16 HF BM)

HEALTH CARE for profit FEBRUARY 1981 1 -

THE ARTICLE thmt follows mm h supplement to thin The contribution ia an exploratory one, as far as this is cencsrned. tfortt In Progrcia represents a departure from and does not aim to be definitive or complete- Contributors submitting matarlml far previous editorial policy. u tad been It certainly falls into the category of work inclusion In future supplements should decided not to include contributions in WIP in progreaa. One of the reasona for presenting Include a non-technical, aaaily accessible which, beceuas of terminology used, vers not it in sTIP la to elicit comment and response, summary of their mrticle for inclusion In the fairly easily accessible to those without m and the author, David Kaplan, has specifically mmin body of HP, specific training in the area being discussed. requeated critical comment on the article. The contribution which follows BeJtes use of Thia will assist in the development and certain complex concepts, and the terminology furthering of a debate which touchee on the used and Ideas explored are difficult reading atructure of the South African economy, the for the non-expert* likely form of future capitalist development, The editors nonetheless felt that the and the implications of both structure and article was an laportant one. making a development. contribution of contemporary value, and having Comment can be Bent to the editors, or definite ett^ategic implications. The editors directly to were unwilling to deprive WI^ readerahlp of David Kaplan, the ideaa and information contained in the Department of Economic Hlatory, University of , article because of their complexity, snd it 7700 Rondeboech, was accordingly decided to Include it as a CAPE TOW. supplement to this issue of yip. There are The editor* will consider running similar very few, if any avenues for the publication of supplements to WIP if readerahlp feels that thia sort of woiic in South Africs, and thla these are a worthwhile addition to the Work In was an added factor in deciding to include progress project. Readers are asked to let thia article in WIP. the editorial collective know of thsir attitude SUPPLEMENT TO

February 1981 critique of tha system, where at tha beginning deliberataly sought end which lad ultimately to vlolanca and collapaa of afrlcan education in SCHOOLS tha only perceived isaua was ths aducatlonal onat aftar the boycott, pupils began to relate their Klmberley. However, tha Impression that state griavancas with tha educational system to tha officials triad to create of these events aaa BOYCOTT IN ganaral condition of their community. Thus, whlla that thay wvra dua to tha lntransiganca of tha tha boycott causad much misery and hardship to boycottars who had sought vlolanca and anarchy. KIMBERLEY tha cowunity of Oalaahawej it did have tha positive , Tha lmmedlata response of tha stata to tha effect of helping to create awareness among tha boycott was to tall tha pufiils to go back to younger generation of their aituation in life. school. But tha children, faced with tha atony Tha boycott began at two achools - tha only attitude of tha authorities, and fired by what ON 8EPTOBER 8, last year, 112 afrlcan scholar* govarnaant senior sacondai-y school, Tshlralaco, thay saw as tha justice of their causa, messed Mr« arrested in the Kiaoarley suburb of Int and tha Catholic Saint Boniface aanior sacondary dally in thalr thousands and marched Jubilantly End and chargad rith public vlolanca. Tha - on July 29. Tha aims of the pupils, subsequently through the streets of Galeehewe ainglng education crisis In Geleahewe, Kimberlsy^s misread and criticised as being unrealistic, freedom songs. Thay wara gradually Joined by afrlcan township, which had baan simaaring for •ere not to dsaand tha lseedlsts abolition of first tha lower secondary schools and later the noro than a aonth, suddanly burst Into tha 'Bantu' education, Tha pupils explained thay prlaary schools until by aid-August, every stngls national asdla which for tha naxt faa days aducatlonal Institution in tha toanahlp - Involving war* boycotting in protest sgalnst that systemp focusad on shat it was? as yet another 'troubla- in solidarity with datalnad and boycotting more than 15 000 children - ems dormant. epot'. pupils in other centres and to drew ettantion It is iaportant to nota that in all thalr This artlcls Is a bi-iaf first-hand account to tha deparata need for mam and batter educational dally Mating* and aarching there was no which attempts to show at tha same tima how tha facilitias in Gelashewe. instanca of vlolanca. Evan tha chief executive events of last yser wars diatortad both by tha Ihlla tha national issue of injustice in officer of Galashawa, PJ Roodt, is on record as press, who sensationalisad tha visible tip of 's aducatlonal system has baan dealt having eade tha ironic covenant that tha tha icaberg. and tha stata which, armed with a with In length elsawhera it is partlnant to demonstrations wars conducted in a 'healthy mythology of 'disturbances' which (for instanca) mention her© that Gelashaaa, with an official spirit*. blames evarything on agitators, sought to disguise census population of 66 0O0, hae no technical Ths Department of Education and Training triad thalr rola in tha conflict. collaga or any other institution of post-school every method short of negotiating with tha pupils Tha Most rsaarkabla aapact of tha Gslsshews learning. Tha two above-mentioned echools ore to break tha impasse. Their moat consistent boycott ass tha fact that - bacauaa of the only ones offering "mtrlc courses, and at tactic was to uss ths school committees to try Kiaberlay** isolation frosi tha aaln centres 8t Boniface a pupil falling standard nine or tan and urga the children to return. Ths rounds of (It had baan laft untouchad by tha avants of is not given anothar chance and has to lsava tha meetings ell ended in deadlock with tha pupils soon

1976), tha abaancs of anything rasanbllng a school. At Tehiraleco, 4o mt n0it other schools, realising that the object of ths asstlnge was university and tha lack of relaxant raadlng thwrw la a shortaga of Juet about evarything not to listen to their grievances but to convince material - tha level of political sophistication - fro* Qualified teacher* to classroom space. thaa of tha wiedos of returning. of tha pupils was not high. Yat against Tha response of tha stata to tha challanga Other methods wars: literally trying to psrantal and lass subtla stata prasaura thsy of tha boycott (which surprised thaa * said one whip the* bade into Una by cans-charging the vara abls to unita vsry effectively. official: 'Things Ilka that don't happen in pupils* with dogs for backup (tha first instanca And after a faa wsaks of involvement in Kiafeerley') was at first inaansltlvlty and. of vlolanca - in lata August); detaining students an act of defiance against tha stata tha initial later savarlty. This reaction pushed tha pupils regarded as leaders, though thay ears all raleasad naivety gave say to a eore thorough-going into s total confrontation which thay had not soon afterwards; suspension threats which proved • holloa ehen no-one turned up for registration. by tha police. But ahat aaa important to tha The prsas had finished its role of collecting Thm ona method they n&tmr triad was to accede news Media end the state authorities aas that information for tha benefit of the reading to tha aoat fundamental of tha pupils demands: black rioters had entered a ehlt* aree end public. It had In that tiam got ahat it emnted that eommbod) of Importance 'ran tha Department caused damage to property. - several columns of tha commodity nmas. ^ alt doart at a table alth tMi| listen to their That evening tha police Issued a statement But tha community at Galeaheee ems left to grievances and at leeat start to do something alleging that several thousand efrlcan children live through its trauma. A fee emaks later about tha*. had run eild in a ehite suburb, antarlng hemes the Minister closed all of tha schools in understandably, therefor*, tha visit of tha and smashing furniture. Tha pr*ss took this up Gsleshewa and sacked 13 temporary teachers Minister of Education and Training,, Or Ferdle and the following morning It made the headlines alth 24 hours notice. Every pupil had lost a Hertianbery, to Klatoerley proved tha catalyst of most national dallies. The *orat aas tha years schooling end some mould nmvmr return. that brought tha conflict situation to a head. headline in the Citizen: 'Black Students Run It ems herd to tell hoe deep the schism betmmen Tha pupils eere furious aha" thay heard that the Asok in White Suburb*. Haver e*s therm any parents end children, created by the education Minister aaa to vialt Kiabarlay althout aaall'-a attempt to canvass tha opinions of the pupils department's politicking ahare It used the parents •lth tha». Ha aaa to talk eith tha coaaunlty or to provide some background td the events (in the form of schools* committees) as a means council | tha parents, even laadars of tha ahita thet had been happening for some time before tha of gattlng through to the pupils, ran. The coaaunlty, but his visit - nn opportunity for •riot" or even to indicate that the police boycott hmd obviously crested mistrust on both aoaa arrengemmnt zo ba aorkod out - vas a statement aaa only a claim by a party ahich sides. continuation of tha policy of Ignoring the actually formed one side in tha conflict. But tha fact that tha children begen to pupils* saaing thna as arrant children rather Only several daya later did investigations; include among their demands that: they return than regarding their stand as legitimate. shoe that the 'damage' aaa minimal, constating to school this yaer (ahich thay have done in It aas at this Juncture that the press of a fee broken elndoes ahare students, trapped reasonable numbers), the authorities start to do entered the picture. Inside a house thay had hid in By the police, something about £he appalling housing situation, On the «erolng of 8 Septombmr, hours before broke through tha alndoes in terror to .-scape. tha lack of drainage and tha absence of a the community council aas due to meet tha Minister, For several days thereafter violence hospital in Galeshase, shomed that their students began assembling outside the Abanto Batho failloeed In Qaleeheee ma beerhalls, policemen's scope of Interest hmd broadened. In addition, Centra in Gelemheem, piling up their books and houses, schools end commercial vehicles from discussions with tha pupils have revealed that singing. The pupils eere emrnad to aove on ehite—omned fines sere hit by arson attache. tha boycott has created a nam radicalised by th« security police ahich they did, dlaparalhg Police blamed tha pupils for tha violence generation of youths In the isolated city of and regrouping at St Boniface achool (tha even though it aaa never proved eho did it. * Kimberley. aUnietmr's mmeting see rescheduled for a About 12 children ware charged rlth arson and 'aefmr* venue in the centre of toan). mttamptad arson but the state eats unable to At St Bonifece thay eere given tan minutes to convict anybody except ona nan eho had threatened disperse by the police mho than moved In eith to burn ctoen tne home of a policeman. Ha ems batons, doge and tmergas. The students fled in fined for 'obstructing a policeman in the one direction - emmy frtai the police, into tha course of hie duties'. ahita suburt of Vast End emich bordara on By the and of tha meek the disturbances eere Galeahaaa (St Boniface la btteeen tha tao). all over. Tha press hmd already lost interest Residents of Meat End Interviewed latex In tha sporadic Instances of arson and as the all agreed thet the children pare fleeing in children did not oblige by invading another ahita panic ebon thay entered m -JHJ» «,. puraued j suburb Kimbmrley slipped back into obscurity. 1 - , • • the South African state. The 2 counts of surter hand grenades. During January I960 the sccueed and 21 of tha counte of attaapted eurder related ears in possession of e number, of AK47 sub- to the siege at tne Silverton brench of the aachineguns, aaaunltlon, hsvx>grenades end A Volksku bank on January 23. I960, share 3 detonators. TTC*fiCH TRIAL. guerilla fightars held hostages ehiie oocupyino Lublsl, BMshigo end Banana did not etteajpt (XFIMG the second half of I960, 9 ANC gorilla tha baric. In the ensuing police raid on the to deny thet they hod been Involved In the flghtars stood trial for tholr Uvea in the bank tha 3 guerilla* sare killed, 2 hootagae ears ectlvitlee listed ebove. They did hoeever •—<1 Court. The charges th€y faced killed, and e nuaber of hdetapee eere Bounded. dispute thet their intention ess to surder included one of high treason, and 2 of aunter, It eas not alleged by the state that any of the ehen attacking the Ooskaskaar police station, and on any of these counts the death sentence involved in the elegs; hoeever, cleioing thet the ela of their alssion eas can be iJVOMd. Unfortunately, the ci—n i ial S (Tsu) ae* cherged aith planning 'eraed prapOQande'. According to laansna, thla pnm choaa to label the trim! tha a6ilv«rton the attack, atilla the other eccused ears alleged Involved 'the use of seepone for the proaotion to have crlainal Mobility in thet they sera trial'* isfjlylng that tha vain isaue at stake of propaoende. A certain target, for exaaple a adherents to a general AttC conspiracy. The ses tha slope of a bank In Silver ton in January police etatlon, bad to be sought out over snlch stata failed to prove its case either aa far 1980, and tha resultant death of ? eoaan and 3 there existed a difference of opinion, Theae guerilla rightera. as eell as the Injuring of aa the 5th accused's invotvajeant ess concerned, places are attacked to shoe the people ee ere a nuetoer of tha hostage* held In the siege. As or on the liability of the other accused as far there*. The Soakeskaar police station eas a euaaery of the trial shoes, this see only as the events at the benk ears concerned. On chosen beceusa It eas in a region ehere there one of e master of issues Involved, and at this basis, ell accused sen found not guilty had bean resistance to enforced reaovals. The the conclusion of proceedings, all the accused on the 2 sunfer and 21 at t sap ted aurder charges. state had been involved in trying to resettle eere Exonerated fro* any involvsasnt in the The further tao counte of etteapted eurder, the people of asjkgato. and the attack on Sllverton siege. end the charge of robbery «*th aggravating Soafcaottaar eas designed to show those resisting Tha accused in tha trial eere clreuastances, related to the attack on e police that tha MC supported than In their struggls. 1. Mclablthl Johnson Lubiei (2B), station at fcdl— earlr In Jsnuary i960. A police witness admitted in evidence that 2. Petrus Tsepo Manhigo (20), The 4 elternate counts of Tarrorlsa raUted police froa Soekaakasr had been ansed during the 3. Nsphtall Banana (24), to specific sets undertaken by sech of the reeetUssMnt of the Ifafcgato, but clelaod thet 4. Dcanyeng Mosas stoiebetai (27), this eas aerely to prevent 'crime end violence* 5. Hlollle Benjealn Tau (2e), The first 3 accused, (Lublsl, Huhigo end during the operation. He elso acknowledged thet

6. Phuaulani Grant Itai (24) t i) eere cherged and found guilty of the the people resettled had lived in the eraa for following acta: During \97S~77 the Joined the aany years and had 'felt bed' about being aoved. B* Boyce Johannas Bogele (26) , A1C, and subsequently underwent allltary training On the basis of the ects the first 3 accused 9. Thorns -v*adi (29). in Angola. At the and of 1979 they returned to ware found to heve cosadtted, they eere found In addition to the chargs of High Treason, South Africa, and sat up A base in the TJ guilty of High Treason, 2 counte of attaapted the sccmsd elao faced 2 counts of eunftsr, 23 district fras share attacks on target- aurder end e count of robbery eith eggraveting planned. On January 4, i960, bta counts of attaapted surdart 1 count of robbery with aggravating clreuastancss, and 4 alternate eith e certain Lunglle robbed a asn of Ma pick- Holebatal and Tau, accused nuabere 4 end 8 charge* of participating in tarrarlstic acUvities up truck to use It in on attack on tha Sosk- respectively, eere aliened to heve Joined the (aa defined in the Terrorlea Act). Tha charge aekaar police station. At about 20h30 thet AJC in t976-77, end thereafter undergone of High Treason related to a ganarel AW evening the 3 accuesd -itn Lungile attacked allltary training in various ANC ceape in the ela of ahich eaa to MB thiua the polloe etatlon, firing ahota and throwing Angola. They did not deny this, end eere peg* 4 * • * y *

\ accordingly found guilty of these ects. charged, end found guilty of Joining the ANC involved itself in acta of sabotage. A blueprint 7na state further claimed that during November and undergoing military training in Angola and, for guarllla marfarm maa drmwn up. Under croaa end December 1979, they established guerllle In mngedi'a case, in Russia. On their return mxmmlnatlon Stadlar conceded thet for the ANC bases In Gs-flmnkuwe, BoptHithaTswone, together to South Africa, in about February I960, they to have existed all these yemrs it must be •lth the 3 guerillee eho ettacked tho bank at planned tha eatabllihment of a beam in the accepted by a large number of black people in Silvorton. wdlmbmtol and Ttu admitted this, Vryheld district. When arrested in the tomnshlp South Africa. He rmferred to the intones except that they claimed that tho bases were of Uondlo, they eere each in posaeeslon of a rivalry between tha ANC mnd tha PAC, but not formed with the 3 guBrlUan involved in tho Uekerov pistol. On this basis, they eere both sddad that 'we (the security police) don't pay bonk siege, but only ono of than, Mafoko. also convicted of High Treeson, much attention to the PAC because it la such a Molmbatol ond Tau also admitted thet they Evidence for the state fells into 3 major smmll faction'. hod boon involved in preparations to ottock tho categories: Another major atmta eltnmss, mho may not | fuol storage tonko ot melt loo, outoldo Pretoria, a the attack on tho Soekmefcaar police stetion; bS Identified In terms of a court order, but that thio ottock hod not taken place. a the alage at the Silverman bonk; testified thmt after completing ANC training in Holabotai was further charged with being O the specific acts end irwolvemmnto of each Angola, ha ems appointed heed of the AUC'o j in control of Urge am* cochos at Kw*Theme, of the accused. Southern Natml Region. His duties Included near Springs, and in Gmnwnkuwm. Ho admitted In addition to this, the etete also led some the arranging of attacks on political, tho latter, but denied control of the KwaThmmm general evidence on the nature of the ANC. Their economic and military targeta of significanca. cocha, and the trlel Judge eccoptad this. mejor witness In thla regard ems Lieut-Col During march 1979 he carried out a mlaslon to molabmtoi elao denied, end was acquitted of, Hormanus Stadlar of tha security police, oho sabotage the buildings of tha Port Natal Bantu planning attacks on tho Pretoria Vest «nd testified that he could be considered something Affairs Administration Board, but thla felled Villierlo police otationo, Tou denied, end of en expert on the AfC. After being formed in ehen e detonmtor did not go off ea planned* 1912 the ANC, according to Stmdler, formed a vos acquitted of, planning tho aiege at. the On December Z7t 1979, the mltnesa gave himself Sllvertan Bonk, together elth the 3 guerillas youth league in 1904- under the lemderehlp of up to the police. In court, he identified most eho ettocked the bonk. people like Nelson mandala, Salter Slsulu mnd of thm accused es hevlng undergone ANC training | On the basis of the eots proved atyelnst Oliver Tambo. Thm Youth League Introduced a in Angola-based camps. then, these eccused eare found guilty of the more militant atmosphere into ANC programmes Of interest is the fact that none of tha cherga of High Treason. and policies, and during tha 1960s demonstrations accused disputed their involvement in varioua The sixth end seventh accused, Sh%zl and and paeelva resistance campaigns occurred. military motivitles of the ANC. The nature Radebe, operated as guerillas in Metal, They In the mid-1950s the Congress Alliance of the evidence given by the 6 eccused to eere charged elth, end found guilty of Joining ems farmed, involving an mlllanca between 5 testify revolved sround the following points: I the ANC, undergoing military training tn organisations - the ANC, Congress of Democrats, an explanation for the reasons for the attack on Angola, end returning to South Africa to angaga Colourad Peoples1 Congress, South African the Soekmekmor police station; the circumstancms in armed struggle ejoelnat the state. During Indian Congress, snd the South African Congress in which they emmm to leave South Africa and December 1979-Januery 1990 they planned an of Trade Unions (SACTU). Tha Freedom Charter Join the ANC; and e denlel thmt the ANC mould be attack on the offices of the Port Metal mea adopted ma tha policy of those orgenlsetione Involved in mttmcklng a target llko a bank, Bantu Affairs Administration Board, and eere in sfter it mas drmen up at thm Congress of the or taking hostages. In addition to thla possession of various ems, explosives end People at Kllptomn. general defence evidence, the first 3 eccused ammunition. They were found guilty of High After the ANC mas declared unlawful In explained in detail how they planned their Treason. I960, a military eing * umkonto me Sixmo - mttmck at Soekmmkaar, and hoe their plans mimed et avoiding killing police and civilians Accused 8 and 9B Bagels and wngmdi, were mas formed (eK or Spear of the Notion), mhich 1 proant in tha tmi the fourth accuaad (tfolabatai) 'My argusant la slaply that thay [tha accuaad) accuaad. It aaa rafuaad in tha casas of Volsbatal, •pacifically danisd control ovar tha KsaThaaxi actad althin a cartaln situation and that Tau and Shazl. Laava to appaal in tha raaaUnlng am* cache, and th* planning or attacks on althin this situation thalr actlona aada sansa, thraa oasaa aas not appllad for. tha VllUarla and Pratoria Vast pollca stations, without condoning thalr actions, thay ara whila tha fifth accuaad (Tau) axplalnad tha natura navarthalaaa undarstandabla', atari U told tha TEWROBiau ACT TWIAL8- or his lnvolvmnt with tha 3 w*o attacks* tha court. Marltx also notad that tha actlvltias Nota: Tha datas ahich appaar at tha and of aach bank, and danisd any lnvolvaaant in Via* planning of tha accuaad aara llnkad to basic hlatorical coaplatad trial rafar to tha data of santanca of that attack. dynamics ralating to raballlon and changa. or acquittal in tha trial. In appaal procaadlnga, Tha dafanca avldanca on tha ANC's atUtuda Paopla try to ovarthroa govarnaanta, and tha tha data rafan to data of Judga*ant, ahila in to civilian targata and tha taking of hoatagas parson who alts in Jail today aay toaorroa sit tha caaa of part-haard aattara, it rsfars to tha • •oad to ba conrinaad shan, shortly aftar tha in govarnaant. last court haaring bafora adjouiinant* trial concluded, ANC praaldant Taabo algnad a In pasaing santanca, trial Judga da VUllara protocol of tha Ganava Convontlon daallng vlth ssaaad to accapt tha avldanca givan by Hsrltx, Uunglal Qllot Ouaa.^xaaba (?4), this lsaus. Tha protocol binda tha ANC to ahich aas not challangad by tha stata in lta Johnaon (24) and Taaaxi Saamjal Ntaalu (28). rvTraln froa diractlng its aar affort against cross axaaination, Judga da Villiars agraad that Charpai Tha accuaad aara chargad alth civilian targats, *»ndio tha 'huaanitarlan in aany casas tha rabsTl of today bacoaaa tha attempting to laava South Africa alth tha conduct of ar*. lsadar of toaorroa. Ha than aant on to poaa tha intantlon of undaruoing solitary training. Soasngaaba and Johnaon plaadad guilty to tha Oafanca avldanca alao daalt alth tha quaatlon of ahat tha court did alth tha rabal she charga, ahila lltaalu plaadad not guilty. clrcuastancaa In ahich tha accuaad caaa to laava is cauQftt. Ntaalu aas saparatad frm tha othar 2 accuaad. tha country and Join tha ANC. Accuaad nuahsra 2 Daallng alth tha attack on tha to ba triad on hla own. and 3 (Haahlgo and Hanana) daalt vlth tha avanta pollca station, ha catagorlsad thia as an of Soaato 1976, and axplalnad hoa that contact ax trass act or trasaon. Tha fact that It Tha 3 accuaad aara arraatad in tha lad to thalr riaalng tha country, and Joining pollca station aaaaad to ba an aggravating factor 'lndapandant* bantuatan of BophuthaTaaana, tha ANC. Holabatai daacribad tha iapact that for da Vllllara, aho statad that tha pollca allagadly on routa to Botaaana. It la tha raaattlaavjnt or hla grandparanta had on kaap in* and ordar In South Africa, ahich la a praaujwad that BophuthaTssanan authoritisa hla aa a youth, and hoa that axparlanca country alth clvlllsad valuaa. 'If I did not handad tha 3 ovar to tha South African pollca. politlclaad hU. Ha alao axplalnad hoa tha ragarf thalr (tha Boakaakaar attackars') conduct Vsrdlcti In finding Gonangaaba and Johnaon affact pf tha Soaato 1ff76-7? avanta had a in a vary sarloua light, Z would not ba doing my guilty, tha praaiding aaglstrata praisad dlanjptlva affact on daily llfa« ad hoi It duty towards tha cltlxana or South Africa, and thaw for thalr 'co-oparatlvo attltoaJa', and if— vary difficult to continua anything Ilka South Africa la a olvlllsad country', said tha said that If it aaa in hla poaar ha would a noraal axiatanca In that contaxt. And Tau Judga. santanca thaai lanlantly. Tha Tarroriaa Act taatlflad hoa his girl frisnd had baan ahot daad carrlaa a ainljaua aandatory santanca of S yaara. Vlth thaaa factors in aind, Judga da Vllllara on Juna 17, 1976, and ha had round har body Santancai S yaara laprisonaant aach. handad doan tha following santancasi " covarad with nawapapara, lying In tha atrsat. (Port Ellzabath Aaglonal Court, 30.09.60). Lubiai, Haahlgo and lasnana: *to ba hangad by tha Aftar conviction, tha dafanca oallad nack until daad'. lhan Ntaalu appaarad in court, also chargad Profaaaor Frana -anti of tha LMISA sociology Molobatal and Taui 20 yaara laprisonaant. undar tha Tarrortaa Act, SuaaiyaaOa taatlflad dapartawjnt. In mitigation of aantanca. Naritz Shall and Radabat 15 yaara laprisonaant. againat him aa a atata aitnaaa. Ittaalu's trial axplalnad hoa tha actions of tha accuaad aada Bogala and atigadl: 10 yaara laprtaonaant. had not baan concludad at tha tias of arlting. sanaa althin tha contaxt of thalr world vim, On application by tha dafanca, laava to and how thalr actWltlsa vara undaratandobla. aas grantad in tha caaa of tha f irat •» •aass-x-a**ssas1a*B*B*BBBBBB_ page 6

Thabo Mwkunyene (24) and Ephraim Uogale (23). encouraged BUI Choabi to join the ANC] magistrate found that the aim of the accused Charge: The accused faced 2 counts under the 6. During September 1979, in Pietersburg, thw was to galvanise the black youth so that they Terrorism Act, and 4 further counts of possession accused taught CU Nong the history and aims would identify with unrest ,*nd uprisings whan or distribution of banned publications. of the ANC, and reoumated her to further the they occurred, Uogale encouraged the formation According to the charge sheet, the first a lms I of youth clubs in Nylstroom, Ushwelereng and count of Terrorism related to a series of acts 7. During October 1979, in Vendaland, the Potgletersrus to provide social facilities and ehich the accused committed with the intention accused produced and possessed a stencil communal services; but hie ulterior aim was to of endangering the maintenance of law and order •Come let us unite and defeat our oppressors" provide a forum to train and politicise black in South Africa. These acts were listed as for the production end distribution of pamphlets. youths in the alms of the ANC. follows: In the second count of Terrorism, the Uogale told LD KuUmela and J Uonana 1. During October - November 1977, at Giyane accused ware charged with recruiting 13 people that the ANC and PAC were the only organisations and Potchefstroom, the accused distributed for military training during the period 1977 which could provide the black man with political pamphlets "Being black In South Africa today", to 1979, Thoae allegedly recruited were rights and military training, mnd that their and "Declaration of war**, listed es aims should be furthered. To this and the 3 2. During 1977, at Nylstroom, the accused i-D Kutumela of them formed the Communist Advance Movement taught LO Katumela and J Wonenna JL Uonama with Honana as president, Uogale as organiser 8C Dhlodhlw a) that white men oppressed blacks; AM ma eh 1 eh 1 and Kutumwla as secretary* HV Worudu Sentence: 8 years each. b) the history of the ANC and PAC, and that JU Lakalakala they are the only organisations able to free J Maklbalo (Pietarsburg Regional Court, 17.10.80). CM Nong blacks; au * JO Setahedl * *" Njegabantu Sithole (21 J, Mandle Jmmea Slbisi (20), c) these organisations recruit people for R Rsmmlmpe military training and that they will fipjit to J Sejeng flamatlotlo Hoses (2l), Dirlstopher Sltemblso K Lehodl fnm the blacks. That they should be helped 0 Lebalo. ttzuza (20), Stanley Themba Uthembu (19), and to free blacks; Count 3 dealt with the distribution of 2 youths aged 16 and 17. d) the history snd alms of communism and that waylbuye, an ANC publication; counta 4, 5 and 6 Charge: All 7 accused faced a charge under the

the alma of communism should be furthered. alleged possssslon of *«C speaks", "South Africa - Terrorism Act. It was alleged that, between tn 3. During 1979, in Nylstroom, the accused no middle road" and "The road to South African July 1978 and August 1979 they conspired to formed en organisation called the Communist freedom-. leavm South Africa to undergo military training, Advance Movement (CAM). The alms of this At the time of his detention Uogale was and Incited others to do the same. Sithole organisation warm to propagate the principles, president of the Congress of South Africmn faced a further Terrorism charge, where he was promote the spread of, and Students (CQSAS); Uakunyane wee a student at alleged to have incited 4 youths to leave the further the objects of communism; Turfloop University, % country to undergo military training. This J. During the period 1977 - 1979, at Nylstroom, when the trial began, the accused piwaded Incitement allegedly took place between Usnwwlereng and other places, tha accused guilty to the first count of Terrorism, and to February and December 1977. Hzu2e also faced encouraged the Terming of youth clubs to the counts relating to unlawful possession/ a charge of dealing in dagga. promote unrest and uprising and to Instruct distribution of publications. The charge of Prior to the trial beginning, one of the the youth in acts of sabotage, and the alms of recruiting people to undergo military training youths charged brought an urgent application the ANC and to recruit the youth for military mas withdrawn. before the Supreme Court. As a minor he was training and as supporters of the ANC} Verdict: In finding the accused guilty on the not permitted to instruct a legal representative 5, Between April and June 1976 the accused basis of their plea of guilty, the presiding to appear In his trial without the assistance • ^ of hie father. His father, h refused the accused while In police cuetody, Hodiae allltary training in tha Soviet Union during to alio* his son to be d»r saying that claimed that she had bean aaaaulted by police 1977. The stats further claimed that, on hie 'the bay oust tef M* IF prowl who forced her to wake a confess ion; Mtoai said return to South Africa, he waa harboured by guilty*. In papers before tha Supreme Court that ha aada a statement to avoid being tortured: Bentley (hia stepfather) who knee thet he was the youth nought, and waa granted pvitMion 'I thought that whet had been done to others a trained guerilla. to Instruct a legal representative. would be done to ae too. I had not heard of Both accused contested the adalsslbility At t*e beginning of the trial, the eowjoono who had been to John Voratar Square of statejeenta they made while in police custody presiding magistrate hold that tha proceedings who had not been assaulted', ha told the at John Vorstar Square, claiming assault and would be hoard In BMW bacausa two of the court. other pressures aa the reasons for waking accused vara Juveniles. Or Hansen Jacobean* a senior Johenneeburg con feaslons» Verdict: Slblsl and the 16 year old youth were District Surgeon, testified thet In hia The 'semrfcawjar* (truthrooa) again featured found guilty of attempting to leave the country opinion 'lengthy periods of interrogation... prominently In tMt trial, with Urinyathi for military training, and Inciting others to could constitute an assault. X believe, end claiming that he hed been tortured in such a rooa do the seme. Mxuza was convicted of daggs I have seen, that the Security Police subject at John Vorstar Square, and security police dealing, Tha retaining accused were acquitted. detainees to strenuous interrogation*. denying its existence. Allsgstlons of torture Sentence: Slblsl and the IB year old: S years. Questioned by defence counsel on how in such a rooa have become casagri in political Uzuzai 2 years, suspended. people caste to be injured at John Voratar trials involving John Voratar Square security ( Regional Court, 14.10.B0). Square, security police witness Edward Jean police; denials of its existence are equally Tlemey explained that 'the floor is so as frequent free the side of security police. Ruth Thandl Hodlee (21), Moses Khowl letosi (24), slippery thet a person can fall and injure Kzlnyethl relsod en alibi in his defence, and Aaron sua Vogele (21)* himself or even fall while witting on a chair*. claiming that at tha time the state claimed ha

Charge: Hodlse was charged elth undergoing The two statements were accepted by the was in Russia r he eas In reality In a Leeotho w411tary training In AMC camps baead In Angola presiding magistrate as having been made freely hospital as a result of a car smash. Ha epplied and Tanzania. Ouring 1976 she returned to end voluntarily, and therefore ectoieslble to court to be allowed to gather evidence on South Africa; In March of that year, according against Hodlee end Waal. commission, which would establish thet he was to tha state, ehe set fire to piles of clothing Vardict: Uodioe and hVoai guilty of TorTorlaa; indeed in hospital during ths relevant period. in branches of Edgere and the Uogala guilty of unlawful possession This would have Involved the hearing of evidence OX Bazaars. 6ne was alao charyad with unlawful in Lesotho, and the application was turned

possession of ansa, explosives and ewsajnltlon, Sentence; aodise - 8 years. down by the presiding magistrate. and of reconnoitaring police stations and a hVoei - S years. Vardict: Uzinyathl eaa found guilty as charged. Krugersdorp Bantu Affairs Administration Board Uogala - 2} years, suspended. Bentley eee acquitted on the grounde thet he eight possibly not neve known that hia stepson office with the aim of sabotaging thaw. Notice of an appeal against conviction was Mcoel, the fether of llodiaa'a child, and given by hVoal, aho eaa released on R2 000 had undergone allltary training. Uogala (who la a cousin of Hodlse), were allaged ball panting the outcom of the appeal* Senatance: Itelnyethl wea eentenced to 7 years Imprisonment. An appeal against conviction to have harboured her, knowing that aha eas a (Kaapton Par* Regional Court, 07.11.60). • trained guerilla fighter. They were alao noted. • (Johannesburg Regional Court, 09.10.B0), charged elth storing a firearm and explosives Archibald Uonty Ktlnyathl (24) and Bingo belonging to Vodiee. Bant lay (wbojenl) (46). •uch of tha trial revolved round the Charge: Mxlnyathl eas alleged by the state adalsslbility of statements aada by two of to have Joined the AJC in 1975 end undergone P*G« 8

Arthur Elliot Phalataa (a), Thabo Simon injuring 6 paopla, 2 of whoa aubsaquantly dlad. HAMIBIAH TERRORISM TRIAL. Ndlovu (19), Jarmltjla Malaya CM loan* (24), Tha accuaad ara furthar allagad to hava marfcua Kutaka (40) and Hanrf Karlaab (45).

•illiaa Utaanta Hampuru (iej( Tahapo Albart barricadad Kllpfontaln Road by placing atonaa, Charga: Tha accuaad wara allagad to hava Motlana (23), Ezefcial Ouaa Uasuku (23) and traa stu-eps *nd tyraa In tha street; of marching assisted a group of SHAPO guerillas by Uatona Josaph afcaultu (24), in singing groups anaed with aticka, atonaa and providing them with food and accomodation, Charga: The accused oil f^ca a charge of other waaponsj of ordering tha cloaura of and a plan of tha buildlnga of a fara naar attempting to laava tha country for thai - black achoolai and of congregating In various Grootfontaln, whara thay vara wmployad. Tha purpoaaa of undargoing military training. churchaa to ancouraga pwopla to tafca part In farahouaa lnvolvad was aubsaquantly attackad by Thay wara apprahandad near Houtkop on tha tarroriatic actlvltlaa. guarillaa on February 17, 1979. Swaziland - South African bordar in aarly Tha flrat accuaad, Oacar Upatha, la a Tha farm ownar, JFL Louw, told tha court July I960. aanlor leader In tha Western Cap*, balng that tha 2 accuaad had baan among his moat In addition to thia charga, Oupa Uaauku organiaar of tha African Food and Canning truatad farmaorkara, and both aara foranan. facta additional chargas of inciting others to •orkara Union, and chairman of tha Nyanga Prior to tha attack, ona of hi a wortears had undargo adlitary training, and arranging Raaldanta Aaaociation. aarnad him to ba careful because Karlaab aaa transport to laava tha country. lipatha aaa datalnad by polica ahortly '51VAP0 oriantad*. On tha day of tha attack, ha Tha trial la dua to bagln at tha and of aftar accualng polica-of provoking tha had instructed Karlaab £G run to a naarby January In tha Pratoria Regional Court. violence ahich broke out at Croaaroada and farm to warn tha family thara that •tarroriata' Nyanga in Auguat 1980. aara in tha araa. Kariaab rafuaad to do thla, Ettiana Pillay (16), a 17 yaar old student. Tha trial ia dua to bagln In tha Capa tailing Louw to 'aava your braath'.

Plnda UanaMla (34), Jonas Uotaung (36), and Town Supreme Court on March 3t 1981. *han Verdict: Tha praslding Judge found that, on Nicodamoa Motapo (39). tha accuaad flrat appaarad In court, tha tha night before tha attack, Kuteka had fad Charga: Tarroriaw. Details of tha chargaa procaadinga aara hald in a specially oonvanad and accomodated two aiwtq guarillaa; tha naxt had not y«t baan fomiulatad at tha tia*a of court In Pollamoor Prison, day ha and Karlaab assembled othar farm workers writing. in a bush clearing, vnere thay met a group of Or Fabian Oafu Rlbairo (4a), Jan Calphua about 9 guarllla fightars.

