10.81). to the pension fund, * Malmoth (Daily News, 13.10.81). Managing (Or Zulu la also speaker of tha KwaZulu On Friday, 16 October, the Darnell mill director Bill Zellor, who travelled from the Legislative Assembly). cloaad down again when worters stopped wort in firm's Pietermoritxburg head office to Melmoth, On Friday, 30 October, Zulu mat with Hulette support of a demand to have a fellow worker said that while 'some requests.,.were very management. They subsequently agreed to re employ rw-mmployed (RDM, 17.10.81). No further reasonable. ...others, such as extremely high wage enothar 100 workers of tha 217 who had not been information. demands were unacceptable. re-employed et thet stage (G60 had originally On Monday, 12 October, they were Joined been fired). This seating followed tha failure by workers from the extract factory, bringing by the Metal and Allied Vorfcere* Union (MAVU) about 1 000 NTE worters out on strike. to gat tha worters re-employed [Natal Mercury, Worters were aald to be returning slowly 31.10.81). Those not re employed included nearly by Tuesday. 75 worters arrested by police on •11 of the 30 membere of tha IftWJ's atemrlng Tuesday appeared in court and were fined R100 committee - so much for divine intervention. Ilco Homes (Natal): Sea MP 20:47for previous (or threw months) on the same day 'for holding references to this by now notorious 'in. an unlawful meeting'. Huletts Sugar Mills: 6ea «P 20:47 for previous On Monday, 9 November, Ilco managing director AJ Mmphalala, an organiser with the coverage. Also tha article in the South African fired the entire work force of 450 at the National Federation of Barters (NFW), said that Labour Bulletin 6,6, dealing with sugar mill Isipingo site. This followed demands that strikers were demanding RS a day for labourers, worters. pensions be refunded. R12 a day for* those employed in the workshop, On Thursday, 1 October, labour unrest returned It appears from press reports (eg Star, and R125 a weak for drivers. to the giant Huletts -company. Three of their 12.11.61) that the worters hod been on strike On Wednesday, 14 October, the strike and ware given a 30 minute deadline on Monday mills, including one at Amatikulu (tha largest 1 ended, with the company having rejected the in the company) stopped wort whan some 1 100 ('29 minutes too long , said Ilea's Dammars). 'extremely high wage demands' (Dally News, workera demanded pension rafunde and Dammars said that this opportunity would 14.10.81). downed toola - the other mills affected ware be used to weed out SO 'troublemakers*, as he those at Ht Edgecombe and at Darnell). At had disbanded the worters' committee after tha Na_tg_l^gj.qndboukorpqrasla (wasbenk): Another Falixton shop stewards (of tha National Union strike in July. He said that dismissals were indication of the extreme poverty that narks of Sugar manufacturers and Refining Employees tha most effective way of dealing with strikers. the condition of worters in rural and small-- * NU8MRE) ware meeting with manegement. Sam Klklne of SAAftU [now in detention) town areas, ia tha strike by about 30 women ' aald thet he hoped to hold talka with Demmers. Huletta refused to refund pensions, saying 'pickers' (cleaning seed by picking out By 13 November Ilco was taking on new worters foreign items and malformed seed) et the that they would keep those funds in a truat until (Star, 13.11.81). tha state*a intentions had bean clarified. NLK. Under 'normal' circumstances tha On Monday, 5 October, tha Falixton mill shut precarious Job position of such worters would down, bringing tha total number of Huletts wort International_Hpryestar (Pietermaritzburg): effectively wipe out any chance of strikes. worters involved to about 2 000. This left only About 400 workers went on strike on 31 August in The women stopped work during the week of the Empangeni mill functioning. support of e request for a 30% pay rise to 1 October, and returned early the next weak, offset tha increase in the cost of living in the A sub-committee of tha Industrial Council In support of a wage demand after bus fares in area. They agreed to return to wort after the area had gone up. for the industry was said to be deadlocked management had offered a 20Jl rise for ell workers on the issue of pension refunds. who had not had an increase during the past year. Grain depot manager, J »olfaardt, said that The Chamber of Commerce In Natal was now, This was on 2 September. the women had returned 'on our tetms' (Deily in desperation, calling for a three-year News, 07.10.61). suspension of the proposed pension legislation. The Metal and Allied Worters* Union ; On Wednesday, 7 October, dOO workers at negotiated for them initially, but management National Cooperative Oairies (NCO) (wool River): tha Huletts refinery in Durban want on strike refused to recognise this union* so the 60 workera at NCO were dismissed after being on over the same issue, effectively putting all workers had appointed a six-person committee. strike for one day. 1 100' workers at the plent out of wort (Star, It is indicative of police interference that Apparently the strike started when 21 07.10.81). On this soma morning the NUSMRE in this particular strike the reporter saw worters refused to wort Overtime unless they was to report back to workers et ell the plants. fit to comment on the absence of police were paid overtimw rates. They were dismissed. harassment* page 55

On Friday, 11 December, they were Joined by a light cane before the Supreme Court In Pieter- the other workers after a workers' committee merltrburg, on review, hmd eat the sentence aside. had unsuccessfully called for their reinstatement, M, SANDOCK AUSTRAL On 16 November 300 shift workers refused eaid the Seeet, Food and Allied workers' UYrton to etert aork, once more related to the pension (Star, 16.12.61). i^—*\ a member of the Gencor Group issue. No further information. Sandock Austral (Durban): It appears that at Both SAMU and the PVAwU apparently have IShOO on 21 October about 800 workers stopped membera at the mill. Ninlan Lester (Pinetown)i An unknown number work to ehow their diasatlefaction with certain No further information. of workers at this textile fira returned aspects of their pension fund. after one day (Uondey, 2 Novembmr) after Manager AJ Kruger aald that it erne not e Tonpmet Town Board: The entire efrican workforce management had rafusad to meet e wage demand. atrlke« but merely 'negotiation*• with part of employed in the Tongaat Town Board's electricity the work force. department (X eorkere, Inter Joined by ebout Reckltt and Colman (llobeni, Ourben): workers The stoppage continued the next dey. No 140 workers from other departmente) went on returned on Monday. 2 November. Thia followed further information. strike on Thursday, 22 October (thm firet 30 a atrike by 700 (400 in another report) eorkere want on atrike on Wednesday), They were during the previous week over a penalon dispute South African Stevedores Company (Sassco) (Durten): protesting at the unfelr treatment by a white with manmgemant (Natal Mercury. 