1. Theof Germany's term "Mitteistand" social structure.INTRODUCTION isdifficult "Mitteistand" to translate means because more of thethan peculiarities an income mentionedequalityandgroup caste.income, comparable of German criterionsocial and status to possessingconservatism is "lower essential. and middleoccupation, rights The regarded class." landed not of enjoyed as approximatelyItaristocracy, acontains Stand by a concepts groupothers.the equal officerdefined The propertyof corps,status last- by thisuseentitledtheEnglish clergy,thestudy termto theandcertain but "middle term Americanalso privileges "middlethe classes" artisan, studies byclass" to virtuethe oncorrespond (sometimessmallGermany's of Stand. merchant, to "Mittel.stand."social "bourgeoisie" and structure petty Throughoutorsometimesofficial"middle felt challengedbanking,otherclasses")consistency modem isand the usedis whichnotnations,supremacy to applied designate on represented the ofwith thebasis the regard old socialof ruling the wealth,to intereststhegroups forces. term knowledge, which, "Mitteistand"; Theof industry, same in Germanyandterminological trade,whereeducation asand the in 2. Fichte,p."loweremphasisandcurity 288. commerce, ofmiddleJohann"They possession.is on classes" enjoyGottlieb:the freedom economic Itthe isis Des cunningsometimesthey from Geschlossnecharacteristics who supervision of clamor substituted.acquisition Handelsstaatincessantly ofand Mitteistand morepolice, forthan (Tubingen, freedomfreedom groups, they do fromtheof the1800), trade tenn se- all 4.3. Lamprecht,Valentin,2vol.order vois. X, and (Berlin,p. Veit:481.ethics." Karl: 1930), Geschichte Deutsche vol. I, desGeschichte,pp. 344—5,Deutschen 397.12 Revolutionvols.(Berlin, von 1920—1922),1848—1849, 209 CHAPTER I 1. TheputIn(Hamburg), the thefour debate Jewish Jewish Veit on group membersthe (Berlin), draftunder ofof Kurandaspecial athe constitution 1848 legislation. (Vienna), National Riesser and Assembly Hartmanndefeated were a (Vienna).motion Riesser to 4.3.2. TheMaxDubnow,gives(Jerusalem, Fortschrittspartei Wirth's a vivid Simon: 1988), Geschjchtepicture Die vol. of(Progress Neueste theIII, des Grundungpp. Handel.rkrisen GeschichteParty,345—6. inperiod. English des (Frankfurt Jüdischensometimes amVolkes. called Main, Radical 31874) vols. oftrade.fLiberalLiberals or military complete Its Party orfight expensesProgressists) andagainstdemocratic by waswell-known the was proposedso government, popular organized democratic reorganization that inreduction within 1861 leaders bysix of ofthe months the ofmilitarism, left army1848. wing it and hadIt ofstruggled and increasebecome the free old cessfültoBismarckcreasesConstitutionalthe the strongest idea warand and of withwar party parliamentarygaveConflict loansAustria in in the with requested(1862—1866) lowerin a 1866government consequent chamber by the the rightit refusedgovernment,of lossin thewinggeneral. of Prussian toprestige of support theAfter but partyDiet. to wasPrussia'sthe the During supported budget defiedparty suc- and thein-by marck'snewlyPrussianNorthBismarck's Germanacquired leadership. Diet foreign as Federation provinces the and The National military new thewho party groupParty. policy,supported which was In seceded the joined nationalthus Constituent and emergedby establishedliberalsunification Reichstagcalled from itselfunder itself Prussia's ofin Bis-Na- the 5. Theopposition."Sartoriusdomestictional depression Liberal. vonaffairs Walterhausen, Itslasted the leader Nationaluntil was 1879; August: the Liberals itHanoverian was Zeittafeln followedreserved Rudolfzur bythe Wirtschaf-tsgeschichte a right weakvon toBennigsen.recovery. be a "loyal Cf. In 6. Thesivelyrevolution.buch(Halberstadt, Conservative des aristocratic. Staatswi$senschaften, It was1927), Party Prussian,Untilp. had 62; well beenAlso monarchical, after vol. foundedSpiethoif, Bismarck's 6, 4th in ed. agrarian, Arthur:1848, (Jena,unification to "Krisen," andorganize1925), originally of pp. GermanyHandworter- the 53 counter- if.exclu- the withConservativesIn athe rising course middle had of littlethe class. party's taste for history, a 210Reich it went in which through they a were number to share of schisms power twoThefeudalwhich chambersrelations aristocracyreflected ofof thethe experienced variousPrussiandifficultiesNOTES wings ANDDiet in of a as andrapidlyREFERENCESadjustment well factions as changing in the whichof Reichstagthe capitalist Conservativesthe party are environment. confusing.of a insemi-21 the I situation.oneConservatives,1896,Unfortunately, and p. the275.)