Oacar e^atha (71), Lawranca Larotholl (18), Uaohllo (19) and a 16-yaar old youth. Tha accuaad aara accordingly convicted Morgan fcMtubala (19), Aaron Tehangaaa (28), Charga: Flva charges unaar tha Tarrorlaft Act. of Tarroriam. Patar Kubr (16), Alton Sabuwa (18), Rlbairo la allagad to hava Incited a number of Santanca: In passing sentence, Justice Strydoa Fiaaanakila Bool (18), Vuylalla Kxaza (19), youths to laava tha country to undargo military aald that farmworkers had to ba mada to Jonannaa Nhlapo (20), Jaffray Baardman (20), training, and supplying r,oro* of thoaa allegedly raaliaa that It au thalr duty to report tha Vuylall* Olba (21), Richard AMpondo (19), lncitad with money for train tickata to laava South presence of armed insurgents, and not gat Vallla Uuothana (21) and 4 youtha. Africa. Tha other 2 accuaad ara allagad to hava lnvolvad with 9MP0. Thara had baan at laaat Charga: Tha accuaad fmzm a charge of Tarroriam, amda attempts to laava South Africa with tha 15 armed attacks on isolated farms in tha and 2 counta of nurdar* Tha atata allagat lntantion of undergoing military training. paat faw ywara, and fanaara had to ba able to that bataaan Auguat B and Auguat 12, 1980, naar At tha time of writing, tha caaa had baan truat tnair woilcara. tha Croaaroada aquattar cmp, tha accuaad adjournad for tha pasaing of Judgamant. Although tha accuaad aara unsophisticated •i (Pratoria Raglonal Court, 16.01.8l). incited people to daaaga motor vahlclaa by fan work ara, no thinking person could ba throaing atonaa and pwthol bombs, and aattlng unaaara of tha aims of 9sAP0, aald tha Judge. alight trja vahlclaa. Evaryona knaw that SftAPO had no good lntantlona Thay are charged alth aaaaulting and for Meanlbla and lta paopla. : ***** *

Kuteke ill sentenced to daath . an Incident on Novsabar 14, 1960, Fat lea Hear and Baptists alar la - appeal. • - • Karlaab aas sentenced to 10 yiars. ehan they were both arrested at Hokoone'e As reported in VIP 9 (page 3) tha appellants (ffindhosfc IpW Court. 13-10-80). Soweto house. In this Batter eara convicted of contravening Charges aara Jroppod against both accused their banning orders by attending a social CCHTTWCTTIONG Of jMgffifi CJCCTS. ehan they appeared in the Jclwjnnesburg gathering. They'eere each sentenced to 3 (Internal Security Act). saejlstrates' Court (25.11.60). aonths laprlsonsejnt, suspended for 3 years. * • They appealed against conviction, and in Aubrey Uokoene (31). Judy Favieh (29). an iaportent Judgement tha Natal Suprsve • • - Charge: Tha accused ems alleged to have Charger Tha accused was alleged to have Court upheld their eppeal. In easance, tha contravened the banning order laposed on hi* contravened the terms of han- banning order presiding Judges found that the teres of tha In 1976 on 5 occasions. Tha cherges omrgad by being at Kirstentooech Gartens, ehich falls banning orders eara too obscure to hava any trxm a sarlas of conflicts el thin tha African out of tha area she is reatrlcted to. legal saanlng. This related especially to Methodist Eplacopal Church (A*), In ahlch Evidence before the Court was that, on the notion of 'social gatherings' and tha Kofcoena appears to hava playad a role. These receiving nee* that her uncle had died, F avian pi-ohlbitlon on thee in tanss of banning conflicts sea* to ravolva around tha rola of sent to eel* taxing tha floawr* at Klrstenboech. orders. tha American Bishop of the AME Church, Blanco She aas arrested by police as aha got out of Tha attutnay-geriaral of Natal has applied Ming, tha administration of church flnonces, her car. for, and bean granted, leave to appeal against and tha transfer of priasta between perishes. Verdict: Guilty. Fevlsh admitted e previous tha ruling of the Natal Ouprsaa Court. ttokoene aaa Involved In a ear las of altercations conviction for breeding her raatrlction order, (Pleteraaritztourg IHiiaaa Court, 11.11.80). eith Bishop Ming over tha edalnlatratlon of ahen she left her area of raatrlction to buy funds, and 9MP0 asatosi J of tha church In Chinese tsfts aaay food. Zubelde Juby Ueyet (43). Feasible aho had been detained. Santanca: 6 aonths laprlsonaant. conditionally Cherqs: The aocuaod la alleged to have contravened Verdict: flullty on 2 counts, in that during her banning order by attending e service to liiy I960 bokoera attended teo AIC Church (Vynbarg Ragional Court, OS.11.60). coaasaorste tha banning of various black aeetlngs. At on* aeetlng, ha aajda a sarlas of consciousness organisations on October 19, Introductory raseurfca, ahlla at tha othar ha Oavld feseell (40) - appeal. 1977. The -satiny which Ifayet allegedly aakad questlone about church financial As reported In SIP 12 (page 47), Aev David attended eas held *t the Jisea Centre, reporta. Tha presiding aaglstrete hald that Ajseell eas sentenced to 4| yaars isejrlatrawant, Lanesla, on October 19, i960. attandanca at thaaa two eastings constituted 31 yeare being conditionally suspended, for (Johannesburg fteQlonal Court, I2.0t.8i). a contravantlon of Hokoena's banning order* various contraventions of hie banning order. * Santanca: Sentence aas postpone*) for 3 years. Tha aajorlty of tha Contraventions related Uolathlsgi Ntlofcoa (22). This swans that no santanca aill be pasaad to Russell*s attandanca of an Anglican i: The accuaad, at tha tlae of his unlaas HcJcoane is found guilty of a similar Synod aeetlng In Grahaaetosn. raatrlction the youngest parson to be Itemed in offence during tha next 3 yaars. 1 nuaeell appealed against the aantence South Africa, la charged with contravening his (Johannaaburg Regional Court, 09.12.60). and this eaa partially successful banning order by attending a cosaaaoretlon service all but 14 days of the santanca sea in tCogiso on October 19. 1980. Hlafcu Kenneth Rschldi and Aubrey Mokoena. Ha has hoe served thla santanca. Chame: The accuaad vara charged vlth (Cape Toan Buff —, Court, 00.12.60). contnivsninB their reap active banning orders by cosmmicatlng with each othar. The charges page 1

EDITORIAL ACCflESS: INDEX PO Sox 931741 EDITORIAL 2143 Yaovilla SCHOOLS BOYCOTT IN KlUBERLEY paga 1 SOUTH AFRICA, COWTS: TrMMn TrUl page 3 IF THERE is one unifying thee* running through Terroriea Act trials page 5 Thanks to all contributor* for articlaa this issua of Wort In Prograsst it is tha focus newel b Ian Terrorism trial page 8 • submitted, to Kevin for assistance, and to Contraventions of banning on health, aedical care and their relationship Paul for cover. and house arraat ordere paga 9 to tha various cleases in society. This theae Sabotage trials peg* 10 aas unplenned by the editors, and the submission Soma Trenskei trials paga 10 of 3 articles dealing with tha area aas largely Appeal proc-.-.-Ung& paga 11 RATES co-incidental. Internal Security Act trials.. .pege 12 Rates in Southern Africa Tha contributions on health all point to

Trials of general intarast paga 13 Individuals: RSp00 par 5 issue*. the impossibility of restructuring health , htALTH CARE FOR PROFIT paga 16 Organisations: R10.00 pm* 3 Issues. cere without a democratic reatructuring of CHOLEflA - A TROPICAL DISEASE? paga 21 Group distribution; BOc bar copy. other relations in sooiaty. Neither tha CASH CROPPING IN KAWtAJC paga 3a Raducad ratas and/or a certain number of paternalistic efforts of a ruling class LABOiP ACTION paga 39 complimentary copies can ba arrangad doalnated Health Depertaejnt, nor the INDUSTRIAL HEALTH paga 58 on requeat. isolated pragreamaa of 'concerned* member• SMALL BUSINESS OCVELOPICNT CORPORATION - of the medical profession cen make much headway A flint paga 63 Rates elsewhere {second clesa airmail) in dealing with tha two aajor ereea of poor health: in the rural areas where those SUPPLEMENT; THE OUTWENT 'UPSWNG' IN laatem Europe and United Kingdom: marginalised from capitalist production and THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY AM) THE Individuals: R20t0Q par 5 issues. ^reproduction atruggie for daily survival, end INTERNATIONAL CAPITALIST CRISIS: A Organisations: R25t00 par 5 issues. on the factory floor where the direct pxoducere* RE-INTERPRETATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN USA and Canada: of capitalist wealth are subject to e range of 'DEVELOPMENT. Individuele: R25.00 per 5 issues. hazardous conditions and situations. The Organisations: R35»00 par 3 Issues. state of health of all classes in society cannot Important. ba raducad to a simple padleal question, but This lssus of ltarfc In Progress sditad and a If peyevjnt ia aada in foreign (non-flsnd) is directly related 4o access to political and published by an editorial collactlva of currancyp please add bonk charges. economic power, and struggles to maintain or 40 Jorissen straatt 2001 brwamfontein, a Surfece aail ratae outside of Southern altar that access. Tha improvement of tha and printed by seched, 54 siaaonds straatt African available on request. quality of health is accordingly tied to 2001 Johannesburg, a Chequee end poetal orders payable to changes in the balance of power between Work In Progreas. clasaes: struggles over health intersect Tha natura of fort In Propraas, which ia to a Retes outside of Southern Africa have been with and relate to broader atrugglea in stimulate dsbata and prassnt controversial increased to cover coats of increased society. views on a aids range of subjscts, anauras postage. The editors of *IP are vary willing to that tha opinions expreased do not nacsssarily publish further material eround the 'health reflect tha viu»s of the editorial collective. debate*, but at tha same time would like to refer interested readers to the. Critical Health page 10 j SABOTAGE TRIALS- SCsJE TRW6KE1 TRIAL5. as a rasult of wounds received in a shooting (General Lae Amendment Act of 1962). Thaablla mmglngxa (22)* incident after tha burning of tha clasarooma. Joseph mmvl, Philip Dlamlnl and Gmteby Uszmal. Charga: Tha accusad facad chargaa framed vardlot: Guilty. Charge: The 3 accused, president and executive undar tha Transkal Security Act and tha Sentence! G laahas each. mmmfrsi a of the 8leck Municipal Vorkara* Union Trenakel Constitution Act. _^_ (umtata Regional Court, IS.08.80). [ (8m*u) w*n charged with Sabotage after tha The trial aaa held in csjeara, although | Johannaabury municipal strike, Tha charge press ears given acceas to a summarised charge Florence Mancotywa (48). I sheet alleged that they had *mmn involved in sheet, and certain other documents. Charga: 3 counts under tha Trenakel Public r tha disruption of 'essential services' The trial appears to hava ravolved around Security Act. As reported In MP 14 (page 42), | through organiaation of tha strike. Tha the preparation and distribution of 3 sets of tha accusad mas publicity secretary of tha Sabotage Act carriaa a minimum panalty panphlete which, according to the presiding opposition Democratic Progressiva Party in tha of S years• and a maximum death sentence. meglstratm, expressed hatred of tha Trenakel Transkal region; aha mas alao parlimmmntary Tha Sabotaga Act chargaa hava noa baan regime. representative of Paramount Chief Sebeta Oellndymbo prior to hie flight from tha withdrawn by tha atatat and tha accusad noa According to the charga sheet, one of the faca chargaa undar tha Riotous Assemblies sets of panphlete implied that President Kaiser Transkel. Act - probably in connection with 'inciting* mmta/ulma, Prima Minister George metanxlma, and Ouring 1979 ehe mas detained by Trenakel or 'participating* In an lllagal atrika. police chief Martin Ngceba were stooges of Security Police whan hundreds of Babata Tha trial has baan aat down to bagln on the South African government. supportera gathered in front of tha Tranekei February 16, 1961» in tha Johannaaburg Verdicti Guilty of tao counts under tha Supreme Court to demand tha releaee of tha I Raglonal Court. Tranekei Security Act, and one undar the then-detained Sebeta. After 119 days in

• Trenakel Constitution Act. detention mhm mas eventually charged. In A 16 yaar old youtft. Sentence: 5 years lmprlsormiant, 2 years August 1980 aha appeared in court for the I Charge: Sabotage, attempted murder and arson. conditionally suspended. sixth time, mhmrm tha prosecutor egaln requested a postponement of tha trial. Tha accusad» * ahlta Pretoria school boyt was (umtata Regional Court, 06.10.80). Involvad in throwing a bomb Into tha During August 1960 she eas reported to I Brooklyn Police 6tatlon on June 15, I960. 11 man Nalanl and Handsome Vaglngxa (21). have fled from the Trenakel, and aaa At hie trial, ha pleaded guilty to Charge: Trmnskei Public Security Act and subsequently confirmed to be in Leaotho. 2 count* of attempted eurder and on* of arson. Tranekei Constitution Act. In an interview she explained that Tha mora aarious sabotaga charga eas dropped Nalanl la former chief counsellor to I aaa tired. I have baan in and out of by tha stata. Jail for my political convictions. I deposed Paramount Chief Sebeta Dalindyebo, aaa in from 1976 to 1977 for aavan In mitigation, tha youth claimed that his mho has flad tha Tranekei bantustmn and months, 1978 to 1979 for another fiva montha. And I knee I mould bm arrested anti-government faalings had baan davalopad Joined tha ANC. egaln whan name of a planned coup broke. by a history taachar at his school. Verdict: Guilty as charged. Hancotyma, Ilka Oallndymbo, places herself verdict! Guilty on 2 counts of attmmptmd Sentencei ?J years Imprisonment each, in the cmmp of tha ANC. *I mm fighting n (umtata Supreme Court, 06.11.80). * ehe aaya, "and I cannot fight ^•urtar and one of arson. alone. And I am a democrat. I can't say em ae^e-cs: £ lasnes, f>6 5 years imprisonment, 2 youths, and Laalla Guma (20). •ondiilonally suspended for 5 yaara. •ant South Africa purely far blacks*. Chsrge: Arson. Tha accusad allegedly burnt (Pratorla Raglonal Court, 30.09.60). down 5 classrooms at tha Nyanga High School near Engcobo. Guma died before tha trial began, H , u * • "t *\> -'

10 students of the St Johns College, Ltotetm. leave the country for military training; the lapriaonawnt* -, Charge: Holding unlawful Mating* 1ft other accused were found guilty of either He appealed egalnat this, end in the contrtvtntion of the Transkei's emergency recruiting for allltary training, or preparing Pretoria Supreme Court it was rulad that the regulations. to undergo training themselves. invastlgeting magistrate had not fully verdict: Hot guilty. The eppellants ergued that probed Sleulu'a olaia that he should not have (Ustmtm Regional Court. 30.Q9.B0). the sols and only interest of eVwaneii to enewer queetlone as they might incriminate in the other aen accused with hi* eas him. The matter waa rwferred back to the to writ* e story about thea in Post Potrick Dellndywbo (21) and Theophilue Ve (24). newspaper and also to further his aagietrate. career as a Journalist. Charge: The accused facad charges under the After re-hearing the wetter, the aagistreta sfcwazanl claimed that It waa not his intenUon Tranekei Conatltution Act end the Transkei ruled that Sleulu need not enewer questione, to assist others to leava the country for Public Safety Act. Dallndyebo le e eon of and cancelled the allltary training. ' paramount chief Bebate Dallndyebo. (Pretoria Hegletratee' Court, 14.11.Q0). The charges related to the dlatrlbution The other accused appealed on the Qrounds i of pamphlets in usitata and Engcobo during 1979. that : Godfrey Khumelo. The pamphlets, which related to the detention The court should have found thet the The appellant in this matter was found guilty version of the accused thet they wanted of Sebata Dallndyebo, called for e boycott of their photographs taken so that these of 3 counts of Terrorism, conspiracy to eoswUt could be publicised in the nwwspapera achoola, and referred to President Kalaer murder, end conspiracy to commit aallcloua In the event of their being detained Uatanzlne as a 'poisonous..,serpent *, was reasonable and possibly trva. injury to property. He waa eantencad to Vertict: Guilty of injuring the dignity of The state, on the other hand, argued 20 yeare lwriaomwnt. the Tranekei atate president. that the photographs were taken eo that they Khumelo applied to the trial Judge for Sentencei R300 or 12 months loprieonaent* half could be published efter the aen had left the leevw to appeal, and although the application of ehich eaa conditionally auapended for country for allltary training. wee late, leave to appaal egainet conviction three yeare. The appeal eas euoceseful in raepect of and sentence on all counts waa granted. (uartata Regional Court, 23.09.60). only one accused* namely Deacon lee the, who (Piwtarmarltzburg Suprmse Court, 13.11,80). hae now been released fro* wh APPEAL PROCEEDINGS. ha waa serving his sentence. Vuaenxl Mcongo (19), Uncwdlsl Sisaane (22), Jaraaiah Kgofcong Hejatladi (23), Thami (Pretoria 0u" aas Court, 28.10.80). Tenaanqa Klaaa (22), Khumlelele Ifrilklnm (29) Gerald Ifcwanazl (38), Ronald Ephrela and Faille Uvula (20). awmnarn (13), Lebogang Oiristy Iftokone (18), Zwelwkhe Sleulu, banned president of MKASA. Aa reported in tip 9 (pages 4-5), the B Petrue Karvl Senabe (22), Andrea Uoetl As reported in «P 10 (page 46), Sleulu was appalIanti listed above ere currently Phala (1B)( Deacon Bikibela itaths (22), sunexnsed before e aagietrate to wake e serving eentencee on Robben Island. During Comellua Uphatl Laeue (tS), and a M year . statawent regarding a telephone conversation 1979 they were charged and convicted of old youth. he had with Thami wVwenatl, who was at that public violence; the charge* aroae out of en Aa reported in IIP 12 (pp 41-43), the tlaa In security police detention, (wkwanaxl incident in Robben Island prison where certain appellants eere convicted under the Terrorise) waa subsequently charged and convicted under prisoners allegedly ettacked prison officials. Act and sentenced to 7 yeare laprlsonaant the Terroriaai Act* and sentenced to 7 yeare The 5 appellants ware convicted in a (Usjatladi and licwarvui), and 9 yeare (the lwfirisonaent. For detail* of hie appeal, aw trial held on flobben Island, end sentenced remwlnlng 7 secused). In the trial proceedings, above). to further terms of imprisonment ranging • the presiding aaglatrete found that Mejstlodi Sleulu refused to enewer questions put from 4j to 2j yeare. and Vcsanul conspired to assist others to - to him, and waa sentenced to 9 aonthe They appealed egainet sentence and P«g» 12

«i * conviction, and In tha Capa Torn serving his aantanca. 1. During January 1976 ha arranged aith Lynn court It sea found that tha trial eaglatrete Danzig to ba a couriar between hleaelf and 2

had eledlrectad hlaealf In cartain respects. INTERNAL SECUMTY ACT TRIALS. aanior ANC —atari in Botswana P naaely Patar Conviction and eentance *ere accordingly •lmpia da Klar*, in hla capacity aa adltor of Richer endsLeuren Vlotaen. A aacrat coda eet aelde. Oio Transvalar. aaa arranged whereby Berger could relay infomaUon (Capa Toan Oupreaa Court, 20.10.60). Charflet Oio Tranevaler publlahad an artlcla in to Richer and Vietnam ahich Thabo tfbakl, a lletad paraon (and a 2. During 1976 ard 1979 Bargar contactad cartain Frederick Phillips (27) and Roger Schroadar (27]. vica ehalraan of tha -ANC) aaa extenalvely officials of tha Federation of South African Aa raportad in SIP 12 (pa^M 44-45) tha teo quoted. Tha article in question appaarad Trad* Unions (FOBATU) in tha Eestarn Capo, and

appellanta wara charged %lth Tarroriaat but on tha front paga of tha newspaper's,. obtained information from thee about F08ATU and

found guilty on an alternative count of adit ion on June 21t 1960. Tha tUti than black trade union aotlvlty in the Eaatem Capa. arson, and aantancad to 3 yaara lapriaonaant. chargad that by doing thla, tha provielone of Bargar had been eafced to obtain thla lftforaation Tha charges related to tha aattinQ fir* to e tha Internal Security Act aera baing cantravanad. by Richer, aho aaa a eaafaai of the ANC'a Internal hall in ahioh a avabar of tha Coloured Before tha oaaa cam to court, da Klarfc Reconstruction and Pavel opewnt Cdaaittee (DeX).. Representative Counoil (CHC) MI M to paid an ectoiaalan-of-gullt fina of R75, The information auppllad aaa to be uead by tha dlecuea Conatitutlonal propoeale. IFOC to bring FOBATU nr individual trade uniona • An appeal egalnat conviction aaa notad, Guy Bargar (24) and Oavandira Pillay (21). into the ephars of influence of 8ACTU (the • and this evs upheld. Conviction and aantanca Charge: Aftar baing hald in datantlon undar South African Congraaa of Trade Unions), vera accordingly aat aside. aactlon 6 of tha Tarrariaa Act for boteean 3 alternatively to discredit FOBATU aa I (Capa Toan Bupreee Court, 27.10.60). and 8 eonthe , Bargar and Pillay appaarad in poaaibla coepetition to 8ACTU In trade union court with Handla Gxanyer* (26) toaarda tha activltiaa in South Africa,. Churchill Luvono (22). and of Hovaaber i960. Tha charga eheet auppllad 3. On a nuabar of occasions during 1978 and 1979 toptllant in thla aettar aaa charged by tha atata daala only aith Bargar and Pillay, Bargar viaitad Richer in Botswana, to aupply hla and convicted of Terrorlee and perjury and it la aaauttad that Gxanyem will ba triad with inforaatlon, end aith the naeaa of pecple during 1979. Ha had given avldanca for tha aeperatoly. ehon Richer could attaapt to recruit for ANC dafanca in tha Bethel PAC trial (8 va Uothcpeng * activity. and 17 others), and aaa laeediataly arraatad Bargar facaa 4 count* fraaiad undar tha 4. During June 1979 ha tot* Chrietopher wattare and chargsd with parjury. Oubaaquantly ha Intamal Sacurlty Act, ehile Pillay is chargad and Robin Reea to Boteean* to aeat Richer and aaa detained, and eventually chargad with aith 3 Intamal Sacurlty counta. In addition other AJC aavbera. Terrorise. Tha atata clalaed that ha laft to thaaa chargaa, both aqcuaad faca a furthar 3 8. During 1976 ha arranged for e hiding place South Africa and underwent PAC diractad counta ralating to tha distribution and poaaaaaion for hlaaelf at the hce* of Solve (karoo, where allltary training in Samzlland. On hla of bannad publlcatlona. if neceaaary he could hide to avoid arrest or return to South Africa, It aaa allagad that Tha firat Intamal Security Act charga detention. If thla hiding place aaa uead, e ha aatab11shed an organisation callad allagaa that both accuaaa beceee aaebara of coded aeaeage aould ba aant to Richer aho aould •TrUngla Battla Grgeniaation• ahich ama a tha bannad African National Congraaa. organlaa Berger'e aacapa. Tha aaoond Intamal Bacurity Act charga PAC call. 6. Ha organised and aaa involved in e aerlea of allagaa that tha accuaad particlpatad in ANC Luvono appaalad eg%lnet conviction, and dlocuaalon groupa ahere ha attaapted to influence activltiaa through tha cexrying out of * aaa auccaaaful on tha Terroria* Act charga participants to accept the prlnclplea end pollciea nuabar of acta. Tha act* allagadly perforaad (but not tha parjury count). Ha haa accordingly of the ANC, and to beccsje mawbara. aupportara or by Bargar in thla regard ara llatad aa folic ba>an released froa Robb«n lalend ahara ha aaa ayapathlaara of the ANC.' by tha atatat P*0« 13

7* During 1979 ha requested Christopher tetters, extracts fron naylbuye, the ANC constitution, Ulko Ksnyon and Devon Pillay (accused nuri»r 2) Sechmbe, the nee Year message of Oliver Tanbo, Thenba Shongwe (26), Norman eYjnyepote (39), to aat up discussion groups in East to and other notarial. Vuyiaile Hdlelenl (28). Patrick Influence the participants to bacons members, In this count, it is also alleged that Berger Gaboatloeloa (49), Sipho Nhlapo (IB), and supporters or sympathisers of tha ANC. end Pillay initiated and conducted a dlacusalon John Uotana (24), 6. Berger nade available to various paopla certain group of a mnbtr of people in Grahanstoen, again Charge: The accused face e number of counts docunenta and neterlal to influanca then to with the aln of influencing then in favour of alleging thet they furthered the alns of tha bacons nawoers. oupportara or eynpethieere of tha ANC. MC or PAC, and are members of those organisations* tha WC. Tha aatarial included photocopies from Tha third count under the Internal Security Allegations of assaults on the accused while 'ANC Speaks*, Sechebe, enyibuye, 'Tha story of Act relates to furthering the objects of in security police custody are arising in the Simon and Jana', and a tapa recorded Nee Yaar coenunlen, ae defined in the Act. To thle end trial, end defence counsel George Bizoe hes neieage from Oliver Tanbo. the eccuend are alleged to have eat up verloue elleged that police end state eere blocking Tha acts aUagadly performed by Pillay in discussion groups shich propagated the doctrines the defence in tha trial. The state failed to tarns of this charge ara llatad as follow: of ccenunlan, and attempted to influence those make available to the defence etatemanta allegedly 1* Oeteeen 1979 and I960 ha racruitad a rw*tr present to accept the principles and doctrinee mede by the eccusad while in detention, while of pacpla to conatltuta a discussion group, tha of coenunlen. To thle end, they are else elleged police had not ende available verloue documents aim of shich aaa to Influanca tha —haw to to have distributed certain books and neterial despite subpoenas being served on them. bacons supporters, aynpathlsars or nsnbsn of amongst nsnbsre of the dlacusalon groupe, including After initially njling thet tha defence eere tha JVC. Sechmbe, tha ANC constitution end the Tanbo not entitled to relevant statements, tha presiding 2. During 1979 and 1980 ha introduced Kerthlgeaan Nee Year nee sage referred to above. maglatrata altered this ruling, end police Singerhan (also known as Linghan or ftaj) to a Counts 4, S and 6 are ell framed under tha subsequently made available to the defence - nusber of paopla in East London aith tha lntantlon Publications Act, end relate to the distribution certain documentation. of influencing thooa paopla to bacons members, and/or possession of certain notorial declared (Johannesburg Regional Court). supporters or aynpathiaara of tha ANC. Glngarhan undesirable by the Publications Coenltteea. is an active manbar of the ANC usually resident The final charge, under the Internal Security TRIALS OF GETCfvU. INTEREST. outaids of South Africa. Act, la acpinet Berger only. It is olained that Simon Hahlalehlele (21), Irvin 8c*we (2l) 3. Ourlng 1960 ha arranged a secret code aith Airing 1979 and 1979 he wrongfully and unlawfully and Brian Bcfcwa (19). Singerhan eharaby lnforeeition on the ANC end its obtained information about FOSATU and other black Charge: The accused were charged with public activities could be relayed fron the IK to trade union activity in tha fron violence and arson, in that they ellegadly East London. He further arranged with Hike Frederick Sauls, Daniel Cornellua Leen end Vea attacked a house belonging to e black police Kenyon to take receipt of these coded nessages Fook Aachene* It is further alleged that this conatable in Scchabela Toenshlp on May 14, I960.

and pass then onto hint or to*decode then if he information could be of use In furthering the Verdict; Guilty. (Pillay) ens not in e position to take receipt achievement of any of the alns of tha **C. Sentence: 3 years imprisonment each. of the messages. Paopla mho mppear to have been detained (eioamfontein Regional Court, 22.10.80). 4. Pillay ends available to various people books in connection with this trial, end who are still and other material eith tha intention of . in detention, are Chris letters. Hike Kenyon, Vusumxl Speelnen (18). influencing then to accept the ANC policy, and Alan Zlm, end Lynn Danzig. Chargei The accused wee one of over 30 people become actlva supporters, sympathisers or The trial la dun to begin on February 16, who appeared in court during October 1960 in :nanbare of tha organisation. Thla material 1961, probably In the Part Elizabeth Regicnel connection with the Part Elizabeth and Ultsnhege included writings of Lenin, African Communist, Court. schools boycott. He waa charged under the M

Riotous Assenbllee Act, eith tha state claiaing charts see a saqual to a aoetlng at tha Thaatoa Santancai ? lashas each, In addition to that on October 10, I960, he had bMn ladtr Labantu High Gchool on 6optaabsr 12, 1960, shlch suspended jail santancaa. of a group shioh recruited peopls to go to ci — iuiatad tha death in detantion of 8taw (Port Elizabeth Ragional Court, 09,12.80). achoola, forcing low primary school children Biko 3 yaara aarllar. to leevo school praaiaes in support of ths All accusad vara permitted to pay ooWsslon Benjamin Uodlsa Hatalng (24). boycott. of guilt flnoa of bataaan R30 .and RS0. Charga: Tha aocuaad, aho Is sacratary of Vardlct: Guilty. tha Congrsaa of South African Studants (C0BAB) Sentence: 4 years, 1 of shlch eee conditionally 262 students. aaa chargad with aalicious injury to property. Omnia: Riotous Aas,asblies Act* All tha Hatalng, a student at tha Soeoto Teechars' (Port Elizabeth Regional Court, 23.10.00). accusad vara studants at tha Ngcalsana Training Collags, tors XJQ hla ald-yaar High School, ittwitaane. sjeeeinatian papar. Students had baan boycotting i M Grahams toen youths. Defence attornay H Sivlaa ass unsbla to clsssas, and ehsn tha principal dacidad to Charge: Public Violence. They vara charged rapraaant ths accusad as ha ess detained by go ahaed with iwimtions, studants fait that as a result of an incldant on July 10, 1980, CiAksisn polios shortly before tha hearing, they ahould hava baan ooneultsd bafora taking ehsn pollcs usad blrdshot to disperse boycotting (Hdantaana tfegistrotas* Court, 23.09.60). tha decision. Other students daaandad tha acnool ehlldran. examination pspara fran a taachar and dastroyad Andrlas Phokoje (37). thtaa, and tha accuaad did tha aaaa. . Thaablao Lcwbo (30), Nbulalo Gaalbooi (26), Charga: Public Violanca. Tha accusad vaa Vardlct: Guilty. Vuyialla rwaba [33). Miaandlla Faatjla (19), chargad with building a road block on Santancai IB aontha, 6 aonths baing auspandad. tftuxall ifcafc.na (31), Vuyaila Mahote (35), a public road on Juns 2, I960, .end vlth othars *V* appeal has baan lodgad agalnat tha savarlty Oanlal Bata (40), Thoblli Kill (27), and stonad passing bunas and cars. of tha santanca. Thobila Htaangaane (18). _ Vardlct: Guilt/, (Crlendo assgistretes- Court, 22.09.80). Chaxoai Public Violence. Tha accusad vara Santanca; 3 yaara iaprlaorwant. allagad to hava baan part of a croad of about (Bloaafontaln Ragional Court, 28.10.B0). 21 Natal pupils. 300 ahlch atonad polica and pollca vahlolas In Charge: Hsllclous damge to property. Tha Grohaaiatoan on July 76, 1960, and pravantad Aeaf Tayob (19) and Bainshan fteeaabenfcer (18). accuaad vara allagad to hava dsesgirt elndoes, polioa fran raaovlng a corpaa lying In tha Chargaa Public Violanca. Tha accusad aara aashbasins and drainpipes at a Phoenix high atraat. alleged to hava baan part of a crowd Involved school on Way 8, I960. Vardlct; Mot nuilty. In a clash vlth pollca on tha University of Verdict: 8 eocueed sore found guilty. (Port Alfrad Haslonal Court, 19.11.80). Durban-Wsstvi 11a campus on Juns IB, I960. Sentsncs: Ssntence ees postponed for 4 yoere.