03.11.81). The On Monday, 28 September, nearly 1 000 stevedores foramen (demanding his dismissal), and also the strike appears (from reports) to have started (employed by this, the largest, eteve^orino refund of pension contributions. on ftednesdey, 26 October. company in Ourben) emnt on atrike. The next day the town clerk, VB Perkhouse llanagement eaid that they had no idee of said that a 'number of striking eorkere* hmd Rhs-em SA (lalpingo): 90 eorkere at this metal what the strike wee about, even aftar the workers been dismissed. containers firm want on atrike on Friday, had eoreed to return to work the next dey - It eaa reported thmt half of the Tongaat 6 November, over pension*, 6y Uondey the while nmgotiatione with a workers' committee Town Board *a african labour force erne peld off firm's deadline had paaaad and 27 sorters eee in progress. wilaon Sldina, national on Uondey, 28.October (173 workers). Police ears dismissed (Star, 09.11,81). organiser of the General forfcera* Union (GWU), were present. representing stevedoree in moet South African Ridge View Quarry (Cato manor): On Uondey, 12 ports, said that workers mere unhappy with umzlnto Worth Town Board: 70 labourere went on October, eorkere at the Quarry stopped work. 'management's attitude to the works committee' a brief etrike on the morning of Uondey, 19 By the next day they had resumed wort (Natal and with amgee. The FOBATU-affiliated Transport October. They returned to eork after officiala mercury, 14.10.81). and General workers' Union is also said to be of thm Department of manpower had maid that thmy competing for memoere in the docks in Durban mould take up the workers1 case. The officials, Saiccor (umkomeae): A 'pension-related dlepute1 * (Natal Mercury, 29.09.81).. along with worker representative, Gilbert occurrmd at thia rayon pulp firm durimg marly Eleven ahlps had been tied up by the strike. Mkadi. met with thm umzlnto Town Board officiale. November - starting on 6 November {Star, 09.11.81) mVadl aald afterwards thmt the Board hmd been On 11 November it mas reported that the atrike, Smppi (mmndlnl)i On Vadneeday. X September, given 48 hours to upgrade mages. involving about 700 workers, was continuing, workers (one report said 1 660) downed tools workers were earning from R76 - R1S0 m with mortars demanding pey-out of their In support of e demand to have their panalon month, and were granted e R20 a month ecrose* pension contributions. contributions refunded. the-board increase. It ia not poaaible, here, Riot police ueed taargas on about 400 The F06ATU-affiliated Paper, wood and Allied to enter into the whole compmx lseue of the workers on the first day of the atrike. 0V Workers' Union, entered into negotiations with relationship between Provinciel Authorities, Talnton, managing director, parroted the management. the UTB, end thm stats. 'agitator thesis'* To his/her credit the General menmger, Bernard Chmmberlln, said Metal Mercury reporter maid thett that ai'rang amenta had been mede with e bank Zinkwasi Caravan Park (North Coaat): The During the day the Mercury hmd seen no to have R',5-m ready to pay out pensioner if 44 workers at thia caravan park who went on etrike evidence of agitation and all the workers should resign or be fired. on Saturday, 31 October, over the dismissal of workers spoken to hmd understood the By the next morning workers had returned, two fellow-workers, mere errested by police on pension fund Issue (07.11.81). an the understanding that nmgotiatione would Tuesday, 3 November - for trespassing* continue over fears that their contribution* T6 Kumelo, general secretary of the Saeko Bakery (mwlmcth): An unknown number of would be frozen, workers alao objected to African Allied Workers' Union, eaid that workers police presence at the mill. workers stopped wort et middey on 9 October. would be bailed out [Daily Newe, 04.11,61)* management maa aald to have agreed to work mmttheee Ollphant, secretary of the On 26 November, 43 eorkere appeared in NFW said that it erne over no overtime pay, on the pensions issue, and not to fire any court for the flret time. The caee maa compensation far injury, protective clothing, workers who had been on strike (Star, 01.10.81). remanded to 13 January, when it was again and recognition of the NFw-affiliated Sappi was also indirectly in the news at adjourned to 25 January, becauae one of the Nationel Commercial Distributors Barkers' the beginning of October ehen a nine year old accused wee drunk. Union. african child was found guilty In the Howick Management denied that a atoppmge had magistrate's court of starting a fire that Zululand Food Producers (Richards Bayji extensively demaged Smppi plantations and seven taken pleca. ferae. The child ems given four etrcjcee with Another case of extreme labour exploltetion has besn exposed through the strike at thia fira. page 56

On Friday, 4 December, shop stewards of the and an elected worker council. Rimwxira were fired later (ROM. ld.01.82). Four who were FOSATU-effiliated Sweet, Food and Allied circulating that management was. proposing sacked were accused of rushing to the union Workers* Union (SFA»u) demanded en increase in ridiculously low increases. end being Instigators of the strike minimum wages for the workers from 22c to R1 On Friday riot police entered the plant. (Sowetan, 19.01.82). • en hour. No incidents were reported. That day the new SFA*'s general secretary, Maggie Uagiibane, increases, which would push up BMW's minimum said that a report-beck meeting was broken up wage from R1,80 to R2,10 and hour, were *£>CDBRH by on armed management representative. announced, and some workers returned to work. Workers ear* locked out and dismissed. By Monday, ell 1 300 workers were back at work. ^W EfifflUSIll A40I Cobra Srassware (Luipaardsvlei, Vest flend): Workers returned on Monday, 7 December, For background, see VIP 20:42-3. but walked out when management offered to Bofesburg Foundry: 16d workers downed tools. 