Double Manning of Landed Offices, “Titular”/“Illegal”
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Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The -
Open Access Version Via Utrecht University Repository
Philosopher on the throne Stanisław August’s predilection for Netherlandish art in the context of his self-fashioning as an Enlightened monarch Magdalena Grądzka Philosopher on the throne Magdalena Grądzka Philosopher on the throne Stanisław August’s predilection for Netherlandish art in the context of his self-fashioning as an Enlightened monarch Magdalena Grądzka 3930424 March 2018 Master Thesis Art History of the Low Countries in its European Context University of Utrecht Prof. dr. M.A. Weststeijn Prof. dr. E. Manikowska 1 Philosopher on the throne Magdalena Grądzka Index Introduction p. 4 Historiography and research motivation p. 4 Theoretical framework p. 12 Research question p. 15 Chapters summary and methodology p. 15 1. The collection of Stanisław August 1.1. Introduction p. 18 1.1.1. Catalogues p. 19 1.1.2. Residences p. 22 1.2. Netherlandish painting in the collection in general p. 26 1.2.1. General remarks p. 26 1.2.2. Genres p. 28 1.2.3. Netherlandish painting in the collection per stylistic schools p. 30 1.2.3.1. The circle of Rubens and Van Dyck p. 30 1.2.3.2. The circle of Rembrandt p. 33 1.2.3.3. Italianate landscapists p. 41 1.2.3.4. Fijnschilders p. 44 1.2.3.5. Other Netherlandish artists p. 47 1.3. Other painting schools in the collection p. 52 1.3.1. Paintings by court painters in Warsaw p. 52 1.3.2. Italian paintings p. 53 1.3.3. French paintings p. 54 1.3.4. German paintings p. -
Saeculum Christianum 2015.Indb
PISMO HISTORYCZNE rocznik ROK XXI 2014 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego Warszawa SSaeculumaeculum CChristianumhristianum 22015.indb015.indb 1 22015-05-18015-05-18 222:13:442:13:44 UNIWERSYTET KARDYNAŁA STEFANA WYSZYŃSKIEGO WYDZIAŁ NAUK HISTORYCZNYCH I SPOŁECZNYCH Wersja papierowa czasopisma jest wersją pierwotną Kolegium Redakcyjne: Adam Buława, Rita Čapaite, Penelope Filacchione, Anna Głusiuk (Sekretarz), Waldemar Graczyk (Redaktor Naczelny), Stefan Kozłowski, Jolanta M. Marszalska, Dariusz Milewski, Janusz Nowiński, Tomasz Skibiński Rada Naukowa: prof. Marco Conti (USA, Rzym), prof. dr hab. Waldemar Deluga (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Jan Dzięgielewski (UKSW), prof. Penelope Filacchione (UPS Rzym), prof. dr hab. Martin Gojda (Uniwersytet w Pilźnie, UKSW), ks. prof. dr hab. Waldemar Graczyk (UKSW), ks. prof. dr hab. Ryszard Knapiński (KUL), ks. prof. dr hab. Kazimierz Łatak (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Ewa Łużyniecka (PWr), prof. dr hab. Rastislav Koziak (Bańska Bystrzyca, Słowacja), ks. prof. dr hab. Józef Mandziuk (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Jolanta M. Marszalska (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Mirosław Nagielski (UW), ks. prof. dr hab. Józef Naumowicz (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Janusz Odziemkowski (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Anna Pobóg-Lenartowicz (UO), prof. dr hab. Bogdan Rok (UWr), ks. prof. Manlio Sodi (UPS, Rzym), ks. prof. dr hab. Józef Stala (UPJPII), prof. dr hab. Leonid Tymoszenko (Uniwersytet w Drohobuczu, Ukraina), prof. dr hab. Andrzej Wyrwa (UAM), prof. dr hab. Wiesław Jan Wysocki (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Jan Żaryn (UKSW), prof. dr hab. Dorota Żołądź-Strzelczyk (UAM) Recenzenci tomu: prof. dr hab. Małgorzata Dąbrowska, dr hab. Dariusz Dekański, prof. dr hab. Ewa Dubas- Urwanowicz, dr hab. Wojciech Gajewski, ks. prof. dr hab. Michał Janocha, prof. dr hab. -
East of Eden: the Place of Poland in the Little Divergence Debate
East of Eden: The Place of Poland in The Little Divergence Debate Polen in het debat omtrent de ‘Kleine Divergentie’ (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 21 juni 2016 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Mikołaj Malinowski geboren op 21 juni 1987 te Warschau, Polen Promotoren: Prof.dr. Jan Luiten van Zanden Prof.dr. Michał Kopczyński -2- Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 6 1. Overview ............................................................................................................................ 6 2. Identification of The Little Divergence .............................................................................. 9 2.1. Wages .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Gross Domestic Product per capita ........................................................................... 14 2.3. Market conditions ...................................................................................................... 19 3. Explanation of The Little Divergence .............................................................................. 20 3.1. Rise of the North Sea region..................................................................................... -