• During Dscaabsr 19BQ tha charges eers (Durban Juvenile Court, 17.09.80). 26 youths, east of than under IB* sitftdrsjsn • Charge: Public Violanca. Tha appsaranca (Durban ftsglonsl Court, 10.12.80). 33 Or-aheMtosn people aged betseon 14 end 38. in court of tha accusad, 2S of shoe ars scholars Charges: All tha charges aare releted to in schools In Itaheelereng naar Potgietersrus, B youths, aged bstsaan 13 and IS. the urben 'unrest* in Qrsheaetosn during *as a saqual to an outbrosk of violanca In Chanioi Tha accusad allagadly sat fira July and August 1980. Ushwelereng lata in Ssptsaber I960. walaer lovar primary school on S occasions Four man and s voaan awe chargad with tha t bataaan Fafaruary and Octobar 1980. murder of a shop oener, Nikele MJakula, aho 252 studants sged betesen 12 and 20. Vardlct: 2 of tha accuaad vara acquitted. eas stoned to death on July 26. Charga: Attsnding an lllsgsl gatharlng. Tha 3 aara found guilty of arson. Two youths sged 15 and 16 sere charged vlth pagv 15 malicious damage to property arising froa the •ere thv nee re at wepons at hand. intent In his actions* • •toning of e bottle store. Verdict: One accused guilty of assault. [DurtMn FtaQional Court, 19.11.60). An 18 year old youth w charged with Eight guilty of publlo violence. arson In connection with the burning of th« Three not guilty of all charges. Samuel Ntslka Low Primary School. Sentence: Tha accused guilty of assault ws Six van and a eoaan vara charged with santancvd to S years, half suspended; aattlng fire to tha how of a laadar or the Tvo guilty of public vlolvnca wrv santancvd Pwcavakara vlgllanta group. to 4 yvara. half suspvndad. A 23 yaar old nan and tvo young voaen A 16 yaar old received 3 yvara for public vara charged vith public vlolenca and thvft, vlolvnca, 2 yvara balng suspended; vhlla nlna mm aged bvtvaan 17 and 36 vara flw others rvcaivad suspended 3 yaar sentences; chejgvd vith public vlolvnca arialng fro* thv (frahemtovn Supreme Court. 04.12.80). atoning of a pollca vehlclv. Thv quvstion of thv rola of ***• Pvacwvksrs Other paopla wrv charged vith public and other vlgllanta groups neads to be detailed violance and malicious daaege to property. and analywd in a ganvral asessaasnt of tha (Grahpjeetovn vagiatrates* Court, 12.C36.60). Intense conflict in tha Ear.tern Cape. Aaadara • from that araa ara invited to submit infoneation 12 taanage school puplla. on this quwtion, and anyone in a position to Charge: Murder, and public vlolvnca. Tha do an article Is eekvd to contact tha vdltors. murder charge arlsvs out of tha death of a jaSflbvT of thv Peacemakers vlgllanta group, Gvergs Sevperaadh, D6G/SARS • Alfrvd Soya, on Hay 14, 1S60. Tha public Charge: Tvo counts undvr thv Publicatlona vlolvnca charge arises out of an incident at Act* Tha accused, vho is the president of tha INFORMATION tha Andrav Uoyake school vharv a group of Natal Indian Congress, vas charged vith having Paacvakars wrv stonvd vhvn thvy tried to produced and distributed copies of tha Frvvdcvi drive boycotting scholar* back to their Chartar. PUBLICATIONS classroom. , In evidence, Bwpvrsadh explained that Thv Southern African Research Service (BARS) snd the Development Studies Group (D90) ara In cross examination of thv lssdvr of ha had produced copies of the Charter for a continuing vith their svriM of INF0WATI0N thv Peacemakers, Richard vncongo, dvfvncv confarvnea vhara hv vantvd to aat out tha PUBLICATICHB. counvvl put It to hi* that sines tha Peacemakers policies of thv Natal Indaln Congress, and urga * POPULATION REUQVAL8 (already published - had bvan formed In 1979, mora than 100 charges paopla not to vota in tha South African Indian Ri,uo incl postage) of assault had own brought against its meabere, Council elections, Tha masting vas disrupted, * DEBATE ON HOUSING (of e acre theoretical nature; already publishvd - and acre than 64 wjebars of tha organisation and ha had not actually distributed thv Charter. R1,00 incl postage) wrv currently charged vith criminal offvneas. Hv vma not awrv that tha Freedom Charter had POLITICS IN EFOTT (price not available yvt) bvan listed aa undaslrabla. In argument, dvfvncv counsal also suggested * POLITICAL TRIALS (prlcv not vvailable yet) that it ws in fact tha vlolant Pvacamvkvrs Verdict: Not guilty. In acquitting the accused, Copiw available froe D8G/6AHS vho wrv tha agrvssora in clashes vith boycotting tha presiding magistrate said that tha Freedom PO Box 931?d scholars. Whan Peacemaker* had arrlwd at a Charter vaa not of such a nature that a 2143 Yvoville, South Africa Phone: 725-2636 (jhb code Oil-) school and attacked scholars tharv, thv scholars reasonable e*ui reading it eight think that it (postage rates era thoov for eoutharn Africa; had dafended themselves vith stonvs, vhich vas banned- Sevpersacti had not had a guilty rates slfiavherv available on request) page 16

Tha artlcla that follows highlights and natural, aa the only possible structure. explores ona of tha determining features of This la tha case with the aadlcal profession HEALTH CARE 1 haalth aarvlcaa undar capitalism , namely thalr and with the system of health care. Both heve commodity natura and tha Impact that thla has. a purpose and a function: to provide aadlcal FOR PROFIT In tiaa, a much fullar examination naada to ba care to thoaa who need It. To thie end, a •ade of tha position of haalth aarvlcaa in tha number of thlnga aust and do happen. Tha full complex of political and economic forcee actual care la provided by doctors, nurses and INTRODUCTION. at aork in our aoclaty. othera trained for specific tasks. In order

THIS ARTICLE li adapted rrm m talk given In to prapare than for their Jobs, there la a August 1980. The talk ewe intended to show tha •HAT FOLLOtS la written by a aadlcal 'outsider* aystsa of aadlcal education, where aadlcal vty In which the delivery of haalth cara la aho la nalthar mdically trained nor in tha practitioners are taught what they need to shaped by tha prevailing econoalc structures. procaaa of racalvlng auch training. But tha know. There la a coda of ethics to ensur* In order to wake thla point, tha artlcla writer la nonathalaaa concamad about haalth that doctors end othera behove In a way probably places too much stress on tha way tha and about dlaaaaa. Thla extends to a concarn which la consistent with the interaata of coas-odity fora haa structured tha haalth cara about South Africa aa a whole, which undoubtadly their patients* There la a professional syatewj. It la not that anything la arong In contalna an anonaoua aaount of aloknaaa * in body to make aura that doctora behave tha artlcla aa auch. It la rathar that tha both tha broad and tha narrow aanaa of tha according to the athica prescribed and to artlcla lacks balanca If It la aaan aa an word. A concarn aith sickness In aoclaty look after their interaata. There ara analyala of haalth cara aarvlcaa aa part of a nacaaaitatas finding both applanations and general practitioners for general cgsplelnte, complex of aoclal ralatlona. aolutlona - for aoclaty aa a ahola aa aall aa and there ere highly trained specialists far Tha concrata understanding of any particular for dlaaaaa. aore complicated tatters. There ara aedlcinee haalth cara aarvlca raqulraa aore than generalised It la aaldca challangad that aadlclna, aa a to prescribe for soas diseases, and there are statements darlvad froa an analyala of capitalism aclanca, and aadlcal cara aa a practica, hold eurgical procedurea for coping with others. aa an economic system. In ordar to analyaa tha within thalr graap tha power to overcome And there la aadlcal reaearch to ensure that haalth aarvlca of any ona country It la necessary aicknaaa and dlaaaaa. If you ara sick, go to tha level of coapetence and knowledge continually to lock at thoaa aarvlcaa In tha contact of tha a doctor aho will cura you. Thla is amongst Improves. epaoific political, ideological, aa wall aa tha conventional visdoms of our time. It la The whole etnxiture la neat, tidy and aconoilc procaaaaa to ba found there. for thia raaaon that anyone concamad aith well-ordered. Everything has Its place and So, for example, tha National Haalth Service haalth and dlaaaaa must axaaina and understand everybody knows their place. There way be in Britain can only ba undaratood aa tha outcome tha position and function of the medical einor dlsagrawanta and dlaaatlafactlona, of dacadaa of atnjggla by British worfcera to profession. Perhaps the outsider, looking In, but these are eeen and dealt with in tha forca tha atata to laprova thalr aoclal eay see and understand things which ara not as logio of tha structure aa a whole. It aey be conditions of existence. Similarly tha haalth easily perceived by thoaa within* that some fael that there la a need for aore aarvlcaa availabla to urban afrlcana in South Tor structures (and undoubtadly the aadlcal doctors, or for acre aoney to be allocated Africa should ba undaratood aa raaulting from world la a structural tend to heve their own to health care in rural areas, or that the tha naad to kaap tha blade working claaa Internal logic. If thla ware not tha case they pey for black doctora should ba the saae ea sufficiently haalthy to do tha aork raquirad would alaply collapse. But thia logic tends to that for whites; soma aay even feel that the of tha*, and to control varloua epidemic diaaaaaa trap thoaa who live end work within tha conduct of the doctors In the Biko case should that night thraatan to spill ovar into whits structures. Becauee tha structure la internally be subject to scrutiny by tha Hadlcal Council. areas. rational, it cones to ba eeen aa inevitable, aa But basically, aaan frewj the inside, the system Is sound and rational. It la tha any proportion of their annuel budgets on drug profit, not health. Tha ahola vast weight of things are dona. It represents tha 'natural* purchase* in the hope of aoae technological e consumer-oriented society drives nwanbars of j ordar of medicine. Tha outsider locking in, miracle that will rid then of tfleoase. the ruling end alddle classes to e fate of however, eery saa tha world of aadiclna somewhat Tha other aide of thle coin looks very obesity, physical decay, lung cancer end differently. Tha outsldar amy see e world of similar, ehlte South Africans, generally a cardiac arrest. apparently crazy contradictions. vary affluent group, have the dubious honour Rapid industrial groeth for profits rather t of ranking with the highest as victims of than human progress takes its oan toll on I ttWTRAPICTIMS W Th€ IQW-D OF MEDICINE. degenerative diseases. It has bean said that health in. the for* of pollution ahich dsforais THE outsider aay aaa a system in which, the eaalthy dig their oan graves with their the world end breeds s variety of environmental deopite all avidance to tha contrary, botti teeth! This la only a partial truth. It diseases ahich ere, es yet, only vaguely tha population at lame end the aadloal la not only ehat they aet, but eleo ahet le understood, earkers in factories are exposed profession believe that doctors and drugs can drunk, sacked and breathed that sands the to special hazards of noise, radiation and successfully curs disease, and that diseases effluent to praaatura graves. Again, there poisonous chaalcel dust which affect not only era prlaarlly caused by gams. This is, of gnaws to be little that aadical science can do the*, but elso their families and unborn course, soaetlaae true- The eradication of to coabat this. generatlone. smallpox is one of the wonders of tha modem There le as yet no convincing evidence The great apidaaics of our time ere caused acrid, end medical science did it. But what that hospitallestIon increases one's chances more by sickness in the eoclel fabric than by of tha TB apldeaic that le ravaging the african of surviving e heart attack* Yet vest suss of viruses and bacteria, and it le In social population in South Africa, especially in tha money are spent on expensive cardiac unite, and restructuring and change that solutions ere to rural areas? There say be a scientific in tha United States it was estimated that be sought. Yet the world of aadiclna attempts explanation far tha disease, and drugs say by 1900 one tenth of that country's nurses aero to stem the tide of disease by treetlng its cure Individual cases, but the-epldealc sap loved in staffing those cardiac unite. victims one by one, and than sending then beck contlnuaa. much the esse is tna of Thle paradox, involving both rich and poor, to be re-infected by the social plague. measles, gastro-enteritis end other stews fraa the some contradiction. The great infectious end contegloue dlseesaa ahich illnesses of our tlea are social in nature. MEDICAL TEO+eXOGY AhP T>C DRUG INPU5TRY. infliot such s toll on tha oppressed and For tha poor, aicknass derives primarily from THE ATTEMPT to entice us Into believing thet exploited in South Africe. their poverty, and the living conditions medicine can cure allaants is bolstered by •nils it is tras that aadical ecience can that thle poverty Land poeerleasneaaj impose*. the massive groeth of aadical technology, cure Individual caeee, it Is clear that For tha eaalthy, the process of degeneration a kind of modern witchcraft, the function of solutions on e broader level lie elsewhere. le built into the lifestyles thet are learnt which Is perhaps to leassuju us that tha For example, in England from i860 onsarde, froa an early age. It ie e strong parson witchdoctor is throwing the bones as skillfully there aaa e continual and eubatantial decrease indeed aho can resist all the pressures froa as poeslble. But the ectuel iapact of in thai child death rata fraa Infectious pairs and froa advartielng to consume) the aadicel technology on Illness is limited in ' I diseases. It is now generally accepted that Junk that la on aale * to awoke, drink and the extreme. •oat of these lapioveaents arose froa laproved coepate in euch a aay that It is only A closer look at drugs and the drug . standariJs of living, and it has bean argued surprising that the eaalthy do not- die industry is elso necessary. Clearly, drugs are that ninety percent of theee laproveaanta earlier then they in fact do. And it euat an laportant weapon in the battle againat came about before the introduction of anti- . , be raeaabarad that patterna of consumption are disease. But clearly also, aa the Thalidomide | biotlcs and leauilsatlon. Yet emny of the ultimately deterained by the nature of the cose shoes, unless they are carefully controlled undaroeveloped countries spend a large production of goods * ahich is production for drugs can be positively harmful. With thle In page 18

mind, one would «*pact to find a carefully There is, as a birarre example of this the medical profession. A double seatage oT controlled process of research, production and profiteerinfl, a noe infamous ceae frost resources occurs: doctors spend much of their prescription of drugs. In fact, whet exiete Colombia in South America, Here it eas time on work that could be done by othmra, la littla short of anarchy* found that the active Ingredient of tha while people who with very little extra At moat only a fee hundred drugs ara drug Diazepam eas overpriced by 6 476 training would be more than competent to carry required for all circumstences, and major ^percent as compared to its cost on the out theee tasks are actually prevented drug innovations ara few and far batman, A open market. This is not a freak example. from doing so. vary smell handful of really new druga come but simply the extreme ceae of a very common onto tha market aach year. Yat thara ara practice. A BUaatARY THU6FW.

36 000 brand names currently on sale in tha Thla reveals another maaalve contradiction. ONE C0UL0 go on listing the contradictions USA, and something like 60 000 In Mexico. If mwdicel care la tha correct reeponee to beteeen the apparent function of the world of Many of these are undoubtedly useless, ill-health and disease, than one eould expect medicine, and the actual practice that la found* positively dangerous, or Just pointless to find that moat reaourcae are directed to But the point has been made, and it la necessary duplications of other, elmoet identical •hare there is most disease. Yet thie le to move beyond description. Firstly, however, compounds. Furthermore, the only major eource not the case, either In South Africa or e summary of tha points covered may be useful* of information about all theee drugs la the elseehere. For It la tha poor eho suffer most It has bean argued thet the science ami drug Industry Itself. Manufacturers cen hardly from preventable end treatable dlsoesee, yet practice of medlclns, elthough internally be expected to provide the seat objective it la also tha poor eho have leest access to coherent, is ectually riddled with contradictions information about their producta.' In this heelth oare. By far the majority of doctors when examined from the point of view of one situation, rational decision-****lng about In private practice eork in the wealthy, concerned with health rether then medicine, end ehich is the appropriate product to prescribe white urban areas. The annual expenditure on with the piece of medicine within society et for any particular illness. Is eell-nigh the monstrous nee Johannesburg Hospital la large. Amongst these contradictions are impossible. In this context, it la not not much different frtmi the combined health 1. thet medicine is believed to be the cure surprising to learn that in the United budget of all -the. bantustans. Yet there.la no for illness, yet illness is social in Its States the drug Industry spends the evidence to suggest thet the nee Johannesburg origin, and medical care Is primarily concerned equivalent of 3 000 dollars per physician General makes any significant impact on the with treating the individual} per year on promoting Its products through a health of the population that it serves. 2. that there la a vaat axpension in medical mixture of sophisticated, subtle and hard technology, yet little clear proof that thla sell technlquee. MEDICAL TRAINING. hma any major Impact on disease. The drug

Again, ee are met with e contradiction. THEJC are other strange contredlctlone thet Industry provides a classic example of Drugs are potentially useful, yet the eanner of emerge from the may in which resources for medically-releted technology thet ia organised - their production and distribution is such as health care are allocated. One of these in such a way as to undermine the concrete to lessen the benefits that they offsr. relates to the type of medical training thet benefits it could offer) There is another important contradiction exists. There ere a whole range of tasks end 3. that medical practice end medical education in the world of drugs. Those aha cen least operations currently undertaken by doctors are both irrationally organised if the elm le afford thesi are those eho pay the most for which could be more then adequately carried to make the beat use of exlatlng reaourcea to

them. The drug companies, as a rule, get a out by people with much less, and therefore provide adequate health care to the population return on their investment that is one hundred cheeper, training. Yet on the pretext of at large; percent higher in the 'third eorld1 then it la •maintaining profesaionaL standards at the 4. thet those who are alckeat, ehich In tha developed capitalist countries. highest level', theee teaks ere restricted to coincides with those who are poorest and page 19 without posar. have the leest access to medical Gut, contrary to what Illlch erguee, sailing them* The commodity form effects car* of either e public or privwts nature. technology is not 'bed' - or far thet matter tha neture of things thet ere produced and sold; 'good1 * in any abstract sense. The way but at the seme time, professionel'services

TOWflDS AH EXJMMATItM. technology ie used, and the neture of the (like legal aasistance and aediclne) are also

THE REST of this paper etteapts to explain society it le used lnt determines ita neture. shaped by the commodity form ahlch dominates tha contradictions described above. Their Health cere systeee do not of thameolves capitalist society. resolution (M eith their explanation) la creete illness and dapendancy - but they A number of fectors flow froe this complicated, but perhaps a step doen thet often do not fulfil their stated eiea. It commodity fane which dominates society. Firstly, rood la to understand rather than Just to is not that aediclne has no contribution to if you need aomethlng you have to be able to describe. There are no simple solutions, make in creeting a heelthy earld - only that pay for It. Secondly, if you ere involved in such as thoee proposed by Ivan Hitch, one of it can neither do ao by Itself, nor lead the producing or selling commodities of commodity- * the acre famous critics *of contemporary struggla to restructure society. imprinted services, your target group is those nmdicine and aedlcal practice. Hoe then doae one explain the contradictions who cen efford to pey for whet ie offered. Illich starts froa a presupposition that described above? There is no one single, Thirdly, if you can convince e group thet they technology itself is oppressive. His anelysis simple explanation, but there is one set of need something - be it Coca-Cole or e type of of various aspects of society have lad hie to factors which ao dominate health cere as it trenouillaer - then you neve a market for your a simplistic end flawed equation. He believes axieta thet these factors are a basis for commodity. Thla market will exist even if the thet technology leads to industrialisation, explanation. coamodity is not strictly necessary, or avsn if which Inevitably gives rise to bureaucracy it is positively harmful. Certainly it cannot and bureaucratic control of the consumer. For HEALTH CARE AM) THE CttawTIITY FORM. be danled that dallv life is fillad eith ettaapta to Illlch, aediclne Is Just another bureaucracy, IN BRIEF, the neture of health care, as in which the doctors use and Manipulate the with ehsoat every other aspect of capitalist. consueer - in this esse the patient - for eociety, le shaped by its commodity nature. CONTRAOICT10N8 M HEALTH CAflE AKC ThE thair own ends. Thus ha believes thet This means thet health cere is soeethlng to be OJIawtPITY FORM, health cere systems actually cause illness, produced, to be bought and sold, to be exchanged TO RETUW to thm world of medicine - and through dwmmqe done by doctors end medicines. et e profit* investigate whether the strenga parmdoxes (This Is referred to as latroganosis or f A commodity has e number of basic described earlier cannot be explained by doctor-Induced dlaaeae). starting from the premise that haslth care is properties. 3 of these are thet dominated by the commodity form: Damags Is caused by craoting a dependence 1. it ie produced by human endeavour and labour; health cere is produced for sals to Individuals on the health system, so that people lose 2. it is sold for a certain price through the (who wise mould buy it?). Equally Important, their ability to look efter themaelvea. Thue, aachanlsm of the market; it la produced for sale to Individuals eho for Illich, health care systems become self- 3* It must have a usa, as sell as an exchange cen efford to buy it. This in itself is enough perpetuating bureaucracies, creating aore price. Coneumera must feel thet the commodity to explain why aedlcal practice is oriented illneae than they cure, aneuring that people has a use, thet they need it, or else It would to individual petiant cere. Further, it will cose) to rely on thee acre and more. not be bought and sold* explelne why the aedlcal profession concentretee For Illlch, the solution is simplei Host simply stated, the entire economic on curative rather then preventive medicine. deetroy tha technology, destroy tha health system in which ee live is beaed on the The coneumer (in other words the petiant) does cere systame, de-doctor aoclety, and peopia production and distribution of commodities. not went to buy medical care when he/ehe is will regain their autonomy and learn to cere ^Almost everyone who amine e living ie involved well t the petiant simply wants to buy health for ttiemselves. in the process of producing coamodities or poga 20 *

I from a doctor when sick. Uany of those types far fras protecting the public by ensuring the It must be understood thet health le Of preventive car* which exist, such as cancer highsat standards, la little better then e not simply e problem for doctors, or of one's screening, pap smeara, and tha general chock Medieval guild, operating a closed shop to own personal lifestyle. when it ia understood

upt are alao compatible with tha individual look after the interests of its mwmbers and that health cannot be bought, thet no-one patient-care modal which derives froi tha to protect them from competition. should be allowed to make a profit from commodity fan*. The contradictions, the apparent orazinesa disease or create disease frcmi making profit; From this basic premise we can alao described above, can also be viewed as the when it is understood that the struggle for a understand why health care services and result of e conflict between the potential uae heelthy society Involves ell progressiva I doctors are concantretad in tha rich urban of medical science and medical care, erd its Individuals - both personally end as e eociel areas. This la where tha eerkat is greatest* actual practice. The potential uss Is that it cowmitment, then it will also be understood It is share people can moat afford to pay for can explein Illness and its physical causes, that the medical profession cannot be left Medical services* end point the way to e successful bettle with thw impossible end mlelwading task of It is here too that we discover why such egainat diseeee - although iwuch of thia solving the problems of disease. a high proportion of resources are directed battle must be fought outside the realm of to complex technology, while vest numbwn of medicine. It can relieve the peln of Cedrlc da Bear, people do not have access to even e be&lc individual sufferera, end it can care for, minimum of health care. It is the type of and sometimes heal those who era suffering from t consumer which, to ease extent, determines the disease or injury. This is its potential uae, type of product or service which will tie and ea such it hes a great contribution to offered. The wealthy, who can effort to pay make. Far no-one can deny thet the need le for health care, have their basic health needs there.

met by the adequate nutrition and hygiene that On the other hand, the practice of heelth goee along with a higher standard of living. carw hea come to be dominated by quite another As such, their medical requirements era melniy set of fectore. It is detemlned by the fact for specialist treatment, and the sophisticated that in our society it hoe been structured by I technology that goes elong with specialist cere. tha cowjsodity fom, a service to be sold at a The contradiction between the generally profit. Medical scisncs has taught us to simple skills that are required to provide see illness as nothing more than tha technical basic health care to the masses, and the malfunction of a machine, which is our body. highly specialised nature of sjedical training, The cure Is therefore sought in e visit to the le alao explained by the comodity far*. The doctor, who le the body mechanic. He or she extensive training which doctors receive * both * in teres of time and sjaney spent - confers on fiddles with a few parte, and meyoe tokea m the* the right to charge high rates for their couple out. The cure le seen ea resulting service* Furthermore, it ia in tha interests from e technical Intervention at the level of tha profession to see that other people, of the Individual patient. I who would be equally capable of doing son* of 8ut If elckness is diagnosed and treated the work that doctors do, are prevented from es an individual matter, the social causes undertaking such wort. Been in this light, will nevwr be understood. If cure rests with j the organised arm of the medical profession, doctors, the social restructuring necessary for building a healthy society will be obscured. mo* «

describe the response of the Department of involvement'. CHOLERA - Health, the reasons for this response and Its The solution proposed, however, does not inadequacies, and finally to put the whole matter take into account the causes of poverty Itself. In perspective. This will be done by briefly and the need for overcoming those. It thus A TROPICAL discussing 111 health and underdevelopwiant condones poverty as inevitable and concentrates t and also by discussing the origins of public on assisting the poor to cope with their problems. DISEASE? heelth in Europe and the similarity to present The majority of conventional community heelth measures being taken in South Africa. Finally workers follow this line of reasoning, the author wishes to show that the solutions to A more radical analysis of poverty in South THE YEW I960 saw the outbreak and spread In the diseasas of underdevelopment, such as cholera, Africa la enlightening. The poverty presently South Africa of an infactious disease that has lie neither in the provision of medical care, found in rural areas was not present when whites been virtually absent for at least tan years. nor of an adequate meter supply, but must of first arrived in this country. Rather, it has Cholera, a disease prlaarlly ralatad to lnadoquata necessity entail the overcoming end prevention arieen from the 'progressive underdevelopment aatar supplies, recently struck thla country* In of the y^Bry social, environmental, political and which has resulted from the interaction of an the laat decade there have been only five economic factors that have resulted in poor indigenous economy in which the surplus produced heelth, reported cases a and these acquired the disease was redistributed to the community, and an outside che country* Laat year, however, there intruding colonial cash economy, backed in the were 9eO reported cases and 1? deaths eithin umtPPEVELOPmEHT AHP HEALTH final instance by the guns of the settlers'. South Africa. To date, aore than 23 people hove IT IS well known and accepted that poverty- The african people In the rural areas were died and there have been over 1 300 cases since stricken people suffer from a wide range of progressively driven of the land end forced Into 2 the epidemic began in October I960. preventable diseases* These diseasas of e meagre 13* of the land. Large proportions of The epidemic first hit the overcroedad poverty include malnutrition, tuberculoaia, the wale population ware forced Into the cities Seazl 'hemland* knoen as KaNgwanw, and from typhoid fever, end more recently cholera. to work on thw mines and later the factories: there has spread to other parts of the eastern Proponents of community medicine often argue this was achieved by compelling efricene in Transvaal, areas of Laboea, Gazenkulu, Eikanhaf, that good health will follow from the provision rural areas to pay cash, taxes, such es poll, Brits, Someto, parts of Natal and the Orange Free of basic services such as adequate sanitation hut and dog taxes, for which money wes required. State. and a clean water supply, adequate housing, The indigenous economies degenerated under the The currant outbreak of this disease Is a reasonable level of nutrition, education and pressure of overcrowding, erosion, and the loss reported to have originated in Mozambique, and basic health services. It has been shown that of able-bodied men. The reserves became a Is said to have been aggravated by the fact that the major decreases in the deeth rates and reservoir from which migrant labourers were drawn efricmns In rural areas 'knoe no political Infections suffered by poor people and the working when needed for the South African economy. boundarlee and aove freely froa South Africa to class have resulted from environmental They also became dumping grounds for the old, mozamblque and bade'.3 It has also been blaaad . _ 5 the infirm, and the unemployed. on the 'neglect and breakdown' of health services improvements. The development of the powerful South In neighbouring countries, and on the ignorance The conventional proponents of community African capitalist economy has taken place et the of the people who have been effected. medicine, however, still see poverty aa inevitable expense of the destruction and underdevelopment and, therefore, concentrate on improving the In this article the author hopes to describe of the rural areas. Only by appreciating the conditions In which the poor subsist. Poverty what cholara la, discuss why it has affected historical context In which illness and deeth is seen as the problem of the poor, from which in these areas has become ao common, can one the areas that have bean struck by the disease they must be taught to escape. The answer is swan by using one particular area as t%n example, in teimj of self-help projects with 'community begin to tackle the rami causes of ill health pape 22

in South Africa. ba given to thoaa auffarlng from tha diaaase ao much attention has been devoted to this avan bafora thay gat taken to tha hoapital diaaaaa recently, while numerous others continue CHOLEftA - THE 0ISEA5E or cllnlo. At tha clinic tha parson muat ba unabated. TW WOLERA organism, known as Vibrio cholarae, further rahydratad and treated with an antibiotic. cnly infects humankind. Tha infaction ia acquired measures to control the spread of the QCLEBA - THE aAQCGftOUND through the use of aatar that has been contaminated disease are Important and ahould ba introduced CHOLERA la not a new diaaaaa, although It haa with tha organism by tha faacaa of an infected rapidly. Information about the diaaaaa, hoa to only recently affected South Africa. As long person, Tha pollutad aatar can Infaot people recognlae it, how to deal with it, and how to ago aa 400BC wrltera daacribad epidemics with ahan It ia drunk, ahan it la uaad to prapara prevent it, ahould ba made available. Emphaaia symptoms typical of cholera. Vaaco da Gama'e food, or even if raa vegetables hava baan aashod ahould ba laid on the fact that it la dua to expedition aaa probably atruck with cholera with It. Diract spread from ana paraon to anothar poor watar supply and political factor* such aa In 1490, and British colonial forces In India ia vary rare. forced population relocation and overcrowding. loat thoueanda of soldiers from the diaaaaa in Thara are two main types of tha oryeniem - Only by overcoming these mill tha disease the 16th and 19th centuries. Cholera haa long that causing tha currant epidemic ia known aa tha be eradicated. Aa shown in the reet of tha baan comaon in West Bengal and Bangladesh, El Tor biotype. Infection with thia typa of article, thia particular aspect of the control and there hava been numerous outbreaks of the tha organise aay ba vary mild, and aa aany aa of cholera in South Africa has been neglected diaeaae throughout south and southwest Aaia. 90 to 79ll of tha people infactad with tha organism. for reasons which will bw made claar. Tha diaaase haa also apread to other parte of the world auch aa Europe, tha United States, aay feel only allghtly ill, or not ill at all. In tha short tens, tha washing of handa and Africa. These paopla, hoaavar, aay atill excrete tha and food in uncontaminetad water ia neceeaary. organism and infact others. Thay ara thua known eater for drinking ahould be boiled and watar During the coloniel period, cholera aa 'carrlere' of tha disease. supplies ahould ba dialnfactad with certain apread through east Africa along the trade A few houra to fiva daya aftar swallowing chemicals. Stools and vomit ahould be disposed routes, leaving hundrada of thousands dead tha organism, tha ayaptoaa (faallnga of illnass) of far away from any water source, and pit toilets - another dlaaatroua consequence of imperialism. of tha diaaaaa begin. Thia uaually atarta with ahould be dug If not already present. Cholera epidemics occurred in the United Kingdom

sudden aavara diarrhoaa without pain or blood, Although a vaccina ia available agalnat in the 1630s and 1840s. In tha 1890a, during and aay ba folloaad by a bout of vomiting. Tha cholera, It ia largely Ineffective aa it lasts tha period of rapid urbanisation and industrial lea tion in Europe, over 140 000 people charactarlatic stools, initially broan, bacoaa for leas than six months and la only successful died in France, 24 000 in Italy and 20 000 In claar with mucous and ara daacribad aa *rloa-aatar In SO to 60)1 of tha people vaccinated. It ia Britain because of cholera.9 Tha last major atoola'. Tha handa and faat of tha Infactad thua considered to ba unwiee to vaccinate vast paraon aay bacoma cold, and tha ayaa way bacoaa numbers of people aa it glvea them a false cholera epldasdc in tha east occurred in 1866-7. The disease has thus not baan limited to aunkan dua to tha loss of aalt and aatar* sense of security and may Inadvertently influence 'tropical' countries, but haa atruck wherever A traaandoua amount of fluid ia loat, people to relax their precautions agalnat eating tha prevailing conditions are suitable for its and if not raplacad rapidly, tha flick paraon aay or drinking unaafe foods. apread. dia froa ahocfc. If, hoaavar, tha aatar can ba; Cholera ia thus esaantlelly a mild diaaaaa: raplacad, than daath ahould not occur. It la fee people who become infactad actually get In 1961 a wave of cholera apldemlca apread thus vary important to give these paopla lota of aerioualy 111 frcai it. In addition It ia a acroaa the world. It started in Aaia and apread watar, which ahould contain specified amounta far laaa iaportant cauee of daath and illness waatwarta. Tha maealve population ahifta of aalt and augar: ona litre of aatar ahould ba In South Africa's rural areas than aany other resulting from the Pakistani-Indian war In 1971 mixed with aight level teaspoons of augar and diaaaaae - such aa aalnutrltlon, aaaalea, led to thoueanda of deaths and continued tha ona laval teaspoon of aalt. Thia solution ahould and tuberculoala. It la thua of interest that further spread of the dieaaaa. The organism pege spread to Africa at about this time and sinca which did not purify the water It supplied supplying the contaminated water * resulting than tha disease has spread rapidly across the (because It was cheaper), end which had become in e massive decrease in the number of cases continent. Angola, ttslael, Zambia and Zimbabwe infected with human waste matter. Snow proved of cholere.11 have all had major cholera problems in the past his theory oreohicelly bv breaking tha o<«mo Chni^re It a •wtttw**-*'*—*' 'Urease, is decade, and it is not Surprising that tha disease has noe reached South Africa*

Cholera is one of the many diseases labelled as 'tropical'* However, as hes been shown 'tropical* diseases have frequently struck non-tropical areas such as Europe end the United States. By calling a disease 'tropical* the authorities can claim It is natural in a given area i and thus deflect the responsibility for actually creating the circumstances in which diseases, such as cholera, can flourish. Doyel states that . Contrary to common belief, (these) diseases of underdevelopment ere not necessarily bound up with the tropical conditions In the geographic or climatic sense. Choleret plague, leprosy, smallpox, end aany Intestinal perasitea have all thrived in western Europe in the paet. Indeed, there ia a striking similarity between disease patterns in underdeveloped countrlee today end the experience of the Industrialised capitalist countries in the nineteenth century. In the third eorld, infent mortality rates, child eestage retes (deaths before 15 years), life expectancy and the incidence of mojor communicable dleeaaes all shoe a clear parallel with nineteenth century Britain. t Yet these disseises noe associated with underdevelopment have long since disappeared in the metropolitan countries

- primarily beceuse aany of the conditions predisposing to theee diseases of underdevelopment have been Improved subatantlelly.

* CHOCTA AND WATER

THE P£LATICN9tfP between cholera and eater has been long knoen. John 6now, the * father of epidemiology', studied cholere end water supply in the mid-19th century. During the cholere epidaelc in London in 1053-4 he proved that the Thle map and the one on the next page from Deportment of Health, Epidemiol op leal Ccmwjenta, November, 1960- diseese was being spread by a eeter company page 24

N

/Q

a Routine offluent eurrell ,* Open water aourcaa O* B Towi»tVlllaco«

the infecting organism is found in the water the conditions under which the vast majority pure mater supply will not guarantee good health, itself. It Is, therefore, found in oraaa of South African whites live will prevent their an inadequate water supply will ensure poor with poor water supply end sewage removal. succumbing to the disseaa* Secondly, carefully health. The value of sanitation is demonstrated by evaluated studies in the Phllllpinea heve shown two examples. First of all, cholera haa been thet the only way to overcome cholera ia through CHOLERA WO KWfANE transported to Japan and varloua European countries the provision of clean mater. OCL£RA has occurred in the last few months in on a number of occasions, but the disease has Thus it can be shown that 'the very existence many areas of the country. It originated, not spread because of the relatively high standard of cholera and its spread ia an indicator of however, in the eastern Transvaal, and thia area 12 12 of sanitation In thesa countrlae* Similarly, the inadequacy of eanitation* Although a depicts very clearly the types of conditions page 25 necessary for the spread of the disease. The of the reserve is e&tiaated at 390 600 in 1970 proclelmmd towns of Ekulindanl and Eeratehoek relationship between underdevelopment and poor and 439 200 in 1977. Clearly the populetion 'could not nearly keep pace with resettlement<, health ia shown by examining cholera and the in KaNgwane is being dramatically lncraasad by In addition squatter towns have developed around ana In which It etnrted. tha government policies of forcibly relocating Ksbokwani, Meteulu, Kanyama2ane and in areas where Tha eastern Transvaal region, tha focus of people into tha reserves. new towns ore being planned. tha present cholera epidemic, was described In The Bt'NSQ report describes'this population It le against thie background of population a racant Department of Health publication on relocation programme as being 'the resettlement relocation and the resultant population pressure cholera a 'picturesque, mountainous araa which in KaNgwane of Seaxl from badly situated Black that the spread of cholara in KaNgwane should naatlaa a vary fartiia valley abounding In estatas areas or othar Black states'. It continues be sawn. The massive Increase In population and farms of various sizes. Crops groan consist by saying that 'since a Start eae made with the with totally Inadequate facilities is clearly of vegetables (cabbages, tomatoes, and tropical buying of fanes in tha newly added araa. tha e major factor In tha spread of the dlsaaea. fruit and citrus) but there ara also vast sugsr resettlement of Swells has started In earnest• •"* Officially opening the second session of plantations*. (author's emphasis). KaNgwene'a lwgislatlva assembly, Or Willie Voeloo, In tha same publication, KaNOwana, tha Swell This massive influx of people haa led to Deputy Minister of Plural Halations and Develop­ rasarva, ls_mantloned in passing, but little datall the formation of numerous squatter towns, many ment, acknowledged that the provision of services is givan to this part of tha sastam Transvaal of tha squatters mere labour-tenants who ware was under considerable strain, 'The Swezi people, In which tha disaasa has flourtahad. forcibly removed from white-owned farms in who are clearly experiencing a national awakening, KaNgwane prasantly consists of thrss adjacent areas. Many of the people ara extremely ara still flocking to tha territory in their separate araas in tha eastarn Transvaal, • poor and have no access to lend. thousands*, (ale) he said. Ha stated further strategically locatad on tha bordars of Swaziland The most common employment in the area ie that because so many people had moved into the and Mozambique. Tha thraa araas ara known as to wort ae farm labourers or forestry workers, area, services became inadequate, and tha highest NXomazi, Nalkazi, and a 'nam araa'/4 Tha total who together make up 41,3]» of the economically degree of administrative skill mas needed to araa of land In KaNgwane was 20 301he in 1973, active population.1 The BENS0 publication prevent e collapse- In its turn, this mould and with tha consolidation proposals for tha states that 'the men especially apparently create still gi tar inadequacies in tha earvlcee 1 'homeland' tha land aass la to bs lncraasad to prefer to monk as migrant workers outside the available to the area's residents.26

391 OOOha. Tha population density in 1977 country when their own farms cannot aatiefy thalr "As far as we ara concerned resettlement ix 1 •as estimated at 57,5 par square km. Othar requirements . Interestingly the same a political bom*1, said EJ Mebuza, tha chief Bounces astlaatad tha population density as publication etatas that the Nkomeui araa of minuter of the 8eazl -homeland'. He clalma 17a 144 people par squara alia in 1970. In the KaNgwane la mainly a stock grazing region but that KaNgwane hae absorbed 150 000 people in the rest of South Africa tha average population that dryland crop production la possible last few years, and adds that 'soma resettlement 21 density aas 35 people per square alia. 'but is severely restricted by population pressure' areas have no amenities whatsoever, no running The quasi-government 6ENS0 report statas that (author"s emphasis). In addition, the Nsikezi water, no sewerage system, no schools and no tha present density la 'indeed high for a region ia fairly densaly populated and very clinics. Many of the people have no Jobs. Soma 1 predominantly rural population and with the little agricultural land is avallabls for people have to drink dirty water. Thay think forced relocation of people into KaNgwsne it agricultural planning. It Is thus not we are responsible. There is no message we will increase substantially. surprising that even those mho have soma land can get across to them until their problems have Tha number of people in KaNgwane waa 117 890 in KaNgwane 'cannot satisfy their requirements'. bean attended to1. in 197Q and it was estimated that there would Tha considerable increase in population It appears that the administrative collapse ba 213 900 people in KaNgwane by 1977.16 haa lad to major problems In providing housing Voaloo had warned of, had occurred, but ae At the saaa tiaa the Saul population outside ami service*. KN50 mentions that tha tap Pratorie desires, the Inadequacies ara blemeq on page 26

the KaNgwne authorities «nd not on the cmtml responsible for the water supply in the araa: government. 9*2. Vmtor Authorities It Is Ironic th«t some of the peooia who have Hare cuch the saae applied as far «s shewr nunbsra of authorites been moved to KaNgwane have oetmnslbly been moved in order to promote their health. Residents wars coacernort. In all there must ba alto about five different of Doomkop in the eastern Transvaal vera moved voter authorities ,or lrrtli of authority, dealing with tha to KaNgwane because it mas said that they did not have proper eater end sewerage facilities and canal and the rlTsrs In the area. Tuaia include Local Irrigation that the place was a health hazard. It seems Boards, the Kangwana Department of Vorks, tu© Eooal Administration apparent that prasant conditions are far worse, Board, the Dapartaeut of Water Affairs, the Dapartaent of Haaltta, but the health hazard IK noe possible further eeay from the white residents of Doomkop. Welfare and Pensions. One of the tea areas or KaNgwane that hes Oadsr the circumstances It vaa eoaetlass difficult to establish been particularly affected by cholere h«e been exactly VHO la responsible for WHAT-WHERE. the township of Uatsulu. This township i8 located at the southwest corner of the Krugsr National So, for sxuple, tba canal vaa ionatimas cloacfl (abut off) to Perk, between the Crocodile and Nsikaxl Rivers. repair a leak in tba system Tbe warning that tbla would ooour The township Is partly administered by the did not always reach tba estimated 10 - 12 000 people Urine KaNgwane authorities, and has been described as e 'disaster', with houses containing 1Q to IS at Matsulu In tin* Under normal olrounstanoaa tbla oan ba peopls in each, packed closely together,26 There Tory unpleasant* During a obolara outbreak It oan ba disastrous. are at laast It 000 squatters near tfat&ulu In tba prasanoa of an empty reservoir tbe inhabitants ara township, soma of them having been recently moved off white-owned fanes throughout the obliged to seek othar water souroaa - and tba olosast alternative eestam Transvaal. Other squatters have been la tba open river. Tba canal water was ont off on twa known there for months. ooeaetooa , first on 10 Ootobar and again on 17 October. The township of Uatsulu obtains its water from reservoirs containing water piped from an Claarly edequate water supply and In addition to tha bureaucratic backwardness irrigation canal known as the talwlanc^Crocodlle disposal is not available to the people in the in providing proper water, the authorities have Poort irrigation canal. It Is this particular township. Many of the other sufferers of the laid tha blame on tha individuals involved, end area of the Crocodile River that was Initially disaasa in the early stage of the epidemic were not on the state's inability or lack of willing­ Infected with the cholera organism and was workers on farms snd mines in the araa. At least ness to provide these basic facilities. Juat responsible for the outbreak of the disease. on* inmate at a prison farm also suffered free* before the cholera outbreak there had bean The Department of Health was actually warned the disease* problems with the eater purification in Uatsulu, months ago by one of its oen officials that The cholera outbreak has bean exacerbated and in addition many people preferred to draw epidemics wera a grave danger in the squatter by climmtic conditions. In the hot summer months water frcwi the river which ems Tymtrer and wasted 26 settlements of the KaNgwane 'homeland* - however, people require mora water to drink and this has less time malting in queues et the water points. the warning was not heeded and a pure water bean aggravated by the rains which have washed The Chief Director of the eastern Transvaal 28 Administration Board felt the blame could be source wes not provided in the area. human waste matter into the rivers and canals It is not clear who in particular is from which water 1* drawn* shifted away from tha state by saying: 27