13 workers, dismissed after the etrike re-hire all except the eight shop stewards. Management warned that if they did not return at Cobra Bressware* appeared in tha Krugarsdorp they would be paid off (Oaily News, 06.10.81). At this stage, the 370 workers at the magistrates1 court charged with incitement to No further news. canning factory were demanding the recognition strike under the Industrial Conciliation Act of the SFAwU, the reinstatement of the shop (Star, 03.10.81). They were acquitted on stewards, and negotiations on their wage demands Bowthorpa-Htallcrmann^Qautsrh: A dispute involving 14 January, 1962 (Star, 15.01.82). (Star, 06.13.81). wage demands occurred at B-H-0 on 7 Management offered 'selective ra-employeent' October, 1981 (Star, 07.10.81). Crescent Pottery (Krugarsdorp): More than 40 until Monday, 14 December and a 3c an hour t workers want on strike in protest against tha increase on the minimus (of 82c en hour) Captain Darwgo (Johannesburg): On 21 September dismissal of a union shop steward on 4 December, (Star, 10.12.81). :0 employees of Captain Dorego's (fast fried 1981. Management fired them and said they white school children were soon brought fish), Marshall Street, struck after R5 had would re—employ selected workers* in as scabs (also sea Triomf strike in this been deducted frcwi their pay pockets. Tha workers have all decided not to return issue). Meanwhile the International Lkiion of According to a Captain Oorego spokesperson, unlees the shop steward is taken back and they Food and Allied Workers' Associations (GO workers get an extra AS winter bonus, because are all reinstated (RDM, 06.12.81). affiliates with about 2-alllion members) winter is their busiest period. Once spring called on ZFP to reinstate the workers and to coses, they forfeit this bonus. 0 & H Quarries (Johannesburg): An employee negotiate (Star, 11.12.6l). After talks between the union and of 0 & H Quarries was fired for being on active management, it was egrwed to pay the woiicers It was later reported that talks between member of a registered, TUCSA-affiliated union, their 'winter bonus * throughout the year - the 8FAWU and management were deadlocked over the African Transport Workers' Union. The the Industrial Council agreement states that the re employment of e shop steward (Star, 16.12 employee, Lawrence, Segale, is trying to lay bonuses of this kind must be treated as wages. (Star, 16.12.81). a charge of victimisation againat tho fin. The workers accepted the settlement and returned On 22 December, workers returned 'to ensure It appears that the union haa been unwilling to work^. the union had access to negotiations with to help him (RDM, 11.12.81). 1 management next month (sold the union) This strike revealed some interesting (Star, 23.12.81). All but Israel Myeni, worker- functions of the industrial council system in elected chief shop steward, wham the firm South Africa. Emma Moshinini, general refused to take back, had gone to work secretary of CCAWU6A, accused the industrial DATS UN (Daily New?, 29.12,81). council far the trade of recruiting scab labour No further news available. far strike-hit shops- 'What gives them the right ^to take sides in a strike by recruiting Datson-Nissan (Pretoria): 200 workers werw dismissed ot this car plant. The dismissals strike-toreekere?* (RDM, 24.09.81). follow a similar retrenchment of 507 workers while tha chairperson (D Michos) of TRANSVAJL at the Sigma Motor Corporation. However, this Industrial council denied the accusation, Oatsun does not possess an equivalent Allenweet - G£ Manufacturing (Benoni): he did reveal that it was '"a normal function benefit scheme. About 150 workers downed tools on 23 November of the council11 to put employers who needed demanding that bonuses be linked to the labour in touch with work seekers'. Management claims that they prepare for A cempeny's wage rates. They were rejecting the the -J% of the workforce which usually does system laid down in the Mtal industry's Contract Packaging Ccwipany; About 30 workers not return to the company after the end of Industrial Council agreement. Management employed by the company were sacked on 11 January. year break by taking on extra workers. Jhie refused to accede to demands made by MAWU The company hod failed to pay them on Friday, year more workers came back than were expected, shop stewards. Workers returned to work the and when they demanded thalr wages on the and the workforce had to be 'pruned* (ROM, following day. following Monday, they were dismissed. 09.01.82; 5owetan, 12.01.82). The workers complained that they did not The state of. and retrenchments within, BttJF (Pretoria): At tha BMS car plant in Rosslyn, get fringe benefits, were subjected to insults the motor lnduatry will hopefully be looked at about 1 300 hourly paid workers struck on from white employees, and were paid poor wages in a Tuture edition of WP. It Is to ba Thursday, 19 November, o\zsr the wage increases (Sowetan, 12.01.82). expected that the South African motor industry will ba affected by. the world slump in that, proposed for 1982. Wage talks had been In The cempany agreod to re-employ all except industry. progress during the past week between management two of the striking workers. Two more were '.. page 5?

Federated Timbers (Witbenk): 218 workers struck worker and decided to continue with their and demanded a 23% Increase in their minimum strike (Sowetan, 02.10.61). wages. It is not clear whan they returned •-' No further news. * JL to work (Star, 16.10.61). Johnson Tiles (Olifantsfonteln): For background Femco (6rita): About 600 workers went on etrlke infarction, sea *IP ?0:43, on 12 January 1962 in proteat against the The 300 striking workers at Johnson Tiles Oorpyl Railway Products (Boksburg): 400 metal retrenchment of eight#of their colleagues. applied for re employment at the factory on •orkers at this firm want on strike on 28 The UAWU says that all eight, as wall as over 13 Octobar and were told that they could not September, 1961. Voricara demanded a GOc 400 of the workers, are union members. be ra employed as there were no more vacancies. across -the-board Increase in their hourly wage. The company originally fired the workers, Most of the vacancies were said to have bean The demand was first raised by UAWU shop but after negotiating with UAfU agreed to take filled while the workers were on strike. stewards, but was turned down. Management them back with the exception of the retrenched Most of the workers who live in the aoraad to reopen negotiations on the next day workers (ROW. 13.01.62). bentustans decldad to go back home. Those who with union officiate and shop stewards, and On 14 Jenuary the company retrenched another qualified to atay and work in the area went the strikers returned to work (Star, 29.09.61). 10 workers. According to UAWU, these 10 were to the labour bureau in Kempton Park and were all semi-skilled labourers and union members told that they were Still needed at Johnson Edgars warehouse {Johannesburg): About 350 who had been recruiting for UAWU. Tiles. At the firwi they were told that therw workers went on strike on 10 December • The The retrenched workers were only given were no vacancies. workers demanded; the reinstatement of three one days notice. UAWU is taking the matter up i of their colleagues; recognition of their trade with the Industrial Council for the Engineering LGF Uettwr (8oksburg): iffortcers protesting union; the transfer of a white supervisor Industry. Feaco workers also met and decided against the dismissal of some of their to another department; non-victiaiaation and to »*nd a delegation to management (Star, colleagues struck for two houra at LGF Uetter payment of their full salaries while on strike 19.01.62). (ROM, 07.10.81). (SowjUn, 11.12.61).