The First Romanovs. (1613-1725)
Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028446767 Cornell University Library DK 114.B16 First Romanovs. (1613-1725 3 1924 028 446 767 THE FIRST ROMANOVS. ^etnuXJ ,(/? V.Xuissoru/TL 'mpcralor Jraler atruoLJ Mter- a, ^r^c^t at tAe O^e of // : The First Romanovs. (1613— 1725.) A HISTORY OF MOSCOVITE CIVILISATION AND THE RISE OF MODERN RUSSIA UNDER PETER THE GREAT AND HIS FORERUNNERS. By R. NISBET BAIN. fntH ILLUSTRATIONS. LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO., Ltd., 16, JAMES STREET, HAYMARKET, 1905- BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIOGE.' MY MOTHER. INTRODUCTION. It will be my endeavour, in the following pages, to describe the social, ecclesiastical, and political conditions of Eastern Europe from 1613 to 1725, and trace the gradual transformation, during the seventeenth century, of the semi-mOpastic, semi-barbarous Tsardom of Moscovy into the modern Russian State. The emergence of the unlooked-for and unwelcome Empire of the Tsars in the Old World was an event not inferior in importance to the discovery of the unsuspected Continents of the New, and the manner of its advent was even stranger than the advent itself. Like all periods of sudden transition, the century which divides the age of Ivan the Great from the age of Peter the Great has its own peculiar interest, abounding, as it does, in singular contradictions and picturesque contrasts. Throughout this period. East and West, savagery and civilisation strive incessantly for the mastery, and sinister and colossal shapes> fit representatives of wildly contending, elemental forces, flit phantasmagorically across the dirty ways; of the twilight scene. -
A Europe of Nations. How to Save Itself
#2 (132) February 2019 The Ukrainain manifeco: Our economic prospecs: Ukrainian shliakhta in the Middle European integration or Ukrexit trade with Russia and 3% growth Ages and the national idea A EUROPE OF NATIONS. HOW TO SAVE ITSELF WWW.UKRAINIANWEEK.COM FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION CONTENTS | 3 BRIEFING SOCIETY 4 Uncertainty mode 29 Touring country What will be the impac of Ukrainian How the war has changed the cultural elecions on the parliament? landscape of the Donbas POLITICS 30 Andreas Haggman: “Humans could be viewed as a firs line of defense” 8 Marie Lequin: “It is a war, and in war British cyber security expert on the rules there are always violations of the laws” of cyber hygiene and the methods of The representative of the Swiss defense of the mos vulnerable category humanitarian organization Geneva Call of computer users on the contemporary conflics and the application of international 32 Generation “D” humanitarian law in an armed conflic How children in occupied Donbas are being worked on psychologically and 10 On the brink of the abyss informationally Michael Binyon (London) on the current situation of Brexit in the United Kingdom NEIGHBORS 34 Hybrid hegemony FOCUS The rationale of Russia’s revisionis 12 The Ukrainian manifeso srategy agains Ukraine, Belarus and the What should lie at the foundation “Near Abroad” of Ukraine’s integration into a united 38 The anatomy of provocations Europe so that later on there isn’t How Russia is using foreigners to spark an Ukrexit? conflic in Zakarpattia 15 Born or becoming Ukrainian? HISTORY -
Jacek Kordel Institute of History, University of Warsaw
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Alliance Treaties Acta Poloniae Historica 116, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Jacek Kordel Institute of History, University of Warsaw THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN EIGHTEEN-CENTURY ALLIANCE TREATIES OF THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES, 1720–72 Abstract When in 1719 Augustus II of Poland made an attempt to emancipate himself from the influence of the Russian emperor, the latter entered into alliance with the Prus- sian king, with the intent of preventing emancipation of the monarch and his country. The alliance concluded by Tsar Peter the Great with King Frederick William I of Prussia expressed the substantial interests of both monarchies. It was all about keeping watchful oversight of political and military weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and rendering the country isolated in the inter- national arena. The programme established by Petersburg and Berlin remained valid until the end of the eighteenth century and the final, third, partition of Poland. The monarchs guaranteed that they would do everything possible to prevent the Polish constitutional system from altering (keeping the king’s rights restrained against the liberties maintained – primarily the liberum veto and free election of monarch), and treasury and military reforms from implementing. The preponder- ance over the Commonwealth implied the participation of Russia in what is termed the concert of the European powers. For the country of the Hohenzollerns, the debilitation of the nobility-based republic was, in turn, an opportunity for increas- ing the its territory, which had been policy energetically pursued since the Great Elector Frederick William’s reign (1640–88). For these reasons, the whole series of Russo-Prussian alliance treaties (1726, 1729, 1740, 1743, 1764, 1769, and 1772) comprised provisions regarding Polish affairs. -