It is a Wttar OT education * thaao be too greet far the state to The Department denied that they had hidden people have bean dreeing eater froa It Beams that no authority is silling to anything froa the public and said that they had, rivers til their U% accept responsibility for tha poor conditions, yat in fact, 'made tha public over anxious about the tha blame suet lie eith successive gsnaraticna issue* by its revelstlons of every notified cess 35 THE RESPONBE OF THE STATE of governaent in South Africa that have forcibly The Oaparteant considered the outbreak in THE fCEPGNOE of the state, throutfi the DpfttW reamed people frcai their land, disrupted tha Of Health and the Oapartasnt of eater Affaire. e serious light because It ess e 'strange disease* indiganoua subsistsnes economies, depleted tha has boon interesting. Plans Mrs aade over which killed and 'deprived people of their joy of rural areas of able-bodied people, and taken the* yssrs ago by the South African Institute of lifi It taxed the time and services of the to eorfc on tha sines and in lnduetry, and forcibly Medical Aeaaorch for the possibility of « Halted nuaber of haalth personnel, and it aas a relocated people into ovarcroadad and unproductive cholera outbreefc In South Africa. Mors than pointer to defects In environaental health. ago, Oapsrteant of Health officials praparad pieces of land. The citizens of Nelaprult ear* snnoysd by 10 an in-depth rsport on ho* to daal vith cholara Ooyal states that rsporte thst cholera had reached epidemic should it spread to South Africa. Tha state both the extent of contemporary hsslth proportions in the loeveldt ss tcurlsn in the problems (in tha undardeveloped world) area sea suffering- The torn clerk accused thus acknowledged that conditions in cartain and also tha evident failure to coafaet then, arses of South Africa aara so poor as to easily auet be eeen not as a 'natural* and the Department Of Health of spreading panic unavoidable part Of lifS In the third facUitata tha outbreak and spread of cholara. acrid, but aa a consequence of a particular with rsporte of cholera. Even one or two veld Yat nothing aas dona to altar thosa conditions fare of capitalist expansion. achoole ehich normmlly function in tha ores ehich hava now lad to tha apidealc. Tha applicability of thle point to tha ears temporarily closed. The Department of

lhan asked ahy nothing had baan dona to underdsvsloped rural areas of South Africa needs Health atapped up its public steteaants and provide claan aatar far squettere in Hataulu little further dlacuselon. encouraged tourists not to svold the eastern

other nasi by araasf Or John Hoyland aaid, Transvaal aa long as thsy took bssio - 'tha aquattera an a problem of tha KaNgsene THE PEPARTaQtfT OF HEALTH precautions to evoid contracting the disease* paW—< - I cannot apsafc about than*. THE DEPMT1CNT of health initially pttaapted to Ths Papal baoi it. of Health vaguely threatened Or Hoyland is tha regional representative of tha conceal aspects of the cholera outbreak, and to take legel action against anyons eho did not Departeent of Haalth, and advises tha tfaNgaana Department officiale to discuss only help it eith its medical hygiene and education authorities on haalth matter*. He also said that 'cholera in general* , and not particularly in progress*** to cosbet the disease. Tha Oaparteant 'as far as tha eouettera ara concamad there ara the eastern Transvaal* They also aould not also advised egainet employing africana f ran othiar factors involved ahlch hava nothing to do identify tha epeolfic areas of the loeveld that surrounding territories end etated that they eja with us'.26 ears involved. Tha Department of Health alao eight take such action ee preventing visitors Tha raaponaa of tha Oapsrteant of later instructed hospital officiate in Hectorapruit, to a house shore there had been s oase of cholera Affairs has baan notable, in that fee, if any, Nslaprult end Bartxarton* not to talk to or preventing coaaunel beer-drinking. These steteaants hava baan made on tha laaue of aatar Tha Progressive Federal Party •eeeui ei ears aimed at ensuring that tha disease supply In KaNgasne and eleeehero. Tha Oaparteant spokesperson on haalth aee eeld to hava stated did not spread froa the areas in ehich it also did net seize this opportunity to 'sin tha that the epldenic aas far sjore eerious than originated, to the eurrounding shite areas. 1 haarta and tha mtnds of tha people by providing official disclosures lad to believe, and that The Oaparteant of Health became particularly a pure aatar source to KaNgsene, a relatively the governaent should 'cow clean* on chol Involved in investigating the eouroa of the small area. It aeaas that the Halftt§ by other figuras.39 Hon recently the etete Health outbreak and attaaptsd to limit tha spread of coaaunitiaa and equetter arttlasajnte for proper Department hae been accueed of covering up the disease. One of the oonstreinte in eater aupply and iseagi roaoval, ehich would of tha spread of cholera to Hotel and areas of ths dealing with the problem aae the duplication an folios tfte inatalistion in select areas* would Orange Fraa State. of actoinistnative responsibility in the ~ peQV 28

Co-ordinated action requires co-ordinated authority. This eaa not alaeya aaay to ensure in tha face of at laest fiva haalth * BEWARE OF CHOLERA VIMUUKHOURA authorities operative in tha affllctsd PREVENT CHOLERA HLOKOMELA LEFU LA CHOLERA THOGOMHANIDWADZE U CHOUIA - The Departeejnt of Haalth. lelfare and THIBHA LEFU LA CHOLERA Panaiona of tha ASA THIVHEUNI DWADZE LA CHOLERA - Tha Transvaal Board for tha Oevelopaent of Pari-Urtan Area* Drinking 1.1 - Tha Kefejeane Department of Haalth and les^tanee aalfara Cholera ere le tM •japna * Tha Transvaal Provincial AoaUnietretlon rtooli of - certain local authorltiaa. eff of Baaldaa attaapting to ieolete tha aourca of 1 tha infactad eater, e Department davotad its After drtoUes or heeeHea An water, tee patient A enaxyy to a prugr—a of public education. ef Paopla vara edvieed to eeah thalr handa before i\- '/i aatino and aftar going to tha toilet, to aaah fruit and vegetables aith treated tap eater, to boil eeter before drinking, and to build pit latrinee. Over 300 000 penphlsta in various id lenguegea were distributed through garages along routes to tha northern and eastern Transvaal.4 On investigation by the author it eea found thet

In many cases these were not given out by garage attendante ea they eere not told ehat to do with thee. In addition, the peephleta vere soeetiam ssssu e fee le meetle e motel mw. not in local languages - for axeeple, near

Pietereburg the penphlet eppeered In Xhoaa, 6eazlt 1 a Vends end Tsonge, but not In ntorthein Sotho, ehloh* BBEJ?" le the predominent languege apoken In the area*

These pewphleta stated! Ireei wtin, rivets ape Drinking eeter la the emln aourca of cholera infection. The genea responsible for cholera are found In the atoola of hueen beings, Beceuse of lack of hygiene theee gen-s get Into the drinking eater.

The iapreeelon given le thet people are deliberately unhygienic. As with such health education, individuals ere accused of Ignorance between South Africa end the heelth department* Africa-, and secondly that it la the responsibility and little attention la given to the social mnd of "the netionel atetee ere being separated and of the 'Black notional states' and their health economic reelitlaa that leeda to diseases of therefore totala on cholera patisnt* cannot be departments to deal eith thla end other health this nature. given',M By asking title eeparetlon gousr resent problem. Thle cetegorlsetlon of etetletica Tha Oepertsient of Heelth alao issued a euthoritlee firstly can dale that the vest according to area of origin la being epplied to statement that 'cpideeioloyical information aajorlty of ceeee have occurred 'outside South all other notlfiabU health conditions! ae eell page 29

(m table below). This table, «nd tab In 1t 2 and 3 reproduced frcai Epidemiological Cuammnta. Doc. I960. Tieis i. iwt or PvriFiCATioln ST coeemoi An usiea / aiAcn tATioeju STATU.

AUK raaioo JUOMT TO mrmiA if 40

COTDJTTOI HWIO» SLACK tfATlOlAL *TATtS paaai HtALTH 1EGI0S OP UA - COYUI10O OKI SILT UK THAI TSAII CAT! CAM CAfC TYL TV! CIS CA1AJ KV* L£*0 m nun CtfAEt 9VASA vint I0TAL BAST VIST • OftTl SATAL on SOUTH TOTAL ami uur ii Lfi VA pa fi>T*L 14 15 lit S4 20! 442 UJO 14 417 0 101 rum** • »4S 454 19 1214 tintiau 0 0 - »•*• eji —T jp j j I a -*i- 4 * ' 0 ': 44 1 2 4 * 14 I li 1 4 0 1 0 o 17 • J I J a* 20I i 1 St 1175 0 111 444 U 0 154 0 0a 16 1444 1441 Si? 1142 isai OSS 1114 jt* iJi­ lltf *44 10000 314 77 211J 1144 0 HI 411 S41 ia« 55S1 ISU1 ojt wiiaaacaccn lerscru 11 441 ll 12 "d 110 t*S 4 a iJ It 0 7 "1 5 1 74 *4< 10 1 12 ia4 0 ois roLiaartUTis f * '! 44 4 4 1 1 10 0 M fl 10 1 ia is 4 JO >1 IOO 0 14 2 11 i 110 :s* 017 1 t7 a ait mi 4*27 14 >i 1477 2133 11104 4*7 20714 *fi4 202 If 11 404 544 1111 IMS 1*7 io*:j 4t1Si T* or RBH i? U J 7 SI 2 • If It 0 |1 a a l 4 17 1 47 lit en , 4#ll AA . i »2Si 11445 11441 it« 1614 «14« 0IO-4 TO TtXAL v 0 '»*- «70i YtuLew nn * «n**t a o -. -» i l— *- O "J 1 •1 "7'U a 10 2 1 i a o a a a o 2 a a * a a a a «l i a <• 2 0705 t« SS 144 41 1242 21 14 ui 415 44 24 * *' o 41 15 5 225 1 IMP 144 2*1 IS 24? 42 44| 4S IJ01 24 1 44 21 a 44 54 IS 1 114 151* lOTAJ. ?•»• MM 1211 Slot 1171 HSU 1140 447 S3 2142 *47 4I§4 2401 0 10*4 io*l JJM 170 20114 47«*4l

ALL alAIMTlCA Att Si -virtt TO rf»ATf*C A» liriTXr AYAtLAeUL f\roa*IA?im tt AT IH aATt (02/12/40)

In eummmry than, the rola of tha uepmrtmwnt PUBLIC jCALTH AM) DISEASE the country in 1900 occurred In KaNgaane, in has boon to attempt to suppress information about TIC OGPAflneWT of Haalth haa alao tefcen thla ahlch rawer than 1% of the total population of tha disease, to attempt to prevent tha apraad opportunity to publlciaa ita primary haalth cara South Africa live,*5 of tha dlaaaaa to ahita areas, to ahift tha prugra—aa and to boaat that South African Tuberculosis la rife In KaNgaane* the nueber responsibility for dealing alth tha dlaaaaa and aarvlcaa ara batter than a*ny alaaahara. Thla of ceses occurring there being more than double ita couaaa firstly onto tha individual and aaphaaio on primary haalth cara and prevantatlva the rate for the reat of South Africa* and higher 1 45 secondly onto tha 'Black national atataa and aadlcina glvaa tha lapraaalon that tha Department than in any of the other 'homelands'/ Although aaay frat Pretoria- At tha same time tha haa tha corract approach and la doing all it can figures of officially reported caaee of any disease Dapai \mm it haa naQlactad to do anything about tha to praaota haalth for all paopla in South Africa. must be viewed with caution, it la clear that more common and dangerous pravantabla diseases Aa w9 hava already aejen, thla ia not tha caae. KaNgaane ia susceptible to many diseases. In factp it la notable that the Qapartawnt has found in rural area*.. However, little, if enythlng, has been done to Clearly, however, tha Oapart-antof Haalth ahoen little interaat In other preventable diaaaaea overcome the basic factors leading td the high 44 cannot poaalbly eradicate tha dlaaaaa and it *ia ahlch occur coaaonly in KaNawane: rates of the diaaasaa of underctevelcpment In that, likely to ba praaant for a long time yat - KaNgaane Is susceptible to Boat of the and other, areas. diaaasaa cuaniunly occurring in developing QAilaacant at times, only to break out and apraad countriea. Those aoat prwelant are why then has there been such e flurry of with ranaaad lntanalty*. Tha Department cannot venereal dlaaaaa, bllhor/la. tubarculoala! activity relating to cholera? It aeama that aalaria, other lnfactlGua and parasitical WWW tha dlaaaaaa of undardavalopiant. such diseases, and typhoid fever* The last the fear or cholera, ehlch has connotations of i aa cholera, bacauaa It doaa not tack la tha causes mentioned and infectious hepatitis result a rapidly spreading ratal disease. h*e become the froFi poor _standard3 of sanitation and epttrr of dlaaaaaa auch aa this. In fact, to tackla thaa supply in KaNgaane [author's amphaals). prime) influence in all thla activity* Foer or aould ba to tackla tha South African atata and tha disease spreading to 'ehlte1 areaa ia tha A atartllng fact ia tlmit mora than 20)t of tha political and economic factors ahlch praaarva eejor factor in the massive prase publicity and the caaee of typhoid fever reported from throughout tha atatua quo* attention that the dlaaaaa has achieved. In point page 30

of fact, cholera la a relatively minor disease,, eoPULiTlOM CSTIMTCS IT HCAITW W661Q1. 1t70 - 1000+ (» 1 000 ) end far lees important ae e cause of death end illness than numerous other diseases. There were, for example, over CO 000 cases of tuberculosis H t ft l T » f t « t 9 H In South Africa in 1960** but this disease has OP. £aei« £me HiSsl Q-F'S* 0—1 tessi- BBS not received even a fraction of the publicity given qoj gg ami -smii —*** HA«UO— to cholera. Infantile gaatro-enterltle, • Mjor 1 8*4,2 2 104,7 SU,I 2 191,4 1 669,0 S 141,2 - B01,3 U 7*0,1 klllar of infanta in rural areas, has received little, if ony, attention from the health 1 503,1 2 211,9 f.95,9 2 223,7 1 702,9 fl 784,0 919,3 14 991,3

authorities because it poses no threat to the 1 603,3 2 239,4 603,3 2 2M*2 1 Til,* I 969,0 937,7 IS 225,CI ehlte population of South Africa. 1 623,3 2 267,2 610,1 2 289,2 1 731,0 I 996,3 954,4 11 464,2 The origins of public health in Europe, as veil aa the origins of the colonial health 1 6*3,4 2 295,4 619,4 2 322,7 1 741,3 1 106,0 971,1 II 7Mt7 services, offer much to explain the current 1 1*3,9 2 323,9 121,1 2 356,7 1 759,6 1 228,0 995,8 11 013,2 focus of activity on cholera. 1 6-4,6 2 352,8 133,1 2 3*1,2 1 774,1 1 3*2,1 1 014,9 11 203,1 Public health services in Europe began in an attempt to prevent the privileged classes from 1 705,5 2 3*3,1 Ml ,7 2 426,2 1 7*1,7 1471,1 1*31,2 14 458,9 46 succumbing to the diseases of the poor: 1 721,7 2 411,7 649,7 2 441,6 1 103,4 1 109,1 1 055,9 11 711,1 1 The 'condition of the working class wee 1 741,2 2 441,1 637,7 2 497,7 1 818,2 1 741,1 1 077,0 11 981,5 a topic of considerable concern in Britain throughout the nineteenth century. The ill hmalth of the urban proletariat poeed 1 719,9 2 472,1 645,9 2 134,2 1 033,2 1 171,9 1 094,5 17 249,1 an immediate threat of Infection to the inhabitants of the wealthier parts of town, ehlle at the same time epitomising the clanger T of the slums as a breading ground for a • * ' ° • * i I T *, T E I wide renge of social problems... Attempts •rryr Jam J3UL by the expanding central and local state apparatus to aolve these problems mare concentrated an public health meesures - the control of disease through the 274,3 2 111,1 1 113,2 29^4 121,4 14 7*4,6 11 004,2 provision of clean meter, sewerage disposal, and soma slum clearance. 375.0 290,0 2 242,242,11 1 140,100,00 31,7 134,4 M 991,3 19 224,3

Thue, the factor which led to the starting 397,4 304,53 2 331,331,11 11229, 229,33 39,30,41 128,0 15 22S.6 19 658,3 of public health programmes was not concern for 421.1 324,01 2 424,424,11 1 2*1,2*1,11 40,49,4 131,6 II 464,2 20 117,1 the poor exploited mosses who suffered from the diseases, but rather fear of catching these 447,1 342,1 2 121,121,22 1 3*7,3*7,11 •61,M6 135,3 II 70*,7 20 171,1 infectious diseases from the poor, and aleo 474,1 312,3*2,1 12 121,121,11 1 426,428,44 T76,M8 139,1 II 9*3,2 21 053,7 concern that the working cless would become 502,7 3*2,34)2,77 2 T2*,721,33 1 400,401,11 95,9 143,1 H 2*3,1 21 053.7 sick end, therefore, far laae productive. 133,1 404,404,4 2 835,835,11 1 575,575,44 110,111,7 147,1 11 458,9 22 073,9 with regard to cholera in particular Doyal continues by saying that 427,7 2 948,1 1 6*6,5 1*9,3 111,3 11 710,0 22 111,2 it was feer of infectious disease in general 412,1 3 1*1,7 1 730,7 100,3 100,1 11 0*1,1 23 180,3 and - after the epidemics of the 1B30s and 477,0 3 100,0 1 020,2 232,1 110,0 17 240.* 23 771,1 VBQM 31

1640s - or cholera in particular, which motivated middle-class support for public health legislation. Cholara eas no respecter of thr social status of indivi­ or •nriarrics or 'in re tftftLTff rnm duals. It attacked tha poor and the respectable middle-class indiscrimently mi TO it??, SOUTH nrngfl, (Author's nota - in thoaa times 11 E L T parts of warding class and middle class * • • C B I • • - areas eara supplied with tha aeM water). Thus, for tha aiddla-class in Victorian Btai Mi£- Xottx> JKJBO TOTM. cities, public haalth rsform vas an important fans of self-defence against £££t conteaion spreading outaards from the slums. IfTI •IS s an 1 MS ft 714 1 Ml 12 3ft34 It vas also felt in Victorian England that itn IM ft 074 1 17» 7 S71 14 STft 2 43 112 disease and 111 health made people poor, and that disease therefore increased the number of people im • Mt 1 T13 1 15 112 1 01ft requiring poor reliaf• This Is an additional 1tT4 7 S21 2 t14 7 MS 13 ft24 1 43 564 A? z i: reason for public haalth legislation. . IfTft 10 aia TMft 1 U7 • ITS f 13 M7 1.1 Tha origins of colonial haalth policy 7 411 13 reflected similar priorities; IfM 111 T HT 1 4M 2*11 1 CM 42 The Cast African aadical department aas ft «1ft 13 7 2M i tn t 4S 1 M 873 instructed firstly to 'preserve the health* of tha European community, secondly to keep 7 Ml 2 IM ft MS 13 1 39 7M the African and Asian labour force in 2 Ml reasonable working condition, and lastly 4 ftM 1ft ftM to prevent the spread of epidemics. irr» 2 119 2 1 Ml 40 507 Siallar reason* hove bean put forward to explain the public health approach to dealing 8 T * T g « IVLA w m v with cholara in South Africa. It Is interesting ifftsa P— — *•«»— Junuu TOTAL that private companies hava printed, at their Sfaajai *'$»*» own coet, haalth educational material on cholera, so as to prevent the loss of work IfTI M - 1 ftM - 4ft Mft 42 Ml rasulting from workers contracting the disease. 1172 • 1M IM 1 M2 41 43 1f2 4ft .'324

1tT3 SC2 • S12 3327 1 421 4ft 7»4 4ft 132 IT 18 clear from tha article that cholera cannot 19T4 4M 332 2 f» 1 574 43 M4 m M7 be viewed merely as a tropical disease, but must 1»TS 1 2M 4ff 3 453 1 77ft 4ft TM 62 ft19 be seen within the content of a aab of migrant HTft 1 554 543 3 242 1 Ml 42 SM 4ft 441 labour, farced resettlement, overcrowding and poor community services. These factors aust ba IfTT 1 MS 442 1 21ft 1 4M M ftTS 45 074 seon as resulting from, the development of 1f7ft 1 M7 4*7 2M7 1 M7 123 M 7M 45 1M capltaliaa and the apartheid policy in South ItTf 1 MS 373 3 MS 1 Ml 1M 4ft M7 47 ftM Africa.

1M0 The article has attempted to discuss tha origins of tha cholera outbreak In South Africa, page 32

the nature of the disease itself, the major area in which it has occurred, and the activities of am ?• CIMK MTC f0wts or the Department of Health in dealing with the THE Mail ""^ " °* «"• TUBERCULOSIS PP* *«•" *"'°H epidemic. Historical factors relating to cholera MB ETEBfc arm- IOTI TO i9?». SOUTH AFEICA. PEP ESTIMATED IOO QCO mMtfmw were looked at In order to shoe that this is

largely a disease releted to underdevelopiaent g L T and has not been limited to so-celled 'tropical • ' • LXJLAJ-i countries'. A focus on the origins of public JOdl o.f.S. Tr—t» SOaif ToUl health was given in order to demonstrate scaie of the factors influencing the state in dealing 1971 493 2*4 329 303 109 223 417 273 with the present epidemic. 399 349 199 249 Finally, it is hoped that through this paper im 507 271 312 people eill gain an understanding of the itn 4*4 299 391 329 103 229 199 relationship between underdevelopment and poor 1974 961 329 329 319 122 223 197 277 health, and will realise that cholera is but 999 329 399 347 119 223 194 one example of many diseases related to im underdevelopment. It thus becomes apparent that 1979 491 397 232 319 199 219 199 the solution to cholera lies neither in the 1977 999 394 2*7 273 139 219 149 242 provision of health services, nor merely in the 313 332 299 142 799 174 development of sanitary living conditions, 1979 394 but implies the eradication of the unequel access IfTf 339 393 321 199 137 223 IM to wealth, resources, and political power which ere present in the country. Only when the mejority of the peopls control the rasourcwa which influence health will health for all be promoted, • * T » » • * L • T » T ' • Clffctl 6«z**ttil» KvzolM MBMI Qm W T0T9L9M

Anthony Zwl 1972 •>«o. K.B. 99 It ie hoped that an article of this nature provides *.•• Information thet can be ueed by communities end 1973 «.c. 99 137 119 other groups to understand the relationship between ill health and socio-political factors 1974 •-C. 97 . 119 119 In our society. Through this understanding issues related to health may aerve to provide 129 e starting point for community action. 1979 273 139 132 1979 399 142 179 194 Any committee or group wishing to obtain fgrther information on cholere or other prevalent 1977 999 199 79 M diseases , may contact the editors who will put them in touch with resource people* 1979 224 19* ^•^9* 97

REFERENCES 1979 291 93 99 91 431 1. Epidemiological Comments,Department of Health, Welfare and Pensions, October 1960. 1999 » • 2. nou. 23.01.B1. 22. Ibid, p19.

3. Or C Ueckenzio, Medical Officer of Health, 23. Ibid, p26. Durban, 5undey Tribune, 02.10.60. 24. Ibid, p10. 4. P6 wan Schelkwyk, Chief Director of the eastern Transvaal Administration Board, 25. RDU. 16.03.79. Sunday Express, 09.11.80. 26. Survey of Race Relations! 1979:318-9. 1 5. •altzkintH * *A Utrxlst Viae of Medical Care in Annals of Internal llsdiclne, vol 89, 27. ROM, 29.07*60. pp 264-76, 1978, 26. Sunday Express, 09.11.80. 6. 'Beyond Community medicine: The exploitation of Disease and the Disease of Exploitation* in 29. Epidemiological Cements, Department of Critical lhalth, 1, January 1980. Health, October, I960.

7. "Development and Underdevelopaent' in 30. Ibid, p14, Critical Health, 2, April, I960. 31. Ibid, p19. , B. Department of Health Document, Cholera'a 17.10.80. 32. Ibid, p2.

9. Bacteria, Newsletter of the SA Institute of 33. Sunday Express, 26.10.80. Medical Research, 6, I960. 34. ROM, 03.11.60. 10. Ooyel - The Politloel Econoay of Health {Pluto Press, London, 1979:101) 35. ROB, 01.12.60.

11. Barter and Aoaa - Epidemiology In Medical 36. Star, 03.12.80. Practice (Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1976). 37. Star, 04.11.80.

12. Hobson fed) - Theory and Practice of Public 38. Star, 30.10.80. Health (Sth edition, 0UPt Oxford, 1979). 39. Department of Health, memo on cholera 13. Epidemiological Comment a, Department of Health, control. October, I960, p5. 40. Epidemiological Comments, Department of Healthr 14. KaNo/wone Economic Revue, 8ENG0, Pretoria, October, 1980:13. 1978:5. 41. 'Prevent Cholera', Department of Health 15. Papulation Removals (05G/SARS Information pamphlet, 1980. Publication 3, 1980:5). 42. Salvo, Department of Health. Welfare and 16. 8EN80, 1978:20. Pensions, vol 4,9, January, 1961.

17a Horrell, H - The African Homelands of South 43. ROB, 09.01.81. Africa (SAIRR, 1973:39). 44. 8ENS0, 1978:52. 17b Horrell, 1973:26. 45. Epidemiological* Comments, Oepartment of 18. Afrika, Novaabar, I960. Health, December, 1960.

19. 8ENS0, 1978:23. 46. Doyal, p141.

20. Ib*tlt p3C. 47. Ibid, p142.

21. Ibid, p33. 46. Ibid, p241. Dog. 34

In this issue two articles deel with aspects KANGWANE of life in KeNgwane - the one below on agriculture, CRITICAL HEALTH and the article on cholera.

- icci:tibli tO 0 it THE CREATION of the new KeNgwane bantustan la 30 tmti cap 7 a prima example of tha process of 'ethnificatlon* CASH CROPPING of tha South African population that tha South African atate has undertaken In the service of CHT1CAL HEALTH Hit U thov thfl Hftkl the apartheid policy. It la an artificial creation IN KANGWANE ttl-*»* MlIU tod lOCUtjr 1i SMltH AfHct. CtlTECAt MALT* OtUaoU U totw teot bottor that ia meant to be on a oath to 'nationhood* Mtltft COO Oly Of iCftlOVOri 1R « Jn^ntlc and 'independence'. Tha Kaftgnne region ems Statu Afrlco. PfTHOOUCTION CfllTKAl HEALTH iMU «Mt1C4l1j it tfco famerly known a& the 'homeland for the Seaxl', CERTAIN contradictory trends are apparent in 1'iti Of health (n Slltl AfflCO. and Ilea on the borders of Swaziland and the agricultural development pollcles/diractlone CRITICAL HfUtH frtftfttt tftS view U«t lOtltA t% t*0 ^V«rn of ill Mozambique • being followed in the bantustans. CRITICAL KtALTH pr«?14«t ft projrini,. UENSO calls it tha 'youngest of the self- On the one hend there is an attempt to ETri?(aU( 01 cor root hooltfc Utoot. CtlTICAL MALTS ..plod.i co«cn myt*t tto«t governing Black states in South Africa*. The foster the development of a clasa of petty taftlth sod «ctt At • forve for too o*t)»i*i« bantustan has already had a storey history of farmers end peasants, who would have a vested

#r OOftlth or th*i# I*T« btfl obo*t r*eottloaoet.»*oa,otota ui 117 890, with another 390 GOO Swazi living would mean that peasant controlled land, laiear.fJW^rSo^owMt.laasatrlol ooafllct. *.-» nio of tl* rooorroo is l.A,»ioo*i political bo41o*.i*a thi crovtk of outside the region. BCNS0 estimates for 1977 unable to compete viably with these estates, 0«i talis t t^ricul ter*. Arrlcon couotrloo vtlck BIT* b«n laaket It *xo were respectively 313 90Q (!) and d39 200. could have their role as food producers done RO ia»blquo. D|Uil, tllUlll ,In #o L• .lialOLl, lid The ferce of South African statistics can be eway with and have their land acquired for Etlr«.Itn«f ploanod will focao on th» iicUl cosooettowcos of tlo no of **cbln*rj in S.A. Udutrr.iad oft tfco Soatsom Afrloea statoo. gauged by BENSO's later Calculations, giving cash crops. More cheaply produced food can LOCAL fUHCUmai9^«9.80 fOft 4 ISSWWJ.POSTAOB XlClJ a de facto population of only 159 8B2 for then be * Imported* from capital Intensive, 1960 (see Table 6 in the article on Pensions, mechanised and large—scale white-owned PERSPECTIVE In thia issue). agriculture In the rest of South Africa- WIT! tOipO SO* Sl2*r. MAAWQ* paQe

Also, as mora and mora land gets used for caoh crops in the reserves, so mora and Laeeti Sugar FVoJoct Tonga SI sal Company more paopla are deprived evan of whatover Figtree cotton project •eagro subsistance thoy vara oklng out. and Progreaaive farmers ara turned into rural eaga labourers. Thus, Labour Bureau/Magistrates Office, Tonga Proposed new fcisol schema - 2 000 ha the conditions that have created structural unemployment in ehlte-oened agriculture eith the abolition of the labour tonant systee, ore baing repeated in the rural •real of the bantu&tana themselves.

Structural unemployment had made areas of control (the bantustens) necessary, areas Kruger National Part where the unaaployod could be 'kept* eaay fro* the urtan areas. Nov the slim chance of that control succeeding through creetion of a

UocsmbiQue

Laffend

,* Open watar sources • Toima^illoces page 36 ,

stable class of subsistence and peasant farmers, wages paid ware R2,08 per day. sub-contractors. They ara paid for tha amount la being eroded. In September laat year*, tha sisal schema of leaf they deliver, and from this sum they Tha material presented here daala only was taken over by the local developammt must pay whatever labour they employ. The •lth tha agricultural aapact. Although It corporation and a private company called wagas paid to auch labourers are substantial ly ia atill too aarly to saa tha full affacta of Mwasurad Farming (Pty) Ltd. They formed e less even than thoee paid In tha employ of such a contradiction aa that indicated above, new company called the Tonga Sisal Company. the Department. An examples One contractor, I would suggast that therm la at lamat a Tonga Sisal Is owned Jointly by tha KaNgwana who eaploya 96 people (26 man and 28 woman), tendency auch aa that akatchad out. Agricultural Company (KLU) and Uaaaured pays tha mmn HI ,64 a day and the woman R1,t3 Farming (bF), aach with 50)1 ahereholdlng. I hava concantratad apacifically on ona a day. making use of euch sub-contractore, I region of KaNgwana (tha 'homeland* for tha Tha KLH, in turn, is Jointly owned by was told, *gets rid of surplus labour*. Sub­ 8aaxl paopla of tha eastern Tranavaal) - tha Corporation for Economic Dovelopflwjnt contractors will continue to be used efter the tha nkomezl raglon, juet north of tha Swaziland (CH>. previously the Bantu Investment• KLU-aF takeover.

border and adjoining Mozemblque. Corporation) and tha local Development I would suggast that the reason for using corporation (KEDC - KanGwana Economic Develop­ sub-contractors apacifically for cutting may CASH CROPPING ment Corporation), and hae lta office in whits also be dua to tha fact that thia labour ia not THERE ARE thraa major caah crops grown in tha River. required every day of the year. Because there Nkomaxi raglon of KaNgwana i alaal, cotton and Thia takeover had eevara consequences for ere times when the cutting is done, It la easier sugar. Land la also baing claarwd for a futura the labour force. They ware ell dismissed. to rely on sub-contrectore rather than hire coffaa project. Thie dismissal created quite a furore and tha end retrench labour according to tha aeaaon.

