INTRODUCTION 1. The term "Mitteistand" isgroupof Germany's comparable social to structure. "lower middle "Mitteistand" class." means more difficult to translate because of the peculiarities It contains concepts of status than an income mentionedequalityandtheand caste. clergy, income, of German criterionsocial but and alsostatus conservatism is possessing theessential. and artisan, occupation, The rightsregarded the landed small notof as approximately merchant,aristocracy,enjoyed a Stand bya and groupthe equalpetty officer property corps, others. The last- officialdefined feltby classes")thisuseentitled thestudy termto is thecertain used "middle term toprivileges "middledesignate classes"English byclass" tothe virtue and social (sometimes American of Stand.groups studies "bourgeoisie" which, on in Germany's Germany or socialas in structure sometimes correspond to "Mittel.stand." Throughout "middle emphasischallengedbanking,otherconsistency modem isand the on which isnations,supremacythe not economic applied on represented the of withthebasischaracteristics old regard of ruling the wealth, tointerests forces.the of knowledge,Mitteistandterm Theof "Mitteistand"; industry, same groups, andterminological trade, the andtenn whereeducation the 2. Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: p."lowerDes andcurity288. Geschlossne commerce,middle of possession. classes" freedom isIt sometimesis they from who supervision substituted. clamor incessantly and police, for freedom "They enjoy the cunning of acquisition more than they do the se- Handelsstaat (Tubingen, 1800), freedom of trade from all 4.3. Lamprecht,Valentin, Veit: Karl: Geschichte Deutsche2vol.order vois. desGeschichte, X, and Deutschen (Berlin,p. 481.ethics." 1930),12 Revolutionvols. vol. I, pp. von 344—5, 397. (Berlin, 1920—1922), 1848—1849, 209 CHAPTER I 1. The four Jewish membersputIn of the the(Hamburg), debate Jewish1848 Nationalon group theVeit draftunder (Berlin),Assembly of special a constitution Kuranda were legislation. Riesser (Vienna), Riesser anddefeated Hartmann a motion (Vienna). to 4.3.2. TheMaxDubnow, Fortschrittspartei Wirth's Simon: Geschjchte Die (Progress Neueste desgives(Jerusalem, Handel.rkrisen GeschichteParty, a vivid in picture English1988), des (Frankfurt ofvol. sometimes the III, Grundung am called Main, period. Radical 1874) pp. 345—6. Jüdischen Volkes. 3 vols. oftrade.fLiberalLiberals or military complete Its Party orfight expensesProgressists) andagainstdemocratic by waswell-known the was proposedso government, popular organized democratic reorganization that inreduction within 1861 leaders bysix of ofthe months the ofmilitarism, left army1848. wing it and hadIt ofstruggled and increasebecome the free old cessfültoBismarckcreasesConstitutionalthe the strongest idea warand and of withwar party parliamentarygaveConflict loansAustria in in the with requested(1862—1866) lowerin a 1866government consequent chamber by the the rightit refusedgovernment,of lossin thewinggeneral. of Prussian toprestige of support theAfter but partyDiet. to wasPrussia'sthe the During supported budget defiedparty suc- and thein-by marck'snewlyPrussianNorthBismarck's acquired leadership. GermanDiet foreign as provinces theFederation The Nationaland newmilitary who the party Party. supported group policy, which In was the seceded nationalthus joined Constituent emerged and by unification establishedliberals Reichstagcalled from under itself itself Prussia's of Bis- Na-inthe the 5. The depression lasted untilopposition." 1879;Sartoriusdomestictional it Liberal. was vonaffairs followed Walterhausen, Its the leader Nationalby a was weak August: the Liberals Hanoverian Zeittafeln reserved Rudolfzur the Wirtschaf-tsgeschichte right von toBennigsen. be a "loyal In recovery. Cf. 6. The Conservative Party hadsivelyrevolution. beenbuch(Halberstadt, aristocratic.founded des Staatswi$senschaften,It was in 1848, 1927),Prussian,Until to well organize monarchical, after vol. Bismarck's the 6, counter- 4th agrarian, ed. unification (Jena, and 1925), originally of Germany exclu- the p. 62; Also Spiethoif, Arthur: "Krisen," Handworter- pp. 53 if. withConservatives a rising middle had little class. tasteIn the for course a Reich of inthe which party's they history, were itto went share through power a number of schisms 210 twoThefeudalwhich chambersrelations aristocracyreflected ofof thethe experienced variousPrussiandifficulties wings Diet in of a as andrapidlyadjustment well factions as changing in the whichof Reichstagthe capitalist Conservativesthe party are environment. confusing.of a insemi- the NOTES AND REFERENCES 21 I situation.oneConservatives,1896,Unfortunately, and p.the 275.) same," that the all does adviceconservative not ofdo Eugenjustice varieties Richter, to the be intricacies considered the liberal of asopponent the "essentially political of the (Cf. Richter, Eugen: Politisches ABC Buch, 8th ed., Berlin, loyalLikeDietConservatives, as thesupporters the National Free-Conservatives, too, in Liberalsall broke Inquestions 1866, ranks. the whenFree-Conservatives inofA thenationalmoderate the Reichstag National and group, foreign as Liberals Reichspartei,wereknown policy. the splitin Chancellor's the from seceded.Prussian the Progress Party, the right1872betweenthe wing, Prussian to 1879 theor to Old Diet.and be Conservativesexact,was TheirThe caused of mouthpiece Old the by Conservativesright andthe refusalwingthe was New ofthe of the mentionedConservativestheKreuzzeitung. Conservative Kreuzzeitung in the lastedThe group factiontext schism from consistedin to of the party's Partyofsupport 1874, (1876). Bismarck they constituted in hisAfter Forfight themselves thethe against Oldpurpose Conservatives the anew of Catholics. this in studythe hadGerman it didbeen not Conservativealmost seem wipednecessary out toin taxthe theelection reader's 7. The Catholic Center Party,ticallyizedits"thememory named members Conservatives"in destroyed1870—71, not with for were all political these during afterseated in developments.the anbut thein textearlier technicalthe Constitutional refers center Catholic toreasons—Unless of right-wing the party Conflict. otherwiseReichstag in Conservatives.Prussia The specified, hall—was Centerhad been the hadorgan- prac-term its greaterdeathstronglyCatholicmain strengthof concessions itsunderterritories. outstanding in the Bavaria, influence Into nationalism.the leader the first ofRhineland, Ludwig twoa conservative-aristocratic decadesThe Windthorst Catholicand ofUpper its Centerexistence, (1891), Silesia, Party thewing.predominantly the partyhad party After impor- made was the 8. Marr, W[ilhelm]: Der Siegcharacter,latter'skatholischetant des auxiliaries Judentums influence though Deutschland) in uberthe the party Catholicclericaldas Germanentum. somewhatand element People's in the changed Christianremained Association Vom its tradeoverwhelmingly strictly (Volksverein unions. denominational Under fürstrong. dasthe group"thethan1879).nicht sonhisconfessionellen of friends. ofradical an actor Dubnow journalists Standostracized,Legends (Op. punkt with haveausbecause whom betrachtet. grown heof updishonorableused Vaearound to Victis!, meet." Marr's