Talks between management and the Commercial* Hallt Longmore and Company (Wedeville): A Lit sweater (madsvilla): ' 22 workers were fired Petering and Allied Workers* Union were held and dispute at this firm was settled on 23 November. after demands for a R2 an hour minimum wage - the company agreed to re-wxaatlne the" About 600 sorters had been on atrike for two the firm offered a 10c increase. A spokesperson dismissals* The Edgardale warehouse was days while UAWU shop stewards negotiated the for UAWU said that management had failed to closed down aa a result of the stoppage. reinstatement of a worker fired after a Quarrel reach agreement with the shop stewarde and by On 14 December the workers returned to their with a white foreman (Star, 24.11.61). not calling in union offlciala had violated Jobs (Star, 14.12.61). their agreement. About 20 workers were Edgars signed a 'partial* recognition Hartleyvale factory (Bokeburg): In Oecsnber the employed to replace those sacked (Sowetan, 27.10.81). agreement with CCAVUGA (Sowetanr 16.12.61). company broke an agreement with workers over late night shift work. Some workers who UA*U has referred the incident to the Electric Centre (Ooomfonteln): Five workers refused to mark their shift were fired. On Industrial Council for the metal industry. were dismissed for incompetence. Ten others 13 January workers staged a strike which lasted If a matter can't be resolved at thia level,- it la walked out In sympathy and were subsequently two days. The company reported on 15 January rwfarrmd to the Induatrlal Court (Star, 10.11-81). dismissed. They complained that management that mil workers had either returned or been This issua was not settled by the Industrial arbitrarily hired and fired workers rwplacad (R0U, 16.01.62). Council, and was passed on to the Induatrlal (Star, 02.10.81). Court on 8 December. The hearing data haa been No further news. H Lewis and Company (Kempton Park); Trouble set for lata January. started at the factory in about early August Amongst ths issues to be raised will be the sctrolltlc Metal Corporation (l%st fland): when the African Food and Canning Workers' dlamlaaal of workers during wage talks in order S 20 October, 1961, acre than 140 workers at Union (tfCWU) began organising there. Some to thwart the negotiating process, the refusal the EIC were fired. They had downed tools in wortcers ware fired and mattare came to e head to negotiate with a union which was representative proteet against the state's pension bills. when workers felt that their colleagues were and with which the company had agreed previously When management was Informed that the being victimised for Joining the union. to negotiate, end the imposition of employment workers did not like the new pension scheme When a time clerk was fired for allegedly practices which deprived workers of common law they told the workers that their wages would forging his clock card, more than 560 workere rights. be increased. An increase of R1 an hour was struck in support of him. demanded, but management felt that thia was It was aleo argued that the company had The workers called their union to solvw failed to comply with its employment codes In too high. Some workers decided to strike, while their dispute, but management would only have some returned to work. The strikers were dismissing the workers. talks if the workers returned to work. The case will ba a crucial teat of whether locked out. All those who had not bean permitted Management threatened to fire then if they to enter ware asked whether they ware on strike employers arm bound by their own induatrlal did not return by 08h00 on 1 October. The relatione procedures. It may also establish as or not. Those who decided to strike vera workers ignored this deadline end were fired. fired (Sowetan, 20.10.61). an 'unfair labour practice* any unilateral HQ further news. At a meeting in Tambisa on 1 October the change in employment conditions which workers pledged solidarity with the dismissed prejudice existing worker rights, and may also pag* 58

decide whether unfair dismissal falls within See* Uetele (Wadeville): A dispute arose at and employers on retrenchment procedures, which the local definition 'unfair' labour practice the Anglo-American fint dua to tha dismissal have already been Included In many recognition (Star, 09,12.81). of an afrlcan worker who had ellegedly assaulted agreements. As at Sigma, the union will insist a white worker who hod verbally abused him. on some form of severance pay or an unemployment National Spring ManufacturerB (wadeville): 2 000 workers went an strife** They returned benefit (ROM, 13.01.82). 300 workers struck for t«o flays ovsr tht to work when the management agreed to re-employ dismissal of two colleagues. They returned the efrlcan worker and give him the same Swteerpoort farmworkers (Pretorle area): to work elthough the sacked -o-aorkara had not punishment ee the white worker (ROM, 23.09.8l). About 40 contract workers - soms of them aged been re-hired (ROM, 22.09.61). between 12 and 14 -> stopped worked on. a farm Sigma (Pretoria): For previous information on at Sfceerpoart on Monday, 21 Oecember. They Plgott Masks* and Company (East Rand); Pigott strike action at Sigma' see WIP 19:54 G 50, and had been premised their pay that day end had lis skew withdrew recognition of the Chemical information on Sigma in'WlP 20:45. not racaived it. Furthemore, they had beep Workers' Industrial Union following two recent At tha Inquest of "Paulus Mehlangu, who was promised between R25 end R40 per month, end had strikes over wages by 450 workers. 20 shot dead on 15 April during the Sigma strike, to date only received a portion of their strikers were dismissed (Star, 17.11.81). the magistrate found no one responsibls for wages (RDM, 23.12.61). Ha furthar news. Ho further information. his deeth (R0Ut 17,10.81). In early Januery Sigma Corporation Pipgfcor (Ptv) Ltd (Krugsrsdorp): 300 workers retrenched 507 workers and temporarily laid 5 tame or (Boksburg North): 70 workers went on et Pipekor Ltd downed tools over the 'pension off 346. The reeson given was the Introduction striks on 6 October demanding higher wages. Issue*. The workers decided to return to work of more modern engineering techniques. Sigma F0SATU says that management Is refusing to after a meeting between management and the hes, therefore, hod to reduce the size of Its negotlata (RDM, 07.10.81). Managing director industrial council had been convened (Soweten. labour force (ROM, 06.01.82). John Rohman» confirmed Wat thare had been e 06,11.81). The National Automobile And Allied Workers' 'minor stoppage' at the firm and that certain Union (MAAWU) end Sigma agreed that Sigma would workers' weges had been increased (ROM, 08.10.81). Plus Insurance Brokers (Johannesburg)t On pay the workers supplementary unemployment Monday, 16 *tove-iber, B employees went on strike. paymente of 70)1 of their normal wages. They Telephone Manufacturers of South Africa (TMSA) They demanded a 50% wege increase which was would also receive retrenchment pey of between (5Prings): Three workers were fired at TMSA an refused. On Tuesday a meeting between management one and three months of tnelr regular pay 1 October for ellegedly playing cards during and the workers ended in deadlock. The workere (Stir, 06.01.82). working hours. About 1 500 workers who went on decided to ignore a deadline and resign Workers who were worried that they would strike In their support were dismissed. TMSA (Bowetan, MMIJHj* _ loee their official Unemployment Insurance refused to meat with MAeU, but wee prepared to Fund money mere reassured that this would not negotlata only with tha Radio and TV Workers' Union, and the TUCSA-affilleted Radio, Television, Poolqulp (Wynburg): For beckground information bo the cete. They could still claim UIF benefits. Electronic and Allied Workers* Union. see «P 20:45, Sigma and NAAfflJ ware trying to place workers F06ATU advleed the five workers to return in new Jobs and have found employment for On 13 October, nine TM6A workere eppeared in to the firm while they talked to menagement. 