All thaaa cropa ara labour intensive in worker* complained to their chief who took the In any event, it cuts the labour coata substantially. thalr cultivationt and require large nunbars matter up with tha KaNgwana government. As a of unskilled labourers. Moat of thla labour result, tha KaNgwana 'cabinet' requested that Therm arm alao plana to expand the area la provided by SOBan. tha warkere at laaat be given a monthe notice. under sisal. This Included expanding tha Anothar femturw la that all thaaa cropa Thie wma granted. It was enviaaged in September axletlng crop, aa wmll aa opening up a new ara centrally managed on an aatata basis* thmt they would rehire, from the aame people area of approximately 2 OOOhm on tha Swaziland Thera haa baan no division of land under thaaa who had baan dismissed, only 217. wages, too, bardar. Thia la a particularly aenmltlvm crops into small, Individually-owned plots. were to be slaahed down to 11,40 par day topic aa it involves tha moving of people The exception la tha cotton project where (mlninum) - a cut of scmie 50)1. Bald an to eecommodata the scheme. The land for thia therw are individual farmers, and thera are official of bTi 'It ie not fair on eF* to expect proposed scheme is also vary fertile. plana to ultimately divlda tha main aatata them to pey people starting employment with them Acceding to the KaNgwana Agricultural into smaller farms, •nether thia will, In tha aame rate it had taken the Department of Department thla scheme and removals would only fact, take place remains to be Been. Agriculture 15 years to achieve (l). One amy be undertaken with the conemnt of the people wall wonder if it will take UF 15 years before concerned ('The people' usually refers to

they reach R2(D9 a day. Tha Ompmrtmant of the ohief, and presumably ha can be perauaded SI5AL Agriculture manager, incidentally, haa been SISAL, at present, covers an area of soma* to consent). Measured Farming was amid to retained by mF. be 'working very closely with the director* 1 600ha. This project was atarted in 1964 (of agriculture) on thla new scheme, but by tha Department of Agriculture, and was run For tha past six years there hae existed IT hme reiterated that It would be done only by this Department until September, i960. the practice of doing the cutting and transport­ with tha consent of tha people, (what would Prior to that data, the schema employed ation of sisal leaves to the local shredder probably happen ie thmt tha state would 420 paopla of whom about 79% ware woman. Tha through sub-contractors. There are five such page J? initiate the new scheme - clear ground, move people, etc - end then hand over to UF who COTTCH THE 'PROGRESSIVE FAFwBmV would sake money on the venture). THIS CROP covers an area of about 200ha. The ALTHOUGH theoretically independent of the project cotton scheme was started by the KEOC in October, they are effectively controlled by it. Only one

SOME MISCELLANEOUS INFQTHATICH 1977. The land here is leased for a period farmer actually grew cotton last year. ICASuTCD FARMING heve their heed office in of 12 years from the local chief at a rate of He was given a loan of AZ1 000 by the Maritzburg. They also control the marketing R2 000 par annua. The money goes to the KEDC. This included the coat of installing of sisal in South Africa through their agency local tribal authority. After the 12 yeers an overhead irrigation system, clearing bush, the National Sisal marketing Committee. This heve expired it is envisaged that this project ploughing, building a store room. The labour oody'(NSUC) eats the quota for all sisal will be split up and handed over to individual he employs is also paid for out of his loan. growers and determines whore the fibre mill farmers, who would eech get e plot of 20ha. He has ten years in ehich to.repay this loan. be sent. For example, at Tonga, once the Apart from this project, there are et The ploughing, crop spraying and transportation leaves have been shredded and the fibre present 7 'progressive fanners1 with plots of to the gin (where the cotton is separated from packed and graded accenting to its length, 20ha each, adjoining the cotton project lands. the seeds), is ell handled by the main project. the NStfC tells them to ehich factory the These farmers have been given massive loans For all these benefits, however, this fibre must be sent. In this case it is usually by the KEDC to grow cotton. Their land is not farmer Is very disgruntled ea he does not know Included in that leased by the project, but is to Pletersburgt but they have in the past sent what the state of hie fineness are. All the fibre to Johannesburg, ftjrtan and even Cape also allocated by the chief. Only one of these bookkeeping is done by the project. Honey from Town. The main consideration is the distance, farmers actually grew cotton last year. his cotton sales is held by the project, and so that all sisal growers should pay more or The labour force fluctuates widely. the project makes deductions from this amount less the same on railage. The picking season lasts from about April for overheads incurred, which la calculated by IF has Justified their takeover and coat through to August/September. During this time the project. For example, if the project did cutting measures, saying that if this had not about 4on people are employed, but this can rlae two hours ploughing on his land, he has no way been done the alternative would heve been to to 900 during school holiday*, as echool children of knowing whether he was being charged for that close down completely - then no-one would are employed, hor example, in July, I960, there or whether they were overcharging him. He also heve any Jobs at ell. IF are very reluctant were 386 labourers, of whoa only 46 were man. claimed that he had not been allowed to see to acknowledge that they have any ownership During the holidays, there were about 900. what the exact costs of his overheads were, and stakes, and claim that they are only doing *agcr> for picking cotton are paid on a feels that the cotton manager is trying to plot the management, and are being peid management quota basis * 5c for each kilogram of cotton his downfall. He is only given an allowance of fees. This is not true, picked. A fairly good days work can yield RSO.OO a month by the project. They keep the rest, presumably to pay off his loan. The KEDC Vs Transvaal operations are handled by 40Jcg, which means R2,00 a day, but that is heavy say that money from the 'progressive* farmers* a subsidiary in Heidelberg called Florecadla going. The cotton project doee struggle to find (Pty) Ltd. enough labour, particularly during the height cotton sales are paid direct to the farmer. Moat of the locally marketed sisal is of the picking season. People in the nearby This same farmer who did not know the state bought by Hmggl Rend and Amalgamated Packaging village (Flgtree) seem to be reluctent to wort of hia finances had reportedly made a nett profit Industries (API). on the cotton fields and management is highly of H4 000 lest year. Last year Tonga Sisal produced 770 tone critical of 'the laziness of theee people*. This 'progressive' fanner employs, during of fibre and it Is hoped to Increase this to As a result they have to hire e 7-ton truck the picking season, some 30 to 40 labourers 1 200 tons within the next five years. from Aent-a-8akkie to fetch labour from as far as well as about 30 school children over aa 30km away. weekends, depending on their availability. He page 38

pays 5c a kilogram as well. The money to pay their own rations and bring their own imp1omenta, BENS0 report 1 this labour was Included in the. loan, and he has eg hoes, pangaa, sickles, etc. The working day The KaNgwane government flnde it difficult to recruit workers for the agricultural to draw money from the main project in order to lasts from 07h00-09h00 to IThOO with an hour for projects. The men especially apparently pay his labour. Presumably after the first lunch, In a five dey week* prefer to work as migrant workers outside the country when their own faras cannot year this is deducted from hie cotton sales. Cane cutters are paid slightly more, and are - satisfy their requirements (1978:36). The point is, though, he does not control that drawn fron the ranks of the existing labour force, The figures supplied above refute this piece money at all. In fact, he is allowed no initiative They ere paid R1.88 for women end R2,M for men. of racial stereotyping and bias. fts far ae hie cotton is concerned. wages lncreese slightly depending on the length while 16ha fro* hie 20ha farm is devoted of service. Men are always paid more than women. to cotton, the remaining 4ha are aet aside for THE DSG/SARS RESOURCE CENTRE, his private use. Here he grows vegetables, The Southern African Research Service, in Wags Increases over the years conjunction with the Developeient Studies Group, which are marketed locally and does very well a 197? 1978 1979 1960 has recently set up a resource centre dealing Maintenance: indeed. He has the added advantage of being able with inConiation on current Southern African mele HI ,20 1,26 1,d5 1,96 affairs. The resource centre consists mainly of to use the sophisticated irrigation syatae set female R1.D8 1,13 1,30 1,40 newspaper clippings which are gathered Croat a Cutters: number of national and local newspapers. The up for the cotton. male R1,50 1,64 1,90 2,oa centre has a contemporary focus , and is kept female R1.44 1,51 1,75 1,86 as up to date as possible* • The areas in which information Is gathered arc MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION maintenance workers deal mainly with broadly categorised as follows: THIS FARMER produced some 250 bales of cotton irrigation, ie controlling We flow of water SOUTH AFRICAN STATE AND STATE RESTRUCTURING through the furrows frem i the main canal. ARMED RESISTANCE AND POLITICAL TRIALS. last year. Each bale weighs between 160cg and EDUCATION AND URBAN REVOLT* 1B0kg. Cotton is railed to the gin in Barberton BANTUSTANS. about 150km away. GENERAL I^OPMATim URBAN ADMINISTRATION AND HOUSING. LABOUR AND ECONOMY. ALTHOUGH difficult to measure, unemployment le RENTS AND TRANSPORT. high in this region of KaNgwane. There is a SPORT. SUGAR COAL AND GOLD MINING. labour bureau at Tonga - next to the magistrate's TUT LOMATI suaar project was started in 1966 SOUTHERN AFRICA. office and recruiting is done about twice a week. HEALTH. with the opening of the auger mill in Melelane. Most times people gather at the bureau only to POLICE, ARMY, BOSS. The intention was to convert the land use, which RIGHT-WING VIOLENCE. be told that no-one is recruiting. Gy September, AGRICULTURE. was at the time being used for subsistence I960, only about 500 workers had been recruited INSTITUTIONS AND ADMINISTRATION OF LAW. farming, eg growing maize, into sugar farms, PRISONS AND PRISONERS. although 1 966 had by that time registered as. managed by small farmers. The land was ploughed DETENTIONS AND BANNINGS. workseekers since January, 1960 (2 145 in 1979), without the consent of the existing 'owners1 Within each major category , there are a large On each recruiting day there are crowds of at number of sub-categories containing more specific and caused much resentment. As none of these information. least 500 people hoping to get Jobs. previous owners show any interest in growing The resource centre is available for use by community groups, researchers, students and scholars, sugar, the estate remained in the hands of the KaNgwane - *omezl region anyway - supplies as well as other interested individuals and organisations. Department of Bantu Affairs, and was then handed the eastern hlghveld areas. This Includes power stations (eg Krlel) and industries. ISCQH People wishing to work in the resource centre, over to the KaNgwane government in 1978. or obtain more information about it, should contact (Venderbijlpark) also recruits from this area. the resource centre staff member at This project covers an area of 219hm and 9 South Court, or write to In apite of this high unemployment, most employs about 200 people, most of whom are women. 40 Jorlssen Street, PO Box 93174, The lowest wage, which is the scale which most men refuse to work on the local agricultural * Braamfontein, 2143 Yeoviilc, Johannesburg. Johannesburg. people are on, is R1,d0 a day for women and R1,50 projects because the pay is so bad. This fact is a day for men. The workers must also provide iwhat disparagingly referred to in the 1976 Telephone: (011)725-2835 page 39

however, 'negotiations had broken down' (ROM. Management told a Star reporter that the LABOUR ACTION 09.01.81), and all 220 workers were dismissed. quota system had bean introduced in reaction The U0 said that the workers had 'dismissed to what had appeared to be a go—slow strike themselves by their own ections' In not amongst workers for the previous two weeks. African Telephone Cobles (Brits): About 700 returning to work In time for the management's A spokesperson for the Mstal and Allied africen workers want on strike in support of a ultlmatujw of 1on00, ? January. Workers Union (MAVU) denied this, saying that demand for a pay Increase of R1,00 an hour, All 220 returned to work, however, on managmment always pushed workers too hard at on 6 January, 1961, They also demanded the 12 January, after en agreement with management that time of year, in order to catch up with reinstataent of a Mr Tints, who was allegedly on a wage adjustment {ROM, 13,01.81). The production, A similar strike had occurred in Tired because he tea suspected of being behind 12th January had been e new ultimatum date set October, 197g, for the same reason (see IIP 10). the strike* by management; workers returning on that day Management stuck by Its atory, saying that The next day police eere called in end would be accepted without broken service. Those only 95 woi*ers had been sacked, all members teerges used to disperse the strikers. Eighteen not would be dismissed. Management would not of a group who had been on the 'go-slow strike'. strikers eere arrested for allegedly intimidating reveel the amount of the wage adjustment. Adcock, the managing director, claimed that workers who wanted to return to woric. Moses Meanwhile, e report in the POM (13.01.81} the quota system had been negotiated through the mnyekiso, secretary of the Metal and Allied indicates that the Lion Match Company's economic liaison committee soma months before, and had Workers Union (MAWU, a F06ATU affiliated growth is going well. Sales went up in I960 been approved by the workers. The 95 who were trade union), denied this charge. by 25)1, and profits went up by between 42** end not meeting it ware dismissed. The workers, Management sent a letter to the striking SO*. Who Is getting the bulk of that increase, however, saw this as e deliberate attempt to get workers, stating that they had volunterily »e wonder? rid of some of them, many of whom were active resigned by walking out, but that those who members of mAeU. They cited evidence thet indicated management had for some while bean wished to, could re apply for their Jobs on Toyota Marketing (Sendton/iynberg, Johannesburg) employing outside workers and telling them to 8 January. The entire workforce (more than 200 workers) •wait at home until they were needed' (Star, A spokesperson for the workers told a struck against a management instruction that 31.10.80). reporter from the ROM that they would not workers who failed to complete e particular re-apply unless their demands were met work quota would face disciplinary aotion, and This action has been seen es a continuation (08.01.81). However, by 9 January the managing could ultimately be fired. This took place in of Toyota Marketing's long history of disagree­ director of ATC reported that 300 people October, 1980. ment with the MAWU, which it refused to (89* of the morning shift) had re-appUed for The instruction to meet Quotas caused recognise because the union is not 'registered'. their posts and been accepted - the same etrong reaction amongst workers, but negotiation •onkera feared the aanagement*s offer to re­ managing director had denied the day before that with management led the company's liaison employ people on 3 riovember would result In there was in fact a strike taking plac%. committee to tell the workers that the quota union members being weeded out, as had apparently system still stood, and thoae not meeting It happened In October, 1979. Lion Match [Pretoria): 220 workers want on faced dismissal. In e elgnificant reversal of company strike on 5 January after demanding a *J0% wage It was then that the workers want on policy, management met with MAWU and F0SATU increeee by 13h00 that day. The managing strike, demanding that the liaison committee representatives on 31 October. They agreed to director said that management had bean taken by return to management and negotiate a change in reinstate all sorters and to recognise MAWU. surprise by the walkout, but were willing to tha instructions. They were all summarily Negotiations between MAWU and management negotiate should the workers return to work dismissed, and told that they could reapply continued into December. and appoint 10 representatives. By 7 January, for their Jobs on 3 November. From 13 to 16 December eight wortcers maaBaaaaaaaaaaswawawaaeswawawawaawaewaeemss-mimawavaaH Pege *0

allegedly did not COM In to work overtime. workers}* ageinet lesa skilled workers had taken place. Adcock Mr, eiey BO the manager of the department Tha 800 eere then dleaiaeed. suspended them with full pey until Adcock'e BMW aotorplent (Roeelyn, Pretoria) i About By 3 December about 300 of these workers return on January S. whan they triad to return 1 000 workers stopped work on tow sober 27, I960, had bean rehired. Tha remaining 500 were to wort thny ware rwfufied entrance. All the in support of a daaand for e wage increase of threatening to bring an urgent application warehouse workers then stepped wort in protest. 9QD an hour. This folloee en extended six to court, through their union (the Engineering | Adcock liter set with wW end FOBATU weak period when thB company's 'employee's end Allied Mortars Union), ageinet the company

representatlveat explained the company's council* had been negotiating an increase. for locking thee out and thus preventing thaa position, end eeld the eight would be dismissed, Markers hod loet faith in its ability to from returning to work* Steve Friedman of i The strike continued in support, with the eight adequately negotiate their deeands. The the ROM noted thet thie eould be an important defending thet overtime be voluntary and not national union of Motor Assembly end Rubber teat case of an aspect of industrial lee coapulsory (7 January). workers had been organising at the plant but (03.12.80). By 9 January the entire workforce had does not represent a majority of tha workers, The lock-out continued on 12 January whan Joined the strike, Adcock compleined that they so could not negotieta an their behalf. The the workers returned after the break over the hod been • intimidated' into striking. sVWU workers returned to work, however, on 1 December 'festive* Booflon, expecting to be rehired. dlamlaaed this complaint, pointing out thet having boon given e 36c an hour increase. They mere told thet they hod been dismissed.

the frequency of strides in the plant indlceted • About 20 police with dogs were there to something seriously wrong beteeen menagamont COA: marcedas-eenz (Cast London); Workers reinforce the massage. Security police were end ifjrtttn et Toyota. downed tools in protest over the firing of e also called In to 'help* (Star, 13.01 *l). A report on 10 January indicates that felloe worker (in Oecamber, 1980). This fallows A later report by the Star again refers MMU's demand for all workers to be reinstated, e long pariod of tension over sage demands, e to threatened court action by union represent­ including the "Toyota eight', eas being spokesperson for the unregistered 6A Allied atives (15.01.81). rejected by management. The Star report on workers Union (SAAVU) said. The majority of (Letest: fr-or previous coverage of thla 15 January has it that Adcock is fliei In his tha workforce at COA belong to the registered firm end its labour policies, see e!P1Q:32. resolve not to rehire the eight, and that 132 Netlonel Union of Motor Asaaebly and Rubber Tha Engineering and Allied Workers union - workers striking in protest against the dismiss- workers (NimiweosA), although SAMU is also FOSATU-effiliated * has taken the case before ale eould not return until the eight were active there. SMMU committed itself to the industrial court, only the second case rehired. The conflict continues. •appropriate action* in the new year on tha wage to be heard by tha court. The EAMJ claim that (Latest: •nees Mayeklso of the Metal and issue* Raleigh had broken an agreeaant to rehire ell Allied workers Union (secretary), said that the More information needed. tha dismissed workers in the nee year and that I union's Shop Steward Cooodttee for the Kee and ** tha aanegeeent la effectively locking the eorkere | wyidiarg industrial area, representing about Raleigh Cycles (Springe): Two man eere dismissed out. On tha 23rd January it eae reported that tha 1 500 workers, had come out in support of the for allegedly fighting, on 27 November, and 600 court eas reserving judgement in the case. The 132 dismissed workers. He appealed to othar workers went out on strike In protest over the court eas also asked to grant tha workers interim workers not to take the jobs of those dismissed dismissals. The day before, two other workers protection against replacement until their final (flOM, 17.01.81). A foe days latar too UAMIJ were also said to have been fighting and had decision. *The court decided it could not aake shop stewards were detained by the security police. merely been earned against doing it again. The a ruling on this application before deciding on Thoy eere released after too (fays in detention tmo mho eere dismissed for tha same behaviour the question of its jurisdiction, so tha for questioning. The two een, Sidney Zulu end interim protection could not be granted* (ntrnt. eere lees skilled then the other two. and it aaa Wilfred Sihlengu, era amongst the 132 dismissed believed among workers that discrimination 24.01.61)}. P»ge 41

Oateun-Wiasan (Rosslyn, Pretoria): 3 £00 african workers struck on 6 Novombir, I960, over a pay dispute and In protest against the company's liaison system, and also over the issue of payment of their annual savings. The entire factory was closed down for the day and white workers were told to go home. Police were celled in.

By 10 November they were ell back at their jobs after e two day shutdown of the factory. The NUUARtfOSA had recently begun organising at the plant* A spokesperson said that the workers had been dissatisfied with their wages for some time* end that this was the reel cause of the strike. This dissatisfaction had become more apparent end Barked once the eestern Cope motor workers had received 'substantial rises" after striking in Ultenhagw (ROM, 11.11*60). The differential that now existed between them and floaslyn aoifcers ess cause for complaint. at the factory, through four representatives, company, attempted to negotiate with management The demands for wage increases were likely three of whom were from the wortcers* council. about the reinstatement of the workers, but to resurface again. More information nawded. without any success. Management hod refused any discussion. They im.*edlately started Metal Box (Rosslyn, Pretoria): On 23 Dec ember, Kumek West Rand Dairy (Roodepoort): 230 milk employing new workers in place of those fired. from 500 to 1 000 workers went on strike after delivery men went on strike on 29 November, The union said that they would be seeking ' a pay dispute with management. They were not I960, because of a wage dispute, Poethumus, legal edvice. satisfied with pay increases that were to come the managing director, said negotiations were More infonsetion needed. into effect from 1 January, 1981, already under way. They were also not satisfied with their Wore information needed. Anglo American Corporation (Head Office, works committee, which they rejected as Johannesburg): About 30 cleaners boycotted 'toothless' when it came to negotiating with Creamllne Dairy (Florida):" 90 milk delivery the newly desegregated canteen In Oeceaber* management. men went or strike early in December, 1960, In 1960, on the grounds of racial discrimination. They were also striking in solidarity with a demand for higher wages. Management They have been told to change out of their workers in the press deportment who had bean reinstated only 30 of them, saying that the work clothes before entering the canteen *in sacked. rest were 'troublemakers' who had intimidated the interests of the majority of diners' The strike continued until the Christmas the others, and eho had 'discharged themselves* (Star, 30.12.B0). break, but most workers had returned to their byt their own actions. Uanagement hes refused to revise the jobs by 7 January, 1961. Negotiations for The general secretary of the Food, Beverage policy. higher wages were taking place eith management and Allied Workers Union, operative in that patfa 42

Qsraan Club (Pratorta); On 2B Oacaatoar, 1S60, Fadlcs Food Services (university of tha North): aorkara hald a altdoan strike over acvfcing •Stfc— ere involved in serious accidents; Tha cataring staff at tha University of tha conditions. Taalva iasUm of staff para that no eockaaeVs compensation ia alloaad North (Turfloop), employed by Fadlcs Food than dlasdaaatf, and pollca callad in to thaai; and that aarajqaaant haa baan antagonistic Servicee. want out on strike on 30 September, 'pravant (thasO... fraa allegedly inciting to union activities. i960, in an attaapt to gat «ore raasonabla others to strlks* (fDI, 30.12.80). Van Zyl, tha aenager, daniad that any •ages. Thsy 9rm paid R30 a month for a 7 day 'Tha ahola thing ia baing settled griavancaa axiatad ajaong tha eoikara, saylrg aaafc, according to ft apokasparson. aa&oafcly', a apokaapanon for tha club told thay aara ' ax t rawly happy', and that soeen did Tha hungry atudanta startad halping the nOM, *Wm ara gatting officials froa tha not need higher pay aa thay ara 'not tha themealvee froa tha amin kitchen, and ara Dapartasnt of Labour to coaa in to dlaouaa tha breodeinnore anyway*. estimated to hava caused damage and loss of •attar* (sic). about R30 000. 8A Ceramics (Bckaburg): A shop staaard ass Tha staff ratumad to aork tha folloaing Matal Bag alsnufacturara (Piateraeu-itxbung)i firad on 11 July, 1976 for baing 'negligent day after an aeaurmnce that thair grli Tha National Taxtila sorters Union has raportad in har aork and influancing other** (Star, aould ba considered. on conditions In this factory to tha Dapai fit 21.10.80). information of Labour (October, 1960)* She took Bailey, tha awager, to court for Voaan aork for 52 houra par asafc for allagad victimisation, pleading that aha had Pick and Pay (Bandburg): 70 workers aara aoaetiaam aft littia aa 16c psr hour. If thay baan firad sftar ha tvd dlacovarad that aha required to pay a fine of R1 each towards n ccaaj lota on Saturdays a full day'a pay Is aaa a aaabar of tha Building Conatruotion fina of R240 imposed by haolth inspectors on daductad. and Alllad Workers Union, and that aha had tha store after finding It unclean (October, Thay ara glvon no prctactiva clothing baan organising aaatoers. 1960). Tao aorkara rafuaad to pay tha fina, to war, no soap, no cantaan facilities, Nothing furthar haa baan raportad on this and aere threatened alth dismissal, and not and only half an hour for lunch. alloaad to use tha toilat facilities (l). Pay lncraaaaa folloaad tha union inquiry Tha atora emnager aaid that tha fina had - puahing tha sagas up to AW par aaak for SAflGH (Johannesburg): 1. Tha 22 000 strong baan lapoaad because tha aockars aara not —it and R21 for ssai. Barkers aaa these Railaay Artisans Stuff Association lodgad a keeping toilata claan after 'repeated requests*. lncraaaaa aa atill baing vary unjust» and aaa claia for a 12 1/2* vaga increase with tha Workers countered that thay could not ba that tha coapany is aiaply caahlng in on tha Minuter of Transport on 17 Baptaabar, I960. expected to 'deal aith food and customer a and high unaaployaant nU in Usrltzburg. We hava no furthar information on this. claan toilata as sail", and that emnagament 2. Train drivars staged should appoint a aacond cleaner for tha tollats 8MB Tlatoar (Varaaniging)t A staff of 300 ara a go-sloe strike on 2 and 3 October, causing as tha aingla claanar could not copa [Sunday becaalng incraasingly dissatisfied with aaga 'congestion and confusion* on about 20 Express, 02.11.80). and working condltiona according to a apokas- Wtteetersrond trains. BAR management had baan * Oh 31 October tha Ccsaserclal, Cataring paraon for tha Papar, Wood and Alllad workers in touch aith ths SA Footplate Staff Association, and Alllad Workers Union of SA.&ent S strong Union | and conflict could braafc out into tha aho represent tha drivars. Dissatisfaction daaand for tha refund of tha aoney to tha opan (flOat, 30*09.80). Alraady thara had baan aaa about pay adjustments, and about raat periods. aorkara, citing tha fact that fining of aoskars nuaarous meetings and aork stoppages. A spokesperson for tha 8AR expected thasa is illegal in tanas of tha Baga Act and c*rrias Griavancaa ara that aagss ara aall baloa dlsaatiaf actIons to ba sorted out. a possible R2O0 fina. tha adniaui accaptad undar tha Saga Act; that inf oraoti on bWiaganant than agraad to rafund all tha protective clothing la not provided; that aonay, and to take no furthar action against I page 43 tho two who had refused to pay in the first years despite their temporary end 'disgusting* hull of the 24-year old Antigoni Tsiris eas • place. condition (FDU, 22.11,80). looking; that it eas infested with rats and A SAA spokesperson eould not comment. Wore cockroaches; that the drinking water was OTH Benr (Beyer): Long-standing grievances information needed. contaminated; and that water rationing eas •bout "-artcing hours and overtime pay caaa to imposed. They succeeded in gaining a court a head w':en a group of workers assaulted a Cato Ridge Abattoir (Cato Ridge): 18 eoikmre order to get the ship attached. •an they claimed mas a 'company spy*, lota In allegedly resigned on 11 December, 1980, They also claimed that they had not been Novariwr, I960. following allegations of theft of a carcass, paid for the last 3 1/2 months and are suing fanagoment then selected a particular and the assault of one marker by a security their employers for wages and overtime pay ] department at the plant and aaVed the 16 officer. totalling R185 000. workers in it to identify the attackers. They The manager, de Kock, denied 'all this Tho matter will be taken up in court in had refused to do this, saying that they did fuss*. He stressed that the resignations had South Africa. Hare Information needed. not know, and had all been fired, not led to any sloe down at the abattoir (and SAAWj eas representing the workers and was hence did not need to be taken seriously? * ads). Siemens (Aosslyn, Pretoria): About 300 workers to start negotiations eith management on 26 downed tools on 15 December in support of November. Pmllew and Co (Gelby, Johannesburg): 15 white an across-Ute-board wage Increase. More information needed. machine workers leid doen tools on 1 Dec amber, They returned to work an the 17 December j 1900 In protest against *belng forced to teach mhile their union, the Electrical and Allied 1 South African Airways: 1. Cabin crew planned blacks to take over from us (Star, 02.12.80). Vorkers Union of South Africa, conducted a stay-away over Christmas, 1960, In ortJer to More information needed. negotiations with management. bring attention to their grievences - long The general secretary of the union, hours because of staff shortages, the Unlco Chemicals (Johannesburg): Between 20 one5 Nicholson, saw the strike as being the result unsympathetic ettltude of superiors, mn6 no 40 of the total 60 afrlcan workers went on of comparisons of pay eith increases accorded compensation for extra-long shifts. They had strike on 19 November over pay. the eastern Cape workers.; of comparisons been coaplainlng for months, but nothing had By 20 November most were beck et work. The with pay of other workers employed by motor been done to allevlete the situation. Department of manpower Utilisation hod advised companies in the area; and of 'the general On 19 November, tho SAA Staff Association the company to take tho strikers back. mood in Hosalyn at the moment' (ROM, 18.12.80) asked them to air their grievances through A spekesperson for the company admitted (Rosslyn has been hit by at least four strikes official channels so that they night receive that this eas the second time members of Its in the space of a few months). attention. workforce had downed tools over higher pay, Wore information on the outcome of the On 5 December, staff vera still dissatisfied, but denied that it mas important. 'The negotiations needed. saying that the SAA management eas not Moving incidents neve been caused by one or two of the Siemens workers had previously been on fast enough in looking into their grievances, boys (sic) who have been inciting the others strike in July, I960, also on the wage issue 1 nor taking cognisance of all of thee. The ease against the company (ROW, 20.11.80). (see MP 14, page 49), stay-away had collapsed because of lack of

organisation, end alleged threats of dismissal. Palmyra Talrls Line (Durban hartour): A strike SASOL I Hatref Refinery {Sesolburg): 1. A ( Further information needed. occurred on ths Antigoni Tsiris, the third on further incident hes occurred in SASOL'e 2. Cargo markers at ships in the Palmyra Teirie Line in less than stormy labour history - refer back to VIP j Jen Smuts complained bitterly about eorklng three weeks (September, I960), 14, pages 51 and 52 for past events. conditions that had not been changed for three Fourteen crew members alleged that the A police constable mas stoned and battered Dag a 44

to death by mora then 200 angry workers on to 18 months Imprisonment, suspended for arbitral^ mage deductions. They elso demanded 24 October, when he tried to arrest several 5 yeers {Star, 19,12.80). a wege increase over the present R20 a week suspects on charges of possession of Gltgge. for men and fli5 for women. Three men were arrested, two with bullet Diamond Cutting Industry: wMte artisans in management agreed to transfer the wage wounds. The dead man had fired two shots from this industry are putting on pressure through clerk, but workers were angry that no concession 11 legally possessed Firearms before dying. their Diamond Workers Union to keep blacks out had been made on their wage demand. Further Investigation revealed that th% of the skilled areas. They fear being phesed A Star reporter was forcibly removed from fireems had been stolen property. out of their Jobs end undercut by incoming the factory premises. A fourth man was arrested for stealing a black workers. second constable's service revolver. A first attempt by employers to increase Woni's and Fatti's (Sellvilla end Isendo): S. Eighteen the range of work done by african, Indian and A further item of interest can be added welders who had bean offered work at 8AS0L, coloured workers lwd to an 11 eemk strike by to tlP's InMiepth report of the Fettl's end , . were turned ewey upon arrival because they white ertlsans in 1976. This was only resolved ttoni'a labour unrest («P 10, pages 33-4; were 'Coloured*, and 8A80L has no accommodation when restrictions were formalised, allowing roil, page 28). for coloured workers (ROW, 30.10.80). black workers to handle only rough diamonds management has signed a non-racial up to 1,69 carats in weight, end sawn diamonds recognition agreement with two unregietered Krcm River Apple Co-operative (Grebouw): of up to 0,85 carats. unions - th% Food and Canning •orkars Union This strike was reported on In depth in wiP Recent attempts by employers to adjust (FCtu) end the African FC*U. This agreement 13, pages 23-5. * these restrictions and allow black workers goes so far as to lay down wording condltlona 13 young men were arrested and charged to handle larger diamonds have again been and wages, rather than simply recording recogni­ with Incidents related to the strike (incidents strongly opposed by the white union (ROM, tion of the unions. of stone throwing and damage to property) for 02.10.80). Pressure from the employers comes The two unions view this move as being of higher wege* during April, 1900. They originally because the industry is running short of 'significance for progressive employers and pleaded guilty to the charges, but It skilled labour (and to cut costs, no doubt), the trade union movement' (ADM, 15.11.80). was later alleged that the admissions had been while pressure from the union continues The recognition stands • for an indefinite made under duress. A doctor testified that because of the fear of being phesed out. duration*. marks on the accused indicated electric shock The present restrictions sill now extend burns and torture. The accused had pleaded to 31 October, 1981, in response to union Bull Brand foods (Krugersdorp): About 400 guilty for fear of further abuse . negotiations. The conflict in the industry workers stopped work on 11 December, 1980, In The doctor had been called by the Food continues. proteatsagalnst the * retrenchment' of five of and Canning Workers Union (FCWU) (Star, See «IP 7, page 53 for earlier information their union shop stewards. They alleged thet 28.10.80). A doctor called as witness by the on the diamond Industry. this amounted to victimisation against the public prosecutor contested these findings* Food, Beverage and Allied Workers Union The trial was than postponed to December Kleenom Brushworks (Newelare, Johannesburg): (FBAtU]. 18. An earlier incident was reported on in VIP 12, mWvjgement denied the victimisation claim, The magistrate accepted the findings of page 8. saying that 100 workers had had to be retrenched the defence doctor* A plea of not guilty was On 6 November, 1980, more than 300 workers because of the rising cost of meat; that the ~entered for the workers, and 13 of them were went on strike. At the centre of the dispute company had been 'compelled1 to take this action acquitted of the charge. The remaining two was a wege clerk who, it mas said, subjected rather than raise product prices; and that they were convicted of public violence and sentenced the workers to persistent racial insults and had been unaware of the appointimsnt of the five page 45 asvshop stewards by union members, Firstly, in November, 1980, Putco management e. anger and frustration at tha fact that Vorster, 4 more information needed. expressed its willingness to recognise tha tha Putooton depot manager, responsible for * unregistered trade union, the Transport and Allied alleged arbitrary hiring and firing, and for Meat Boycotts: The managing director of Workers uViion (TAW), to which tha majority of allegedly Insulting treatment of workers, had not Rumavlte, a major stock feeding company. Putco workers belong. On 19 November, after four bean removed frtwi his post, despite an undertaking Or Gerrlt Lou*, has accused maat boycottora of months of attempts at recognition, an agreement by aanagsmant during the June/July atrlke to Committing sabotage* (according to a Star waa signed between TA17U and management. A investigate all complainte agalnat him, report, 20.09.80). *Paopl* who aupport tha spokesperson for TAWU described this as a Tha man want out on strike on 17 December. maat boycott in whatever form ara committing 'procedural' agreement - and eeld that a further All ware fired. On 19 December newspapers carried sabotage agaimt farmers and tha country1, accord waa to be negotiated 'at a later stage*. reports of police presence; Putco officials ha la raportad to hava said. A ROM reporter viewed this ea a.significant apparently emphasised that thay hod not asked Ha also callad far restrictlana on praaa breakthrough for Putco, citing tha fact that police to take any action, Hoeever, 12 drivers coverage ahich 'encouraged* tha boycottera' during tha June/July strike, Carleo, the managing were taken by police, and released on 23 aotlvitiaa. director, had refused to talk to tha striking December• Hot only had boycott calls baan made in workers, despite demands froa thaa that he TAWU met with management and presented worker support of tha striking maat workers in do so. demands that all 780 workers be reinstated. Capa Town, but also by various consuaars' Secondly, in December, 1980, 780 workers Despite this not being allowed, roughly 700 groups in protaat agalnat tha vary high meat - the full workforce - want on strike far the workers had returned to work by 23 December* price In South Africa, and apparant mis* second tlma that year. It appears that 27 of the remaining workers, who had re-applied aanagaaant of tha maat Industry* management's 'recognition' of TAfU had at that for their jobs, were refused re-employment. stage done nothing to alter the working oondltlona Thame included members of tha Drivers' Action Union Steam Bakery (Kroonstad): Tha atrlka of at Putco. Grievances included the following: Committaa, ehich has close ties with TAmj. about 80 aorkara in July. 1980, «as raportad a. anger at tha slow pace of government machinery A union spokesperson said that management was on In MP 14, paga 48. Thay struck initially for to settle wage disputes (es all passenger trying to 'pick off worker leaders* and also a aaga lncraasa, but struck again aftar their transport Is defined as 'essential service1, it dividing workers by setting those who have got laadar, Oannia Bloom, had baan flrad and detained. Is not possible for drivers to strike 'legally1. their Jobs beck against those who haven't' Oannla Bloaa haa baan found guilty {aarly First grievances hove to be taken up by tha (ROW, 24.12.80). in September) of allagadly intimidating his Department of Manpower Utilisation, and then, if Tha 27 workers wera allowed to appeal co-workers and for stopping them from doing no satisfactory resolution is found, they ore sgalnst the company rafusal of re employment, their duties, and of threatening to kill or passed on to the Wage Board for a hearing); firstly through tha liaison committee (at which injure those defying him. A fallow worker b. anger that the 19*jl wage Increase by the a TAWU representative was allowed to be present), who had been detained with Bloem, Jakobo Wage Board In December (in laying down new and thereefter through management. We have no Lepnuting, was found not guilty and discharged. minimum scales) would scarcely cover inflation information as to how many, if any, of tha 27 Bloaa was sentenced to 250 daya or a A250 fine. costs, let alone allow for a change in the were ra-employad. standard of living of those workers; A company spokesperson told a Star reporter Bus Company workers c. frustration at the company's 'indaba1 method, that tha two strikes had cost the company • fC Putco Bus Company (Johannesburg): For of resolving conflict, involving a liaison hundreds of thousands of rands. "The final figure pravioua coverage of events, see WIP13:34-5; committee; had not yet been calculated, and when it had it «P1a:53-4. Since thie coverage two major d. Job insecurity as many drivers were being would not be released to the Press... it could developments have occurred. flrad; and run into six figures' (Star, 02.01.81). There Dags 46 .

