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Alzahrani 2018 Dissertation.Docx THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN: AN EXPLORATION OF ISLAMIC LAW IN KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND HOW IT COMPARES TO THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS SET BY THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND CO-OPERATION IN RESPECT OF INTER- COUNTRY ADOPTION by Ohud Alzahrani BA of Islamic Law, Princess Norah University, 2009 LL.M., Pace University, School of Law, 2014 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Pittsburgh School of Law in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of S.J.D. (Doctor of Juridical Science) University of Pittsburgh 2018 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF LAW This dissertation was presented by Ohud Ali Alzahrani It was defended on February 8, 2018 and approved by Jessie Allen, School of Law, University of Pittsburgh Jeanette S. Jouili, Religious Studies, University of Pittsburgh Dissertation Advisor: Sheila Vélez Martínez, School of Law, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Ohud Ali Alzahrani 2018 iii THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN: AN EXPLORATION OF ISLAMIC LAW IN KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA AND HOW IT COMPARES TO THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS SET BY THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND CO-OPERATION IN RESPECT OF INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION Ohud Ali Alzahrani, S.J.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2018 Abstract This dissertation contains three main interrelated discussions. First, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is provided as a case study of show how it could be incorporated into the Hague Convention for the international placement of Muslim orphaned children (at Chapter 2). Second, the main discussion considers that clarification is needed to help the Convention of 29 May 1993 on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (HCCH) better understand the rules of Kafala as required under Islamic law in accordance with the Qur’an and Sunna (at Chapter 3). Consequently, the last discussion contends that some Muslim nations practice Kafala fostering in various adherence to Islamic law, adding to misrepresentations in international understanding of Kafala. Thus, this affects and causes confusion for member nations of the HCCH about what would serve as appropriate adaptations of the convention (at Chapter 4). Therefore, this study concentrates overall on how the HCCH of 1993 and 1996 can be used to unify and streamline the acceptance of the fostering of Muslim orphaned children through Kafala in much of the international community by clarifying the rules as delineated under Islamic law and using the practice of Kafala within the KSA as the subject of a case study. This clarification will serve to guide the immigration standards of the HCCH in regard to Kafala as an instrument of private international law. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................................................................................................. xiii 1.0 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THIS DISSERTATION ............................................. 1 1.1 PREAMBLE .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 What is Kafala? Types of Kafala in Arabic Utilization ................................. 2 1.1.2 Islamic Law Definition of Kafala. .................................................................. 4 1.1.3 Legal Definitions of Adoption Shared by Most Parties to the HCCH. ........... 5 1.2 THE MECHANISMS OF BOTH SYSTEMS ....................................................... 7 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Kafala .................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Mechanisms of Adoption ................................................................................ 9 1.3 THE STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS................................................................. 12 1.4 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 13 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE.................................................................................................. 14 1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR ADVOCATING A SOLUTION ................................... 15 1.7 BRIEF OUTLINE OF STUDY CHAPTERS (STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH) ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 28 1.8.1 Literature Review.......................................................................................... 28 1.8.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................. 29 2.0 CHAPTER 2: GENERAL BACKGROUND ON THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA’S AUTHORITY UNDER ISLAMIC LAW AND THE ADOPTION ALTERNATIVE’S RULES.......................................................................................................... 31 v 2.1 PREAMBLE ........................................................................................................ 31 2.1.1 Why is the Practice of Kafala in the KSA More Consistent with Islamic Law and What Makes It Worthwhile to Compare to an International Convention Over Other Muslim Nations? ................................................................................................ 32 2.1.2 Why Can KSA Not Join the HCCH to Deal with Orphaned Children? ....... 36 2.1.3 Why Is It Valuable to Understand the Government and Authority Structures of KSA Especially as It Relates to Kafala “Fostering”? ............................ 37 2.2 THE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE IN KSA ............................ 40 2.2.1 The Holy Book, “Qur’an” ............................................................................ 40 2.2.2 Sunna............................................................................................................. 40 2.2.3 Ijma, Consensus Agreement of the Muslim Scholars ................................... 41 2.2.4 Qiyas, analogy............................................................................................... 41 2.3 THE COMMON DOCTRINE IN KSA ............................................................... 41 2.4 KSA’S JUDICIAL POWER: STATE AUTHORITIES ...................................... 43 2.4.1 The Executive Branch ................................................................................... 43 2.4.2 The Legislative (Regulatory) Branch ............................................................ 44 2.4.3 The Judicial Branch ...................................................................................... 47 2.4.3.1 Ordinary Court System ......................................................................... 47 2.4.3.2 The Board of Grievances System (Courts) ........................................... 53 2.5 THE HISTORY OF ADOPTION IN ISLAMIC LAW PRACTICE ................... 55 2.5.1 Pre-Islam (Jahiliyyah) ................................................................................... 55 2.5.2 Pre-prohibition Adoption in Islam ................................................................ 56 2.5.3 Post-Prohibition Adoption in Islam .............................................................. 57 vi 2.5.3.1 The Objective of Prohibiting Adoption in Islam (Why?) ..................... 57 2.5.3.2 Conditions Making One Unmarriageable ............................................. 58 2.5.3.3 Three Explicit Verses from the Qur’an Revealed to Prohibit Adoption .............................................................................................................. 60 2.6 FATWA PROVISIONS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW REGARDING BREASTFEEDING, FOUNDLINGS, PROHIBITING ADOPTION AND THE GREAT REWARD OF THE KAFALA, "FOSTERING" ORPHANED CHILDREN ..................... 62 2.7 ORPHANS’ RIGHTS UNDER ISLAMIC LAW................................................ 75 2.7.1 The Significance of the Rights ...................................................................... 75 2.7.1.1 Right of Custody and Child Support .................................................... 75 2.7.1.2 The Right of Education ......................................................................... 75 2.7.1.3 Inheritance Rights ................................................................................. 76 2.7.2 Welfare of Orphans Set Out in the Qur’an and Sunna ................................. 77 2.8 THE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN KSA AND FOSTER CARE: THE RULES OF KAFALA FOR ORPHANED CHILDREN AND (AL-LAQIT) FOUNDLINGS ..................................................................................................................... 82 2.8.1 The Bureaucratic Structures of KSA Concerning Children Rights to Protection Generally..................................................................................................... 83 2.8.2 Organizations Contributing to KSA's Protection of Orphaned Children Domestically ................................................................................................................ 87 2.8.3 International Instruments and Treaties Ratified and Acceded by Royal Decree in KSA ............................................................................................................. 87 3.0 HAGUE CONVENTION AND INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION RULES .............. 90 vii 3.1 PREAMBLE ........................................................................................................ 90 3.1.1 What is the Significance of the HCCH as the Focus of this Study? ............. 91 3.1.2 Proposed Study (A Hypothetical Cases) ......................................................
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