50 (RDM, 12.01.82). At Signs, KAAWU end the court In Kwo Them* charged with assault. Bail When the workers arrived at the firm they were company have e written agreement over was granted. At the trial two fellow workers were pmld off (Someten, 24.09.8l)* severance pey for retrenched workere. With' arrested (Star, 14.10.61), the recession expected later In the year the Police interference throughout the strike lasue of retrenchments or* likely to become was blatantly obvious. The riot squad appeared Power Steel (Wadeville): Wore than 900 sorters more common. went on strike on 25 September efter a colleague during tha second morning and a number of workers had been unfairly dismissed. They returned NAAWU have already stated that it la claimed that they were assaulted. All public to work on 26 September. committed to fighting lay-offs. The union *>- meetlnge in the Springs araa were banned for the weekend 10-12 October, and at least five says that its demand will be that workere go workers were arrested. F05ATU had organised Rely Precision Casting (Boksburg): For on to short time rather tnan ba ratranched. e meeting to discuss the strike, and claimed that background, see VIP 13:44 and WIP 14:49, An employer source says that laiye companies TMSA was co-operating 'hand in glove' with the 40 woikers are suing the minister of Police will opt for lay-offa. Short time led to worker police to keep *a democratic union out of the for a total of R6G 000. The workere allege resentment because ell workers suffered e drop fectory". that thay were beaten up by police efter being in pey* Sams employers believed that it wss arrested for striking at Rely in May 1960. this that contributed to strikes in tha lata TMSA rehired all but about 200 of the striking 1 The case was heard in the Boksburg magistrates 1970s and early 1980s. They would prefer to workers (ROM, 29.10.61). court and is continuing (ROW, 15.01.82), penalise only a saction of the workforce. The unions! however, prefer e drop in Toyota (Sandton): Four men appeared in the Salcast (Benonl): At thie firm, 444 employees wagss to a situation where large numbers of Johannesburg regional court on 5 October, struck on 2 November because of problems workers have no Jobs at all. charged with trying to prevent workers from going encountered with a white supervisor. Ths If work has to ba cat back, NAAWU wonts back to work during a stoppage at Toyota In workers demanded that tha supervisor be fired. consultation with worker* on wayeof avoiding January (sea WIP 19:53 for previous referencee). About 2X decided to stay end 188 resigned retrenchment - such as JuffQllng staff through Unionists were delighted when they ware ecqultted (Soweten, 03.11.81). short time. It eants agreement between unions (Star, 08.10.81). EASTERN CAPE Clekel Central Intalllgence Servlcae and sent to Absrdere Cablae (Port Elizabeth): Workers Dunlop. Generel Saba, head of the CCIS, said downed tools on 26 October. The strike that the Ciekeien authorltiea had becawe involved occurred because e fellow worker had been becausa the lesson he had loomed after the 4E? ill son-flown trew strike hod eunk in. He said that dismissed (Soeotan, 29.10,81). Trlomf Fertilisers (Oiloorkop): 500 contract many of thoso workera hod taken jobs at Car No further newe. workers went on strlka at the plant on 2 Octobar. Distributors Aasamby (COA, see above) and that Thay -are objecting to the fact that they had management hod boon unaware that they hod lost African Hide and Trading (PE); Tha antlra african to contribute to tha administration of a social their previous Jobs over e atrike. What followed labour force was disroisswd after thay went on club ahan thay were dissatisfied aith thair eae a atrika at COA, reasoned Sabe. Induatriol- atrike on 2 November (Tronevaler, 03.11.81), September aagaa (TOM, 05.10.81). lata began to realise the rmmi for ocreonlng No further news. (Star, 10.11.81). Tha SA Chemical Workers' Union (BACWu) cleima • No furthar news. that compeny officlala arrived at tha hoatala ApplwtiBer (Grabouw): ' Workers at the factory and foread workere on to lorries, took them to struck on.19 October whan their demands for tha plant whara thay vara farced to coll act a pay increases ware not met. Appletlser began Epol (EL)i 283 workers struck, demanding that thair pay. Aftar that sow* vara told to start negotiationa with the Food and Canning Workers' thair pension contributions be paid out to them. working and others told to go back to tha Union (Sowatan, 21.10.81). After negotiations with tho African Food end •httwelonds'. Company officlala danlad thia No furthar news. Canning Workere Union (AFCWU) the company agraed (ROal, 08.10.61). to refund the workers' contributiono. However, they would have to raalgn and ba re employed. Schoolboy scab labour was alto uaad in thia COA Mercedes (East London): 2 600 workers went Tho workera agreed and called off the etrike etrike. on strike in marly October. It was the third (ROW, 09.10.81). etrike in leaa than e week. After talks with United Tobacco Company (Industrie): 26 aorkara management, the National Union of Uotor Assembly * ot UTC who refused to Join tha TUCSA-affiliatad and Rubber Workers urged workers to return. Thsy Falte* Foam (P£): About 400 workwrs downed African Tobacco Workers' Union vara firad on agreed but etoppagea in some departments within tools on £0 October, They wore demanding their 15 Octobar (Star, 13,10-61)- tha plant continued. pension contributions, Us naga me n t had told them that thay would have to realgn fro* thair Jobs The major complaint by tha workera wae the before they could be paid out (ROM, 21.10.81). unltad Transport Holdings (Uiddelburg): A work dismissal of a fallow worker. Officials of tha stoppage occurred on 23 December. Workers NUUAAW had talks with management, and although They returned to work the following morning, claimed thay had not been given their Christmas all the grievances had not been met by 8 October ponding talks between management end tho Uotor bonuses. The drivers stopped work whan talks it eae reported that there wae a full turnout at Assemblers and Component Workers' Union betwaan their liaison committee end management tha plant (Natal Witneas, 06.10.8l). (wMCVUSA) (Star, 21.10.81). reached deadlock. (No further news) (ROM. 2d,12.81). On Octobar 23, 296 workwrs want on etrike, but^returned to work after tha waekmnd. The Hodgwtte Tlmbara (EL): Workera at thia firm want atrike was in support of a warkwr who had bean on atrike over an attendance bonus on 9 November. Vael Transport Ctiepanyi Workera at Veal dismissed, Aftar further talks batween tha They told management that a bonua baaed on Trenaport struck in early December over a pay MMAflw and COA it was decided that tha man's punctuality and attandanca waa unacceptable end dispute. Police were called in, savaral work had not been eetlsfectory. ahould rather be incorporated into the boslc drivers ware allegadly assaulted, and arrests ware weekly •age. Thia was refused. Management made. Many ware released» while some tan bue reported that about 89)1 of tha workers had boon Derby1 (Uitenhags): For previous coverage drivers appeared in the Veresnlging magistrate's re-amployed (Star, 16.10.81). see WIP 19 and WIP 20s90. court charged with engaging in on illegal atrika and holding an illegal gathering (RDM, 09.12,81). Five workers were found guilty of public violence in the Ultenhage magistrate's court Imperial Cold Storage (Addo): At 1CS 300 aorkers