was also 8 rigour from maneueaejnt that thw Mengeung township stoned the bus driven by one employees' rights and duties. The magistrate increased driven' wages would result in of the re employed drivers', allegedly shouting argued that this was irrelevant to the case, Increased bus feres for commuters (jenuary, 1961). 'let's kill that driver1, 'when is that sell-out' more information needed. (Star, 13.11,80). i 2* Oaveyton Bus Drivers: Bus drivers on the On 20 November e memorandum was presented to Tubatse Farrochrome (Steelpoort, Transvaal): esst Rand threatened to go on strike on 17 the City Council by residents of A strike by the entire labour force of 400 took October. 1980* Demands Included permission to UanQQung township, demanding the reinstatement place on 16-7 September, 1980, on the question of Join e union, overtime pay for Sundays end public of ell 7S workers. This demand was not met. changes In the law governing pension schemes. holidays, end a six*day seek. On 28 November residents again demonstrated The workers reacted to the possibility tnet these A eeeting amongst members of the Deveyton solidarity with the fired strikers by boycotting changes might 'prevent them from withdrawing their Bus Drivers' Committee, the East Rand Adainiatra- the bus service end walking to wort. Police were pensions on premature termination of service'. tion Board, and the Deveyton Community Council, present, and a number of 'suspects' eere reportedly «H IfcGruder of Union Carbide (joint owners solved must of their grievencas, and the strike detained. with General Vinlng of Tutytae) denied that the ees averted. The police said that the Bloemfontein strike had been over the non-re employemnt by the The bus drivers have Joined the Transport end City Council could be 'In hot meter' for not company of tan workers who had resigned in order General workers Union, but this will not be earning the drivers about section 14 of the to claim their pensions. recognised by the ERAB until it Is 'registered1. Riotous Assemblies Act which prohibits strikes UcGruder said that workers viewed the pension L In 'essential services' (see the report below). schema as a savings schemje, and as legislation 3, KwaZulu Bus Service: 55 bus drivers sent on on this matter is likely to be retrospective, strike on 22 Jenuary, 1981. They were demanding 5. Mpumalanga Transport (Hammarsdale, Natal): 'workers who had Joined pension schemes the dismissal of a certain inspector eho had On 30 October, 1980, 44 bus drivers went on expecting to recover their contributions might dismissed one of their colleagues. strike In protest eQeinst the dismissal of one be denied this* (Btar, 16.10.80). This would 1 A police spokesman said that the driver had of their fellow drivers the day before. They 'lead to considerable worker unrest . assaulted a child and nonce had been dismissed. were arrested end detained - for not carrying out Soma unions are also believed to be opposed Later during the same day the drivers sent 'essential services', and for not negotiating to these suggested changes relating to company beck to eortc. It is not knoen what happened to through the 'proper channels'. contributory pension schemes, as they feel thet the inspector. Many buses could not be used that day with mass unemployment workers nemd pension because their Ignition aystems had been tampered contributions while they are unemployed and not 4. Bloemfontpln municipality: 75 bus drivers with, according to a company spokesperson. to have their contributions frozen until retire­ went on strike early in November, I960, for a Additional charges of malicious damage to property ment date. The state, on the other hand, could 7DJl wage increase. As workers providing a were added to those, the drivers already faced. see such frozen private contributions to be likely to lessen the load on state-provided 'utility service' they were then arrested under By 14 November 25 of the 44 workers had been old age pensions (see the article on the the Riotous Assemblies Act. Bloemfontein re-employed. old age pensions in this Issue). Municipality refused to take any strikers back The court case was heard for the first time Into employment. By 7 November the traiDport on 28 November. The defence lawyer maintained manager, Chris Smude. was already recruiting new thet the Wpumalenga Transport Company (the KwaZulu Firestone (Port Elizabeth): Some 1 500 workerB staff. Transport Company (Pty) Ltd) was liable to a fine et this plant downed tools in protest at the On 22 November strikers were told that they of more than R10 000 for falling for the past proposed government legislation 'to stop employees withdrawing pension contributions when they could re-apply for their Jobs. He-employmentt three yeers to display a notice stipulated under however, was selective, and an angry crowd in the Riotous Assemblies Act, outlining the change Jobs' (Star, 26.01.81). See the report page 47 above . strikers* work* (more commonly known as tha 300^). Tha union thereupon withdrew from the The first shift to stop work did so on prectlca of 'scabbing'). negotiations saying that they were therm as Sunday night apparently. They vara Jotnad by Lmter in the week It was reportad that union intermediaries, and that management would have to latar shifts. executive members, led by hVCTEU chairperson, announce the rejection to the workers. further complaints related to tha alleged Hamilton lAakodoma, had mat with Carlton management, Management wold that the lowest paid worker datantlon of a fellow worker on Saturday. 24 and that thw union may be recognised (R0V, 24.01.81) at Enstra ooroo R246 a month (including cash January, by the security police; a rejection of benefits, end '.normal overtime*), while the the liaison coamlttee system. Anqus-Hewken fluid Sealing Engineering [ftOsslyn, average wage for hourly paid workers was said Uanagaeent said that they eould ba ellling Pretoria): The workers (about 400) at this plant to be R53Q a month. Management added that the to pay out pension contributions, but the workers went on strike on Friday. 16 January, demanding workers would not be paid for the time they had would first have to resign, seek re-employment, and wage Increases of 35c to 65c an hour (probably to been on strike. work for a further year bafore they could re-join R1,25 an hour, and not of R1,25 an hour as one B tha pension schema operative In the fins, Ue are report would neve It). Montana Hyparcwllars (Ourban): Some 30 workers the ham In the sandwich - It's not really a management agreed to R1,00 a week increase, went on strike over the reinstatement of fellow company thing* • said managing director GP Atorum refused by the workers. It seems that the workars workars and recognition of thair union, tha (ROU, 27,01.81). were paid off on Tuesday, end then told to National Federation of (Slack?) Workers. The re-apply ts:r their Jobs. union's Hstthews Oliphant said that the firm had Carlton Hotel (Jchennesburg): On Monday, 19 A report on Mbndey, 26 January, said that been firing union members at the rate of two a January, thw entire houswkeeping staff at the not only ems tha strike over (settled over the dey. Th» strike resumed on 19 January after Carlton Hotel (in which the Anglo American weekend), but the numbar of workars who had Israal Kbuzwayo, chairperson of the 'newly Company has a large stake) went on strike for been involved hod decreased to 150(f). No recognised1 workers committee wes flrmd. a few hours over the dismissal of two fellow explanation is given of this enormous discrepancy* Management refused to comment. workers, Wcrkers believed that the dismissals A later report (ROM, 22.0l.ai) said that had been pert of m campaign against the Commercial Sappl Fine Papers (Enstra, Springs): tlorkers say negotiations had reached stalemate, but that half Catering and Allied Workers Union (CCAWUSA members) about 1 000 employees at Seppi were Involved In tha 22 striking workers had been re-employed. at the hotel. CCAWUSA is a non-registered e strike over minimum wages (management say about • union. 300 workers went on strike). Sappl employs Pretoria Precision Castings (Pty) Ltd (Weltloo, Pat Burton, general manager, seld that the about 2 300 workere at tha Enatre.mlll. The strike Pretoria): On Thursday, 22 January, between 150 dismissals had been over theft, and that management started on Wednesday, 21 January, and ended on and 250 workers walked out, demanding on extra would not negotiate with the union over this Monday, 26 January, after managament had agreed 35c to 65c on the 63c c hour they were earning matter. to negotiate new wages with tha FOSATU-affiliated (this was claimed to be the highest wage). The Workers said that they returned to work aftor taper, good and Allied Workers Union (PWAwU). The workers were initielly sacked, and then reinstated the week's notice that had originally been given workers had also complained about hostel rants with management promising to look into wages. the fired workers wes changed to a month's wages. and short meel hours. Some of the workers are said to be represented On Tuesday, 20 January, 500 workers (250 Tension over representetlon and wages hod by the United African Motor Workers Union. eccordlng to Burton), went on strike for three been building up over time, and one PWAWU meeting hours over reinstatement of dismissed workers, had been broken up by the security police. Feltax Foam and Automotlvw Products (Pty) Ltd union recognition (the Hotel, Liquor and Catering On Tuesday 27th January, it wes reported (Rosslyn, Pretoria): workers went on strike Trade Employees Union - 'part of the CCAVUSA*). (ROtt) that management had turned down the briefly over e demand that their annual wage Burton said that white employees had 'dons the union request for e 200)1 increase; (initially Increase be brought forward, management had page 48

A Notlceboard displaying the names of companies with factories at Rosslyn, near Pretoria. Gaflankuwa, ftmveelodi. and Wlntarveld, This industrial erea. home of many of tha multinational canpaniea investing in South Africa, has baan tha acana of many of tha recent strikes in South Africa*

agraad to tMe» and workers returned to work on spates Brothers [Durban): iianegement refused Eastern Cape: Strikes in this politically and Thursday, 22 January. to negotiate with the union representing the economically volatile part of the country have * workers at this firm making printing ink. The been covered in several back Issues of SIP SA Fabrics Iflossburgh, Natal): 600 workers of union involved is SAAWU. Workers want on strike (see, for example, SIP7:22-9; «ZP11:11-21; tha SA Fabrics factory want on strike over wages. demanding the reinstatement of a fellow worker and ttXP 13:25-31) and individual item* in the They had been on strike for three days on 21 tha recognition of the union. 'labour action* sections; also see the South January- Members of the rival TUC5A-*ffiliated African Labour Bulletin 6, 263, 'Working for Most eorkers earn B50, and had rejected an typographical union also had to stop work as Ford?'). Once again there have been so meny strikes offered increase of 9)L Oaspite a National Union a result of the walkout* that we will present a chronology of soma events of Textile Workers recommendation that they Uore information la needed on this strike since the last issue of WIP appeared, rather return to work while negotiations era in progress that apparently took place (or started) on than covering individual strikes. tha workers have aaid they will remain on strike 26 January, This period has seen the decline from until their,wage demands had been met. prominence of the coaenjnlty-based Pebco More information needed. organisation, ehlle the focus has shifted to this umbrella organisation's constituent parts ! page aB

(mainly the Residents' Associations), and other 21-30: BUB workers from Ui tannage and Port such a scheme with the two FOSATU-affiliated organisations (eg, the Port Elizabeth Students Elizabeth rejected the ln-company (management unions recognised by them (UAW and the National Council, Pesco). In Uitenhoge the equivalent formed) unions, the Bay Busworkers Union (BBU) Union of Motor Assemblies and Rubber Workers, civic body (to Pebco), the Ubco, has been more and PE Tramway and Busworkars Union (PETBU - NUWAflWOSA, of Freddie Sauls). The danger with active, with its greater worker participation for coloured©). These workers were mainly this system being that shop stewards may become (which, in Pebco1 s case, had turned on the Figure members of the Transport and Allied Workers Union Identified with management who pays them. Sauls of Thonmile Botha, roe banned and living in (TAWU - affiliated to the Confederation o* said that he had asked for such a scheme in exile, supporting the ANC). Unions of South Africa, CUBA). 1*7*. The schools boycott In the eastern Cape has only this year, 1981, shown signs of a lull* October v.--.-::: Rumours that VW had been hit by sit-down This action by school students has kept the 1*11: UACVUSA was said to be planning to ask strikes regularly since the major unrest at the political climate tensa, with buses baing stoned for company recognition at Ford. The union plant and in the eastern Capa generally, was end burnt, security police being threatened and sold that it also had membarshlp at General denied by management who did, however, admit ona mobbed, and c owe unity councils cowing undar Motors and was to establish a branch at VW in departmental strike. F0SATU unions claimed rapid attack. Ultanhage. growth in the Ultenhage area. In the trade union field conflict has manpower Utilisation Minister, Fonie SAANU, claiming to represent half the 3 000 continued between FOSATU-afflliated unions and Botha, flee to East London for meetings on workers at the Frame Group's Consolidated Fine other unions, primarily the South African Allied t.**de unions and strikes, with management. Spinners and Weavers (at East London), said through Workers Union (5AAWU). The latter (SAAwu) has Thozmmlle Botha formally linked himself to national organiser Thozmmile Gqweta, that many apparently experienced phenomenal growth in this the ANC, and started a speaking tour of the USA complaints had been received from the workwrs. region of South Africa, despite the repeated by addressing the united Nations on the day of These relatod to hours end wages; assaults; and prolonged detention of its leadership, solidarity with South African political prisoners. insufficient medical attention; dismissals; and organisers and membti -i by the central state 10 October. discrimination against women. and by the local branch, the Ciskel security On Friday, 24 Octobwr, workers in the police (the CIS). It has not been possible 12-18: UACWU5A officially launchod and stated chocolate-moulding section of the Wllson-flowntrsB to provide ell the details of the lnter-union Itself to be committed to *e union role in the factory went on strike, to be Joined by the conflict. community as well as in the factory*. Although full workforce of more than 1 500. Management predominantly african in membership MACWUSA is claimed Intimidation of some workers, while the September non-racial in constitution, and against workers said that many grievances existed (such 13-20: The UAH (the FQSATU-effiliated united registration. as discrimination against africans in favour of Automobile and Rubber Workers Union) accused the Ths UAW seid that MACWUSA* s support was coloured workers). Pebco-llnked ford Workers Committee (FWC) of being mainly in the Cortina plant of Ford, where about On Saturday the entire workforce was 'elitist and middle-class*, This followed moves 500 of their (UAW) members had joined the new dismissed and told to re-epply for Jobs on by the FWC to Form e rival union to the UAW (which union. The UAW repeated its 'white collar* Monday, without loss of pension benefits, immediately had a newspaper label of 'black accusation, while MACWUSA said that only four out management did add that not all workers would consciousness* attached to It), to be celled the of 23 executive members were ehlte-coller be re—employed. motor Assemblies and Components Workers Union workers. (MACWUSA). During the week many workers cancelled Full-time union elected, but company paid, 26-31: Monday (27th) saw the return of about their shop orders For the UAW. The MACWUSA Interim shop stewards were elected at VW, following on 1 000 workers, and a reported 2 000 eorkseekers loader wee Oumilm Uokhonda. Ford's announcement that they would institute (once more underlining the diFFlculty of worker ong• SO

action and organisation in « aaaa unaaploy»snt •fully non-racial basis*. tfaabara of tha unions Alliad aorkara Union (BABU). situation). andoraad tha dadslon aarly in Novaabar. Brlgadiar Saba ravad on: •WpHl iknM dlwiiuls (worfcars M Their arraat has nothing to do alth trads 1 unionlaa. Thay ara lnvolvad in studant distil ttad th«*#»lv*s'( a phraaa haard &o oftan protaat In tha Clafcal. Wm ara up to our In tha last yaar that It cannot but ba a cantral 1-0: On Sunday, 2 Hovmtmr, Thoxaaila GQaaU aaa nacfca with atudant protaat in tha Clakal* dlraotlva), and alao danlad that aalactiva datalnad by tha ClaJcalan aacurlty polloa (tha . On Friday night, 7 Novaafcar, 19 (alx woman) n saployaant would tafca placa. SAAWU aald that aacond tiaa that ha had baan datalnad by thla trada unionlata mmrm datalnad as thay croaaad aanagaaant had algnad on unsaployad paopla about body). erlQadlar Charlas Sabs, sscratary of tha tha 'border' of tha Clafcal into afentaam two saaka bafora tha avanta aa stand-toy labour, notorloua CisKai Xntalllganca Sarvica (CIS) and tosnship. Brlgadiar Saba daacribad as 'puraly ami ttwt atrlklrg aorkars aould not raturn until brathar to tha Clafcal's chlaf alnlatar, aald coincidental* thst South African aacurlty pollca tha antlra aorkforca aaa ralnatatad. Ifcnagaaant that tha datantlon aaa in comactlon alth should arrlvs In Udantaana soon aftar th« aaa to aaat with BAMU. 'disturbances at schools' [tha flrat of aany datantlona (tha distinction batsaan tha branchaa About 3 000 aorfcara had attandad tha 8AABU- atranga atataaants froa thla aan). Tha of tha stata In quastlon aould saas to ba aora callad (wasting In tha Eaat London city hall ovar datantlon caaa ahortly bafora Goaata aas to hsva In form than In contant). Said Brigadiar tht aasltand to dlacuaa aorkara ralnatataaant at addrassad aorfcara at 5A CHlorlda, aftar an In gUson-Roantraa. but alao at Wsy-Lita Battarlas. principle daclalon by aanagaMnt at thla foralgn- X strongly raasnt tha auggastion that aa ownma coaparry to racogniaa GAMU, if thay had •ara balng uaad by tha South African National Ccnvartar Induatrlaat and Bordar Boxas» Govaraasnt to do a Job for thaa. Trada union aaatlnga In Udantaana, within tha tha airport of tha sorttara, Having plckad up tha offlclala at a Clafcal bantuatan and juat outalda EUt London* Eaployars aald, aftar a aaatlng of tha East roadblock mm toe* thas to Hdantaana had baan bannad by#tha township council. charga of flea, and aara aat thara by London Chaabar of Cosmrcv, that thay aould daal (SA) aacurlty pollcaaan aho aara on thair Subaaquantly 8AAIU hald aaatlnga In Ouncan Vlllaga with unraglstarad unlona (rafairing to tha African nocaal nxaida. ahitfi falls outalda tha Clafcal, but thasa aara Food and Canning aorfcars Union, AFCBU, and 6AWU, Saba aald that thasa paopla, too, aara datalnad alao stoppad, tha aoat actlva unlona in tha olty). A Aliaon In cormactlon alth 'schools i*Yasta. Manag—ant at ailaon-Aoantraa accusad 6AMU of tha Choabar of Coaaarca aald that aarliar Tha unionlata datalnad aara froa tha AFCau. of 'Inciting* aorkars not to raturn to work, policy of norwiagotiatlon had. baan laid doan by tha Food and Canning aorkars Union (FCBU), Thla 8AAMU danlad, pointing out that aorfcara wfcnposar Utilisation Mlnlatar, Fmim Botha. SAA*U and tha »PGWU. Tha six woman aara ralaaaad had takan thair oan daclaiona. Tha union had Biaa HJlkalana (&AA*u) aas datalnad by tha and told to raport to tha pollca on Monday, baan told by Vllaon-Aoantraa that thay aould Saba Brothara' CIS, on 5 Nouaabar. Ha aaa alao 10 Nov«#bar. not ra —ploy all tha aorfcara. dua to addraaa Chlorida (SA) aorfcara If 6AWU .on On aadnaaday, 30 Octobar, all aorkars tha rafarandua balng ccnductad thara. 9-15: Tha aoaan unionists aara intarrogatad and raturtwd. Gotata of 8AMU aald that tllaon- 8AAMJ son tha rafarandc* ovarahalalngly, than ralaasad. Brlgadiar Saba said that chargas

Rosntraa aanagawant aould look at griavancaa polling 95t2% of votas cast at tha fir*. against tha unionlata aara balng fraaad (ale). in tha chocolata aouldlng aactlon, ahara tha A Joint atataaant by tha AFCWU. SAASU and Thay aara balng hald undar tha Clakal'a atrika had atartad. tha Vastarn Province Ganaral aorfcara Union (aPGau) Praclaaation R2S2. At tha and of Octobar it aaa announcad that condaanad tha datantlons of unionlata. Both Fiva days aftar thair datantlon tha 13 trada thraa F08ATU unlona In tha motor industry aara to Bonlalla Noruaha and Oacar Mpatha of tha AFCwu unionlata aara ralaasad. Four unionists •tjfi - th« NIAUAVOSA, (JAM, and tha Bastam Provinca vara atlll In datantlon, as wall aa tha SAMU rsaalnsd in datantlon, thraa of thaa In tha

Motor Aaaasfcly Vorfcara Union. TMs folloaad stata unionists* Tha unlona aara Jolnad In tha protest aastarn Capat and Oscar Mpatha in Capa Toan. paralsslon for KUAARKSA to anral aoifcara on a by tha National Fadaratlon of Blade aorfcara On 14 Plovaabsr griavancaa at East London [NFBa], anothar braakaaay group frca tha Black Fumitura Industrlas raaohad a haad* Baikars pege 51

(•bout 170) demanded recognition of their to Zimbabwe. It also came to light that the detentions and calling for the release of the democratically elected SAAWU sponsored workers' parallel union involved is the registered unionists* committee. Instead of the liaison committee National Union of Furniture and Allied Workers or e company approved parallel union. They called (NUFAW), whose assistant general secretory, 7-13: An Unemployed Workers Belief Fund was management to a meeting at lunchtlms to hear their AJU Groeneweld. said that they (the union) reported to have been launched by SAAWU. specifi­ grievances. Those related to health precautions, had a closed shop agreement and that SAAWU 'has cally for members of SAAWU and members of non- protective clothing, wages, wording hours, etc. no legel right to approach any employee in the registered unions working closely with SAAWU, who j The Department of Manpower Utilisation was furniture industry to discuss terms with them'. had been dismissed from the various strike hit called in by the firm and asked for a Hat of Brigadier Sebe finally cane straight and fines. SAAWU alao stated thet they would be grievances, and for representatives to be admitted that unionists had been, and were being working closely with the newly fonmed union© elected. The workers responded by telling the detained for their union activities. It was said for form and domestic workers* Paper teen t officials to get the list of grievances that alx members of SAAWU ware in detention under The Collondole workers once again refused from menegewwwnt as they had told thee of their R2S2 at the time (19.11.80), four of tham to collect their wages, now some four months efter complainta. The Department officials were el so workers from the Border Passenger Transport. the strike started. The National Union of said to have threatened the workers vith three Thozamile Gqwete was unable to appear in court Distributive workers (NUOW) offered their years imprisonment or fll 000 for striking illegally. In Eeat London on 'incitement to strike1 charges support to the AFCWU and the FCWU in their because of hia Clekeian detention. struggle at Collondele. lasnageeent then ordered the workere frtei the premises, telling thee to collect their pey UACWUBA expressed solidarity with SAAWU over It was reported that ThoxaaUle Gqeeta and and to return to work on Monday, 1? November, for the detentions. Siaa NJlkelane had been admitted to hospital 'selective rehiring*, Workers say that five after going on e hunger strike while in detention. security policemen were Inside the East London 23-30: Xalenl Kota, acting secretary of SAAWU in They hed called it off but threatened enother Furniture Industries factory *hen they ears paid East London, announced that a nation-wide hunger strike if they were not released. off: petition would be launched, calling for the release Four SAAWU members at Wilson-Roantree of the unionists. were deteined by the CIS, under R2S2, for 16-22; On November 18, four SAAWU members On Thursday, 27 November, Collondele Cannery 'furthering the alms and objects of a banned employed by Border Passenger Transport were (East London) workers, who had refused to collect organisation, the African National Congress1 detained by the CIS. their pay, made an attempt to get their Jobs beck. (said Brigadier Sebe). On the seme dey workers at East London Manager Cordner Tllney said that replacements Workers at Wilaon-Aowntree staged a brief Furniture Industries refused to collect their pay hed already been hired. He had spoken to the atoppege in protest at the detention of their as they 'still regarded themselves as company workers (WCWU members) in the company of fallow workers, end SAAWU blamed the company and employees'. SAAWU general secretary, Samuel security police. Lordner NJozele, a dismissed the South African authorities for the detentione. Klklne. said thet management refused to negotiate* employee from the firm, was briefly detained A day later, 12 December, efter the solidarity referring the matter to the industrial council end questioned by the security police. (For stoppage, another Wilson-flown tree worker wee for the industry. Workers had returned to work more details on this.dispute, wee MP15:4a-5), detained. on the previous dey, on the deadline eat, but i had been locked out with selective re-employment December 14-20: All the detained unionists warm taking place. 1-6: East London chairperson of the AFCWU, released, without being cherged. Their detention SAAWU threatened a boycott of furniture sold Welile Jteozonyene, was detelnad by the CIS for had probably been pert of attack on union f by the firm during Christmas. Much of the the second time. (specifically SAAWU) activity in the eaetem jl furniture manufactured by the fins is exported FOSATu issued e statement condemning the Cape, es well « being linked to the Clakeien || gage 52

'referendum on independence' - the detentions South African Society of Journalists (SASJ), benefit-oriented organisation. •ould have both prevented possible union s predominantly white Journalist society, It was the first union to form an induetrlal mobilisation against the referendum end served the recently constituted Media takers* council with management, and negotiates wagaa, as a earning to anyone eho contemplated Association of South Africa (aVASA), and tha working conditions and benefits 'on behalf of' abstaining or voting 'no*. Commercial, Catering end Allied Workers Union all print workers. It ie a TUCSA affiliate of South Africa (CCAVUSA). with a parallel coloured union, and received

January. 19B1 Tha issues and intanalty of action have not permission in February I960 to organise It appears that the verloue strikes heva followed any cohesive pattern or been drawn efrican workers end extend benefits to them. continued Into the new year, although nothing from any single causa. They have stemmed An efrican branch of the union had exleted for has been reported on them in the Transvaal. largely from growing dissatisfaction over 10 years but was disbanded in 1956. Until

BANTU Is reported to be maintaining the hoe the Argua/SAAN corporations run their February, workers paid e noainel fee to the rapid groeth of lest year. newspapers, and demands heve ranged from NIC and had a medical scheme end funeral Readers In the eastern Cape should please unprecedented wage Increases by the SASJ, to benefit scheme set up for them. sand us material on the labour situation in that WJTASA demands questioning the control end The union has attempted to organise ae region. function of newspapers in current South widely as possible, while management hea been

For information on the charges mgelnat Africa. so keen for workers to Join the union that it Oecar Mentha, the veteran Cape trade unionist, The root of the problem appears to lie has filled forme in for them, claiming that employera *know ell the informetion and some of see the Courts section in this publication. in the fact that SAAN and Argust which have a virtual monopoly over the engllsh-languege them (the workers) don't write*. Some trads unionists mho heve been detained prase, are essentially as exploitative and It la thia group of workers that mWASA la in the eestam Cape during the past months: conservative as the companies they scold in attempting to Incorporate into its organisation, •cnlslle Norushe (ATCeu) - RSA their pages. (SAW and Argus are interlocking ThoMmile Gqweta (SAAW) - Ciakel (teice), RSA Slse Njikelana (SAAffU) - Clekei, RSA companies, with Argus owning 40jt of SAAN). SASJ. Xolanl Kota (8AA»u) - Ciskel TIC SASJ IAS formed in the late 1920s. Ita Wilson Sidlna (WPGtul - Ciskel The unions referred to above represent Robert Gqweta (SAAfU) - Ciskel newspaper journalists and distributors conciliation board with management wee Laerence Tuluma (SAAW) - Clekei Bemgunil Sislngo (SAAVU) - Ciskel (drivers and street sellers). Print worker* constituted In the mid-1940a. Until 1977 Humphrey Mhxgwenga (SAAVU) - Clekei fall under the South African Typographical It was basically passive, accepting a wage seals September Uoaksti (SAAVU) - Clekei Oris Ndingeyi (SAA*u) - Ciskel Union (SATU). Both SASJ and 8ATU have accesa considerably lower then that found in commerce M van Graan (FOPJ) - Ciskel to long-aaUbllshed negotiating channels* SATU la and even teaching, Tha union regieterwd in terms Karel Schippers (FC«u) - Ciakel Alfred Noko (AFCWU) - Clekei a party to the National Industrial Council of the Industrial Conciliation Act in the early Vellle Hzozonyama (AFOU) - Clekei (twice) (NIC) covering the entire print industry, while Qweaha (AFCfu) - Ciakel 1970a. SASJ and newspaper managements heve formed a In 1977, following e change in leadership, conciliation board of which individual newspapers This list is incomplete. It does, for example! not the SASJ deregifttered, end reconstituted itself include the names of the many factory woefcera who are members and signatories- as a non-racial body. It currantly has a black have been detained because of their union activitlee membership of about 60,

NEWSPAPER IMXJSTRV - BACKGROUND. SATU. * MKASA. THE PAST year has seen considerable union SATU IS ONE of the oldeat South African trade activity among markers employed In various unions. Originally formed by immigrant Englleh BLACK Journalists; reacting against their sections of the newspaper induetry. Activity printers, the union has retained its basic exclusion fram tha SASJ, and prompted by a need has revolved around 3 trade unions * the craft nature and la a highly bureaucratic» to establish their own negotiating channels to paga 53 - aa cover their interests, for—d the Union of Poat atrlka of August, 1980, forced English is a second language for aany black Black Journalist* in the early l^TOs, strongly to daal dlraotly with tha union, although It Journalists, aho, therefore, remain on 1 aotlvatab by tha ideology of black consciousness. clalaod that It aaa daaiing only with staff and levels because they do not aeet the standards sat It refused to Join tha SASJ on tha basis thair daaanda. by a ehlte aanagaaant alalng et white audlencee. that co-oparatlon eas useless alnca tha BASJ had One of NASA's demands is for apaclflc dona nothing for black Journalists, aho had thair LHIGtt ACTION training progreaami end institutions to be set oan apaclflc prableae. It aaa bannad in TVC STRIKE had considarabla iapiicatlons and up to eradicate the effeota of Bantu Education. October, 1977. repercussions, ttepas at tha naaapapar aara 1c Another la for a far larger say in tha types of In 1977 tha Writer* Aaaociatlon of South than on othar newspapers. Thla aaa bacauaa it declalona concerning standards, terminology Africa —ft fomad, and In October, 1980, following aaa not a signatory to tha SASJ conciliation and othar adltorlal declalona affecting black a highly successful atrlka at tha Poat newspaper, board agreement, and negotiated dlractly alth vrltara fundsmentally, but ovar ahlch they have It rafor—d aa UMSA, alth tha ala of Incorpora­ aanagaaunt. Tha atrlka came aftar a four aonth no control. Aa a result of arbitration Cadet B ting all blaok sorkare In tha naaapapar Industry arbitration haarlng in which tha SASJ took aas dona aeey alth, Tha practice aes especially into lta organization. A delaiaination to daal ae/exjaaent to a haarlng In ahlch tha SASJ rife on saall pepers llXe the Cape Herald. alth aajnagaaajnt in tha naaapapar lnduatry aa an contastad Via aanagaaant clala that It could not The Poat atrlka placed sages on a par alth independent body on lta oan tarns la ana of tha afford th» ^across-the-board and 2? ,jt SASJ scales, and reinforced tha coanltswjnt to cohesive elements of its history. total salary lncraaaa that It aaa demanding. confrontation being felt by Journalists in In 1977 MSA sppllad to Join tha conciliation Although tha union did not sin Its daaanda varloua sectors of tha profession. boarrJ sat up between laanagaawjnt and tha 8A8J. It did win a to* aoroas-tha-board lncraaaa for Tha aoat Important feature of tha etrlke SASJ offarad half its east* (daaplta tha fact all adltorlal aorfcara aho had baan alth tha asm was that it Included e variety of sorters that lta rapraaantation aaa around TOO, and asployer for ona yosr, and a furthar 4)1 to ba besides Journalists. Telex operators, librarians aASA's 200). aTanegaaawit encouraged tha groupa distrlbutad at tha discration of tha adltora. Joined tha etrike while cleaners, typists and to form a coeajon front. 1A8A avantually Although tha Journalists' oatarlal victory telex operators all received increases. Tha rafusad to Join tha board on tha graunda that aaa not total, tha arbitration decision did dispute obviously aaphasieed the need for to do so would diluta lta stand, and that It auch to ralnforca tha hard line approach tha organisation aaong other cateocajlH of earfcers on required Its oan nagotlatlng channalB to aarva SASJ aaa beginning to take. It also brought the paper, governed by Industrlel OTnctflpst^* 'J lta interests, stovjgemnt rafusad to daal alth embarsesing infonsstion ovar entrenched agreements but wholly unrepresented. Tha Cape * tao bodies, aa It fallsd to recognise tha discriminatory practicas to light. Chiaf h*rald etrlke that began soee three months later dlffsrant naads of tha tao Qroupa. Itenagsnant'a aaong thsaa aas information concarnlng tha end also Included a variety of workers, again rafuaal to coaply alth tha 1ASA deeand, daaplta Journalist category of Cadet S. Thla category deaonstrated'the groelng- spirit of dissatisfaction clalaa of an unofficial racognltlon of tha referred to people, predoainently black, without aaong aedla workers ee a whole.

organisation, liaa at tha root of tha diaputa eatriculatlon certificate*, recruited as The tao aonth long WA8A strike started during tha racant strlka ovar strlka pay. eWASA Journalists at a loser wage scale than others, In sympathy alth tha Cape Herald workers and claimed that management's rafuaal to astablish Noramlly cadets era recruited and trained ended after severe confrontation threatened nagotlatlng channala had lad to tha atrlka, and a conciliation board egreeaent governs the both the unity of the SASJ and tha existence of and that it aaa, tharafora, lta rasponalblllty flrat five yeare of their eaployaant. They than the chief 'black1 newspapers (since banned to pay for it. afrnageaent contastad this on progress on tha baste of san-it. Thla, In itself, through stete action)* tha grounds that it aould sat a dangarous la a contentious Issue for MTASA. Initial Thla aaa because of tha etrike action pracadant and violatad fundamental principles schooling for whites and blacks creates itself, but aora a result of the conflict It • of industrial ralatlons. Navarthalass, tha lnequeiitlee reinforced by the fact that brought to the surface, and of the fundamental page M

throat newspaper managements felt when confronted Ml the insoluble Issue of strike pay, which many October pay packets). Strikers once more by an articulate and powerful organisation, felt was fairly destructive es it would win refused to return to war* until their pay questioning Its very right to senega. In the nothing concrete for future generations, and demands had been met. words of one Journalist: 'Argus must be throwing the extended strike was damaging in that Against the background of picketing and parties now that Poet end Sunday Post are banned. •township news' was not being widely reported talks of strikes in the newspaper industry, the They can publish the Soeetan and retrench the end the flow of information was being inhibited. SASJ (which opened its doors oficlelly to blacks people eho are too vocal end dangerous1, The strike may be over, but the Issues are in 1977, and represents the majority of white The strike itself focussmd on two ereas of by no meena resolved; the conflicts which have Journalists on the engllah~-languege newspapers) conflict: the store direct one over recognition erupted within and between organisations negotiated a ^8f^ pey Increase with Argus and

end strike payt end the acre complex conflict and against management, are, under the present SAAN managements. over actual control of the press. Considering newspeper structure, apparently unrwsolvsble. Approximately 1 100 editorial employees were that 307* of the engllah-language newspaper awarded a 1?£ increase (across-the-board), and readership is black, and that management views CHWwXOGY OF EVENTS £ tft Increase on the wage bill for merit* The) its potential future merket as being predominantly ~^ ——^^— • October increases wars to be implemented from January, black, eUASA is implicitly demanding a far Za: 22 of the 2d-mamber editorial staff on the 1981. greater say over editorial policy in drawing weekly Argus-owned Cape Herald newspaper went on The Cape Herald workers rejected the SASJ's attention to this feet end to the discrepancy strike after a breakdown in talke between the negotiated salary scales and continued their that exists between eho controls the papers end Staff Action Committee and management. The strike (in demand for higher salaries and wages who reads them. Cape Herald chapel is an affiliate of WASA. to be implemented immediately for all categories The strike pey issue was one that eVA&A The demands by the editorial staff, which were of workers). lost. It held out for two months over the also made on behalf of the clesslfied advertising Various eWASA chapels (branches) held principle that avnaganent had caused the strike end messenger staff, included Increases similar meetings to consider supportive action to be by refusing to mcognlse the organisation; to those won by the Post (Transveal) staff after taken unless the demands of the striking workers although the feet that SUN, Argus end IMASA their 8 day strike in August, 1980 (see wTP1d:5l). werw mat* did sit down and negotiate, was e victory for * IMASA. **^ 27: The entire Cape herald staff, including 29: The St*r chapel of the SASJ resolved that The conflict in SASJ (see below for messengers, drivers and typists, went on strike if members of INTASA went on strike they would fcetalls) were apparent in the inconsistent and demanding the automatic implementation of express solidarity with them by not doing their disunited activities of the Journalist members Increased salary scales. work. during the strike. Initial support was clear: Hal Millar, managing director of the Argus The Traders* Association said the SASJ supported the strikers and refused to do Group, refused to discuss the staff's complaints that it would recommond to its 2 000 members not their work. As thw strike went on financial until they returned to war*. HIASA issued a to sell the Cape Herald and to refuse to place support was also given, than the Post statement supporting their Cape Herald colleagues. advertiaements if the paper was produced before Journalists were fired, major tensions erupted. For the first time In Its 15 year history, a sattlammnt eas reached. Thirteen ROM Journalists stayed away from work the Cape Herald failed to appear. members of the Post chepel of WASA met for a day in protest against the sackings* Argus management and demanded that Cape Herald fifty others picketed the Star building, but the 26: The striking Cape Herald workers received workers' pay demands be met immediately, and that support for the wWASA Journalists was by no their pay cheques which excluded payment for the they be paid full salaries while on strike. means clear or unanimous. days they were on strike (a total of R2 174 was By that stage the strike seemed to be stuck deducted from the pay of 28 workers In their 30: Editorial and other staff members of Post Page 56

