DOCSLIB.ORG

Roman Building 518

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roman Building 518 Roman building 518 583 Detail of a lead pipe supplying the baths of Julia Felix at Pompeii. The lengthways soldering can be seen, which seals the cylinder made of a rolled-up sheet of lead, and the circular soldering (left) which bonded it to the next pipe. 584 Just like ceramic products, lead pipes, particularly those with a large diameter, could be given a stamp indicating the monument they were intended for, the owner, the Civil engineering 519 manufacturer and, in the case of the aqueducts of Rome, the name of the emperor: Imp(eratoris) 585 Two sections of lead pipes with a large diameter, in the Museo Nazionale delle Terme in Rome. Two of them are complete and have preserved a part of the soldered rim connecting them to their neighbours. Length: 2.6m; vertical diameter: 25cm; horizontal diameter: 22cm. From Castel Porziano. 586 Stamp of Marcus Aurelius (139– 61) on a pipe. Roman building 520 587 Pipes made of terracotta tubes jointed and sealed with lime mortar at Ephesus. Caes(aris) Traj(ani) Hadriani Aug(usti) sub cura Petronii Surae proc(uratoris); Martialis ser(vus) fe(cit).60 It is curious to see here, running contrary to the segregation of slavery, that equality was re-established in a manufacturing mark which brought together the name of the all-powerful emperor, that of the aedile and that of the slave- manufacturer of the product. Lead pipes of the urban water system at Pompeii were more simple and carried a mark showing where they belonged: (usibis) publ(icis) Pompe(ianorum). Lead had only one disadvantage, but one which was particularly restrictive for modest provincial municipalities—its rather high cost. The raw material itself was difficult to obtain61 and its preparation required a highly-skilled workforce; this is why it was replaced by other materials, principally ceramic pipes. These tubes had a constriction at one end for fitting into one another; they usually had a large diameter, 13 to 20cm, and were 45 to 70cm long. The connections were made watertight by lime mortar, which Vitruvius recommended should be kneaded with oil to increase its impermeability (VIII, 6) (fig. 587). The author of the Ten Books was also distrustful of lead piping, which he accused of poisoning the water (wrongly in fact),62 confusing it with white lead (cerussa), a carbonate of lead used as a white pigment, which is in fact a dangerous poison.63 In wooded areas it was still more economical to use wood to make pipes. Not only could channels be carved from half-logs, but proper pipes were made by hollowing out Civil engineering 521 straight trunks using drills with a very long bit, in all probability identical to those used by ‘well-sinkers’ of mountainous regions right up until the twentieth century. The junctions between two wooden pipes were made by leather collars or metal pieces, the whole thing possibly being contained in a drilled block of stone and enclosed in a guttering lined with clay. An installation of this type has been found in the supply to the monumental fountain at Argentomagus (St-Marcel, Indre)64 (fig. 588). Returning now to Pompeii to follow the progress of the piping: from the main water distribution centre pipes radiated out, buried approximately 60cm under the pavements, then entered a series of secondary water towers intended to break the pressure caused by the significant change in level (figs 589, 590, 591). The principle adopted was that of stepped siphons, i.e. the same as that of the levels created to break the impetus of the torrents. The need to keep the water in watertight pipes forced the hydraulic engineers to install a series of masonry columns along the course of each branch emanating from the water distribution centre. These contained rising and falling pipes and supported a lead tank, the castellum plumbeum, at the top, in which the water lost its pressure before being distributed into the urban supply. The first column, placed 139m from the front of the castellum, was already 7m lower, and the builders, who were not very accurate in their levelling, built it to more or less the same height; probably realizing their 588 The monumental fountain at Argentomagus (St-Marcel, Indre). The four pillars in the basin supported a roof. The supply, at least in its final state, arrived via a wooden pipe under the steps. Roman building 522 589 A secondary water-tower of the supply network at Pompeii (VI, 16) (height: 7m). At the top of the masonry pillar was a lead tank with a lid, supplied by pipes housed in a groove on the upstream side; the outflow pipes were located in the groove downstream (visible in the photo) and then went under the pavement; one of them supplied the fountain. Civil engineering 523 590 The Arch of Caligula at one end of the via di Mercurio at Pompeii. The structure served as a secondary water- tower, the lead pipes being housed in conduits made in the masonry piers. Two fountains, demolished in 62, were located at the foot of it. mistake, they gave a greater discharge to the other pillars. Thirteen of them65 have been found distributed over the whole city, each one having a height such that the water arrived at its base at a pressure between 1.5 to 2 kg/cm2. In order to allow maintenance of the system, taps, above the distribution points, made it possible to interrupt the current, while the different basins, reservoirs and fountains were provided with a means of drainage. In view of the division into three of the castellum at Pompeii, it is tempting to presume a distribution of water conforming to the recommendation made Roman building 524 591 Secondary water-tower in the Forum Baths at Pompeii, incorporated into the external wall of the building in the course of the developments in the Julio-Claudian period. 592 The communal latrines were constant consumers of water and formed part of the developments of public spaces, as at the forica of the Forum Baths at Ostia. A flow of water Civil engineering 525 circulated under the seats at the bottom of the peripheral ditch. A fountain on the right-hand wall catered for ablutions and allowed a flow of water to run into the gutters of the paving. by Vitruvius (VIII, 6). He advocated, for fairness, dividing the castellum into three basins situated at different levels (or one single basin with pipes staggered in height coming out of it), with three destinations: 1 A level that was permanently supplied, even in the dry season, providing water for the domestic use of private individuals (fountains and houses). 2 A middle level supplying public monuments (baths). 