CCAWUSA agreed to help tha workera with on 3 December. The chergea related to incldante settled for en 80c on hour wage agreement. They lwgal coats end ball aftar tha Transport and of Intimidation and assault and stone throwing originally asked for R1 (8tar, 16.10.81). Allied workers' Union (TAWu) had refused (?). during tha labour unrest et Dorbyl componente. A week later the company entered into a Throe af the workera were fined R400 each along Johnson and Jonnson (EL): An alleged unfair preliminary recognition agreement with TAWU with auspandad aantancaa, one wee fined fl60t dismissal led to e etrike by about 600 workera. (FejH, 10.12.81). and the other two were sentenced to teo year's Uenagemont alleges that tho dismissed workwr jail with ona year suspended. stole e toilet (R0U, 17.10.81). ( Vlljoen's Transport (eadevllle); Workers who GAAVU officlala met with monagomant, who struck at this firm in mid Octobwr over wages Ounlop Flooring (EL): In early November workers agraed to institute an appeal committee to * ^ ware sacked. The firm had not paid leave pay et Dunlop Flooring went on strike because they investigate tha case, provided the workwrs, for 12 yeare. Workers whose contracts were had discovered that thay would not receive their returned to work. Sloe NJlkalana, vies expiring soon were demanding payment. They pensions efter the Clskel became •indapendant* president of SAAWU said that ha would convoy returned to work after Department of Manpower (Star, 16.11.61). # tha matter to tha workwrs, but that tho union officials told then that action would ba takan could not decide for them (Sowetan, 19.10.81). within two waeks (ROM, 17,10.81). Tha Clakalan euthorltlee esslsted with the recruitment of replecement labour. Mora than Tha workwrs dacldwd not to ratum to work 150 Job seekers had been screened by the until the compeny hod reinstated tho dismissed pegs 60

worker. A week efter the strike began management management had broken an undertaking to re-employ the dismissal of a colleague. Three days later, threatened to dismiss the workers if they did these 14 workers as vacancies arose. on 16 November, they were paid out, and a spokes­ not return to work. Furthermore, the/ threatened A settlement mas reached between Table Top person for the company said that the etrlkers to declare their recognition of &AAVU null and and the Food and Canning Workers1 Union, Table were no longer regarded as employees. void if this did not happen. Top undertook to re-engagtj x of the. 220 dismissed The dismissed worker, e General Honkers* At a maea meeting SAAITU officlela recommended workers before the end of the month, and the Union member, eaa fired for being late. Teo a return to work. The morkers agreed, pending rest as vacancies aroaa (Star, 20621-11.81). other men, members of the recognised TUCSA- negotiations between management and the union, affiliated union had not been victimised. provided the negotiations did not last more than TRJ (EL): 50 workers at thie firm, which Production at the plant was reported to have t«o davs. 'handles motor products', stopped work 'in come to a standstill, ftejat of the workers are The strike eea celled off on 23 October, sympathy eith seven of. their colleagues who had akilled and could not be replaced by scab 1 although negotiations eere still continuing baan dismissed, reportedly for baing unproductive labour. (Sunday Times, 25,10,81). (Star, 06.10.61). Since the GWU had begun organieing at the Mo further information. foundry, 'management had waged e complete war Metal Box (PE): 300 workers at ttetal Box went of etrition against the union and ita members on strike in sympathy eith a diamlsaed fallow Volkswagen (Uitenhage); Thousands of workers in the factory*, the union claimed (Soeeten, worker, mfcxim HKOKO wee fired because he had staged a boycott of the canteen at Volkswagen in 13.11.81). allegedly arrived late 4? times that year Uitenhage. African and coloured workers management refused to negotiate eith the (Trensvaler, 19.12.81)*. rejected the fact that Fodlce, the giant catering GWU until it registered in terms of existing No further news, firmt eas operating the canteen. The eight day industrial legislation (Cape Herald, 21.11.81), boycott ended efter management had assured motorvla (Uitenhmge): On 12 October mbout 100 workers that the canteen staff would not be workers went on strike aver wage defends and laid off as a result of the presence of Fmdics MINING union recognition. Workers colled off the strike (Star, 22-9.09.81). BM (Boksburg): An argument batwsen a store on 15 October. owner and a mine worker occurred at ERPM's Western Province Preserving (EL): The third in Cinderella mine compound. The store oener opened Poet Office (PE)i Strikee toe* place at too a series of strikes at this firm resulted in firm at the miner and about 100 other miners. poet office branches in Port Elizabeth during 580 workers damning tools. The dispute arose The crowd swelled to about 500 and the riot October. Security police subsequently detained around the payment of bonuaes. squad were called in. A mineworker wes shot several workers (Star, 14.10.8l). On 9 November, whan the workers struck for deed (POM, 10.11.81). A 8P0 spokesperson said that 'about half the third time, management called in the police. of the 180 workers who walked out last week Several workers were arrested for assault* and ERPM (Qermlston): About 400 mine workers had been replaced* (Soeaton, 15.10.81). five were arreatmd after management had pointed rioted over a dispute between a shop owner thee out to the police. The five mere subsequently and one of their colleoguss. Police were cellmd SA Bottling (PE)i A etrike by ebout 250 workers charged under the Riotous Assemblies Act. in. Three people were admitted to hospital occurred at SA Bottling on 6 October, •orkers 8y 17 November management had agreed to with gunshot mounds (Star, 20.11.B1). were demanding wage Increases and year-end rs employ moat of the workers except for 27, bonueee. They elao objected to coloured workers 'troublemakers'. The issue of bonus payments Gsnwral Wining (Randfontain Mine): About 700 being trained to replace efrlcans. They claimed would be discussed in January. workers refused to come to the eurfece when there they had not been dismissed and refused to After a meeting eith the company and the eea a delay of about half en hour in bringing return to mark until the company met with the FCWU, management agreed that it mould re-employ them to the surface. Sources aald that the General lorkers' union of 8A (GVUGA) to discuss 11 of the 27 workers previously rejected. The workers eho hed started 'rioting' were subdued the strike [Evening Post, 09,10.81), future of the other 16 would be discussed at by mine security men using betons. The dissatis­ On 15 October, IB members of GtUBA eere a latar meatlng. fied workers returned to the surface aftar being detained in connection eith the etrike. Seven No further news. addressed by the mine manager (RW, 22.10.81}. were workers at SA Bottling (flOM, 15.10.81). On 19 October. 