conduct,6th Elbogen origin, ed. (Bern, byspread (A a by his critics rather cit., vol. III, p. 430) reports that he was 212 NOTES AND REFERENCES beenvol.scendantManCentury I, a "Antisemitism,"converted is of also of Jews." Jewish credited Jew." The Life, Universalpp.Otherwith Philadelphia,341 havingsources if.) Jewish mentions coined still Encyclopedia1945, give thethat him term, Marr a Jewish (New anti-Semitism.was "said York,mother, to 1939, have etc. (Cf. P. 703) calls Marr "a de- 9. Marr states that it was as consequencestheHistory"Antisemitismus,"earlyUniversal author as of 1863 theof Jewish the Jews,ofthat Jewish newEncyclopedia Encyclopedia.)he vol. becameterm. emancipation,"II, P. 287) "arousedJudaica, According Man Berlin, byanor Ernesttoeventthe Baron 1928; thatRenan (Aand was Social "Antisemitism,"may to happen andhave Religious been six 10.11. Marr, Marr, W[ilhelm]: W.: Des SiegDer Judenspiegeldes Judentums, (Hamburg,wastheyears bc. emancipation not later.cit., undone The1863). contradictionduring of the theJews restoration. tookresults place from during the fact the that,revolution in Marr's of 1848 opinion, and 13.12. InFor a thelater significance pamphlet, Vom of the judischen recurring Kriegsschauplatz p.agitators,seetheme 46), Leo ofMarr Lowenthal's doomProphets wrote (3rdin modern ofthat ed., and Deceit heBern, Norbert agitationwas (New 1879, mistaken Guterman's York, 1949).in believing study of thatAmerican Russia fascist might p. 39. 15.14. Mars,In Vom W.: jüdischen Der Sieg Ksiegsschauplatz des Judentums,rampant boo. insupportp. Russia27, cit. Man inp. Germany Russiawill43. returns also than in open to her here..his Russianfight basic . against com-legislation Jewry. to "Social Israel." 'nihilism' is even more . It goes without saying that a revolution 19.18.17.16. Mars,Otto Ibid.,Man, Glagau, W.: p.W.: Vom 29. Desa talented judischen Sieg despolitical Kriegsschauplatz, Judentums, publicist,plaint. bc. is cit.,lee. said cit.p. to 32. p.have 29. lost his property aversioneralismuswrotein Gründet(republished a critique to und speculations.the die new of "Reaktion,"as National eraa book of Besides capitalism inLiberalism, which 1878 the expressesunder series as isDer the toof Bankerotibe thesamearticles found same title in culturalin des andthe the Nationallib- Gartenlaubewidely writings and moral read), of he theliberal,Judenherrschaft,Nationalliberalismus, Catholiceducated anti-Semitic publicistMitteistand. Munich, magazine, Leipzig,Constantin 1874.)Among 1872; Des From Frantz. its Kulturkainpfer, and contributors 1880—1889 Des(Cf. Nationalliberalismusthe latter's were Glagaucatering high-ranking Die edited to Religion the theundtaste anti-offi- desdie of 22.21.20. DerIbid., Bankerott p.pp. 71. 16 if. des Nationalliberalismus und1878),cials die and "Reaktion",p. influential 20. 3rd politicians. ed. (Berlin, 23. Cf. Frank, Walter: Hofprediger Adolf Stoecker und die NOTES MD REFERENCES Christlichsoziale 213 Proudl-ioneconomicoriginallyBewegung, developedtheory and2nd taken ed., of Germanfrom(Hamburg, Theover Catholicconcept, by romanticism, German 1935), economicof course, Proudhonians. p. 77.was philosophy, did worked not originateIn out Theis elaboratelyinherent Communist with inGerman theby anti-Semites. It 24. Graeber,withcratic"Manifesto by and Beard, Isaque,The Marx"true" historical Miriam: derides andsocialism. Britt, "Anti-Semitism—-Productand it as Steuarteconomic the ideological Henderson: aspects cornerstone of Jews this of Economic problemin a ofGentile both are Myths," excellently"aristo-World in dealt 26.25. Hitler,The name Adolf: of the Mein paper Kampf was (Stackpole,actually thepage. Newgenerally(NewNeue The York, PreussischeYork, Kreuzzeitung called 1939), 1942), Kreuzzeitung pp.Zeitung. pp. was210 262 if.founded if. because in 1848, of the two cross it carried on its front weeks after the revolu- It was wascarriers'tionWagener,tionaries composed greeted hands,had its the firstexclusivelystormed tornnew editor topaper: the piecesin Berlinofchief, "Themembers and toldZen copies thrown inghaus ofhis were the memoirsinto (arsenal). leading violently the gutter;how Its snatched theboard the Berlin distributors of fromdirectors popula- the Prussian nobility. energeticbestdestroyvulgardid not to and senddareour defense." repulsive presses, toour receive wife (Erlebtes, toletters and lootcopies child and[we Berlin, unless toreceived]away kill. 1884,wrapped to On Potsdam was threep. 16.) legion;in occasions covers; and they to theprepare threatenedwe number thought for ofanto it vol.(Volkstumlichecrossthe III, itsKreuzzeitung: p.symbol 637.) Geschichte but "TheneitherHeinrich mouthpiece derlove Juden, Graetz,nor humbleness of3 vols.,thethis Jewish [Conservative] Vienna nor historian, and Berlin, party passed makes9th the ed., following the judgment on truth is its device." 27. Kreuzzeitung (1875, nos. 148 to 152).notoriety undPerrot,These Erinnerungen anonymousaunder reserve the officer name(complete articles Theandof "thegained publicist.articles ed., era Stuttgart articles."led See to Bismarck,anand interestingTheir Berlin, author Otto 1928), demonstration. von: was p. Dr.454. Bismarck, on February Gedtinken F. unghundredcampaignthat9, 1876, the"everyone renewal prominentsharply of lies whoof attacked and theirConservatives subscribes slanders subscriptions. the Kreuzzeitung towhich immediately the paper it conducts." in indirectly announcedthe Reichstag As participates ain result, the and Kreuzzeit- in the declared several 28.29. Germania's Bismarck anti-Semitic in his speech articles before appeared the 203,Prussianenemies. andin nos. Diet228, Sometimes 174, (1847)all 185,in 1875. had 189,I even said:"I 190, am love not them. an enemy And I ofdo thenot Jewsgrudge and them I forgive any rights them if they should be my 201, 214 except the one to hold, NOTES AND REFERENCES in a Christian remember,stateThisauthority. rightofficials, are they not nowgenerals, denied claim any"In cabinet for rightthe themselves; territories members,but one: theyto ruled andhold demand even governmentby theMinisters the edict right positions. ofto of become1812, Public the Jews, state, an office vested with as far as I IsentativeinsuckedWorship must talking confess them of andthem the in, Instruction. that King'saway; so Ito would Sacredspeak,if I should Ifeel admitMajesty,with deeply imagine the that amotherdepressed JewI amhaving whom fullmilk and beforeof Iand would prejudices;humiliated, I me,do have not as to succeedthatI obey,have a repre- the 30. The term Kulturkampf is attributed toVfrchow, fightdischargefeelingthe eminent against whoof pridemy inpathologist,the dutiessupport andCatholic honor towards of BismarckChurchRudolph would the astate."leave "fighthad calledme for with culture." the whichPrussian Virchow I government's now endeavor to was one of 31. Wawrzinek, Kurt: Die Entstehung dermented(1873—1890)thethe DeutschenLiberals' founders study, defense (Berlin, that Antisemitenparteienand Germanialeaders of1927), the of Jewish wasthe Progresstoo group. cautious Party to and demand took legal p. 13, remarks dryly, in his carefully docu- an active part in measures 32. Cf. Meyer, Rudolph: Politische Grunderfitslandagainst of und(Berlin, anti-minority (Leipzig, die the Korruption1894); Jewish 1877); laws. and group. anonymous: inGehlsen, Deutsch- The Catholics Joachim: Das Kleine were Aus justBuch Dem experiencing Reiche Bismarcks the bene- vom Grossen Bismarck copieshowever,Kaiserbahnzeitung,(Bern, ofnever thisnot 1877 later refusedsheethinder andDeutsche which him me1894). his fromlived Reichsglocke, graceGehlsen readingsolely and was byassistance the slanderingof alsoReichsglocke which editor in Bismarck state of the affairs;daily. Deutsche Thirteen this did, Eisen. me circulated in the wrote: "The Bismarck:notRoyal only House among Op. Ministry the Catholic,"We forMeyer's ourknow butand booknow also other endsdefinitelyamong courts, on thethis andthat Protestantnote: it with had Princeits aristocracy." contributors Bismarck cit., p. 460. a change for the thepeoplehavebetter public warned is who impossible. prosecutor. breathe and implored theHis He "Weplagueoldest let himthe know friends, and periodin that,vain,whom offriends had havegrace only after triedof his his1871 youth the country'sand best government been entrusted go by unused. strong armto separate saves from him from years, BismarckGermanBerlin'stheto other horrible hands,stocknation, remains Gr'undungen exchange. had nor itshonest anxiety all-powerful Wewould simple dwell know today men inidol, that palaces existsat the in which Germanthe and King's huts.disgrace nation council,As long thewill stocklist not of no Kulturkampf would rend the as Princebe sacri- one of NOTES AND REFERENCES 215 presentpoliticalandficed the for system Chancellor—is course,the sake and therefore, of its the carrier."For Reich,owned one an wayunderstanding the by onlyReichthe Jews remains for andtheof open:the sakethe cultural Gründer. ofElimination the Chancellorand social of the roots of German con- For our servativeunparalleleddesstudyservative Vierten of socialism." the anti-Semitism opportunities. Standes German As earlysocialist RudolphHe as 1874was labor ahe (later devedmovement, published Rudolf) disciple an Der informedMeyer's of Emanzipationskampf Rodbertus' writingsand friendly "con- offer (Berlin). A second volume (Berlin, 1875) dealt with ernment.particularlyhecorporativethe identifies labor Themovement state thewith wild German,under parliamentarianism beasts in aEurope social inwants the monarchy,and jungleto beAmerica. governed andare Meyer laissez-faire.Manchester An butdespisesadherent it wantsmen. "Each liberalism of They thea nation,good Christian will which gov- andnot andII,supreme.tolerate p. not 786.) to a 'The kingforget big above that beast "they them. Meyereats ought the The admonishes little to jungle be game.'" strong law the (Emanzipationskampf,guardiansof Hohenzollern free competition and protectors to be awarerules vol. of of their social duties mentaryorderRoyalnumericallythe poor to rule,power extend and ininsignificant exploited and hisand opinion,to consolidate establish against but is wealthy nothing itsitself the own rich andas butsocial the andaggressive "an mighty andexploiters." impudent economic minorityruler attemptof(Ibid.) domination." theto break state Parlia-of a thein socialistescapearoused(Ibid.) a leaders.Bismarck'sjail sentence. Friedrich wrath InMeyer's exile Engels and hethe bookinentertained author London Politische had recommended friendly to flee Gründer Germany relations his und anti-Gründer with indie order Korruptionmany to in Deutschland booknotattacktreatise,1919, to want Augustagainstvol. overflowing to III, stay theBebel. p. away80.)system (Cf. withFranz of Bebel: bittercapitalistic Mehring truth,"Aus meinem callscorruption by whichthe Leben,same from Meyer book 3which vols., "led a "fulminatingBismarck anStuttgart, energetic did (Mehring: Geschichte der deutschen Sozial- publisheddemokratie,the govermnent'sagrarian numerous 4 vois.,expert agricultural Stuttgart articles of theIn Marxist the by1921, policies. Meyer,period vol. periodical. of InmostIV, 1891—95those p. of 130.) years them the Meyer critical Social was reviews Democratic to a degree of periodical, Neue Zeit, ever,reformsponsibleMeyer neither movement, considered for Todtinteresting nor among a "miscarriage"MeyerAccording a numberthem wanted Rudolf toof of MehringanyProtestant Christian Todt part and in(Op. socialism. clergymenStoecker's Adolf Stoecker! inwork the which socialHow- cit., pp. 130 if.) Meyer was directly re- 34.33.216 TheDeutsche leading Eisenbahnzeitung, theoretician of Prussian February Protestantwas 17, most 1876. likelyconservatism The Rudolf anonymous Meyer.was Friedrich author NOTES AND REFERENCES 35. Frantz, Constantin: Des NationalliberalismustherevelationJulius Conservatives.first Stahl, chamberund to die abe baptized Judenherrschaft,the of originthe PrussianJew, of whosemonarchy, be.parliament, philosophy state Stahl and of law. becamethe stateAs athe heldmember leader divine of 38.37.36. Wawrzinek:SchlesischeLiberal historians, VobkszeitungOp. cit., Jewish p. 12. (Octoberand non-Jewish, Catholicp.cit.,2, 14.1875). p. 22. treat politicalSee theWawrzinek: violent anti-Semitism flare-up Op. inof the mid-1870's as an unfortunate cit., thatchurchtatedepisode Catholics,later group politics in "the an which otherwise Catholicbeingand wasdropped themselves quicklypartyharmonious the of campaign corrected. athe religious relationship,Center against Elbogen, minority,gained the certain forfauxJewsshould instance, pason successes not theof counte- anground states irri- in waspositionnancegained not religious predominantlyof a Catholicismstrategic hatred." position basedin (Elbogen, theCatholic inonReich. the a singleIsmar: rediscoveryReichstag. After social Op. 1879 cit., Thegroup, ofthe p.Christian onlyCatholic 143.) it wasmajor Centertolerancein partya position Party which was directly related to the theThereturnthatto strongest its Nationaljoin for followers thewhich inducementsRight Liberal the would or Catholics erathe desert wasLeftwhich gave thenit.in anti-Semitism Bismarckpolitical himover, conditional and coalitions, liquidated with had ithadparliamentary disappeared withoutthe to Kulturkampf,offer having to somesupport.political to inoffear Bachem,forexpressedduced,Catholicism. years toatwo prominent come. theirof the Insympathy three 1881, figure Catholic when in with Catholic "the Centerhostilitythe Anti-Semites' anti-Semitic politics, deputies toward repeated "Jewishwho Petition"point spoke the ofliberalism," view.chargeswasin the intro- Juliusdebate of however, remained strong werebrotherthedaringof Germania theeager of Catholic "toPeter, at havearticlesthat relates timeCenter touched of toin 1875, participateParty,his the memoirs and wasp-nest."complimented Peter in that theReichensperger, mostanti-Semitic August StoeckerCatholic Reichensperger, campaign.a parliamentarians oncharter his courage member Writes the in thenameJewishReichensperger:It Prussian was of question thebrought Progressgovernment (die about grosse Party, by was "The[the Judendebatte) Hinel's preparingLiberal most had notable Albert] asked to of take November parliamentarytheHand's on Minister the interpellation. Anti-Semites'20 and what