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Introduction Notes Introduction 1 The Historie of Troylus and Cressida. As it was acted by the Kings Maiesties seruants at the Globe. Written by William Shakespeare (London: G. Eld for R. Bonion and H. Walley, 1609), sig. A2. 2 The OED dates the use of `commodity' to mean `a thing of use or advantage to mankind; esp. in pl. useful products, material advantages, elements of wealth', to 1400 (OED 5). 3 Shakespeare, The Poems, ed. John Roe (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), Dedication of Venus and Adonis to Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton, line 11. The import- ant new editions of the narrative poems edited by Colin Burrow and Katherine Duncan-Jones unfortunately were not published in time for me to consult them for this book. On the publication history of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece see F. T. Prince (ed.), Shakespeare, The Poems (1960, The Arden Shakespeare; London and New York: Routledge, 1988): pp. xi±xx; Roe (ed.), Shakespeare, The Poems, pp. 287±92, and Harry Farr, `Notes on Shakespeare's Printers and Publishers with Special Reference to the Poems and Hamlet', The Library,4th series, 3:4 (March 1923): 225±50. 4 My figures are based on the table of Shakespeare quartos printed in The Shakspere Allusion-Book: A Collection of Allusions to Shakspere from 1591±1700 eds. C. M. Ingleby, L. Toulmin Smith, F. J. Furnivall et al. (London: Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press, 1932), 2 vols, vol. 2, pp. 520±3. 5 My figures are based on Peter Beal (ed.), Index of Literary Manuscripts. Volume 1: 1450±1625, part 2 (London and New York: Mansell and R. R. Bowker Com- pany, 1980), pp. 452±63 and p. 633. 6 Shakspere Allusion-Book: A Collection of Allusions to Shakspere from 1591 to 1700, vol. 2, p. 540. Lucrece is not far behind Venus and Adonis in amassing 25 allusions before 1649, ahead of Othello's 19 allusions; 1 and 2 Henry IV com- bined achieve 38 allusions, Romeo and Juliet 36, and Falstaff (treated by the compilers as a separate category) 32. For an overview of the early modern vogue of Venus and Adonis and Lucrece, see Hyder Edward Rollins, (ed.), A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Poems (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1938), pp. 447±61. 7 See for instance Wai-Chee Dimock, `Feminism, New Historicism, and the Reader', American Literature 63:4 (1991): 601±22; reprinted in Readers and Reading, ed. Andrew Burnett (London: Longman, 1995): 122±31, p. 123. 8 The history of the book is a rapidly expanding field of study, too extensive to document in one footnote. Kevin Sharpe's Reading Revolutions: The Politics of Reading in Early Modern England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000) provides an astute survey of the field (see esp. pp. 34±62); see also The Book History Reader, eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery (London and New York: Routledge, 2002); Jonathan Rose, `The History of 198 Notes 199 Books: Revised and Enlarged', in The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Haydn T. Mason (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1998): 83±104; Anthony Grafton, `Is the History of Reading a Marginal Enterprise? Guillaume Bude and his Books', Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 91 (1997): 139±57; J. P. Feather, `The Book in History and the History of the Book', Journal of Library History 21 (1981): 12±26; Robert Darnton, `What is the History of Books', Daedalus 3 (1982): 65±83, and chapter 1 of The Kiss of Lamourette. Reflections in Cultural History (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1990); also the seminal studies of Roger Chartier on the history of the book, esp. ed., The Order of Books: Readers, Authors and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Cam- bridge: Polity Press, 1994); Roger Chartier and Alain Boureau, eds., The Culture of Print: Power and the Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe, trans. Lydia G. Cochrane (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989); Roger Chartier and Gugliemo Cavallo, eds., A History of Reading in the West (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), and `Reading, Writing and Literature in the Early Modern Age', Critical Survey, special issue on `Reading in Early Modern England', 12:2 (winter 2000): 128± 42. For recent studies of reading in early modern England, see Sasha Roberts, `Reading in Early Modern England: Contexts and Problems', Critical Survey, special issue on `Reading in Early Modern England', 12:2 (winter 2000): 1±13; Elizabeth Sauer and Jennifer Anderson (eds.), Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); Eugene R. Kintgen, Reading in Tudor England (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996); William Sherman, John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst: University of Massachussetts Press, 1995); William nSherma and Lisa Jardine, `Pragmatic Readers: Knowledge Transactions and Scholarly Services in late Elizabeth England', in Religion, Culture, and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson (eds.) Anthony Fletcher and Peter Roberts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994): 102±24; Jason Scott-Warren, `News, Sociability, and Bookbuying in Early Modern England: The Letters of Sir Thomas Cornwallis', The Library, ser.7, vol. 1 (2000): 381±402; David R. Olson, The World on Paper: The Concep- tual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 143±59; and James Raven, Helen Small and Naomi Tadmor (eds.), The Practice and Representation of Reading in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Heidi Brayman Hackel's `Impressions from a Scribbling Age' (forthcoming) will deepen our understanding of early modern reading practices, while Adrian Johns provides a compelling account of early modern print culture in The Nature of the Book. Print and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Marjorie Plant's The English Book Trade: An Economic History of the Making and Sale of Books (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1939), H. S. Bennett's English Books and Readers, 1558±1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965) and English Books and Readers, 1603±40 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970) remain useful overviews. 9 Darnton, The Kiss of Lamourette, p. 110. 10Likewise Lori Humphrey Newcomb argues that anecdotal accounts of reading Pandosto `bring out social dynamics' more widely in `The Triumph of Time: The Fortunate Readers of Robert Greene's Pandosto'inTexts and Cultural 200 Notes Change in Early Modern England, eds. Cedric C. Brown and Arthur F. Marotti (Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan Press and St. Martin's Press, 1997): 95±123, p. 117. 11 Eugene R. Kintgen makes this distinction in `Reconstructing Elizabethan Reading', Studies in English Literature 30:1 (Winter 1990): 1±18, p. 18. 12 Sharpe, Reading Revolutions, p. 39. 13 Roger Chartier, `Labourers and Voyagers: From the Text to the Reader', Dia- critics 22 (summer 1992): 49±61, p. 50. For an adept analysis of the material forms of Shakespeare's plays see David Scott Kastan, Shakespeare and the Book (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 14 Neil Fraistat, `Introduction: The Place of the Book and the Book as Place', in Poems in Their Place: The Intertextuality and Order of Poetic Collections (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1986): 3±17; similarly Earl Miner argues that the orderings of collections `add a new sense, a new meaning' to their contents in `Some Issues for Study of Integrated Collections', in Poems in Their Place: 18±43, p. 18. For studies of the arrangement of poems by Jonson, Marvell, Donne, and Milton, see the essays by Annabel Patterson, John T. Shawcross, and Joseph Anthony Wittreich in Poems in Their Place. 15 See, for instance, F. T. Prince (ed.), Shakespeare, The Poems, p. xiii. On the casual treatment of later editions of Shakespeare's poems by editors see Henry Woudhuysen, `The Year's Contributions to Textual Studies: Editions and Textual Studies', Shakespeare Survey, 46 (1994): 241±58, p. 248. 16 John Kerrigan (ed.), Shakespeare, The Sonnets and A Lover's Complaint (1986; London: Penguin Books, 1995), p. 46. As Stephen Orgel remarks, we ought to be aware that early modern readers `noticed and valued things that we have taught ourselves to ignore' (`The Authentic Shakespeare', in Representations, 21 (winter 1988): 1±26, p. 4). 17 William London (ed.), A Catalogue of the Most Vendible Books in England (1658), sig. Ee4v. The catalogue also listed the `Rape of Lucretia. 8o' (sig. Ee4v), `Mr Shakspear's Playes. folio.', `King Leare, and his three Daughters, with the unfortunate life of Edgar. 4o', and `The life and death of Rich. the 2o. 4o' (sig. Ff1v). 18 Adrian Johns, The Nature of the Book, p. 378. As Johns remarks, `fixity exists only inasmuch as it is recognized and acted upon by people ± not otherwise' (p. 19). 19 Michael D. Bristol and Arthur F. Marotti, `Introduction', Print, Manuscript, Performance. The Changing Relations of the Media in Early Modern England, eds. Arthur F. Marotti and Michael D. Bristol (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000): 1±29, p. 6; Stephen Orgel, `Marginal Maternity: Reading Lady Anne Clifford's Mirror for Magistrates', forthcoming in Printing and Parenting in Early Modern England, ed. Douglas A. Brooks (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003). On marginalia in the early modern period see for instance Steven Zwicker, `Reading the Margins: Politics and the Habits of Appropriation' in Kevin Sharpe and Steven Zwicker (ed.), Refiguring Revolutions: Aesthetic and Politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998): 101±15; Stephen A. Barney, Annotation and its Texts (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); Sherman, John Dee, pp.
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