59 markers appeared in the Wllson-flowntree: See th* s*fttement &y the Port Elizabeth meglatretee' court. They eere Support Committee, sbovet in this issue. charged under the Riotous Assemblies Act. The * Oamltas Copper Wine: A two day strike o\*er pay 59 were held in connection eith two post office occurred at thia mine. Tha workers returned strikes end one at 8A Bottling (Star, 20.10.81). •E9TERN CAPE to wort without receiving Increeaee. They By December the striking markers; had atill 3rltlsh Petroleum (Cape Town): About SO work ere were told that they would have to lose two days not received their benefits due to them and do»n»d toolfl av*r D&y demands and *crking leave to avoid losing bonus benefits for being claimed that they hem been locked out when they , conditions. The workers *ent back on the same absent during the strike (RDM, 16.10.81). arrived at the firm (POM, 18.12.Bl). afternoon - 1 Oecember [nt)U, 02,12.81). * Policemen's strike tKaokoUnd): About 90 police­ Table Top (George): About 220 workers were Cape Foundries (Cape Town): At the Cape Town men "downed toole' (weepone) in the Kaokoland dismissed and paid out aftar they had proteated Murray and Roberts subsidiary, Cope Foundries, eree. The heed of security police in the about 1e of their colleagues. They claimed that 80 workers went on atrlk* In protest against territory said that there had been a dispute over * s«ae 61 administrative matters (Sunday Tims, 06.12.81]* wages paid by capital in South Africa when they Tswana polica at a union meeting in Ga-Aenkuwm. According to a constable the strikers ware cen so easily *live off the land*. The answer * Tha naxt day they appeared in court, charged 'koevoet* mmn. Koevoet Is a special 'counter* does, of course, lie in the actual conditions with 'holding an lllogal getherlng' in thm Insurgency' unit that operates in en that axist in tha bantustans, and not the bantustan. Tha moating had followed a strike et unconventional menner in Ovanbo and Kaokoland lmaglnod conditions that are thought up in the the BMV plant in tha nearby Rosslyn industrial (ROM, 07.12.B1). plush offices of tha 6AAN group's sanior staff. area. The trade unionists were released on All tha police «ara dismissed, but eare than The National Development end Management bail of R20. reported to have returned to their dutias. Foundation (N0MF) calculated that there had boon Some 15 armed BophuthaTswena polica, The hood of tha security police reported that tha 119 'illegel strikee' between September, 1980, carrying teargas canniatars, mare involved in 'ringloaders* had bean dismissed from tha polica end end-August, 1981 (4S mora than tha pravlous the raid on the meeting. All workers at thm force (RDM, 06.12.81). year, according to the'NOIF). The P1V aree had maeting had their names tmkan (ROM, 25.11.81; had 56 strikes (27 of these involving 1 000 or Star, 25.11.81). more workars). About 76 000 workere had been Af tar several appaarancoe the case has been STATISTICS involved. Zn 36 strikes 10 000 workers loet postponed to 5 April, 1962. Prosecutor, According to tha.Minister of Manpower, Fanie their jobs, while the police Intervaned In 20 Shadrack Mora, told tha court that ha erne not Botha, there had boon 54 'wort stoppages' in of thm atrlkae (Star, 09.11.8l). sure 'whether the law on illegal gatherings I960 (34 in 1979), and 103 'strikes' (37 in 1979). Tha N0UF said that 41 of these strikes were SppllOd in BophuthaTswena' (Star, 01.12.61), Altogether 167 'labour disputes' ware handled over wmgea, while 23 were solidarity strikes; 27 mhlla defmnca counaal, Martin Brmssoy, said that during I960 by tha various levels of state of tha etrikae lasted one dey or lass, 27 two 'it would ba argued that tha section of the industrial relatione machinery (73 in 1979) days to sevon days, alx ona weak to a month. Internal Security Act at ieaum oonflictati with (Trmnsvolar, 25.09.81). There were no strikes of more than one month the 8111 of flights in thm Bophuthmteemna Baeld (22,09.81) reported that there had baen in duration. constitution; (!) (Star, 11,01.81J._ 130 atrlkae In tha period January-July, 1961 Tha NOV admlttad that, because their In the Clskal bentustan region repressive (61 of theee in the eastern Cape). Workdays statistics were based on press reports, action almad at tha working claaa continues loet totalled 116 550 (53,9% of thmem in tha represantad only 60* to 80)1 of tha actual number (see, for ttovaplo, IIP 20:90-1). In WIP 20 aastarn Cape). Altogether 35 094 workars had of strikes that had taken place. tha detention of 205 trade unlonlets by the boon Involved (12 731, or 36,3)1, in the omstem The etete haa issued new regulations that maka Clekel security police OM reportad. 183 of Cope). It cawpulaory for firms to report on thasa paople were subsequently charged 'eltmr- Die Trmnavoler (08.10.81), eg—anting odltorlally •discontlnuanca of wort' (previously an Inspector natively with violence, vlolmtlona of the on the report of the Oirector of Manpower of th* Dapertmant of manpower visited the firme Riotous Assemblies Act and under Ciskei'e Utilisation called for a distinction to ba made - thle 'lnvolvomant' had baen objected to by Proclamation R 252' (Star. 02.10-81), between -political' and 'legitimate' alme of employers who felt 'the disputes could beat be 1 On 2 October on interim intardict was issued strlkors, and callad for tha state to "hit hard handled between management and workars') In tha Grahmmstawn Oupramm Court 'restraining at the former, Thla report had blaaiad unragisterad (Daily Nawat 04.12.81,). * certain Clskelan dap or font hamda from further unions for tha Incraaee In 'illegal etrikes' Vitwmtmrsrand University researchers, Eddie alleged asaaults on a datalned trade unionist* during 1980. mobster and Arl Sitae, found that between July (Boybay Mpulampula, a 6AAWU member held under Tony Davie, writing In the Star (09.10.61), and November, 1961, tharm had bean 23 labour R?52 at the Oiatjaoa police station) (Star, 05.10 isalatad five contributory factors to the approx­ dlsputaa In tha matal Industry on tha east Randt 05.10.81). imately 18 strikes involving 13 000 workers in which the FOSATU-affillatad Matal and Allied On 14 October it waa reported that 'a during the firet week of October, last year. eortars Union (MAffU) had baen involvmd (10 772 number of trade unionists' had been datalned Thosa ears: sorters, or about lit* of tha afrlcan engineering by the Port Elizabeth security police the dey a proposed pension legislation; workers in thla region, had bean involved). before (Star, M.10.81). Thla mas aald to have Half of thmea disputes Involved 'mortar dismissals bean In commotion with atrlkae et two PE pomt a union recognition diwends; and another alx Involved worker demands Tor the a worker dismissals; office branches, and the dispute et the BA dismissal of other staff (Star, 10.12.61). Six Bottling Company (saa above). A little more • eeges and wcrting canditlone; involved waga damanda. a strikes as 'a moans of affecting changa*. information coma to light thm next dayt it ems Thaso researchars spoke of 'demonstretion reportad that at laaat 18 trmda unionists There were some gems in an article by the (including Thamba Duxa, orgenisar for both Business Editor of the Sundey Express, Tony stoppagas* which 'appear to be highly effactiva In hastening disputes towards accaptabla outcomes IMCWUSA and GMUBA) had bamn detelnmd Hudaon (SE, 23.10.81): - Colonel Gerrit Erasmus, hood of the aastarn •*• One of the reasons unrest is so faarad in for tha unions and workers' (star, 10.12.81). It eas reported (Natal Mercury, 01.01.62) Caps sacurlty polica, said, that 'more; would ba Natal is that tha workars are mainly Zulua "lockad up" if they continued to "lntlmidete" - which moons thare le no possibility of that more than 62 strlkas had taken place in Metal during 1981. ether wortere' {Sowstan, 18.10.81). Duze'e intar-tribal friction weakening movee detention was said to bring to six tha numbar towards strlkw action. - of UACWU6A offlolals held by tha aecurlty police. Another varying factor (in Natal) Is that TRADE UKIQNS AND UNIONISTS f many labourers wort close to their kreels and can, In an extandad strika, mova homa On Monday, 23 Novembar, threw organisers Die Trmnevaler (15.10.81) called the and live off the land. of tha NUMAfW/UA-, Taffy Adlar, Martin Ndaba datantiona 'mrrmeta', and aaid that more could One wonders why workers bother to wart st the and Nelson Aokau, warm arreated by tha Bophutha- be axpacted. T-. p*a* *>?