event 22 position [1880]. was[In Pe- the the great debate on the NOTES AND REFERENCES 217 wasrathertiontition]. hadraring friendly Within led to to join the towardvery Catholic the agitated theattack Jews, Center discussions(die and groupscharf the greatthe between discussion majority Windthorst, of the Jewishgroup who which ques- was losgezogen ivissen woilte). WindthorstcreasedwasCenteragainst a defeat should since." stood them for be almost asJewry as Kulturkampfer. neutral andcompletely the as possible.Progress aloneThe anti-SemiticParty in his whose opinion agitationphrases that the turned has Catholic greatly always in- (Pastor, Ludwig: August Reichensperger 1808—1895, 2 . . . The debate before the House vols.,littleSemiticorganization Freiburg, governed propaganda of1899, byCatholic Christian vol.intoAgainCatholic II, thepeasants, p. incampaigns. principles191.) the decisions early it did nineties,as not to were use refrain or thosewhen abstain from ofpolitical theinjectingfrom Protestant political Catholicism anti- anti-Semitism undertook were the as factorsunfriendlyprimaryConservatives. other determinants in than the Political, furtherbelief of Catholic-Jewishin not courseFor the religious abrotherhood satisfactory of German or relations. ethical of explanationhistory man. considerations These but certainly thatof the was were tolerantwere due the not to attitude which political inatorytotalappliedlittleoutCatholicism that, treatmentsupportpopulation, toas twoa later minorityin ofgroups historical anothertookthe group,other towardof minority. whichfact. about the the In Catholicsone Jewish this 1General percomprised case, cent,group themselves conclusionsthe is conceptitabout apt is not to shied SO conceal ofsufficientof this per "minority,"from centkind essentialdiscrim- to offind point the as machineryences.Germandifferences The Catholics Catholics,whilein the situationJews and forMore Jewsdid instance, ofnot. enlightenmentas the influencedIndustrial respective slowly expansiongainedby mightgroups. their accessbe respective gainedin Catholic to the by group government studying regions— experi- the relations between closesphereindustrialCatholiciThineland,Hungary, political of tradepower and Silesia—took Italy) relations white-collarunion where also movement, theto tended predominanfly Jewishcare workers, ofto group's othercomprisingstrengthen established Catholic Catholicweakness thehundreds grievances. neighborCatholicGerman was glaring. of states influenceCatholicthousands The Germany's (Austria,rise group. inof of aa CHAPTER II 1. "Kathedersozialismus" was a schoolLiberalnineteenth ofgained economic publicist great century. andinfluence Heinrich social The termin Bernhardthought academic was that coinedOppenheini. circles by during an Far opponent, fromthe last being thedecades SocialistsNational of the ofwaspolitical socialofnames: the a Marxist Verein philosophycreeds Cneist, coloration,für but Roscher,Sozialpolitik, hadof Manchester in the commonSchmoller, members founded liberalism. their Nasse,of in therejection 1878, group Brentano,Their which ofbelonged academic the attracted Knapp, economic to organization allConrad,a galaxykinds and of etc.alsoStoecker,eminent The president leading economist vice-president of Kathedersozialist Stoecker's at Problemsthe ofUniversity Protestant the ofanti-Semitic of rural the ofSocial usuryBerlin,eighties Congress. Christianwere a waslife-long among Adolph Social thefriend Wagner,earlyParty, of interestsAdolf later of the Verein für 2. One of the most obviously Sozialpolitik.anti-Semiticanti-Semitic.Itstressed would, the however, reform associationIt repeatedly programs not of be conductedJews justified was with that thissurveysto of classify Judgeparticular in thisall scourge Kathedersozialisten field and of theits reportspeasantry. as legislationowners,ofsozialenC. allWilmanns: theartisans, Refin advantages the ormpartei Dieandfield "Goldene"small of enjoyed (Berlin,taxation, industrialists; by Internationale 1876). tariffs,"money Wilmanns this banking, capital" should und advocatedandtodie be the Notwendigkeitdonerailroad detriment throughthe building. eradication of new land-einer 8. Quoted from Oertzen, DietrichWilmannspoundedadequatefreehe regarded peasantry.von: urged anewto Adolf theas particularlyby"a needsHis Stoecker. cityNazi views and philosophers. thea onLebensbildnewslave character the land law"necessity law that ofund to the could replaceof German a "newonly Roman bepeople," concept disastrous law werewhich of law, to ex- a aStoeckerAmongZeitgeschichte highly informativetheund Stoeckerdie (Volksausgabe, Christlichsoziale book, biographies,The in spiteliterature Schwerin, ofBewegung its Walter on obvious Stoecker,1912), deserves Frank's anti-Jewish pp. written 2-8. specialHofprediger bias.by mention. friends Adolf andIt is enemies, is extensive. The book, writes;incidentally,(1985)—the has first a history appeared of its during own. theIn the Weimar preface Republic to the second (1928)—Frank edition 218 Asthan it appeared I, it had first, to appear. with'I all This its wasshortcomings necessary which not only nodid becauseone not 'improve' it marked upon a the book except for minor formal changes. NOTES ANt) REFERENCES knows better 219 bistoriography."tothatstage Hitler document in the in Munich—apparentlydevelopment with(p. 10.) whichFrank of the myalso Hitler personal relatesto getrevolution the thatwork Führer's he but broke took above thethrough unpublished into German manuscript of his book blessing. It paid. Pro- all because it was 4. When Prussia went to warlikespecializingfessor withdream "crying France Frank finally inand inhad research hasat a the permanentcome sameon "thetrue." time Jewish academicHe shouting proclaimed: question." withposition joy "God thatin thecannot Barbarossa's Third and Reich, will old not 1870, Stoecker declared he felt Kirchenzeitung,leaveita"I storm hadam us. not grantedIt of is ashamedenthusiasm, the August spiritme theto of This 3,sayand good 18131870.) eventhankedis notfortunethat now far is Heaven offnowthat to from liveIstirring!" fellout Hitler'sin on this my (Neue age." reactionknees, Evangelische Hitler, overcome to the Adolf: outbreak by of World War I: of an overflowing heart that 8.7.6.5. NeueGerlach,The letter Evangelische Heilmut was not von: Kirchenzeitung publishedKirchenzeitung VonMein Rechts by Kampf Stoecker (September (Marchnach (Stackpole, 14, 4, 1874). 1869). New York, 1939), p. 163. Links (Zurich, 1937),until 1907, p. 103. two years before 9. Stoecker, Adolf: Christlich-Sozial,Leipzig,hisbecameinformation death. 