More Precious Than Gold
More Precious Than Gold. Treasures of the Polish National Library. Edited by Halina Tchórzewska-Kabata; with the assistance of Maciej Dabrowski. Translated into English by Janina Dorosz; revised from the Polish and ed- ited by Philip Earl Steele. Design and creation of electronic version – Wojciech Buksowicz, with the assistance of H. Tchórzewska-Kabata. Warszawa, Biblioteka Narodowa, 2003 More Precious Than Gold. Treasures of the Polish National Library, the al- bum we published in 2000, comprises pictorial and descriptive presentations of 105 of the most valuable, beautiful, and oft’times unique monuments of Polish and European culture and letters. These treasures represent all the many categories of the collections safeguarded at the National Library in War- saw: old and modern manuscripts, early and recent prints, musicalia and maps, graphic art and drawings, the first photographs and sound-recordings and documents on social life. Now we are pleased to be able to present More Precious Than Gold. Treas- ures of the Polish National Library in electronic form. In its printed form our album is distinguished by its highly meticulous editorial elaboration and the artistry of its graphic design and layout. This was made possible thanks to the financial support that Polkomtel S.A., the operator of PLUS GSM digital mobile telephone network, graciously extended to the National Library. The bibliophilic excellence of More Precious Than Gold has not been suc- cessfully transferred to the screen. Notwithstanding this, the album’s sub- stantive portions – its forewords and 105 descriptive texts – have been pre- served in their entirety. Moreover, our album’s iconographic presentations have proved to be surpassingly attractive in electronic form. -
Ikonotheka 2017/27
IKONO THEKA 27 tyt_Ikonotheka_26.indd 1 17/05/18 11:54 The Journal Founded by Jan białosTocki (1921–1988) EDITED BY Gabriela Świtek GuesT ediTor Aleksandra Sulikowska-Bełczowska EDITORIAL BOARD Barbara Arciszewska (University of Warsaw), Sergiusz Michalski (Universität Tübingen), Andrzej Pieńkos (University of Warsaw), Antoni Ziemba (University of Warsaw) EDITORIAL secreTary Dariusz Żyto PROOFREADING Marta Turek et al. EDITING Zuzanna Sarnecka Institute of Art History of University of Warsaw 00-927 Warszawa, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28 phone: +48 (22) 552 04 06, fax: +48 (22) 552 04 07 e-mail: [email protected] www.ikonotheka.ihs.uw.edu.pl It is the authors’ responsibility to obtain appropriate permission for the reproduction of any copyrighted material, including images © Copyright by Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2017 Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 00-497 Warszawa, ul. Nowy Świat 4 http://www.wuw.pl; e-mail: [email protected] Dział Handlowy WUW: phone: +48 22 55 31 333 e-mail: dz. [email protected] http://www.wuw.pl ISSN 0860-5769 Table of Contents MałGorzaTa sMorąG-różycka “Mary has filled me with amazement that she gave milk to the One who feeds the multitudes”: Notes on the Byzantine Iconography of Maria Galaktotrophousa / 5 Mirosław P. kruk The Icon of the Holy Unmercenaries (Greek: Άγιοι Ανάργυροι) Cosmas and Damian, as Bequeathed by Zofia Ruebenbauer, in the Collection of the National Museum in Cracow / 27 Paulina zielińska The Icons of Military Saints in Rus’. An Attempt at Classifying Iconographic Types from before the Beginning of the 17th Century / 55 aleksandra sulikowska-bełczowska Old Believers and the World of Evil: Images of Evil Forces in Old Believer Art / 71 doroTa walczak The Icon and the Hatchet. -
The Dukes of Mazovia Route