On 16 October a further 60 woifcers were taken secretary of the CCAWU); Sampson Ndou (president in by the security police during o meeting in of GA*u)i Or Liz Floyd (worker with the IAS); subscribe to a ball in Kwazakhele organised by GWU&*. These Rita Ndzanga (organising secretary of GAWU). workers warm all fired post office racers. The Earlier detentions had included Alan Fine report on this incident (Die Trensveler, (organiser with the Hotel, Liouor and Catering IAFBICA \ J 17.10.81) said that 2d workers had been detained workers' orgeniaetian). Newspaper reports earlier in the week, and that these workers would said that 15 unlonlats had bnn detained during 7 appear in court on Monday* 19 October. the 27 November raids. PERSPECTIVE^ At the request of the security police a ban Protests have been voiced nationally end was placed on meetings arranged by OTUSA for internationally, for example from: G*IJ; SAAHU; A mm** **"* * pmmmml mmmmmml mi Awtemy the weekend of 17-18 October {Transvaler, FQSATU; s joint statement was issued by the unions pwrtkwlwriy So^rftwn AM con wvwne, 17.10.81). who had met in Cape Tomh earlier in Cape Town in mnmfh «tfd« mof «* Mi facW Events in the*eastern Cape took e nastier 1981 (see wlP 20 for their statement), representing md Wmmwrteal, bo* Mtlorlwil md turn early in November. On Sunday, 8 November. mora than 200 000 workers; six CuSA-affiliated as workers ware returning from th* King unions; the ILO; ICFTU; and Dr Anna Scheepers sulKcrlptlpns Williams Town funeral of the mother and uncle (president of TUCSA). OB emmmmtl wt M far 4 mmmmmu of SAAWU president, Thozamlle Gqwatha, Clekelan The SAIRR revealed that until the end of 1*10 farU*«b*mw ) f H<- far police opened fire on theat at a bus terminal in «uwJm> S.A., mw mmlUwfa ww» November, some 280 trede unionists had been m* Umrfol CoJUetftm. Hdantsane township. A woman worker, Diliswp detained by the security police during 1981. Roxisa, was killed - it was later reported that Four post-office workers from Soweto who Urn BMTOSJAt COUKTlVf she was Thozamlle Gqwetha's girlfriend - and had bean in detention aince March, 1981, were A#fJCA PmtSrfCTTVC several other people wounded. Gqwatha'a mother released in October (see previous WIPs for P.O. IOK 32287 mUAmVONTON, 20)7 end uncle had died whan their hut burnt down. brief reports). A trial of 42 8AAWJ members in Cast London In Cape Town the security police raided the was postponed to January, 198?, after a few offices of the GWU and the FCWU on 6 November. appearances during November last year. These In Uelmoth, Natal, the general secretary people have bean charged under the Riotous of the NFW, Uetthewa Ollphant, and a union Assemblies Act (charges relate to 'incitement official, Vincent lechaya, ware errested to violence*, 'holding an unlawful gathering*, (14 October), charged under the terns of the and othera) [Star. 30.11.81). ^_^ Riotous Assemblies Act, and released on ball of Dn TuasdaV, 8 December, both the president R1S0. No further lnfonmition on this matter. end the vice president of 5AWU were detained LIP/ (Thoaamile Gqwatha and Sisa Njikelana) by >i*H •r5J » M **'a liMc to Mor fro« y#w (*, security police. On Thursday, 11 December, o-u Arm *' mttfiarq w*wMy«r — the SAAVU Eaet London branch chairperson, Eric ftimt * Vrauxntu t SttV«ta t V*cCta*fs» Mntongat was detained. The General workers' Union (OAJ) subsequently said that it would Buyer boycott an investigation by the National ConViWtiOrir for A MlA» pay <<*** «tc« tee Manpower Commission - an open letter from the motmmwvwmwirr^ GHU saidt Kit K«, em Out** wMtmmaL OwHfmJ kfcdWr Off*.* V UP. The detentions end Security Police actions let tap* fdAifrwimilMrcKy against sections of the union movement make em* hWfctPlI QMS •'" Immer mmumt hem imtf mmw r* a mockery of any attempts to reform and .WffwwmmVv democratise the country's labour polices wmemm- ^25 • iwlnfcnum #f mmnt wrf • [ROU, 29.12.81). wto aw mm is mwmi i With the November detention of SAAWU national organiser, 8am Kikine, it means that the state has wiped out most senior officials of the union. Late in December Roger Ngomo, a GMJ organisar( and another man were arrested by railway poliqa for distributing pamphlets on a train (Star, 29.12.81). mwfta rm* *mw# * Cm* On Friday, 27 November, after a national mV L ajipww «r m' '^ mvmwmWA swoop the security police detained several other trade unionists and labour-involved people, WB8on-flowntrwe(Pty)Ltd. including Merle Favie (editor of the SALB); Dr Neil *ggut_(regional secretary of the FCW. MIW in the Transvaal); Emma Ifashinini (general printed by central print unlti 1 Jan smuts avenuet Johannesburg 2001,