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Double Manning of Landed Offices, “Titular”/“Illegal”

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Double Manning of Landed Offices, “Titular”/“Illegal” ZAPISKI HISTORYCZNE — TOM LXXXII — ROK 2017 Zeszyt 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.15762/ZH.2017.61 KRZYSZTOF MIKULSKI (Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń) Double Manning of Landed Offices, “Titular”/ “Illegal” Offices in Poland in the 17th –18th Centuries – a Few Introductory Remarks Key words: landed offices, noblemen, the political system of Poland in the th16 –18th centuries, the policy of appointing Polish kings, dietines Zygmunt Gloger in his Encyklopedia staropolska [Old Polish encyclopae- dia] wrote: “Urzędy rozdawał król, a obliczano, że miał ich do rozdania w Pol- sce do 40 000 urzędów. Był to też przeważny jego środek do jednania sobie umysłów i wywierania wpływu w narodzie, przynoszący jednak nieraz bar- dzo wiele przykrości od ludzi ambitnych, którzy nie otrzymali upragnionych dostojeństw [“The king was the one who gave out offices, and it was estimated that there were 40 000 vacant offices in Poland to fill. This was his method to win supporters and influence the nation, which brought about quite a few in- conveniences for ambitious people who failed to obtain desired posts” – trans. by Agnieszka Chabros]”.1 Let us add now that the distribution of offices also brought some benefits both to the sovereign and to his closest officials, who were often asked to help people in their attempts to obtain a given post. Several years ago Maria Czeppe underlined the “enigmatic titular landed offices”, the appointments for which were included in the list of documents from the years 1752 –1763 given for royal signature by the court crown marshal Jerzy Au- gust Mniszech and the sub-chancellor of the crown priest Michał Wodzicki.2 With the exception of a few cases they were not included in the book of Crown Records (Metrica Regni Poloniae), Sigillata or the records of the Chancellor’s office. What is more, from the very beginning they were assumed to be “titu- lar” (le titre) as opposed to the actual ones (le charge). Reading the article one 1 Zygmunt Gloger, Encyklopedia staropolska, vol. 4, Warszawa 1996 (7th ed.), p. 413. 2 Maria Czeppe, Tytułomania? Zagadkowe tytularne urzędy ziemskie, [in:] Między Baro- kiem a Oświeceniem. Obyczaje czasów saskich, ed. Krystyna Stasiewicz, Stanisław Achrem- czyk, Olsztyn 2000, pp. 132 –143. www.zapiskihistoryczne.pl 70 Krzysztof Mikulski [256] concludes that during the reign of August III, noblemen were satisfied with “titular” offices signed by the king, but without having the countersignature of the chancellor or sub-chancellor, or at least not recorded in the Metrica Regni Poloniae. Maria Czeppe found 175 such appointments, the greatest number of which concerned expatriates [exsulantis] provinces (Livonia, Wenden, Pernau, Smolensk, Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi – in total 83 provinces, which constituted 47,2% of the total number of provinces). Only seven appointments concerned Lithuanian provinces. It should not be surprising as officials who recommended candidates for the posts came from the Kingdom of Poland. Of- fices from the borderland provinces (Kiev, Bratslav, Volhynia, Podolia) consti- tuted a group of 31 appointments (17,7%), while there were 25 appointments from the remaining provinces of Lesser Poland (14,3%) and 29 appointments (16,6%) for titular offices in Greater Poland. In case of the expatriate provinces, the appointments referred to all landed offices including sub-chamberlains. Of particular interest are appointments for the offices connected with Royal Prussia. As the number of landed offices there was limited – in the 18th century among officials appointed by the king there operated only three voivodes, three castellans, a sub-treasurer of the Prussian lands, three sub-chamberlains, four standard-bearers, nine landed courts, one sword-bearer of the Prussian lands – numerous lower-rank landed offices in Chełmno Land, Marienburg and Pomerania were titular (pantlers, deputy cup-bearers, deputy pantlers, cup-bearers, masters of the hunt, sword-bearers, wojskis and treasurers), which was totally uncommon and not recognized in Royal Prussia.3 This example makes us think about the status of “titular” offi- cials. In case of the Prussian province such offices might be regarded as illegal since they did not belong to the local customs and law. Never were those ille- gal offices granted to indigenous Prussians residing in Royal Prussia. The hol- ders of the offices lived in the Ruthenian, Podolian, Kiev provinces. One may put forward a hypothesis that the further it was from the territory with which a given office was formally connected, the more “titular” or “illegal” appoint- ments could be encountered. What is worth considering is the “success” of titular offices in the expatri- ate provinces. This resulted mainly from the fact that there was nobody to con- trol their legitimacy. In the case of the formally liquidated Livonian provinces (Wenden, Pernau and Dorpat), the dietines of noblemen had been dissolved a long time ago. What is unusual is the fact that the landed offices connected with the part of