1885),Reden a source about p. XIII. of Stoecker great In due embarrassment and time his Griineberg movement to the soldto Christianthe genuine highest Social and bidders. faked Party. He und Aufsätze (Bielefeld and 10. In 1880 Johann Most was expelledGeschichte fromanarchistvol.inStoecker his theI, politicalp. Social deshad393; views. Berlinerhim vol. Democraticmeetings Heprosecuted II, had Arbeiterbewegung,pp. for come96 Party theforif. underswindler'sembezzlement, the S influence vols.soul. at(Berlin, Cf. the Bernstein,of same the1907—1910), timeanti-Semitic Eduard: praying for exhaustingFriedrichseventies,philosophic Engels causedhimself anarchist write enough in bitter his EugenJ. Most famousconfusion opposition Duhringleft Anti-Duhring. Germany among to whosethe forleadersSocial ideas, Democratsof atthe the Social end to Demo-of make the England where he continued his political work, 11. The speech was reprinted in full inpp.anarchistemigratedcrats. Stoecker'sNew 3 if.In York. England movement. to Christlich-Sozial, theHe Uniteddiedhe served inFor NewStates more a prisonYork bc.where than cit., City term two he in becamefordecades 1906. "subversive a heleading edited figure Freiheit in the in activities" and 12.220 "The three-class-franchise" (Drei-Klassen-Wahlrecht),ofcalled, the political was incorporated reaction against into Prussia's the revolution constitution of 1848; of 1850, it held at theagainst height all NOTES AND REFERENCES as it was properly electedThetheattempts revolution voters the to firstmembershave of cast it1918 replaced theirof swept Thethe ballots Diet'sbyPrussian it away.a morefor lower electorsfranchise democratic chamber. (Wahlmänner) act Eachelectoralprescribed electoral system who an indirectdistrict in until turn electoral procedure. numbermillionairetherefore,taxeswas divided paid of electors.bycouldto intothousandsthe individualbe three composed Theof"classes" less voterinequities affluent of determined ofany voters; voters.numberof this thehisEach of votingamount taxpayers,class "class." elected of direct from theA class, samestateone electoral system were increased rather than wasinstance,theanddiminished classdivideddistrict into whentheintotaxes,which Prussian in as an 1893 well individual elections itas was the decideddirect ofbelonged. 1893 state that the taxes, Thethetotal amount result ofwere 5,980,538 was toof determinemunicipal that, voters for 37 voters(Cf. Arons, the second, Leo: Die andIn Preussischeneach 207 electoralvoters theLandtagswahlen, district third an class. average A Berlin,member ofclass 10 1898,H,votersI,III, ofcomprising the made up the first class, " 5,056,146 722,633210,759 persons " 84.4212.06 3.52 per cent per cent p. 8.) benefitjoyberfirst of theclass the theprivileges thusthird landed had class. aristocracy.more TheThe than same growing twenty This law wasappliedtimes wealth not the tothe of"votingcommunal least the middle ofpower" the elections. reasons classesof a mem- why permitted them to of the three-class-franchise, originally designed to en- 13. Stoecker, speech of April 1, 1881, atpredominantgavepartiesthe Stuttgart. electoral the showed propertied systemstate little of remainedclasseszealthe Reich. in fightinga prominentintact forfor almostthe political revision seven position of decades. a franchise in Prussia, The whichliberal the 16.15.14. Frank,"MassThe letter, W.:movement datedOp. September from the Right" 23, 1880, (Massenbewegunghisconcept wasbook madefor Dreizehn which public the vonJahre by author Rechts) Stoecker Hofprediger is indebted in und to PolitikerGeorge Fuchs. (Berlin, 1895). cit., p. 126. is a 18.17. HowCassel, deeply Paulus: public Die opinionAntisemiten was stirredundliteratureJewish die1881), by Evangelisehe thegroup p.of fight 40.the may period.against be Kirche gathered Wawrzinek'sand (Berlin, for bythe a glance study aloneat the haspolitical a bibliography and cultural d over 500 books, pamphlets, and articles referring to the anti-Semitic con- NOTES AND REFERENCES 22 I tianreproduced.liticaltroversies :Monthly), scene of 1873—90.The in publishedthe Berlin Reich correspondentIn atcapital Barmen, at the wroteof timeChristliche to of his the paper MonatsschriftBerlin inFrank's 1885: movement biography (Chris- is of Stoecker a contemporary's report on the po- avidlyconservativesmallturned modest readcan bymeasure paperrestaurantthe small friendlythe "Onlyartisan change he will to he and Stoecker] that bewho working amazed has has taken notnot man. to seen onlyfindplace. He Berlin theonwould When displayReichsbote forhave he ten butentersto years make also[the a and has suddenly re- yardtheHewouldsure would[anti-Semitic] thatbuilding. have he be wasthrown dumbfounded Does not Deutsches dreamingout up thethere, reactionaryat Tageblatt when theunder sight he the threeremembered ofpaper, roof, the or newspaperwomantheandfour [liberal] itstheflights reader times up Volkszeitung theseonin thetop carrying circles back-of it. yearsthatnileatthicker nohasa noticesConservative longer? caused in the how, Whencestreets.the change. suddenly,election He the lets newThe meeting. towardshimself strangerintruder? Allbe evening whocarried Well,strata did ittheareby notis the crowdsrepresented,all see currentStoecker's Berlin are and getting forfrom work arrives ten the whoworkingonlyspeaker.balcony. does to man becomenot AllA uplively quite of to atumultuously the sudden,whispersucceed officer there can inin hiding civiliannoisybe is heard silence, again. behind attire in thetheCourt and a audienceaudiencecolumn to Chaplain the cabinet highwhich holds Stoecker up member awaitsits in breath the has the hasservativechaplain!Hochentered still retainedthat the meetingThe will hail thestranger not and flavorwhich end, a thinksthunderous ofgreetshe its attended sick-roomof the former most Hochten yearsatmosphere. times;popular from ago the thousands mancomes memory That in to Berlin,meeting hisofof throats,thatmind. a was courtCon- He a inthemiracle?"more 1883, title, dignified afterBismarcks an but absence itgrosses wasCf. of smallalso Spielseveral Ludwig and (Frankfurt, months arthritic. Bamberger's which 1932). Who he secretReturningbrought had spentdiaries, about to abroad, Berlinedited this by Ernst Feder under beencatchJews.Bamberger back them.Not forthat wasOnce, some they nauseated they time,were were"Directly onemade by even Berlin'sregains for upon workers my hispolitical mybenefit; thick returnwho climate.skin. mademy I twice earI saythem. just overheard one Afterhappened should having vulgar not to expressions against 20.19. Bergsträsser,Bismarck in his L[udwigl: speeches Geschichte before the derlandoneleave Prussian Politischenairs (Mannheim, and oneself letDiet, the ParteienOctober [abroad]bad Berlin, smell in18,Leipzig,one escapeDeutsch- and must 19, once1932), go through the nose it isall full over of again"it. The (p.moment 270). p. 85. 21.222 Cf. Stolper, Gustav: German Economjung1849. 1870—1940 in Deutschland," Quoted from(New Nitzsche,Patria! York, Jahrbuch1940), Max: "Die der'Hilfe' Anfange 1905 der agrarischen(Berlin), Beweg- NOTES AND REFERENCES p. 187. 22. breadagainstdredInp. 34. and agrarian continuingmeat free associations ironthe tariff is most onjoined pigessential." 1873 iron.in a monsterCf.a ConservativeIn Nitzsche, the samedemonstration Max: year still Op.several could to declareprotesthun- in the Reichstag that "next to cit., p. 200. 