(Cf. same," thatRichter, the all advicedoes conservative Eugen: not of doEugen Politischesjustice varieties Richter, to the ABCbe theintricacies considered liberal Buch, opponent 8thof as the "essentiallyed., political Berlin, of the loyalLikeDietConservatives,In 1866,as thesupporters the National whenFree-Conservatives, too, in the Liberalsall broke National questions ranks. the LiberalsFree-Conservatives inofA thenationalmoderate Reichstag split and fromgroup, foreign as the Reichspartei,wereknown Progress policy. the in Chancellor's the Party, seceded.Prussian the right1872betweentheThe Prussian wing,to Old 1879 the Conservativesor Old Diet.and to be Conservativeswas Their exact, caused mouthpiece ofmentioned theby andtheright refusalthe wasinwing Newthe the of oftext Conservatives theKreuzzeitung.the consisted Kreuzzeitung Conservative of lastedThe the faction group party'sschism from into Partyofsupport AfterFor1874, (1876).the Bismarckthe they purpose Old constituted Conservatives inof histhis fight study themselves against ithad did been notthe anew seemCatholics.almost in necessary the wiped German out to intax Conservative the the election reader's 7. Theticallyizedits"thememory members CatholicConservatives"in destroyed1870—71, with wereCenter all these during afterseated Party,in developments.the an thein textnamedearlier the Constitutional refers center Catholicnot toUnlessfor of right-wing politicalthe party Conflict. otherwiseReichstag in but Conservatives.Prussia technicalThe specified, hall—was Centerhad beenreasons— the hadorgan- prac-term its greaterdeathstronglyCatholicmain strengthof concessions itsunderterritories. outstanding in the Bavaria, influence Into nationalism.the leader the first ofRhineland, Ludwig twoa conservative-aristocratic decadesThe Windthorst Catholicand ofUpper its Centerexistence, (1891), Silesia, Party thewing.predominantly the partyhad party After impor- made was the 8. Marr,character,latter'skatholischetant auxiliaries W[ilhelm]: influence though Deutschland) in the Derthe party CatholicclericalSieg somewhatanddes element People's Judentumsin the changed Christianremained Association uber its dastradeoverwhelmingly strictly Germanentum.(Volksverein unions. denominational Under fürstrong. Vom dasthe group"thethan1879).nichtLegends sonhisconfessionellen of friends. ofradical have an actor grownDubnow journalists Standostracized, up (Op. aroundpunkt withcit., ausbecause Marr's whom vol.betrachtet. origin,III, heof dishonorableusedp. Vaespread430) to Victis!, reportsmeet." by his conduct,6th Elbogencriticsthat ed. he (Bern, rather bywas (A a 212 beenvol.scendantManCentury I, ais "Antisemitism,"converted also of JewishJews." credited Jew." TheLife, NOTESwith Universalpp.Other Philadelphia, 341having AND sources if.) Jewish REFERENCES coinedmentions still 1945, Encyclopedia givethe thatP. term, him 703) Marr a anti-Semitism. Jewish (New callswas "said MarrYork,mother, to "a1939, have(Cf. etc.de- 9. MarrconsequencestheHistory"Antisemitismus,"Universal author states of Jewish theof that theJews,of it Encyclopedia.) Jewish new Encyclopediawas vol. term.as emancipation,"II, early P. 287) AccordingJudaica,as 1863 Man Berlin, thatanor to ErnesteventBaron he 1928; became that(ARenan andSocial was "aroused "Antisemitism,"may to and happen have Religious by been thesix 10.11. Marr,wastheyears emancipation not later.W[ilhelm]:W.: undone Des The Sieg contradictionduring of Der thedes Judenspiegel theJews Judentums, restoration. tookresults place (Hamburg,frombc. duringcit., the fact the 1863). that,revolution in Marr's of 1848 opinion, and 13.12. InForp.agitators,see a46), theLeolater Marrsignificance Lowenthal'spamphlet, Prophets wrote Vomofthat of and Deceit the hejudischen Norbert recurringwas (New mistaken Guterman'sKriegsschauplatz York, theme 1949).in of believingp. doomstudy 39. (3rdinof thatmodernAmerican ed., Russia Bern, agitation fascist might1879, 15.14. Mars,Inrampantinsupport VomRussia W.: Germanyjüdischen in will Der Russia alsoSieg in open Ksiegsschauplatz thandes her Judentums, Russianfighthere.. against . legislation. It boo. goesJewry.p. 27, cit. without to Man"Socialp. Israel." 43. returns saying 'nihilism' to that his isa basic revolutioneven com-more 19.18.17.16. Mars,Ottoplaint.Ibid.,Man, Glagau, W.:p.W.: 29. VomDes a talentedSiegjudischen des political Judentums, Kriegsschauplatz, publicist, bc. cit., is lee. said p. cit.32. to p.have 29. lost his property aversioneralismuswrotein(republished Gründet a critique to und speculations.the asdie new aof "Reaktion,"book National era inof Besides 1878capitalism Liberalism, which under the expresses series asthe isDer same toof Bankerotibe thearticles title found same and in culturalin des widelythe the Nationallib-Gartenlaube writings and read), moral ofhe theliberal,Judenherrschaft,Nationalliberalismus, Catholiceducated anti-Semitic publicistMitteistand. Munich, magazine, Leipzig,Constantin