Livonia belonging to the Kingdom of Poland and formally 3 Urzędnicy Prus Królewskich XV – XVIII wieku. Spisy, ed. Krzysztof Mikulski (Urzędnicy dawnej Rzeczypospolitej XII – XVIII wieku. Spisy, vol. 5, no. 2, ed. Antoni Gąsiorowski), Wro- cław 1990, pp. 18 – 21. www.zapiskihistoryczne.pl [257] Double Manning of Landed Offices, “Titular” / “Illegal” Offices in Poland… 71 created in 1677 quickly became regarded as “expatriate” offices. Noblemen in the Kingdom of Poland considered Livonia, situated on the north-east bor- derlands, to be so remote and unfamiliar that the “old” Livonian titles were quickly identified with the new ones and granted willingly. The only reserva- tion was that those “titular” officials of Livonia were not allowed to show off their position in Livonia as the Livonian dietine tried to control the legitimiza- tion of landed offices in the Duchy of Livonia. At this point one should pose a question whether this title-seeking ten- dency was common in the whole of the Rzeczpospolita without any restric- tions and protests from the representatives of noblemen, who bore their “legal” titles. Another question is what the legitimization of a landed office meant in the Rzeczpospolita. It must be underlined that the issue of the functioning of landed offices or noblemen’s offices in the Rzeczpospolita is not, with the exception of a few cases, represented in Polish historiography. Works about the origin of Polish landed offices written by Stanisław Kutrzeba remain the only scientific study of the problem for scholars nowadays.4 The study of Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk addresses the origin of the offices of the masters of the horse – the so-called “konarski castellans”.5 The study by Zbigniew Góralski deals with noblemen’s offices in the subsequent periods of time6. Some information about the author- ity of court officials may be found in the synthesis of the history of the political system of the Rzeczpospolita.7 The double manning of landed offices and titu- lar offices are touched upon in the above-mentioned article by Maria Czeppe and in the contribution by Wacław Urban.8 This is a fairly perplexing phenomenon given that lists of landed officials of the 13th –18th centuries in the whole Kingdom of Poland except Masovia and the province of Bratslav have been published.9 It is true that the lists contains 4 Stanisław Kutrzeba, Sądy ziemskie i grodzkie w wiekach średnich, Kraków 1901–1902; idem, Starostowie, ich początki i rozwój do końca XIV w., Kraków 1903; idem, Urzędy koron- ne i nadworne w Polsce, ich początek i rozwój do roku 1504 (Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki, vol. 31), Lwów 1903. 5 Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Kasztelanowie konarscy. Studium z historii urzędów ziemskich i nadwornych, Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, vol. 2: 1949, pp. 1– 23, 26 – 27. 6 Zbigniew Góralski, Urzędy i godności w dawnej Polsce, Warszawa 1983. 7 Stanisław Kutrzeba, Historia ustroju Polski w zarysie, part 1: Korona, Lwów 1917; Histo- ria państwa i prawa Polski, ed. Juliusz Bardach, vol. 1– 2, Warszawa 1964 –1966. 8 Wacław Urban, Podwójne obsadzanie urzędów w staropolskim województwie lubelskim, Przegląd Historyczny, vol. 77: 1986, no. 1, pp. 61– 69. 9 Urzędnicy wielkopolscy XVI – XVIII wieku. Spisy, ed. Adam Bieniaszewski (Urzędni- cy dawnej Rzeczypospolitej XII – XVIII wieku. Spisy, vol. 1, no. 2, ed. Antoni Gąsiorowski), Wrocław 1987; Urzędnicy województw łęczyckiego i sieradzkiego XVI – XVIII wieku. Spisy, ed. Edmund Opaliński, Hanka Żerek-Kleszcz (Urzędnicy dawnej Rzeczypospolitej XII – XVIII www.zapiskihistoryczne.pl 72 Krzysztof Mikulski [258] errors – apart from Royal Prussia they fail to include lists of the city’s officials, but they allow us to trace at least landed officials appointed or considered to have been appointed by the king. Subsequent volumes of Lithuanian officials continue to be published. Having access to such sources and following the practice of the dietine’s life, one may draw preliminary conclusions concer ning the functioning of landed offices in the old Rzeczpospolita. The first conclusion is that not all landed offices were appointed by the king. The freedom of nominations on the part of the sovereign was visibly reduced in the case of offices connected with the noblemen’s judicial system. In the Kingdom of Poland it was the king who appointed sub-chamberlains, landed judges, deputy judges and landed notary from among four candidates selected previously by the noblemen at the election dietines. There also existed numerous offices the appointment for which was decided by noblemen at elec- wieku. Spisy, vol. 2, no. 2, ed. Antoni Gąsiorowski), Kórnik 1993; Urzędnicy województwa ru- skiego XIV – XVIII wieku (ziemia halicka, lwowska, przemyska, sanocka). Spisy, ed. Kazimierz Przyboś (Urzędnicy dawnej Rzeczypospolitej XII – XVIII wieku. Spisy, vol. 3, no. 1, ed. Antoni Gąsiorowski), Wrocław 1987; Urzędnicy województwa bełskiego i ziemi chełmskiej XIV – XVIII wieku. Spisy, ed. Henryk Gmiterek, Ryszard Szczygieł (Urzędnicy dawnej Rzeczypospolitej XII – XVIII wieku. Spisy, vol. 3, no. 2, ed. Antoni Gąsiorowski), Kórnik 1992; Urzędnicy podol- scy XIV – XVIII wieku, ed.
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