24.23. TheIn 1871 first theunsuccessful output of attemptGerman at pig assassination ironParty.fora British a short production time had beenof 6—7,000,000 a member of tons. Stoecker's Stolper: Christian Op. cit., p.Social 26. Workers' was 1,564,000 tons compared to was made by Hödel, who 26.25. Ziekursch,From that Johannes:date down Das to theZeitalter Nazi Bismarcksperiodgetherpp.154 322 the if.with if. (FrankfurtCatholic Also its offshoot, Biemann, Center the Party, Robert: Bavarian Schwarzrotgold People's Party, (Leipzig, which 1921), pp. am Main, 1930), to- 27. For the causes of minor discrepancies Reichstagfollowinglessin 1920,the than electoral remained90 ofagain Reichstagthe Weimarproved numerically seats. loyal Republic. Inand stable. the elected terror Before 92election Center World of members WarMarch I it 5, to 1933, the last its was founded never had 28. The general right to hold meetings fornot Reichstagtodidates20 impaired expireand forbidden21, onelections, byChapter March the toSoziaUstengesetz, however,runV.31, for1881, election. but was Thenor extended anti-Socialistwere Social four Democratic times.law originally Each time, statistics see notes can-was 29. For a penetrating analysis of these developmentssozialewhichtheSocialNational government brought System Democratic Liberals an madeder end Reaktion fell Party theto theintoextension and law inline. Bismarck's Preussenin The1890.a test phenomenal unter resignation dem riseMinisterium created of the conditions outlawed Putt- case of party loyalties, and the see Kehr, Eckart: "Das 30. The epithet, Vorfrucht der Sozialdenwkratie,theLeben,tokamer," characterize anti-Semitic bc Die cit., Gesellschaft vol. movement.the III,role of(Berlin, the Progress 1929), 6. Party. Jahrgang, Cf. Bebel: Aus meinem p. 12. Later Caprivi took it up in his criticism of was first used by Bismarck no. 9. CHAPTER III 2. 3.1.Denkwurdigkeiten EugenStoecker Richter later reportedin ades speech Fürsten vol.theed. before incidentII, by Chiodwigp. Friedrich307.the as Reichstag, follows: zu Curtius, January 2 vols. (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1906—1907), Hohenlohe-Schillingrfurst,"I spoke about Lassalle. 12, 1881. röder,notJewishChristianSocial ask for Democrats tendencyfor Church instance, help only wasand in who thefromunmistakable.clergy hadaudience us for morebut not also loudly money havingThereupon from objected. thandone Iallanything told clergymen They them for labor. the Jews, from Herr Bleich- slandered the they should taken to- The 5.4. TheConservative original letter Robert was von in thekabinett.gether." Puttkamersuccessor archives (Quoted The (1828-1900)of quotation thethe from liberalKaiserliches Oertzen: is Prussian becamefrom Frank,Op. inMinister W.: Op.of cit., p. 86. cit., pp. 158—9.) Public Worship and Instruc- Geheime Zivil- 1879 the 6. Frank, W.: Op. cit., pp. 304reactionanti-Socialistsuch,tion, if., Falk. inreproduces andcharge From police act. of 1881 theTo thechicanery. socialistentire Prussianto 1888 Thelabor he police wasliberal he Ministerduringbecame Friedrich most theof theIII symbolof dismissed Interiorthe years of Prussian him. letter from a copy and, as of the 9.7. 8.LetterBernstein, Richter: to Geheimrat Eduard:Op. cit., GeschichteTiedemannp. 14.W.:of the derof Op. originalNovember Berliner cit., p. in 305.Arbeiterbewegung, the21, archives1880, quoted of the by Evangetischeioc. Oberkirchenrat. Frank, cit., 11.10. The leafletReichsbote is reprinted was a conservative, in Stoecker'sbeginningpoliticalvol. orthodoxChristlich-Sozial, II, p. complexion 59.of Protestant his political bc. as paper, thecit., career. Kreuzzeitung; pp.of similar it supported Stoecker from the 404 if. 14.13.12. Windelband,LuciusVirchow von ran Ballhausen, Wolfgang: against Stoecker BismarcksRobert: inBismarck aBri4epublic Berlin(Stuttgart an protestErinnerungen, district;semen and against Sohn heBerlin, had the4th—6th 1921), joinedRussian p.in pogroms 216.a of 1881. Wilhelm (Ber- ed. inmadelin, the 1922), beforepress. p. The a 26. Conservative Chancellor An election warnedgathering speech his Countin son Berlin to Wilhelm be had more aroused von Bismarck a controversy 223 careful in his public had 224 ableopponentutterances. to the is government"If a Progressive; you speak and you butno will oneidentification will ever believe with Stoecker is not NOTES AND REFERENCES have to support Stoecker because his you to talk anything agree- anti-Semitessupportextraordinary,firstbut of government all him, to have avoidwe militant, endorse said language. election in useful the in theof past, Itcomrade-in-arms. theis public highlyand enemy, this mind desirable is and something everything besidesAs thatsoon, Stoecker tobecause hehowever, which and allbeIhe elected,otheris cannotas we an 17.16.15. Busch,InCf. Otto Frank, Moritz: Johlinger's W.: Bismarck. Op. book, SomeBismarck Secret unddon,lend Pages die my1898), Juden ofname." His vol. (Berlin, History, III, 1921), 3 vols. (Lon- p. 16. On cit.,Busch see Chapter VI, p. 84. p. 110. a con- 18. Quoted from Jo}ilinger: Op. cit., litical.mentscientious of the collection problem, of however, such statements is on the may whole be found. apologetic Johlinger's and treat- 185. unpo- 19. Parenthetically, Jewish superior abilitiesandtheratedfields businessman clergy,were highlyof economic, most the in readilyauthoritarianacademician ranked professional, recognized lower andconservative than civiland the artistic servant,aristocratic society. endeavors that landowner, Inis, imperialall which restricted, the Germany military typi- p. were not in inthe setcallywhich significance in "un-Jewish" high certain relief ofprofessions occupationalby occupations. concedingF. R. were Bienenfeld statusThesuperior held stigma inat (The length.Germanyaptness of Germansinferior He for as it. occupation and the Jews, New York, 1939) treats sees the low esteema major reason for was only theyJewishofand becamethese political group,success professions victims life that in (excluding journalism,ofGerman Hitler'safter WorldJews thelaws. trade, tophad War levels).lostbanking, I, bothin turn,He fortunetheaters, believes and free that position professions, the decline before was disastrous for the 21.20. For a correct, though necessarily simplified,Insee 1946),1884 Parkes, analysis the James:Secessionists of Bismarek's An Enemy joined attitude of thethe People—AProgress Party ntisemitism to form a (New York,pp. 51L new liberal 23.22. Rudolf Hertzog, owner of a Berlin thedepartmentfinancialStoecker,organization, Berlin Movement backersAdolf: store, Christlich-Sozial, of in German the elections anti-Semitism. bc. and cii., had becomeHe had generouslyknown by his supported huge the Freisinnige Party. pp. L—LI. was one of the 24. Invited to participate in a Luther festival,andwhereSemiticgarden his Stoeckerhe Christian speeches addressedparties had Social wherewere gonetwo combined Party. freepublic to Londonfood Liberal meetings toand keep London beverages, onthe the guests social patriotic in reformhigh songs spirits. movement and anti- was incensed. Public opin- NOTES AND REFERENCES 225 numbers.Socialspeakion prevailed at Democrats, Mansion Bedlam upon House. ensued. exilesthe TheLord The fromStoecker Socialdemocrat Mayormeetings the anti-Socialisthad to had revoketo leaveto wrote be Stoecker's heldthe law,of hailthese elsewhere. turned by meetings:permission a upback Germanin door.huge "Our to comrades had come, theandnotThetector, muzzling tocontempt takepaper and part compared of forfor ourin theHerr a comrades discussion,ruling Stoecker,Luther classes in and Germany."but and Stoecker; of to through Germany, manifest (See it him called theirFrank:and for the inunmistakableBismarck, Op.this former way the histo answerspokes- hatepro- cit., p. 119.) 