(Transvaal) and black Journal lata on tha Star newspaper*. Press Agency (SAPA) Joined tha atrike by colleagues •ant on etrike in solidarity with strlksrs on from 12 newspapers. These ware - tha Cape Herald. Argus management still 02i Executive members of WASA net a-.d called Argus-owned: Post (Tvl); Sunday Post; Star; Cape refused to meet tha Capa Harald strikers' for a national atrike of all ita aaarfieiij. It Herald; Sunday Tribune; Daily News; thw Bowetan. Demand e. wae wmphaslswd that all Capa Harald Journalists SAAN-owned: Rend Daily Vail; Financial Mail: Talagraais of support vara aant to tha Cope had switched membership frow thw SASJ to WASA Sunday Times; Sunday Express; Soweto News. Herald strikers by tha International Federation and that non-editorial staff on strike ware not The SAAN chapel of tha SASJ decided not to fill of Journalists, tha WASA branches at tha Capa represented on tha C6- WASA demanded that in on Jobs normally done by their WASA Anj~s, Post(Tvl), Post (Natal) and tha editorial - the situation on the Capo Herald be rasolved; oolleagues. chapels of tha Rand Daily Hall, tha Sunday - all the workers be paid for tha time thay OS: WASA representatives and the Argus end SAAN Tribune and tha Star. had been on strike because of management's groups mat for talks and failed to reach 6AAN chapels of NASA asked SAW aanagamant responsibility for the present situation; agreement, aanegemmnt still refused to pay to influence the Argue Printing and Publishing - management talks to WASA elected representa­ workwrs for time they had bean on strike. Tha Company to promote a settlement between the tives. National Council of tha SASJ warned that the pertlas, Star editorial staff decided egainst any etrlka strike could Jeopardise the future of newspapers Hal Itiller argued that tha Capa Herald, action in support of striking black Journalists. aimed et black readers, disrupt reletions between a signatory to tha SA Newspaper Press Editorial ell black newspaper employees and employers, end Conciliation Board, eas bound by tha terns of 03- Tha atrike spread to black journalists permanently damage relations between black the Conciliation Scan) (CG) agreement for on tha BAAnV-owned RDM and Financial Mail, end Journalists and tha established englieh-language salary increases to be implemented from January, to two Natal papers, tha Daily News and tha commercial press In South Africa. Their statement 1961. Ha aaid Post (Tvl), as opposed to all Sunday Tribune, bringing the number of papers said that the nationwide strike was largely due other Argus newspapers, had nm^^r been a affected to seven and the number of press staff to a lack of real management responsiveness to signatory to tha C8, and no foraal agreement had to about 100. the needs and wishes of black Journalists over ever governed the salaries and working conditions a long period of time. The SASJ requested e | of its editorial employees. 04: One Dally Nwws rwportar and one member of meeting of the C8 to dlecuss the strike* - tha Tribune Harald staff Joined tha atrike called 31: Tha convenor of the Action Committee of for by WASA. 06: lhite Journalists at SAAN deflwd a warning tha Capa Harald Staff Association. A Salle, The Sunday Tribune SASJ chapel affirmed its from SAAN management that thwy would be dismissing I responded to Miller's statement, stating that support for its colleagues in WASA, and decided themselves if they refused to do the work of clarka, telephonista and advertising personnel that their striking black colleagues. Thay resolved aarw also on strike, and these workers ware not - reporters would disassociate themaalvwe from to continue with their refusal to do work represented on the C8 (only Journalists were * assisting in tha production of tha Tribune normally performed by thw striking black [ represented on the C8, and hence the recent Harald; Journallate until the strike eas settled. arbitration award to all SASJ Journalists was * sub editors would work to rule on Tribune Herald A resolution paeswd by the SAAN chapel blamed not applicable to all tha Capa Herald newspaper copy, until black Journalists era back on tha crisis in the newspaper industry on the strikara |« tha payroll and paid in full far tha period failure of manmgmaent to recognise tha needs and

• thay had bean on strike. aspirations of black Journalists and to create November Tha Sunday Tribune and tha Dally Name staff formed avenues for black edvancament. 01: Thousands of pamphlets ware distributed in a atrike relief fund. Sowwto urging a community boycott of Ar^us Group Black Journalists from thw South African 10: Daily Dispatch black Journallets want on |l page 56 ' * •

etriks until the Cape Herald grievances ware 20: End of the 3 weak atrike at the Cape Herald did not return to work, A email group of settled. newspaper. Management did not accede to the representatives went to managing director In Metal 13 bleok organisations expressed demand for strike pay and the lmpl amentation Mitchell eho refused to talk to them. He eaid support for NASA end foneed e Media »orters of salary scales from November 1. An agreement that the dispute was now in the hende of the Support Committee. ems reached on pay scales for messengers. Black Board of Directors and communication was to be Journalists on other papers continued their handled through the Transvaal Provincial 11: G Cape Herald strikers returned to wort etrike. manager, Mr Miller (director of Argus). - 14 remained on strike. Miller refused to consider unconditional

reinstatement of the 3 dismissed workers P and ( The Staff Action Committee of the Cape 21i 1 900 to 1 600 workers (driverst delivery Herald eat with menagement eho refused to men end street sellers) from Allied Publishing the removal of the eree manager* Assurances I accede to the committee's demands for went on strike following a dispute over abusive ware given that on the ending of the strike employees to be paid for the period of the treetment meted out by Johannesburg's erme investigations Into these issues would occur. strike end for the nee pay scales to apply emnegar. The chief complaint was that the area Following an ultimatum from management, from November 1. Management sea only prepared manager had fired 3 earners and essaulted one the workers returned to work on 24.11.80. to regard the strikers1 period of ebeenoe of them in the process. Their demands were as leave, end to put the negotlatad increases 1. the reinstatement of the 3 dismissed workers; 26; Post (Transvaal] workers were given an Into practice fran January 1. 2. the removel by demotion or transfer of the ultimatum that they would loae their Jobs If area manager to e position where he could no they did not return to work the following day. 13: Joint statements issued to foreign longer have contact with, or authority over. 70 Post workers out of a total staff of 2fiO correspondents in South Africa by C08A3, Allied workers; were on etrike. NU6AS, the University of Ktwatersrand'e 3. the recognition of the grievance procedure Bleck Student Society and the South African which had recently been signed by the parties. 27: 2 Post Journalists returned to work. 69 Students* Press Union (SAGPU) declared support Following a meeting et which the shop Post strikers were dismissed for not returning. for IMASA's demands. MASA decided to exempt stewards were edressed by UVASA representatives, 3 members of Durban's Sunday Tribune lost their the Voice newspaper from the call for a newspaper the shop stewards added to their demands that they Jobs after ignoring management's ultimatum. boycott because it is eholly owned and controlled ware In sympathy with the aWASA strikers, and A meeting of BAWs editorial chapel of SASJ by black people. As such, MASA claimed it eas that their grievances should be settled voted 35-20 against e motion proposing a one* not affected by the strike against english- speedily. day strike in sympathy with fired journalists. language newspapers. A aeries of talks between shop stewards and A motion waa passed condemning Argus for [ • menagement did not lead to resolution of the provocative action and welcoming SAAN's

17: Dally Dispatch Joumeliets returned to wort. dispute. Management agreed to only one demand * more conciliatory attitude. recognition of the grievance procedure. The Star's chapel of SASJ passed e resolution 18: 2 of the 3 striking reporters on the Daily They agreed to reinvestigate the dismissals regretting the dismissal of 66 Post strikers and News went bock to work. aVTASA received support and the conduct of the area manager. Management 3 Sunday Tribune strikers. from 4 student organisation* at the University etated that they had no standing in the aVASA of Vlteatersrand, the president of SAC06, the dispute - despite the fact that some directors 26: 50 Journalists employed by SAAN staged a Islamic Council of South Africa* the Athlone of SAAN and Argus are elso directors of Allied 6 hour picket of Argus in Johannesburg in Business end Professional Association in Cape Publishing. support of the 68 sacked from Post. 13 SAAN Town and the Notional Union of Journalists •orders were handed letters from management Journalists stayed aaay from work and were (NUJ) in Britain. saying that they would be dismissed if they suspended as a result of this one dey strike. . 0-tfw 57

IMS strike was followed by 2 days of internal with eWSA. NIC shuns and abhors all fons of 3 yaara, as earw acting president Phil Htisfculu hearings at SAAN, involving • nueber of senior rwclae, while HUSA is a racially exclusive body and fellow executive aeebir Joe Thloloe. aUff •—*!•! 11. with a clause In ita constitution excluding Argue BBnegsw*jnt was infemaed by the whites fna eawjberahip. Department of Interior that should thay go ehead 29: Tha Poat —f—it stated that they ware Tha NIC oppoeltlon to a boycott of nawspapars and apply for tha re-registratlon of the praparad to n awjiloy all tha striking ataff ran contrary to that of the Natal Council on suspended papers (excluding the 6owetan), they aith no loaa of aarvlca benefits, but aould Sport (NACOB) which directed its efflllatea would bw banned in tame or the Internal Security not ooncada to paying -strikers for tha pariod not to talk to Journalists aho ware not eanbers Act, Argus aanagawient accepted this as atate of the atrika. of HUSA. However, several NAC06 officiala closure of tha papers involved, and did not are alao officials or ordinary ouabain of NIC, pursue with the applications to re register and affiliates of NACGS still Spoke to ell Post and Sunday Post.

D2i About 22 block Journalists at tha Capa Journalists. The president of SACOS. Hassan Hoea, Tiaaa, tha Capa Harald and tha Argus bagan a 2- decided thet 8AC06 aould continue talking to day atrika in syvpethy aith tha aackad Poat all Journalists.

23: The Argus Coapeny was advised by the OS; Journellsta on tha Aryua and Capa Times director general of tha Dapertaent of Interior decided to coapensete thair 22 black colleagues that the validity of tha registration certificate aho eerw suspended without pay for going on of Poet (Transvaal), Saturday Poat, Sunday Post P atrika for 2 days. Tha Aryua and SAAN chapals and tha Soaetan had lapsed because they had of tha 8ASJ both aada R200 available froe thair not bean printed and published for over a funda for tha black Journalists auapandad froa aonth. This occurred simultaneously with tha tha Argus and Capa Tueea. ending of tha dispute between VJASA and the Tha South African Alliad workers' UViion SAAN/Aryua warawjewant. [SAMU] issued a stat saint aupportlng atriklng Journalists at SAW and Argua-oanad newspapers, 24: Slack Journalists started work. It was and daaandad reinetatawwjit of tha 71 aackad agreed that returned atrikars aould not ba paid Poet and Sunday Tiaaa waployees. Sow Klkina, for the period they had bean on strike. ganaral aacratary of SAAMj aald that this did not necessarily antoll support for 29: Argus Coapeny applied to the Department of •ASA. SAAMJ la a non-racial organisation and will not support organisations which Interior to re-register Poat, Sunday Post and ara cloaad to BOM races. the Sowetan after It had loat a court application to declare the certificates of registration velld. 10: At a joint seetlng of tha Natal Indian In this context, aVASA president Zwalakha Congraaa (NIC) and wBASA, officials of tha NIC Siaulu and Natal regional secretary Subraaioney strongly opposed a proposal (supported by ware both placed undej house arreat and issued Giaulu) that tha white-coned nawspapars should with 3-year banning orders in tents ur tne ba boycotted. The proposal was finally withdrawn. Internal Security Act. HJ Maldoo, vice president of NIC, undertook to Subsequently Nothern Transveal aVASA look into the isatter of NIC sharing a plotforw executive awjaber Martha T&edu was banned for page 58

echoed those of the Erasmus Commission Report four governing noise. INDUSTRIAL years earlier, which had documented shocking 1. mUning; In the early years of the century, conditions in Industry efter industry. Despite South Africa's mines ware faarsomely hazardous the limitations of the evidence, it saoms places in which to work. Burrowed into the earth HEALTH fairly clear that a sizable proportion of South at a frantic peca, with little or no regulation, Africa's workforce is wortcing in hazardous they warw full of duet from rock-bramking and INDUSTRIAL HEALTH WD ThC STATE environments, end that mmny wor*wra needlessly frequently with noxious gases from blasting and

IN 1?76, the Eraamus Commission of Inquiry Into suffer disease or death as a result. machinery. At one stage, the average working Occupational Health found thet 'industrialists Thie atate of affairs ia not simply the life of gold miners was seven years, by which time spend very little money on and do not devote outcome of Ignorance or apathy on the part of their lungs were too scarred by pneumoconiosis to much time to the prevention of occupational employere. It is the consequence of apartheid contihus work. The loss of unskilled black miners

dlaeaaee*. capitalism and minority rule, which together was bearablet because there were plenty more

Since than, the picture does not appear to encourage employers to neglect markers* health . where they came from, but the loss of the scarce have chenged very much. Last ymsr, Or E Bougas, and deny the workers a means of redress. The imparted shite artisans waa far costlier, end they former Transvaal chairperson of the SA Society increasing attention being given the issue could not be segregated away from the hazards. for Occupational Health, estimated thet of South reflects the changing labour needs of industry, The consapuencs was e lerge-scele effort to Africa's 30 000 factories, fewer thmn 1 000 had no longer so compatible elth pitchforking ill reduce duet levels, with ventilation machinery and besic industrial health facilities. Prof Ian workers onto the acrapheap. while the present extensive research, and major improvements Webster, director of the National Centra for balance of economic and political power remains followed. Occupational Health, added, 'I wouldn't say that in place, hoeaver, workers are unlikely to receive Yet even today, autopsies on long-serving regular monitoring (of industrial health hazards) the full measure of protection they deserve. miners show three-fourths to be suffering from has increased vmty much since the Erasmus compensable occupational diseases, though in many report1 (Star, 21.06.80). POJ6TBIAL HEALTH AMD EMPIQYEBS INTERESTS cases mildly enough that they mere not asure of 8eceuee monitoring Is so scanty, not even IN PRACTISE» action on lnduatrial health in South the symptoms. This suggests the mines have the experts in the field would venture a guess Africa has reflected the interests of employera, improved conditions to the point where most of se to the true incidence of occupational disease collectively if not eleays individually. Despite the work foree is able to carry on for a full in South Africa. But a series of press exposes the broadly unsatisfactory picture, it ia a fact working life, the optimal condition fras their last year provided alarming evidence about that there have bean improvements in lnduatrial point of view. what happens to workers afterwards le not their concern. condition* in * number of industries. For Instance* health over the decades past. However, these 13 of a group of IB lead-using firms failed to have generally occurred at a pace and in a manner 2. Fare workers! The manner in which meet standards accepted ovaraaas, and many of which suited employera. The Interests of legislation Is moulded so as not to disturb their workers had blood laad levels high enough employees would have dictated much more vigorous influential employers is seen in the statutory to causa anaemia, narva damage, and kidney action, but ahan these clashed with those of exemption of fans workers from the protection i capital, the latter prevailed. of existing industrial health law. Farmworkers disease. Likewise, 40 000 asbestos workers vera A number of examples can be cited to face particular hazards from zoonoseb (animal- reported to b* working in environments sufficiently illustrate how the needs of business have been borne illnesses), pesticides, and fans machinery, dusty to poaa substantial risks of lung scars, or linked both to the promotion and neglect of yet they enjoy no stetutory safeguards at all asbestools. Studies of several mercury-using industrial health. Here we will examine three: factories found Wat one-fifth of their workers in either the 1941 Factories, Machinery end the situetion in the mines, the legislative oppoered to hove absorbed potentially disabling Building Work Act, or In its 1967 Industrial exclusion of farmworkers, and the regulations quantities of the heavy metal. These findings health amendments. page 39"

ttlOM Acta were passed. U ftOOTB OF TIC PROBLEM records on black esbestos miners, ehlch found utterly dependent on ch«p migrant labour or AS T>fZ above examples suggest, the roots of the some degree of aebestoals in 70% of them between labour tenwitn. They hod little interest in problaa lie in the labour patterns which have 1959 and 196a, and in more than one third from protecting their markers' health, since they prevailed under apartheid capitalise. To begin 1975 to 1977 (Star, 22.06\a0), vera eo easily replaced, and e poaitlve InoanUve with, the migrant labour system helps make it Moreover, the prevelehce of cheep migrant to neglect It. due to the coat of the necessary eesy to ignore lnduetrlal health Questions. A labour snd consoouent colour-bar restrictions aenltery fecllltlee. safety device*, training, generous supply of unskilled labour ia a hove helped to minimise the role played by j etc. The shite farmera end boas-boys eere less characteristic feature of underoevwloped herder-to-replace skilled eorkers in South vulnerable to the ailments, since they had leas capitalist economies, but the extremely loe wages African industry. As Vllson showed, pressures contact pith the hazards end better living end the pettern of oscillation between city to minimise costs in this environment led to condltione. Thus the lae could ignore ordinary end 'homeland* found In South Africa aake it a capital-intensive pattern of development ferm hands, avoiding provoking an iaportant particularly cheap to shuffle eemy and replace end efforts to keep down the number of skilled political group in the process - workers eho fell ill. Ae Adler noted ehites employed at epartheid-bloated wages 3. Noise regulations: The clearest link It is cheaper for management to replace (Vllson, 1969:161). -As a reeult, South Africa between industrial pressure and the softening injured eorkera than to improve the has a substantially smaller proportion of skilled protection for thee. Thla is of course of legislation can be seen in the cese of truer for those workers who ere employed eorkers in its labour force than do other countries in unakilled end seai-ekilled positions, at similar stages of industrial development Industrial noise. Though they are not often where the migrant labour system and the enforced, nolae ia one of the fee areas ehere absence of formal collective bargaining (IC8, 1979). rights allow workers to be available in South Africa's Industrial health reguletlons large numbers at a loe price (Adler, 1979). The tendency to neglect eorkers1 health , era relatively strict. Thanks largely to the Is compounded by the abysmal ignorance of health A striking example supporting this vlee was cited efforts of one dedicated official, the allocable hazards on the pert of many employers, and their in the Star's Industrial health series, which ' nolae limit has been fixed at 05 decibels, the desire to cut corners. Soon after the Star's reported the case of e ferro-ettngenese producer level eoat medical authorities regard as neceaaary industrial health article* appeared, e battery eho failed to reduce his eorkera' exposure to to protect hearing. (In noraal circumstances, maker phoned the peper to say that he had not the elloy despite four years of findings by the noise above 00 db causes pain). realised the lead In hie plant*a sir Imperilled National Centre for Occupational Health that many the 280 workers off the production line es eell Ho«everv industry has protested these of its eorkers hed too much of it in their blood es those on it! while this was restrictions vociferously, claialng they were for safety (Star, 21.08.80l. an extreme exeaple, aeny other employers also impossible to eaet at a reaaoneble coat. Migration aiso tends to hide the true extent shoe a startling Ignorance of the hazards their Consequently, the *B* regulations unveiled lest of occupational diseases because many of them eorkers fece, and try to minimise the sums year by the Deportment of manpower Utilisation set develop slowly end many do not appear until a they spend on them, according to the makers or e nee noise Halt of 90 db. That eay not appear worker hes been repatriated to his or her reserve. safety equipment. 'They eant the minimum euch more, but in feet it siloes sround three 'If blacks die of tuberculosis in Lesotho end protection allowed by leef says one, 'They're times as euch nolae (the decibel scele is Trenskei, nobody gets very worried here because f not conscious of protecting the workers'. . | logarithaic. end en Increase of Just 3 db they don't see the deaths*, commented labour represents twice the auentity of noise). On Leaver Halton Cheedle (Star, 20.06.80). In the Of course, such short-cutting becomes heering of the proposed relaxation, one Industrial cese of aabestasls, far instance, the vest* understandable in vlee of the costs involved hyglenist coeaented, *If it goes through, there majority of cases reported are white, ehile the in preventing industrial diseases. Despite the I will be a lot of deaf workers walking around*. ' vest majority of the Industry's eorkers are inadequacy of their progremniea, some lead-using ' black, suggesting many cases go undiagnosed. firms put the share of recent capital spending U This view was confirmed by analyses of autopsy on Industrial health at 35 to 50%, ehile at 9 &0 fiend fttineV newest asbestos factory, R1,6-m wee industrial relations system, and they remain forced the issue up to Cabinet, which puahed spent on ventilation equipment. These eume largely unorganised. Of course, they are also it back to the bureaucrats and the Public Service should be kapt in perspective, as thay partly excluded from the political eyetem altogether. Ccamiiealon. The battle wma not Just one of raflact efforts to make up for e hiatory of bureaucrats, however, but ehouid oe ween as una neglect, but thay nevertheless give some RESTRAINTS CW THE STATE. share they acted es surrogates for their indication of tha affact industrial health IT 9EEMB fairly clear that the balance of respective constituencies. The Heelth Department spending could hava on a fine's profits. influences goes a long way to explain tha represents doctors and health profeeslonela like Besides tha economic element, a contributing pattern of ectlon on industrial health by the induatrlel hygienlsts, who have a natural intereet in factor to tha problem ia tha neglect of industrial state. However* in the absence of case studies greater demand for their services. Labour, on haalth by tha madical profaaaion. This ia a based on archival records, it is difficult to the other hand, traditionally maintained closs raflaction of mmdicine's traditional oriantation cite poeltive evidence of this. Instead, we links with industry and white unione, which aa toaarda curatlva rather than preventative shall hava to aettle for tracing the association noted above had been indifferent to heelth issues. practica (Savage, 1979). alts, Pratorla and. between the interests of employers on particular In thia struggle the Labour men consistently Stallanboach hava only racantly addad industrial issues and the political outcomee. argued that the Heelth Department would prove haalth aactiona into thair undargreduete medicine The clearest association la the wholesale avei—2ealoue in standard setting, and that thia curricula. South Africa'* four othar madical exemption from Industrial haalth legislation of would imposw excessive coats on individual firms schools appaar to hava no Industrial haalth many of the worst endengered sorters. Those and generally alow economic growth. experts on their, ataffa. Aa a result of these excluded are generally in categories of employment Perhaps tha moat evident indication of deficiencies in training, axparte agree, moat traditionally dependent on high rates of sensitivity to industrial interests is the doctors era not equipped to diagnose industrial mlgrency, repld labour turnover and low wages. lack of priority accorded induatrlel health by diseases, whether in family practice or hirad Farmintft cited above is one; domestic wor* the government. Despite the wide-ranging by a factory. another. Altogether, the Ereemue Commission exclueione, the legislative framework governing Tha general pattern of neglect ahich hae estlmeted that 5,75 million of South Africa's industrial heelth grants sufficient regulatory devalopad haa been permitted by enothar key 9 million workers were not protected by law power to enforce effective standards. Yat this failure: that of trade unione. Abroad, unions against health hazards on the Job. haa rm^mr bean done, for e variety of reasons hava been powerful forces for industrial haalth A web of subtler connectione between which seem to suggsst e lack of reel urgency. legislation and improvement*, but in South Africa induatrlel interests and state ectlon appeers First of all, sufficient manpower has never the white trade unions ahich dominate tha movement to exist as well. The Erasmus Report itself been elloceted to enforce existing regulations. have long since bean bought off militancy with a rapreaented an offensive in a 15~yeer battle Soma 65 factory inspector positions have been share in apartheid's profita. They have bmcome, between the Departments of Health and Labour authorised within the Department of Labour, but in the words of several obaervwre, little more (now manpower Utlllsetion) for responsibility only 30 heve been filled, thlle the full than 'glorified benefit societies'. On industrial over industrial health. Contrary to normal complement would probably prove eedly Inadequate w health matters, 'trede unions in South Africa procedure, however, no white paper was ever the UK malntaina 4 000 factory inspectors - have tended to abdicate their responsibility published by the government in response to the the number actually available appears farcical to their membership by leaving prevention within Commission report, and its racommmndations were There is only 1 Inspector for every 1 000 the four comers of the Factories Act1 (South shelved for four years. factories. In consequence, present and past African Labour Bulletin, 1900:1)* The inaction was a result of bureaucratic officials of the Labour Department have stated that many factories are visited only mvwty No counter-balancing Influence haa Dean pueralle warfare by the Department of Labour other year, and when the inspectors do arrive, available to the black mmjorlty of the workforce. against the Erasmus reccmammdation that Health they often have time for only a cursory Until 1979, they were excluded from tha official take over industrial health control. Labour page 61 inspection. (8Ur, 20.08.80). worker In ths econoay, aa ho-, basn tha caaa tha Department of Health poaar to draft and Secondly, the reeponsible Dapertaant hu eleeehare« 'Look at tha history of tha Factories* enforce lndustrisl hsalth ragulstions, ess repeatedly displayed hostility to worker Acts In ths IK,* says Ur Chaadls. 'ehen you'ra circulating in ths bureaucracy lata in 1960 snd Initiatives to iaprove Industrial health losing aklllad labour in Qhsstly accidsnts, you was leaked to ths press in January, 1961. conditions* Ths Mstsl and Allied Vortcsrs* gat attention to factory safety*. Tha reesons Tha legislation ess precipitated by tha Union hss several tlaas hsd difficulty In ara not hard to find ahan ona axaalnaa tha revision of industrial relations lav under eay, in finding out frae Inspectors ths otsndsrds ussd diffarancss In repleceeant costs beteeen Una with tha state's nsa strategy for econoalc in lta —Jin a* factories. Zn s case where it aklllad and unskilled sorters. A study by P-E growth. The strategy reflects an aearenass that actually recreated sn investigation by a Consulting found that it costs a fira R1S0 to there Is noe a shortage of skilled workers so povsm—nt inspector into ehathar soae IVMI u replace an unaklllsd *ork*r, but R2 000 in search severe that asny technical positions ara going handllno fibraglaaa wight develop denertltle, coats, administrative coats snd loaarad bagging. To fill the gap, and to attempt to allay ths official refused to divulge tha result. productivity to rsplaca a school leaver. If black diaoontent, the stats snd business Jointly His raply to ths union Biassed up ths Department'a s rsplsceaent csn bs found at all.(8tar, aia to create an elite of aklllad black workers, pstarnslistlc approach to Industrial haalth: 20.oe.ao)* significantly expanding the skilled proportion of 'It aas strictly a setter bataasn ths esployer Another factor which asy have loaarsd the labour force. Since it pays to conserve snd ths Govsrnaent*. (Star, 20.06.80). rsslstanca to industrial haalth lepiuu omenta rather then replace skilled workers, especially Third, tha standards employed by ths has basn tha steady oligoftollaetion of South ehan they are in short supply, tha protection Governeont havs genarally bssn rather peralasivs. African industry. Seall fines tend to find it of their health has assumed a higher placa on

Ths lssd standard, for instancaf is thraa tlaas particularly difficult to afford ths expansive tha agenda. that alloaad in UB plants, snd ona-and-«-half equlpasnt nsadad to aaat health regulations. This aas recognised by the. body which

tlaas that permitted in Vast Germany. Ganarallyt Lamar, oligopolistic one* csn better afford it, detailed tha nee industrial strategy, ths ths Labour Department has adopted tha 'Threshold end hava tha asrkat poaar needed to pass on tha Vlehahn Coaadeslon. Tha Coamiaslon, ehlch saa Llalt Values' adoptad by tha US Conference of costs to tha consumer. Traditionally, avail cloae to the Labour Departmentt racemesende d in Intergovernmental Industrial Hyglaniata soas fines hava been saan sa the laggards on lnduatrlsl Part Thraa of its report that an enlarged ysora back. In "any instances, particularly in haalth, ehile authorities hava generally rated Industrial Hsalth and Safety Division be tha hselth-conecloua UG. these have bssn largs flras as doing such aors. established in the eanpower and Utilisation supsrssdad on tha basis of subsequent rasaarch. Clearly it Is not In ths lntaraat of any uwipartaant. However, in further bureaucratic fira to be tha only one in its industry to aklraiahing after tha report, Manpower Utilisation REASONS FOfl STATE ACTION. increase Its costs through industrial haalth ceded the responsibility to tha Department of IN VIE1 of tha factors Militating against sctlon, eaaeuraa, ehan its coapatltors do not do so snd Health, ehlch immediately began to brush up its It asy asaa surprising thst there is sny thus gain s market advantage. Tha position Is long-o reps red post-Erasmus legislative plena.

lnduatrlsl hsalth lsglslation on tha books at different, however, if tha stats regulations These calls for a new Occupational Haalth all, or that laprcvsasnts in working conditions aia at forcing all to do so, thus enabling thaa Act, which transfers the Rectory Act's • hsvs taksn placa. Ossplta ths absence of to protect their skilled labour althout auffsrlng authority for granting coapanles industrial health argsnlssd morklng class pressure for sctlon, rslatlvs dlaadvantage. from labour to tha Health Department and local

however, ths collective interest of employers • euthorltiea* Inspectors of sll three of these has provldsd a nationals both for stata action and T>C LATEST PROPOSALS agencies will enforce tha Act, requiring the 'best for gredual iaprovsasnts in hsalth standards. Thfl MOTIVES for stata action can be glispssd in available method' of meeting haalth standards. Ths Importance of the issue appears to havs practiea in the latsst proposal for lsglslation Tha draft Act also sets up a National Advisory groan sith tha rola playad by tha skilled on industrial hsalth. The bill, ehlch would give Committee to advise tha Minister of Haalth about psgw 62

standards, and Industrial baalth worts cowmittaes concern. They are even more drawn out than under Parliament was the Factories Act of 1911. Thle In individual factories. the Factorlea Act. with no lass than six was followed by the Factories, Machinery and -. The bill repreaanta an improvemant on tha administrative proceedings possible before an Building Worts Act of 1941, amendments to that praaant satup In a number of respects. It la much employer lands in court* There ha will face a Act in 1967, and the Occupational Diseases In more specific In ita prescription of employer dutias maximum penalty even lower than the present one Mines and Worts Act of 1973.

and ministerial power. Furthermore, it covers of H600. Health Department offlciale aay their It would be useful to investigate tha all workers, including farm and domestic sorters* a in is persuasion, not litigation, but the weakness background and influences behind these Acts. •oat important, tha transfer of responsibility to of tha threata they aake will not enhance their Some hypotheses suggest themselves * such as that a health-oriented department fro* an industry*- persuasive power. the 1941 Act might have bean prompted by war- oriented one should mean a greater degree of Moreover, carrying out the provisions of the induced labour shortages - but many mora could expertlea and a lesser degree of permissiveness. 8111 will impose a vast administrative burden on probably be culled from tha record. All papers (Certainly this has concerned disgruntled Labour tha Health Oepartmmnt. While their use of local relating to tha 1911 and 1941 Acta, including Department staffers sho estimate that tha bill authority and Labour Department inspectors will Cabinet papers and Departmental correspondence, sill cost industry R130-m In tha first year of esse tha manpower crisis somewhat, the Depertment should now bw open under the 30-year rule. operation and R250-m annually thereafter). will still be charged with visiting the 30 000 While those on the 1967 and 1973 legislation

Yet tha Bill does not alter, and in one fectories regularly, as wall as approving tha remain closed, many of the individuals involved important respect worsens, tha basic defect of extension of old plants avid tha building of new are still around and happy to talk. It might the statue QUO* It retains a paternalistic ones. It will also nova to draw up regulations also be worthwhile to consult the records of the approach, in shich responsibility for industrial for tha myriad of induatrlal health hazards Occupational Safety Division of the Department health rests elth tha government, not workers. known. of Labour on its never-ending battle* with It even takes aeay tha right of sorters to Fulfilling these dlecrwtlonary roles Industry for mora action and within government petition tha courts for a review of Inspectors* effectively will require an enormous commitment for aore pereonnel. An understanding of the origins and implementation of industrial health decisions, by declaring the official conclusions of emnpower and funds. It is unlikely that legislation would dampen our knowledge of the final unless they are shown to be in bad faith* these will be forthcoming in the necessary Measure* complex relationship which exists between While the National Advisory Council and plant The likely consequence is that Health will prove capital and the stats in South Africa. councils make same provision for sorter tougher than Manpower in a minority of mora representation! the sorters are to be appointed. urgent cases, while in tha majority tha shear

The National Board members will be chosen by pressure of wart will forcw it to rubberstmmp BIBLlOGflAPmT. the Minister of Health --the same sen who clamped conditions end regulations, Much as Manpower Adler, T -The prevention of occupational disease Utilisation does at present. This underlines the a fundralsing ban on one trade Union federation 1979 in South Africa, Soyth African labour Bulletin, 1999. to raise industrial health questions, FOGATU - importance of allowing, as much aa possible of the responsibility for occupational health to rest while the plant councils will bw named by tha Annual reports of the NCW, 1975-79. owners. These arrangements hardly suggest that with tha workers,* the people with the strongest Institute of Commonwealth Studies (ICS), Southern interest in it, and tha only ones aho are in the sorter representatives likely to press for action 1979 African seminar. Paper on Wlehahn. will be chosen. plant every day. Kooy, A - Pnaumoconioais In the gold-mining While it is true that for the foreseeable 1979 industry of the Witwatersrand. South African Labour Bulletin. 1979. future the majority of the workforce is likely CCHCLUSKH: THE NEED FOfl MCBE ftESCAflO

to be unorganised and thus rallant on tha state THE NEWEST proposals are only tha latest in a Savage. M - The political economy of health in for health protection, the enforcement arrangement* series of laws touching on occupational health. 1979 South Africa. SALDRU conference on tha economics of health care. under the new Bill also provide causa for 0ns of the first lews passed by tha Union paga 63

- BarlM on industrial hnlth, Prlaa Wniatar Botha placad tha BBOC Corporation, and tha latast 'ragional 1960 Auourt 20-24, 19B0. within tha 'conatallation of atataa* atratagy, davalopaant' aovaa acroaa bantuatan • 11 r - in th» South African and tha BBOC aaa aald to hava arlaan out of bordara* 1772 n«a. C—ftrldp* Uilvwlty" fit. consultation bataaan tha atata'a Bpaclal Thara ara, howavar, a faw aapaots of NB Tha adltora apologise far tha lncoaplsta Conatallation Ccaaaittaa, Or Rupart, tha oraation of tha 9B0C that naad to ba natura of bibliographical information. Full dstaila of pourcM rafatrad to in tha articla tha Industrial Dwvalcpmant Corporation (IOC), pelan tad oni could not ba obtainad bafora going to print. and financial lnatltutlom. Firatly, it haa baan placad aquaraly within tha Paopla wanting foliar rafarancaa ahould arlta to tha attitora. Tha 8BDC aaa plannad to hava authorlaad policy of aaparata davalopaant (apwrthaid) and capital of R90-a (froa tha atata through tha uncritically accapta tha aaparatloniaa of that IDC), and R50-a fros prlvata capital. To data policy. Bo, for axaapla, Rupart talka of tha pladgaa of aora than R57-a hava baan racalvad 'national aspirations of the black paoplaa', Small Busines frtai tha privata aactor (for axaapla, it haa and holds that 'aconaslc raaaona brought baan raportad that tha Tongaat Group la to hla (sic) (tha africana - BARS) frc» his own lnvaat F"1-*, ahlla it is ballavad that Anglo araas and only aconoalc raaaona can Raap hia Development Aaarloan, Gold Fialds, Banlaa and tha Raabrandt thara't Group ara aach to lnvaat BSHW), and lataat Bacondly, aa haa baan tha caaa with pravious Corporation aatiaataa put tha total aaount to ba invested aovaa In tha aaaa direction, tha BBOC is balng by tha atata and privata capital at fl130-a. aat up by largw-ocala (aonopoly) capital in

Tha Oavalopaant and Financa Corporation South Africa. (Pravioua undertakings include - comment aid to ewall-ecale sugar groaara in Natal*, tformerly tha Colourad Oavalopaant Corporation) and tha Indian Induatrlal Corporation and agricultural projects in KaNgwane, and tha THE SMALL 8UBDCS8 OCVELuPaEhT COPPCWATION actlvitlaa of tha IDC ralatad to avail actlvitlaa of tha Urban Foundation, to aantion TIC Saall Bualnaaa Dsvalopasnt Corporation bualnaaaaa alll ba takon ovwr by tha SBOC. only a faw). thy it la owing undertaken has (tha 8B0C) aaa launchad at a aaating on 27 Rupart'a own Stall Bualnasa uavalopaant Corpo­ baan partly statad by Or Rupart - a* Joe htovaabar, I960. TMi Mating aaa attandad by ration a«a to changa lta nana to Baall creation: **d h. 'tha expansion of tha fraa rapraaantatlvaa of atata and larga acala Entrapanaura Ltd. enterprise systea'. While auch has baan aada of capital. For axaapla, in attandanca aara: Tha f onaation of tha SBOC la no naa aova tha low rwturna on tha aonay lnvaatad in tha Or Garhant da Kock (aanlor Oaputy Govaroor of in althor atata or privata action to etiaulata 8BDG, ona ahould add that c. econtxtlc nacaaalty tha Raaarva Sank and Co-ortinator of capitalist buainaaa vanturaa for oil tha black haa baan bahlnd at laaat soaa such achaaas Conatallation Affairs]; groups. Or Anton Rupart, to ahota initiative (for axaapla, tha augar faming arhaaa In Natal*), • Or Anton Rup*rt (prlaa aovar of tha SBOC, and tha 8BDC haa baan attributed, placaa it within •bile Or Rupart corractly not*e that haad of tha Raabrardt Group); tha contaxt of tha Bantu Invaa taant Corporation (cic. 1959), tha 'Agancy Syataa' (1969) which Or Conrad Strauss (HO of Standard Bank. BA); This project undertaken by agricultural capital 1 Dr Win do Miliars {Oanaral Wnlng/Fadarala allowad 'whita capital into tha bantuatana In Natal, including tha Tongaat Group"a involvaaant through tha Bukuaanl Oavalopaant on an agancy basis to tha file ovar a long pariod Mynbou); Corporation, saoao to hava baan farced on thaa Tony Blooi (Praaiar Wiling); bafora balng tranafarrad to africana, tha because of tha shortage of land aultabla for cana growing in tha handa of large-scale capital. Tripartita Agraaaant Byataai (1974) which Hurray Hofwayr (Anglo AaaricanJ; It involvaa flnaolal, tachnioal, transport, Prima Uniatar PW Botha; aupposad to allow bantuatan cltixana to •illlng and aarfcatlng assistance (and a conaaquant dapandant ralatlonahip) to saw 11-seela african Dr Plat PCoornhof (aUnlstar of Co-oparation and partlclpata in vantvraa sat up by ahlta sugar cana grcasr*. priaerlly in tha Ndwedwe district of Kwa2ulu, Oavalopaant). buainaaa through tha local Oavalopaant peg* 64 •