TABLE OF CONTENTS: The main branch of the rulers of Mazovia 2 Key dates 4 Warsaw in the era of the Dukes of Mazovia 7 Jazdów 8 Three Crosses Square (Plac Trzech Krzyży) 8 Church of St. Anna 8 Royal Castle 9 St. John’s Cathedral 10 City walls 10 House belonging to the Dukes of Mazovia 11 Zakroczym Street (Ulica Zakroczymska) 11 Route of Konrad of Mazovia – Western Part 13 Zakroczym 14 Czerwińsk 15 Wyszogród 17 Bodzanów 17 Płock 18 Drobin 21 Sierpc 22 Route of Konrad of Mazovia – Eastern Part 25 Serock 26 Pułtusk 26 Maków Mazowiecki 28 Przasnysz 30 Grudusk 31 Ciechanów 32 Opinogóra 33 Route of Duchess Anna and the last Dukes of Mazovia 35 Siedlce 36 Liw 36 Węgrów 38 THE DUKES Ostrów Mazowiecka 39 DOWNLOAD Route of Duke Janusz 43 APPLICATION Piaseczno 44 OF MAZOVIA ROUTE Czersk 45 Warka 46 Kozienice 47 Sieciechów 48 Iłża 49 tourist guide Szydłowiec 49 www.dziedzictwomazowsza.pl Chlewiska 51 Route of the Siemowits 53 Błonie 54 Kampinos 56 Brochów 57 Sochaczew 58 Giżyce 60 Sanniki 60 Project entitled “Tourist routes showcasing the cultural heritage of Mazovia”, co-funded by the European Union from Gostynin 61 the European Regional Development Fund, as part of the Regional Operational Programme of the Mazowieckie Voivodship for 2007-2013, Priority 6.2 Tourism B OSTRÓDA GRAJEWO PISZ I Biebrza IŁAWA SZCZYTNO MOŃKI SOKÓŁKA KOLNO GRUDZIĄDZ NOWE MIASTO LUBAWSKIE NIDZICA A The series WĄBRZEŹNO DZIAŁDOWO Narew ŁOMŻA also includes BRODNICA p. 24 p. 34 GOLUB- OSTROŁĘKA -DOBRZYŃ MŁAWA ŻUROMIN BIAŁYSTOK Ł PRZASNYSZ ZAMBRÓW TORUŃ RYPIN WYSOKIE Wisła p. -
Progress Without Consent: Enlightened Centralism Vis-À-Vis Local Self-Government in the Towns of East Central Europe and Russia, 1764-1840
PROGRESS WITHOUT CONSENT: ENLIGHTENED CENTRALISM VIS-À-VIS LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE TOWNS OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE AND RUSSIA, 1764-1840 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Curtis G. Murphy, M.A. Washington, DC November 3, 2011 Copyright 2011 by Curtis G. Murphy All Rights Reserved ii PROGRESS WITHOUT CONSENT: ENLIGHTENED CENTRALISM VIS-À-VIS LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE TOWNS OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH, 1764-1840 Curtis G. Murphy, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Andrzej S. Kami ński, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In the eighteenth century, European rulers pursued a common policy of enlightened centralism, which assaulted the rights of self-governing corporations in the name of material, social, and economic progress. For the towns of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, enlightened centralism began under King Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764-1796) and continued uninterrupted through the partitions of Poland into the mid-nineteenth century. Employing the petitions, financial records, and demographic data of a select group of towns from Poland and Ukraine, this study investigates the consequences of enlightened centralization for the political and economic lives of burghers, Jews, and other town dwellers in Poland-Lithuania and some of its successor states: the Russian Empire (after 1795), Austrian West Galicia (1795-1809), the Duchy of Warsaw (1806-1815), and the Congress Kingdom of Poland (after 1815). A particular emphasis is placed on the fate of so-called private towns, which possessed royal charters and rights of self-government but belonged to individuals. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Alliance Trea Es
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Alliance Trea es Acta Poloniae Historica 116, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Jacek Kordel Institute of History, University of Warsaw THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN EIGHTEEN-CENTURY ALLIANCE TREATIES OF THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES, 1720–72 Abstract When in 1719 Augustus II of Poland made an attempt to emancipate himself from the infl uence of the Russian emperor, the latter entered into alliance with the Prus- sian king, with the intent of preventing emancipation of the monarch and his country. The alliance concluded by Tsar Peter the Great with King Frederick William I of Prussia expressed the substantial interests of both monarchies. It was all about keeping watchful oversight of political and military weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and rendering the country isolated in the inter- national arena. The programme established by Petersburg and Berlin remained valid until the end of the eighteenth century and the fi nal, third, partition of Poland. The monarchs guaranteed that they would do everything possible to prevent the Polish constitutional system from altering (keeping the king’s rights restrained against the liberties maintained – primarily the liberum veto and free election of monarch), and treasury and military reforms from implementing. The preponder- ance over the Commonwealth implied the participation of Russia in what is termed the concert of the European powers. For the country of the Hohenzollerns, the debilitation of the nobility-based republic was, in turn, an opportunity for increas- ing the its territory, which had been policy energetically pursued since the Great Elector Frederick William’s reign (1640–88).