25. Quoted from Frank, W.: Op. cit., p. Sozial,descriptionUponman134. of his pp.rising return 233of absolutismhis if. to London Berlin and experienceStoecker the latter gave in the a speecha eulogist detailed reprinted of and dying highly in absolutism. Christlich- colored 27.26. TheAkten handwritten des Kaiserlichen four-page Zivilkabinetts, letter was kepttoFrankp. 143.quote quoted in wasthe the Prussiangivenfrom document. Frankpermission Crown W.: Archives. Op. to revealcit., its content but was not authorized CHAPTER IV 2. 1.The "Heidelberger Progressives held Erkiarung" 59 Reichstagp.deutschen of March seats Parteiprogramme m23, 1881 and 67 in35.(Leipzig 1884; in and 1887 Berlin, 1912), 2nd ed., vol. II, 1884. Salomon, Felix: Die S. The Catholic Center PartyReichstagitsthe showedonly followingSocial 32 DemocratsProgressivesagainwere even onlythat in itone wereopposition waswere less down capable elected. than toto the 11 the ofFrom numberseatsholding government. 12 in seats 1884.captured in Its1881 by 98 andthe seats National24 inin the1884, theInarmyParty,Liberals, process 1887 bill. advised Leo ofwho Its Bismarck's XIII representatives hadby told thescored Pope,the reconciliation cardinalsthe did greatestabstained not thatchoose withsuccess thefrom CatholicismKulturkampfto voting.aturge the a polls. struggleRome to had beBut did disturbed.at against the lastnot Center comewish the reversedtionactiveto an of end.colonial slavery," its A stand year policy the on later, fortheCatholicThe thecolonialwhen Catholicsake Centeryoung of question. "Christian Center's Party,Kaiser waveringagain civilization"Wilhelm guided course II and calledby vis-à-vis the for "aboli-Pope, the forces of nationalism an thegrowingand1879,tory, Catholic imperialismthe and Caprivi's "Black-Blue-Bloc" Catholichas Center's not middle-of-the-roadwas yet cooperationrelations ofbeen singular fully ofwith 1909—these withexplored.importance the policy,government.the ruling The inthedevelopments droppingGerman "Bülow-Block"groups Whether, parliamentary didof the dependednotafter Liberals influence of 1890, 1907, his- in on 5.4. QuotedSeptember from 23, Oncken, 1885. Hermann:andotherthe Social Leipzig,Rudolf aspect Democratic von of1910), the Bennigsen, problem. vol. Party II, 2to vols. remain (Stuttgart in opposition and isolation is p. 531. an- 10. Ibid., p.9.8.7.6. 595. Bismarck,SeptemberQuotedOertzen: from Op. Otto17, Oertzen:cit., 1885. von: Op. Op. cit., cit., p. 288. p. 585. p. 264. 13.12.11. StoeckerAntisemiten-SpiegelOertzen: givesOp. the following (Danzig, explanation: 1892), cit., p. 267. 226 pp. 154 if. alternativequish my did office not ifreally faced"I touchnaturally with the this cruxdid alternative. of the matter; But I submittedthat my agitation that this not NOTES AND leave any doubt that I would, of necessity, relin- REFERENCES 227 wasmonarchyinthisapparently notany combination the case, case against of impossible thein pointcould opinionthe Royal butassertfor that thatme will itself toif the IworkI gave wouldKartellin Berlin. successfully up not was;the Ibe fightsubmitted averse foragainst to that giving the as Kartell, it up was, the that His Majesty was the good of the notwouldtoparty's achieve. the endfightonly with Iinconsiderations was Berlin a defeatcertain and ofletting that thethat thegovernment. themade Kartefl Kartell me leave couldpolicy for notshow a win what it was able . . . These, while the political however, andwere that this strongmyshouldmyselfarena efforts of andcome felt the effectiveand that capital.to passby a heavyimplication forces thatThere the burdenwhich also Kaiser withwere a would determined showed all our be his put political displeasure on our course public with lifeme andif it considerations of a higher kind. I friends in the Reich. Thus could not brushedofagainstmuchhave the done myChristian the aside." concern revolutionwithout, (QuotedSocial was would isjustified. and impossible from bestrictly paralyzed. Oertzen:In Germany withoutConservative Op. Subsequent thea successful wholehearted groups, years propaganda which provedcooperation now how are cit., p. 285.) fight 14. In 1890 the National Liberals were reducedledcrats4142; toallthe from21. otherGerman from The 11 parties. Progressives 99to Conservatives 35;Reichstag the Catholic climbed seats from to Center, from80 to 3273; with to the 67 106Free-Conservatives seats; the Social from Reichstag members, Demo- 15. Bismarck demanded an even more oppressivewillingcratictodayanConservatives agreement movement, toare lawvote inclined against for betweenrejected this a topermanentthe time interpret Social asNational to too be lenient. permanent.buthis failureless Bismarck discriminatory toThe negotiate National had a hand betweenbill Liberals inwhich preventing were the Liberals and Conservatives. Historians the two Demo- 17.16. Kreuzzeitung,Leuss, Hans, May March 1, 1889.19, 1890. (Frank,Hans:onlyparties Walter: course Weltgeschichte, as Op. a maneuverleft cit., open p. was Berlin,designed the 1931,coup to convince d'etat.2nd ed., (See, pp.the 617 foryoung instance,if.) 204.) Kaiser that the Delbrück, 19.18. TheWilhelm Nazis II: transposed Ereignisse Stoecker's und Gestalten religious-monarchicsiontarian1922), 1878—1918 of "one p."others," 26. Reich, (Leipzig meaning one people, Jews, one is the leader." basic texture.In both variations, slogan into the totali- and Berlin, the exclu- CHAPTER V 2. 1.German Auer, emigrationIgnaz: Nach to zehn overseas Jahren.Sozialistengesetzes countries: Material und (Nurnberg,Glossen 1913), p. 10. zur Geschichte des 1871—1875 to all overse countries Total as of Emigrants to U. S. A. 1891—18951886—18901881—18851876—1880 402,567485,136857,287231,154394,814 371,506440,120797,019360,563193,303 (Computed from: Der Grosse Brockhaus, 15th ed., vol. II, Leipzig, 1929,1911—19141906—19101901896—1900 1—1905 133,105146,640127,308 78,881 119,711134,862107,424 61,344 theThewentarticle: Kaiserreich. bulk overseas, "Auswanderung," of the During but emigrants only theThe 485,934 first came rates twenty-five fromleftof emigration during the densely the aretwenty populatedrelated following to theSouth two and long business cycles in p. 140.) years, 2,370,958 Germans years. 3. In retirement Bismarck publishedcontentsductivityInSouthwest, this away summary inhad thatthe America uprooted. newspaperis, fromof theresettled territories reinsurance Hamburger many where treaty's ofNachrichten peasant the people small of whom holdingsOctober its prevailed.high24, 1896. pro- 7.6.5.4. Gerlach,SpeechTreitscbke,Stoecker of Helimut quoted February Heinrich byvon: 28,Frank, von: Erinnerunger& 1893. Election Walter:Dr. Quoted Inner, speechOp. einesby February Frank: for Junkers the Op.14, anti-Semitic (Berlin, 1890.cit., Quoted 1926), candidate by Oertzen, Op. cit., cit., p. 230. pp. 232 if. pp. 300 if. p. 84. 