'larg» companies, do not create Jobs (hardly a enterprise' will ba limited to tha rem who surprising statement, considering tht mass of find It profitable, and while they find it . I empirical and theoretical material on the profi tablei subject), ha neglects to point out tha vary reason Thirdly, it is not clear whether the BBOC la • why small businesses have not baan abla to going to fit what is known as tha 'informal 1 'absorb thoee Incapable of finding employment in emctar* into their project. (The tha dominant, Urgs^scale (monopoly) aactor of 'informal sector* refers to that group tha economy. That reason is to be found in of economic activities that are either illegal 1 tha precariousriesa of smell-scale capitalist or not recognised formally, auch as backyard • activity, where markets, tastes and daaands, mechanics, shebeen managers, pavement sellers, and costs (for example) ore completely dominated etc). If thay do not recognise thia sector of by tha few largest companies in each economic the economy, it leaves out probably ths vast • sector. majority of small businesses, and if thay do It is, therefore, hardly llkaly that this this sector represents the most precarloua • trend will ba rsvarsad In South Africa (out of sat of economic ectivltiee with least chance of 1 philanthropic activation]. Where small-scale steady and noticeable Job-creation for tha millions capitalists are llkaly to hava a measure of of unemployed and under-employed in South Africa. succass will ba in situations of complete The 'informal sector* is not only dependant on a domination by and dapandance on tha *patrons expansion and contraction of 'formal' economic of thair activitiss - domination through activity, but is open to prosecution by the state 1 financing, narrating, transport, choica of goods and local authorities. ^ producad, and how thay ara producad (technology). Finally, tha 9B0C will consolidata tha In othar words, thasa small-scala capitalists 'non-racial' aspect of South African capitalism. < whose axistanca is profitabla to monopoly intaraata attempting to incarporata a few black people ara likey to survive. as very Junior partners, but leaving intact tha . | Tha other important motivation advanced by major arenas of conflict and oppression in South Dr Rupert is that of creating or maintaining a Africa (primarily tha system of labour exploitation balief In tha advantages (seen by and benefiting • through the migrant labour system). e mere handful of black people) of the 'free entarpriee* system. This atretegy has baan -Southern African Research Service* called 'investment by tha private sector ... as an insurance policy for South Africa's • stability...1 Hoe this is to ba achieved ehen tha • 'free enterprise' system Is one in which a small number of people are employers of labour and, * hence, enjoyara of wealth, rather than workers " * m. and creators of wealth, is not clear. Coupled with this is the precarlousness of tha position of even the few aho will benefit from auch a - schema. In other words, conversion to 'free pegs ii r

lne, which is involved In these questions mflunonta ara than related to tha position of Overseas subscribers will note en Increase on on ongoing basis. Details of Critic*! Hsjqlttt gold as a aonatary standard in tha international in MP subscription rates- Thii is unavoidable appear in an advwrtiaeaent on pegs 34 of capitalist econoay, and nance to tha significance due to very large incrsesea in tha cost of this np. of gold ainlng within South Africa* international postage froa South Africa, Because ofthessiin tins sines tha last Concluding that gold aining will play an introduced froa January 1, 19B1. Tha subscription lsaua of HP, tha regular features on labour expended role in tha South African economy, Increases do no wore than absorb ths rise in action and courts are soeaahat longer than coaparad to tha Manufacturing sector. Kaplan postal costs, shils tha cost of tha publication usual. Both of thasa sactions reaaln descriptive critlciaas those authors eho argua that itself rwaalna tha sawa. Tha editors regret rather than explanatory or analytical, and shils restructuring of tha South African aconowy will this Increase, but it is necessary if VIP is csrtaln conclusions oan ba drsan froa tha nacwsssrily ravolve around aanufacturlng. Ha to main financially self-eufflclent in teras nuabar of strikes and work stowages, as goes on to ougpwst that in a situation where of production and distribution coots. An sail as tha nature of trials taking placs, aanufacturlng is dominated by aultl-national option for those who find it hard to afford tha tha editors ere aaara of tha naad for a wore corporations, it is doubtful shatter South new ratas is to find a group wishing to read detailed evaluation of thoea arasa of conflict Africa could significantly increase Its export TIP, and to order one or tea copies for ths snd struggle. This is a pap in Iff coverage of aanufacturad goods. shole group. •nlch ail 1 ba hopefully rectified in tha A nuabar of recant arguwarrts hava suggested As fsr as South African subscribers and futura. that raatructurlng of both state end aconowy distributors ara concarnad. ea are able to This «1P introduces a naa feature, in in South Africa hava bean related to tha needs hold IIP at Its old ratee, deaplta incraasas tha fen of a aupplaaant. Dstalls of tha nature of an expanding aanufacturlng sector - involving In printing and paper costs. But this Is of tha auppl—snt, and tha rassons for its s reliance on Baal aklllad stabilised labour dependent on the pruapt paywwnt of outstanding introduction, occur in tha publication. rather than unskilled Migrants, and mn increased aonlas. As previously explained, sonsy received Tha artida involved in thie eupplewant internal awrkat for c aaaj goods. It Is on ana edition pays for production and takes an exploratory look at tha currant with this in sdnd that certain assaaaawnts of distribution of tha next, and It Is accordingly structura of ths South African sconosy, and Its tha Vlehahn snd Rlekert proposals, and tha aost iaportant for distributors and eubecrlbars raOaitionship to tha aorld capitalist aystew. restructuring aaaociatad with P* Botha's to subsjlt collected or owed awounts as soon ss Froa this perspective, certain suggestions governwarrt, hava bean ursJertafcan. Tha iaportancw possible. ara nab* about futura paths of davalppsiimt of Kaplan'e articla is that It pointa out that -TrE EDITORS. South African capltaliaa Ulikily to folloa. It is by no aasna certain that South Africa will Tha article la part icJT&Hy concarnad to follow tha path of expanding its aanufacturlng

undsrstsnd vtiyv In tha context of an sector at tha expense of alnlng. Aa Kaplan

International capitallet crista, tha South concludes): African aconowy is showing signs of growth. Eurocantric endels (la aodsls derived fros Tha author, David Kaplan, argue* that aaaeursi tha history of capltaliaa In Europe) praacrlba a single path to capitalist undertaken to deal with tna interna* tonal crisis Owvwlopawnt - that of industrlalisstion ara tha principal causa of tha currant "upswing* As the eorld'e principal producer of gold and with a alnlng sector which is in tha South African aconowy. In particular, doaeeticallv owned and controlled, the I Kaplan looks at aachanis-w used to offset a trajectory (path) of capitalist development In South Africa la likely to follow a jj fall in tha rata of capitalist profit, snd significantly different path. I indicates soaa of tha affects involved In K dealing with a felling rata of profit* THE CURRENT 'UPSWIWT IH THE SOUTH ATMCAH closely synchronised* While their rate of growth certainly declined, ECQffQKY AMD THE INTERHATIQHAL CAPITALIST b) The recession of 1974-75 was preceded by it was still distinctly positive.4 The CRISIS; A REDTTCRPRETATIOH Of SOUTH AFBICAH a long period in which the rate of profit univeraallty and synchronisation of the 'pffVELOPWCHT' was tendln£ to fall in the advanced capitalist receaaion amongat the developed capitalist countries. In the post-recession period. countries Is a testimony to the growing rates of profit were increased aomewhat, internationalleation of the capitalist system. 1. IKTROOUCTIOH, but not dramatically. This internatlonalisatlon has acquired a whole THIS PAPER attempts to situate the current e) The upswing following the severe recession new dimension with the spectacular rise of the economic 'upswing' in the South African economy of 1974-75 has been weak, hesitant and of Multinational Corporations (MNCs), particularly in the context of the ongoing economic crisis short duration. post-1900, and the contemporaneous development which is plaguing the international capitalist d) Inflationary pressures arc international of the international capital and money markets - economy. I will argue that the two phenomenon and endemic. They are only somewhat moderated notably the Eurodollar market. One major are Integrally linked. The principal features when recession deepens. consequence of these developmenta, significant of the international capitalist crisis and, even e) The crisis is associated with a changing for the analyeia here, is that national monetary •ore centrally, the Measures hitherto taken to conflgurationof imperialist forces. This is policies are likely to be rendered far lesa a resolve this crisis» are the principal often summarised ss 'a decline in the hegemony effective. The Eurodollar aarket allows for 1 1 factors contributing to the present 'upswing of the United States . the rapid and unregulated switching of in the South African economy These features are all cloaely Inter­ currencies, while national credit controla The first section of this paper outlines related. However, for ease of exposition, I can be circumvented by companies borrowing the «ajor features of the international will deal with each in turn* abroad. Similarly, JtTCs ars able, using capitalist crisis and the measures taken to a) Capitalism Is an international aystem and internal accounting changea, to transfer counteract it. The second section examines ssvere recessions - 1929 for example - have moneys into anticipated atrong currencies. SOM aspects of the current *u£swlng4 in the always been experienced simultaneouely In At the same time, and for the same reasons, South African economy. In the final section, virtually all capitallat countries. In the as nationally based monetary regulation has in the form of a critique of acme writings on more minor recessions however, contractions in become increasingly ineffective, the the subject, BOM laplicationa of the future one country were frequently offeet by expanalon posslbilltiee for private 'speculation' trajectory of capitalist development in South in other countries. The expansion of exports in currencies hae much increaeed. Africa are drawn. served to limit the recession in the former. b) The measurement of profit rates la difficult

Clearly, there are highly complex issues But the 1974-75 receaaion waa felt everywhere and there is no universal agreement of profit involved, end a short article can only hope to In the^capltallst world, if not In the same trends. However, most studies of the rate of provide seme fruitful points for departure. magnitude. Of the OCCD countries, the decline profit have revealed a general tendency for the In industrial production from peak to trough rata of profit to fall from circa tha early waa greatest In Switzerland and Japan {shout 2. PHINCIPAL fEATURtS Of TH» COHTEttPORAflY 1950s. This is particularly true for the 20X) and lsast in Sweden (4K), Canada (7%) and IHTPotATIOHAL CAPITALIST CRISIS. rate of profit in the principal capitallat Spain (10%). However, the degree of country - the United Statea.9 I VOULD suggest that the following are the synchronisation was vary marked. central specific features of the current crisis: The 'recovery' of the rate of profit in a) This la indeed an international and The capitalist character of the crisis * the 1974-75 receaaion end the subsequent period capitalist crisis. Ttie downswings and (to a is revealed most starkly by the fact that none was real, but by no meane restored profit leaaer extent) the upswings in the economies of the principal planned economies suffered a ratee to their poet World Var Two peeks. of all the advanced capitalist countries are decline in Industrial production In 1974-76. Again, this is particularly true of ths P 2

United States." effects were largely limited to the smaller speculative character. The explanation for the movement in the capitals. The 'corporate structure', monopoly d) Inflation la a complex phenomenon, and no rate of profit, which is indeed the capitalist capital of the large trusts, was little attempt la made to provide an explanation hare. crisis, cannot be attempted here. But it affected. But it does seem that inflation, which once I does seem to provide a striking verification The underlying reason for the limited again la a phenomenon of international of the Harxien thesis of s tendency for the effect of the recession in tents of capital capitalism, is linked to two principal factors. rate of profit to fall in capitalist. This devalorisation must rest with governmental Flrat, the economic dominance of monopoly tendency occurs, in tanas of Rarx's analysis, counter-cyclical economic policies. Various corporations, and second, to expansionist as a consequence of a rising organic composition form of monetary 'pump-priming1 and deficit aonstary policies pursued by capitalist of capital unlesa offset by an equal increaae financing servsd to ensure that the level of 19 X in the rate of surplus value. Economic output for the economy aa a whole did not governments* criaee oan function K u to reetore the rate fall too catastrophically, vhlle the harder hit Firstly, ths absence of competition haa of profit in three primary ways. First, by monopoly corporations were, in addition, allowed the larger firms consldersble lseway ! the ,devaloriaation, or indeed open destruction sccordsd forms of direct subsidy. Thess to utilise their power to unilaterally raise prices without fear of retaliation. Thus* of capital - bankruptciea, plant cloelngs, etc. subsidise allowed them to continue in even in a receeaion, larger corporations will I Second, through ralaing ths rate of surplus production. tend to reduce their output, but increase their vslue * growing unemployment allowing for s With the capital stock largely Intact, mark-up in order to maintain profitability limiting of wags increases, reduction in strike excess capacity, which had characterleed levela. A recession will moderate price activity, etc. Third* through a reduction in production prior to the 1974-75 receaslon, increases, principally via the effect of a the prices of raw materlala, purchased mainly continued in the 'recovery1. The subsidissd declining demand on the competitive sector and from the Third World* survival of Chrysler and many of the European reductions in the prices of raw materlala aa [ All three occurred as a consequence of car firms, for example, meant that the most demand falls. Generally, only when the I the 1974-75 receeaion, but to a limited efficient corporation* were unable to operate receeaion really deepens, and the larger extent. A number of raw material price at full capacity. The continuance of excess corporations collectively have massive excess decreases were recorded, but 'energy-related* capacity therefore limited the extent to which capacity, will thia tend to provoke major commodities ross substantially in price. the rate of profit rose in the 'recovery1 price reductions in the monopoly sector. Unemployment expanded significantly, and even period. Secondly, the expanalonlat monstary snd in the 'recovery' period stood at historically c) The limited recovery of the rate of profit 13 fiscal policies of the advanced capitalist high levela in the OBCD countries. This did in the post-recession period was the principal countries have led to a masalvs expanaion of allow for s tightening of labour discipline factor underlying the weakness of the the money supply - both nationally and and real wage deductions in a number of cassa International capitalist economy. internationally - and this is particularly true - but labour organiaation was such as to ensure As wma outlined above, thle limited of the United States post 1968

whole rose fro* R693-m in 1978 to ftl 013-m tn 1979,^ and gold mining in particular, has an Increasing s substantial net importer, had grown faster and according to the President of the Chamber of relative role to play in the future - both in than the primary industriee of agriculture and 57 Mines could top R3 000-m in 1981. the value terms of contribution to GDP, and even more mining, both substantial net exporter*. This of new mining ventures already announced and especially aa an earner of foreign exchange. had produced a 'structural imbalance in the scheduled to commence production on or before This broad conclusion is further underlined Balance of Payments'. The dynamic sector In 1985, Is well in excess of R6 000-m at by the increasing concentration of gold mining on the economy, manufacturing industry, was thus Bfl currant prices. the lower grade ores. Crams per ton milled likely to be severely curtailed in Ita future The effects of this massive capital declined steadily from 13,28 In 1970, to 10,03 growth, in the absence of greater export earnings. expenditure will be felt after a number of years. in 1974, 8,19 in 1979 and 7,45 grams in the The solution was seen to lie in the rapid growth It will provide impetus to accelerated growth first 8 months of 1980. This has had the effect of manufactured exporta. throughout the economy and ameliorate any downturn of firstly very substantially increasing The Commission's analysis and conclusions that might occur. The boom in South Africa post- total mineable reserves, and secondly of in this regard were readily accepted by a number 1962 was the outcoaw* of both the crushing of substantially extending the working Uvea of of writers operating within a Marxist framework. popular resistance and the removal of any the existent gold mines. Aa a consequence, all Writing In 1978, by which time the price of gold Immediate political threat, but also the increase previous predictiona about future output and had already risen very substantially, Simon in mining investment which occurred during the the exhaustion of gold deposits have had to be Clarke reiterated the Commision's view: •A substantially revised. The perrenial prediction mid-1950s. There is a significant lagged If South Africa is not to rely on a of the coming exhaustion of the gold mining continuing run of unlikely accidents to relationship between Increases in mining and sustain accumulation, it Is necessary to induatry, so often made in the past and upon non-eUnlng investment. solve the basic problem of the South African which much of South Africa's economic policies economy: the problem of the uncompetitive Increased capital investment has been far nature of South African manufacturing have historically been partially based, again industry on world markets.' more significant in gold mining than in proves to be a mere chimera. manufacturing. For the year ended June 1979, For Clarke, as for the Reynders Commission, gross domestic fixed investment in gold mining the expansion of manufacturing exports was the rose 23*, and for the year ended June 1980, it 4. CONCLUSION. crucial sine qua non of further South African rose 39% - a massive increase coming on top of a THE EXPANDED role for gold mining, and mining capitalist development. Increases in the price major increase the year before. In manufacturing! in general, in the South African economy will of gold were, in Clarke's analyais, simply gross domestic fixsd investment declined by critically affect the whole pattern of social relegated to the never-never land of 'unlikely 1 9* in the year ending June 1979. By June 1980, relations in a wide variety of ways. I want here accident and given no further conaideration, while it had increased by 27% - but this is less to only broadly sketch out some implications for the Reynders Commission reached its conclusions significant given the declines in 1976 snd 1977. the overall process of capitalist development. with reference to a forecaat of an increase in One of the features of the present upswing was In particular, I want to examine critically soae the gold price to 080 per ounce - a forecast the initial slow rate of growth of fixed of those writings which have seen South African considered optimistic. dsveiopment as necessarily bound up with ths inveatment in manufacturing. While this rate But their analysis of the immanent crucial expansion of manufacturing. of increase has picked up very markedly recently, 'barrier1 to further capitalist development in this has been after years of decline, and for In the early 1970s, while the US was finally South Africa was not simply Inadequate as a the metal and engineering industriee, for closing the 'gold window* and before any consequence of a refusal to consider the example, projected capital Investment for 1980 substantial increase in the gold price had possibility of a substantial rise in the price 1 is atill below the figures for 1974*76. occurred, the Influential Reynders Commission of gold. Both Clarke and the Reynders Commission whatever the final outcome of the different reported on South Africa's export trade. Through present an analysis of the manufacturing sector sectoral Investments, it seems clear that mining* the 1960s, the manufacturing industry which was snd its export propensities that is highly t

questionable. la concerned with In respect of the development and eubetltuted an analyaia baaed on 'capital in Clarke's iAftlysU of why tht South African of manufacturing. South Africa had* froa general' in which no distinction ia aada between manufacturing sector had not up to 1976, and capital's viewpoint* an extremely *dlaclplinad' euch fraotif will not in the focaessfale rutur*. be abla to 'responsible' work force? Thia can be The Reyndera Commission, working within a Increase lta axport earning*, neeta on a .view in terms of strike activity, trade Keo^ciaaaical theoretical framework, also hae no of tha labour foroa an *iiwUsc*pllned* t67 union regulation* the functioning of labour concept of foreign capital central to ita analyaia 70 „..*aVJ wisfcnm of South African allocation swjchmnlaae, ate. Of the operations of South African manufacturing manufacturing *aa navar a technological weakness but always ban baan a wegfcnias Tha Reynders Coaamlaalon*a analyaia of tha induatry. But, at a significant nuaber of points in tha social relations of production, Thus barriers to exporting on the part of tha In ita report, tha Commission records aaolrici South Africa hae baan technologically backward because capital ham not installed manufacturing aector stipulated a nuaber of the iaportanoa of thla dtvlalon. modern technology <*lcl). this la certainly factors - a lack Of export consciousness, the in part bicauas labour in tha put waa Thus, in respect of the automobile induatry* cheap, industry waa protected, and tha assail wise of firms, lack of knowledge, tha ion noted that? a labour force una not highly skilled. However nodarn technology also requires a activities geared to import replacement and a Apart froa coat dieedvantegee, local 'disciplined' 'reeponsible' wort. force, rapid riaa In domestic demand:71 awmwfsctursrs/saaaafelcrs are all tied to and thin South Africa did not have. overeeae principals who are generally ....the CoaaUasion hae concluded that tha unwilling to allow the local firsts to Faced with thia, Clarke atatas that capital and industrial philoeophy of a fairly significant export. This state of affaire must ba nuaber of local bualnessaen ia not adjusted/ regarded aa disadvantageous... .especially tha South African atata will ba forced to under- attuned to exporting* and they are not as regards exports* take a procaaa of 'restructuring'. 'Thla equipped mentally, psychologically or physically (plant, equipment etc) to enter In regard to the factors iapedlng South African restructuring involvaa primarily tha , thia market. capital goods exporte to leaa developed countries, intensification of labour and tha tightening of When the Commission aujde reference to the the Cceeaiaalon again noted tha importance of work diaoipllna in tha manufacturing labour force, it tended to stress the shortage of foreign ownership and control 77 •actor'. skilled labour* tha inadequate training of blacks* There la also the fact that a not Tha crlala la therefore ona of production, statutory barriers to 'Black advancement' and insignificant proportion of tha aanufacturlng aector ia controlled by particularly production In tha Manufacturing the gap between earnings and productivity. international concerns, which naturally (sic) give firat priority to internal •actor, which finds ita expression aa an acute) Labour 'indiscipline* or ita equivalent did not en operatione. The reault of this practice is 72 monetary and balance of payments crista: feature in ita analyaia. that South African subsidiaries of soae international concerns do not export at all* In thalr attanpta to raaolva thia crlala* Ona vary central feature we *>outh African although It ia also true that others, capital and tha atata In South Africa hava aanufacturlng* namely the preeencs of extensive because of their international character* to Lake tha initiative in intensifying tha are exporters of soae significance. claaa struggle, tightening labour control foreign ownerehip and control* nowhere features at tha point of production and Increasing tha In respect of first* which utilised imported reserve army by tha creation of a relative in Clarke's analyaia of the barriers to Increased •urpiua population* At thla laval there la manufacturing exports. This ia not at all research and development In the fora of franchisee no possibility of compromise, no basis on which concessions can ba made to defuae surprising. Clarke's analyaia of the 'Crisis* in etc, these were frequently accompanied by the growing political crlala. South Africa concludes an article designed restrictive clauses: Each of these suppositions la highly to deny the validity of a eo-called 'fractional 1st Market restricting clauaea...Halted the ability of local ueers to benefit froa dubious. By what atandarda la South African analysis of South African capital!**', tha so- econoaiea of scale by exporting; this was induatry technologically backwards? Moat called fractionallata having put particular particularly valid in those cases where tht user had achieved aoae success In the centrally, what la scant by a 'dlaciplined* emphasis on the divisions existent between domestic market - the restricting clause and 'responsible' labour force? Surely* foreign and local/national capital in South precluded hia (ale) froa expanding his 74 operations and achieving greater success.*, throughout the 1960s and up until at laaat tha Africa's historical development. Clarke It waa furthermore submitted that South Africa was at tiaes looked upon as an Durban atrikaa of 1973, tha period that Clarke atrongly denied the validity of thia distinction. outlet for relatively obsolescent products, are constrained by a range of technological The expansion of exporta fro* the mining technique* and proceeeea which would hava in agreements that prohibit/inhibit export, by sector, gold mining In particular but not any case hava laft little leeway for local uaers to compete In tha international market the 'unwillingness* of aubaidlariee to export to excluding other mineral producta auch as coal - even if there vera no reatrlctive arrangement. 1 Lastly, it vae stated that where the product marketa where another subsidiary la already in in the eltuation of higher 'energy prices, was composed of a number of components, the existence, and the general global profitability le thus not only likely to continue, given the uaer waa allowed to manufacture a limited range only and then required to import from conaiderationa of the NHCa which regulate inter- context of the continuing international capitalist the euppller at high prices certain vital afflllate trade. The other eide of the coin la crisis, but la indeed, frai the standpoint of component* which were relatively eaay and lucrative to manufacture. that tha high Import propensity of the capital, likely to contain considerably greater manufacturing sector. Just as its low export •benefita* than an expansion based on manufactured Foreign aubeldiarlea were often reluctant to propensity, cannot be seen apart from extensive producta* Moreover, in a world In which .xpert:79 foreign ownership and control which tie international trade amongst cap!tall at nations Witnesses alao alleged that tha aotlona of many of theae aubaldiariea were determined aubaldiariea to Import from Head Office, or other la dominated by the JMCa* It la by no means by tha intereeta of tha parent company eg related subsidiaries, even where such products certain (contrary to what Clarke argues) that ahould tha local aubeidlary wiah to export it might be precluded therefrom by the fact are locally available. any amount of 'rsatructurlng' performed at a that the parent company already had a plant national level can yield a eignlficant expansion in the territory concerned. Foreign control - whether exercised via a majority or minority ownership or via forma In manufactured exporta. And, in reapect of foreign aubeidiarlee overall: of licensing agreements - la particularly Eurocentric models prescribe a single path In regard to aubaldiariea of foreign concerns, the Commission waa told that only a email prevalent in the South African manufacturing to capitalist development - that of industrial** number of theae participated actively in induatry. In agriculture foreign participation laation. But, preclaely because auch exporta, and that in theae caaee only a relatively email percentage were poeltlve la very email, while in mining, although foreign industriallestion can today only occur at the exportere* le exported more than they firms are not insignificant, tha sector la in the 'periphery', under the domination of the NHCa, imported*..Moreover, very few of them which manufacture intermediate goode had contemporary period predominantly owned and le what la frequently termed 'dependant Investigated the exporting of their products M to the parent company...A large number controlled by South African capital. Apart from industrialisation't tha development of appear to be ree trie ted to the local dividend payments, the earninga of the mining manufacturing tends to accentuate rather than market or are reetricted to export to certain countrlee only. No atatiatlcml houaea are not subject to eignlficant remlasion mitigate the Balance of Paymenta crlaea that evidence ie available to aubatantiate theae 89 tendencies, but the Commiaaion la aatlafled abroad. accompany high rates of growth. Aa the world* a that on the whole* they do preeent a fairly Backward and forward linkages are likely to principal producer of gold and with a mining valid picture of the eltuation. be effected with domestic producers and not eector which ia domestically owned and controlled, In a world in which almost half of all trade subject to transfer pricing. At the level of the trajectory of capitalist development in la conducted by MNCs, and with about 40% of research* development and technical contracting, South Africa la likely to follow a aignlflcantly an international trade by capltaliet countrlee the South African mining Induatry ia ltaelf different path. accounted for by intre-fim trade or trade pioneering much new innovation. The Chamber of with related partiee, it ie clear that tha Nines ia at present directing a major 10-year David Kaplan operations of JitCe play a critical role in the programme of collaborative research which has regulation and limitationa confronting countrlee1 already yielded many significant innovations. Technological 'independence' ie thus far more capacities to expand their export earninga. It FOOTNOTES. would geem clear that, in the case of South pronounced in thia eector than in manufacturing 1. But even In 1929 a few countrlee, eg gweden, African manufactured exporta, and the Reynders and the subsequent remissions abroad in the did not experience major decline in output, form of technology paymenta will be far leaa Commiaaion findings support thia albeit that 2. OBCD; 'Perspectives Econlmtques' Mo. 19, than in manufacturing. specific micro etudles are lacking, exporters July 1976. 3. Kith the exception of the UK, which had it* which are only viable at a high price for 21. ibid. lowest, industrial production in the 4th energy, many advanced capitaliat countries, quarter of 1974. all the OtCD countriea had their . and particularly the Important ' energy \ 22. In the 1974-75 recession, price* of raw lowest industrial production within the first companies within them, are not likely to aaterials tended to decline and so 3 quarters of 1975. welccew a fall In oil prices. aoderated inflation. * 4. United Nations: 'Economic Survey of Europe 13. Mandel, 1978:88. 23. See Strange, 1976:186. in 1976', Hew York. Quoted In Handel, 1978:147. 14. Eg in the US real wage* for workers tended 24. 'The major factor causing the exceptional to fell* rise in gold price haa bean the world demand 5. For a simple account of the development of for gold as a hedge agalnet economic uncertainty the Eurodollar market, aee Tew, 1977, chapter 13 15. Eg the VT Grant company In the US or the and, in particular, currency weakness, with the Kohjin company in Japan. price of gold accelerating in terms of all major 1 6. 'Hatlonal monetary management has been made currenciea . Chamber of Mines* Presidential •ore diffioult mainly because of the increased 16. Also with the banks according credit very Address. 1979. At the same time, industrial opportunities (and profitability) opened up by liberally to their larger customers. demand for gold haa been price inelastic. Eurodollar dealing for arbitrage operations. Caatelle 1960:116. In thle way it has increased the internal 25. Strange, 1976:67. constraint on the uee of monetary policy aa a 17. Governmental support for 'lame ducks1 results weapon for Internal economic stabilisation...' not pre-eminently fro* 'political factors*, 26. ibid:69. Strange, 1976:186. but from the feet that their survival la often a elne qua hon of maintaining an Integrated national 27. Total ofTiclal dollar balances were f3-b 7. Murray, 1980:76*77. In 1973, the German economy. The loss of British Leylend, for in 1949, JlO-o in 1960, and fSl-b in 1971. Bundesbank calculated that changes In methods example, would have manifold effect* upon all of payment by HNCs had been responsible for a of Britlah capital. Increasing Britain's degree 28. Thle point was mmds aa early aa 1963, by the ¥Wf algnlficant movement in the Balance of of integration into the world economy. ao-called Fsirlsigh-Olcklnson study ~ Paymenta. ratami, KS, T de Saint Phalle and GH Keefe: 18. Mandel, 1978:94. The Dollar Criala. Falrleigh-Dickinson 6. Of course, Central Banks too can and have University Preaa, 1963. been involved In speculation. 19. The power of organised lebour la often • invoked aa a further, if not principal 29. Por an enalyele of US monetary policy which 9. See in particular Hordhaua, V: 'The Tailing factor, causing Inflation* With wage Increases clearly examinee this as an aspect of US Share of Profit*. Brookings Pspers on lagging well behind price increases for eevsral imperialism, see Block, 1978. Economic Activity Mo. 1, 1974. For the UK see years now in many of the advanced capitalist Clyn and Sutollffe, 197 £ and The Economist, countries, this explanation la hardly adequate. Demands for wage Increase* ere often defensive - 30. Economists associated with this strategy . September 6, 197S. For references to studies Include Klndelberger, Krause and Salant. inter alia on Veat Germany. Italy and France, a reaction to, rather than a cauae of price see Mandel, 1978:24-26. riass. However, the power of organised labour has acted aa a break on capital's power to 31. This absorption la not 'complete* since reduce the level of real wages and so raise the much of the dollara ware required to 10. See Busineaa week for Quarterly tables on finance expanalon in world trade. v .the profitability of US corporation*. rmte of profit via coat cutting. Castells puts it this way: 'Because markets are controlled largely by Monopoly capital* corporations arm 32. There are some signs that thle 'monetary 11* In Marx's analysis the rate of profit t able to impose the prices they want. The hegemony' may eventually be challenged by a ia given by the following formula: increasing cost of living trlggera workers1 European currency, the European Monetary Unit. r • e/c+v. demands for more wages st the level of production. See Fltt, fair and Vlgler, 1980:poatacript to Dividing through by v, The wages obtained through struggle and bargain­ part 2. r • s/v ing will be added by monopoly capital to the pricea charged for commodities. This doee not 33. The distinction between national and ie the rate of profit varies proportionately mean that workers' demand* are the cauae of International is not clear cut. with the rate of exploitation and lnvereely with inflation, aa capitalist propaganda argues, the organic composition of capital. tfhst it does mean la that one of the cauaea of inflation Is thst corporations find It 34. Between 1884 whan significant gold production Increasingly difficult to raise their profits in South Africa began until 1932, with the 12. The increase in oil prices was not the exception of the years 1919-24 when gold earned principal cauae of the onset of capitaliat through direct exploitation and therefore raise prices for the whole society in order to a fluctuating premium, the money price of gold criala in the developed countries. It did was fixed. contribute to it, but the falling rate of preserve their privileges'. Castslls, 1980:64. profit, the root cause of the recession, was already evident well before 1973. Vlth 36. One manifestation of this haa been the missive riee of loans to the LDCa. aubstantial investments in energy projects 20. ibid162, p 10

36. Especially in respect of changing Interest alnca aarly 1979'. Standard Bank: Review. political conclusions and a reductlonlsa In rates, which affect th# opportunity coat of Saptaabar 1990:2. respect of the clses struggle. holding gold in the fora of interest payments foregone* 54, Chamber of Minaa. Newsletter. Vol 3, no 2, 71. RC:273. paga 4. 37. South African Reserve Bank, Quarterly Bulletin, 72. ibid. September 1980:5. 55. ibid, Vol 3, no 6, paga 3. 73. ibid. 38. For the MM period, the US decline van 7,3%. 56* South African Raaarva Bank. Quartarly the UK 6.4% and Mat Gemeny 1»5*. Barclays Bulletin. Saptaabar 1980: table 5.32. 74. sg see Devise, R, Kaplan. 0, OlMaara, 0 Bank: Buainaaa Brlaf. September 1960:7. and Morris, M: Claaa Struggle and the 57. Chamber of Minaa. Mavalattar. Vol 3, no 7, PsriodiMtlon of tha State in South Africa. 39. lbld;2. P*e* la RAP* no 7, 1977* 40. Bureau for Economic Policy and Analysis: 58. ibid. 76. Absence of this distinction, X believe. •The Gold Prica Bonanza', Mo. 25, March 1960. leads Clarke to ultlaataly ignore imperialism 59. For which tha daciaiva precondition waa tha altogether - both historically and In the 41. Chaaber of UnM. Annual Report, 1978:8• dafaat of tha working claaa in tha post-war contemporary period.

42. Chubcr of Ninaa. Newsletter. Vol 3t no 2, pariod. 76. RC:232. March 25, 1960:4. 80. Standard Bank Raviaw, Saptaabar 1980:4. 77. RC:219. 43. Chamber of Xinea: Mewsletter. Vol 3t no 6, September 22, 1960:3. 61. Stats. Saptaabar 1980:141. Figuree darlvad 78. RC16IO. frCSJ SKIPSA: Survey of Raw Capital Investment 44. Bureau for Economic Policy and Analyala In tha Matal and gnglnaarlng Industries In 1979 79. RCiSU. (BIPA)t op cit. snd Projections for 1980. , 62* Tha Chaaber now astlaataa that gold production 80. RCi609* ie it affects not only the propensity 45. Chamber of Ninaa. Newsletter. Vol 3, no 7, will be eteady at approx. 700 tona par annua to export, but also raises their propensity paga I. until 1987. It will then dacllM to 350 tona by to import. the end of the century. But this is based on 46. BEPA op cit, gold prices which are fairly conservative, 61. Hurray* 1980tchspter 2, Chaaber of Minaa. Newsletter. Vol 3, no 1, 47. Chamber of Mines. Newsletter. Vol 3t no 7, 1900:2. 82. Ibid. A related party la one in which a firm page 5. has anything above 5% shareholding. 63. Raynders Commission (RC): 15. 48. Chamber of Mines. March Report. 1979:1. 83. Thus, the 'foreign connection* is Just as 64. t...evan a aaxiaua exploitation of South vital in the explanation of the high import 49. Standard. Bank Review, September. 1960.4. Africa's ainaral wealth will not adequately propensity of the Manufacturing sector (something provide in (sic) the foreign exchange needs of that Clerks, and to a lssaer extent the Reyndere 50. BEPA op cit. the country, so that tha extant of manufactured CcmmlMion aiaply sccapt as Intrinsic) as an goods will have to be lncreaaed as rapidly as explanation of its low export propensity. 1 Si. SARB, Quartarly Bulletin. Saptaabar 1980: possible . RC.19. table 9.1. 84. Particularly with the rise of Anglo- 65. Clarke, S. Capital, Fractions of Capital and American *to dominance. 52. "The sustained currant account aurplua tha State: Neo-Msntlst Analysis of the South during a period of cyclical upswing did not African State. Capital and Claaa, Summer 1978: 65. For reference to low iaport propensity confona to tha historical cyclical pattern, 59. (SC). In the acccapanylng footnote, Clarke see footnote 47. according to which surpluMS emerge during tha quotas Reyndere with unreserved approval. advanced atagea of cyclical downturns and diaappaar * 86. eg see Chaaber of Nines: Annual Report, 1979:13. relatively aarly during tha aubaaquent upswings... 66. eg aee RC:246. Tha progreeeively larger surpluses up to tha 87. See RC here, chapter 14. first quarter of 1980 were pradcaiinantly tha 67. SC:70. raault of an* exceptionally strong rlM in tha 88. eg H Poulantxaa. prica of gold*. South African Raaarva Bank: * 68. ibid. Annual Economic Report. 1980(19. 89. As has most clssrly happened in the csas 89. lbld:71. of Brazil. 53. 'When gold ia excluded, tha balance on currant account haa deteriorated aigniflcantly 70. Further points could be aade about Clarke's 90. But 'development' should be understood not P 11

as d«vcloo»cnt for all* but as capitalist development. For example, even with th* current upswing, employment ia trowing at leaa than half of the rata of population increase. Ssnlea Economic Survey, quoted in the Financial mail* 31*10.801505.

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Tea, B - The Evolution of the International 1977 monetary System (Hutchinson).~