10. Salomon,9.8. IbId.Kreuzzeitung, Felix: Op. cit., November vol. II, 29, 1892. See Frank: Ibid. 228p. 71 if. Gerlach, Heilmut von: "Vom deutsehen Antisemitismus," Patria! Jahrbuch NOTES AND REFERENCES 229 ii.12. Croner, Johannes: Die Geschichte derFrankfurtGeschichteland 'Hilfe' (Berlin, am1904 des 1909), Main, Neuen (Berlin), pp.1930), Deutschen 131 p. p.154.if. 59. Cf. Kairerreiches—Das also Ziekursch, Johannes: Zeitalter WilhelmPolitLsche II agrarischen Bewegurtg in Deutsch- 16.15.14.13. Stoecker'sSalomon,Harden,Bachem, Maximilian: Karl: Felix:speech Op of cit.,February vol. II, 28, p. 1893.75.Zukunft (Berlin, April 29, 1893), p. 198. Vorgeschichte, Geschichte und Politik des deutschen "Fürst Bismarck und der Antiremitismus," Die (Frank: Op. cit., p. 235.) 18.17. "Stichwahlen,"From the unpublished Vorwärts, memoirs Berlin, of June ProfessorZentrumspartei,theOp. 26, Christian cit.,1893. Huepeden; p. 237. 9 vols. made (Köln, accessible 1927—1932), to, and vol. quoted V, pp. by,272, Frank, 352. Walter: Social Reichstag member 19. The Kai.serrejch was subdivided intobutgionsonedrawn 397 nomember called constituenciessuchup on revisionsfor tothe theadjustment basis Reichstag. were of the made of censusthe Population under original of the 1864. boundariesKaLserreich. Each constituency of Thus,electoral in elected shifts from rural to urban re (Wahlkreise), industrial districts 20. There are hardly two reference worksgeometry"provinces,centersservatives, which it tookgive workeddepopulated the many chief against more reason by votes thethe for Socialexodus to its elect not Democratic into beinga candidate the corrected. cities. Party than "Electoral and in for the Con- identical figures on elec- the agrarian district tagdatesdifferences,toraldidates group whovotes ofhadelected mostlyor the campaignedstrength big on insignificant, party an ofanti-Semitic nearestfor party one result representationparty,to it platform sometimesin joined, character whenwould fromin and the elected, theoften aims. fact jointhe that the candi- Reichstag. The Thus, can- Reichs- Con- largerservatives.ofservative candidates(Gerlach, Conservative Reichstag They whoHeilmut preferred, had mansiongroup. von:campained asThis"Vom which von happened deutschenGerlach asthey anti-Semites regarded especiallyput Antisemitismus," it, "toas tied more findin up1893. ansolid with be. cit., p. abode in the A numberafterthe all." Con- 154.) wouldnumber"Baronmentions indicate. of von votes the Langen anti-SemiticTheodor cast for (Stralsund-Rugen),The Fritsch,members candidatesstrength analyzing of of the who the anti-Semitic anti-Semiticvontiedthe 1893upDallwitz with elections vote was in therefore greater the Conservatives:Reichstag(Ost-Priegnitz), group than the detail, ofelected—allRother these(Marienberg-Zschoppen), in by(Ohlau-Nimptsch-Strehlen), completeand German-Socials similar agreement post election [anti-Semites] with Sachsse shiftsthe von German-Social (Nossen-Döbeln), Fritsch andWeideck Conservatives." estimates (Cottbus), program Jakobskotter von the anti-Semitic On the basisand jointly (Erfurt) Herder 230 remaineded.,Geschichtevote Leipzig, in the der 1893, anti-Semitic antisemitischen Reichstag Bewegung," group. Antisemiten-Katechismus, (Fritsch,as highTheodor: as 400,000, "Kurze 25th instead of the 263,000 cast for candidates who pp. 345 if.) NOTES AND REFERENCES 21. A party had to have at least 15 Reichstagpartynotrepresentedindependent proposemembers Fraktionen inlegislation. group tocommittees beto actrecognized(Fraktion). as It "host" wasand ato Onlytoparliamentary submit minor such bills;groups a group an custom or individual individualwas for entitled the deputy representa-established to couldbeing as an 22. The rapid decline of liberalism causedliamentbelongingowntives, the Fraktion. the Progressiveand Wildeto electionthe The "host" (Mavericks) "guests" memberstatistics party. (Hospitanten) This, of (seeif they too,Note did accounts 20). not were succeed for sometimes discrepancies in forming counted in their as par- the 49ofLiberalsoldenReichstag, thein the Progresstimes in Reichstag, Theodorthe if Prussian oneParty, Barth,hears liberalism which Diet todayto and writethen altogether 155that hadin in1905:in 72 the 1874 seats commandedReicbstag. "It there soundsin the PrussianWithlike the membersDiet and were 182 National a solid majority a fairy-tale of 28. The Polish Party (Potenpartei) sentvaryingpp.thirty a(Barth, representation if.) years in Theodor: strength ago in to "Derthebetween the Prussian PolitikerReichstag 13 (1887) asHeinrich well and as B.ickert," 20in the(1907) Reich Patria!, members. parliament." Berlin, It 1905, was languageingtheanthe politicalwith aggressiveeastern his obligatory organizationKulturkampf provinces anti-Polish in the where of against public the policy; the Polish schoolGermanGerman first population systemculturally, Catholicism,and Polish and in Germany's byeliminating element Bismarckmaking "Ostmark," thethe pursued Germaninflu- met. Coincid- population,nomically,estatesence of andthe byhowever, Polish-speakingsettlingproviding stood themCaprivi's government its with groundCatholic attempt German fundswell, clergy to peasants.establishfor in buying school friendlierThe matters; Polish-speaking relations later with the Polish up Polish-owned group eco- theenceOstmarkenvereinwas1914 recruiting sabotagedReich it had policy stations over by was toward Bismarck50,000 forfounded; Nazism. the members. andeastern ultranationalistic, Wilhelm Afterprovinces WorldII. in it WarBismarck'sendeavored I it became spirit. In In 1894 the Deutscher to influ- one of 24. Heilmut von Gerlach was presentRechtsagainstthe atcalled Conservative nachthe together constitution. Links, Partyin toe. order cit.,whom The to relevantget Hammerstein their passages approval toward of of Gerlach's the end of pp. 184 if.), read: a meeting of leading members of an imminent conspiracy report (Von 1894 had Hammerstein. NOTES .AND REFERENCES. . immediately told us: "I have just come from 231 whichwasConservativesferedCountdeclare the the HammersteinEiilenburg occasion chancellorship.the general support for[then had franchise givinghim Prussian wanted He in thehisis invalid."ready planinorderPrime 1892! toto to Minister].have Thisaccept shoot thewas theit Bundesrat the providedHe workers coup has been d'etat, atthat down once of-all this otherscorporativeveiledclosure. noddedagreement: Then, arrangement Stoeckeragreement. he had tookItFirst for wasThen always the everyonethe clear floorI right let been that loose.in ofwas order Wilhelm indemocratic silentfavor to express underIIof stood substitutingsuffrage. histhe behind scarcelyimpact The athe of wholethe monstrous treacherous dis- agreement even amongEulenburg the Conservative and Hammerstein leaders.perialcoupplan. droppedBut d'etat Eulenburgblessing.the threat the had plan heof would notthewhen made never faced sure havewith beforehand dareddis- flirt that with he the idea of a had the im- 25. Cf. Ziekursch, Johannes: Op cit., militarism.andreappearedStaatsstreich, induced at itofall to anmajor make open political ever-increasingviolation crises, of the haunted constitution, concessions the democratic of to an nationalism army opposition, rebellion, and p. 74.