3 An upper level, the first to be cut off in the event of a lowering of water level, leading to fountains or basins and to water spouts 593 Fountain of a domus, with a mosaic and shell decoration at the House of the Large Fountain, Pompeii (VI, 8, 22). These small structures were connected to the public main. Roman building 526 594 The large nymphaeum of the villa of the Quintilii, on the via Appia between Rome and Bovillae, built in the third century AD. The large apse containing the basin was covered over with a half-dome. The right-hand part of the structure is concealed by a medieval construction; a special aqueduct, as at the Villa dei Sette Bassi, supplied the building. (lacus et salientes)66 (figs 592, 593, 594). This automatic distribution, itself varying with changes of level, could have been replaced by a sluice-gate system maintained by the municipality, but it is possible that the reliability of the supply did not make such a precaution necessary and there is no conclusive evidence surviving to be certain whether Pompeii did or did not ration its supply. Whatever the case, it was the public fountains that got the largest share of the water from the urban supply since forty have been found, almost all intact, over the uncovered three-fifths of the city. They were distributed as evenly as possible so that they were a distance of 70 to 80m apart; the people of the neighbourhood thus always had access to water less than 40m from their homes. The appearance of these fountains does not vary very much: a rectangular trough built half across the pavement, half across the roadway, made up of four dressed slabs, almost always lava67 held together by iron cramps sealed with lead (figs 595, 596). The water came through a lead pipe rising from inside a stone placed on the pavement side, and ran into the trough through a sculpted motif. These motifs always differed from one fountain to another (fig. 597). Vertical water-proofing was ensured by a fixed string- Civil engineering 527 course of pink mortar, poured into a channel dug into the joint between each slab (fig. 598). 595 A public fountain at Pompeii, decorated with a head of Mercury. The supply pipe came out of the figure’s mouth. The overflow channel is visible on the top of the rim, and, at a lower level, the outflow of the drainage hole VI, 8. Roman building 528 596 Cross-section and plan of a public fountain at Pompeii (via di Stabia, VII, 1). Civil engineering 529 597 Pompeii: a fountain on the Via dell’Abbondanza (VII, 14). As the back edge stone has disappeared, the hole through which the supply pipe passed is visible. 598 Detail of the jointing of two dressed stone slabs in the trough of a public fountain at Pompeii, showing the channel into which was poured the string-course of mortar for Roman building 530 waterproofing and the sealant for an iron clamp (IX, 9) 599 Basin of a public fountain at Pompeii (at the crossroads of the via dell’Abbondanza and the via di Stabia) showing the lining covering the bottom, placed on bricks, and the watertight edging round the sides.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Line of Title
    STONE ARCH BRIDGES: AN UNDERUTILIZED TECHNOLOGY IN THE MODERN UNITED STATES by Nicholas R. DiNardo A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Civil Engineering 2019 Summer © 2019 Nicholas R. DiNardo All Rights Reserved STONE ARCH BRIDGES: AN UNDERUTILIZED TECHNOLOGY IN THE MODERN UNITED STATES by Nicholas R. DiNardo Approved: __________________________________________________________ Michael J. Chajes, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Sue McNeil, Ph.D, Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Levi T. Thompson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Engineering Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate & Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take the time to thank all of my friends and family. Without their support, this paper may not have made it to the table or screen in front of you. Who are we without the ones we love? I’d also like to thank all of the professionals in the field whom I contacted for information, the many researches whose work I cited, and especially all the great professors at the University of Delaware who have taught and guided me to the finish line. Special shout-out to Dr. Chajes for believing in me and helping me throughout my graduate career. Finally, there is one more person I’d like to thank. Thank you, David, for being one of the greatest friends that I have ever had.
    [Show full text]
  • Map 15 Arelate-Massalia Compiled by S
    Map 15 Arelate-Massalia Compiled by S. Loseby, 1995 Introduction Map 15 Arelate–Massalia Map 16 Colonia Forum Iulii–Albingaunum All the French départements covered here were treated in the CAGR series, beginning with its first volume, Alpes-Maritimes, in 1931. Its successor CAG is far more comprehensive, although unfortunately both maps were compiled before publication of the relevant volumes. Some references to them are incorporated in the Directories, however. Provence and Languedoc have in recent years been among the most dynamic regions of France in archaeological terms. As well as the periodic entries in Gallia Informations, the archaeology of the region sustains a series of journals, notably the Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise, Documents d’Archéologie Méridionale, Bulletin d’Archéologie de Provence, Archéologie en Languedoc,andRevue des Etudes Ligures/Rivista di Studi Liguri.A comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the ancient history and archaeology of the region is lacking (Rivet 1988 is the best single work available); Bromwich (1993) at least provides a basic guide to the principal Greek and Roman remains. Of the numerous sites known exclusively from archaeology, only those significant enough to have attracted at least an article-length study are marked. The whole span from early Greek engagement with the region (c. 600 B.C.) is covered, up until c. A.D. 500; locations mentioned only in works associated with Caesarius of Arles are therefore excluded. From Cap Couronne eastwards (see La Couronne, Map 15 E3), the Provençal coastline appears to be little altered since antiquity, while on the western side of Map 15 the evolution of the shores of Languedoc has largely been gradual and minor–involving the shifting and consolidation of the sandbars which now separate the coastal étangs (lagoons) from the sea, but which seem to have been less developed in antiquity.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Patrimoine En Pays De Lunel
    patrimoine 4 Le musée médard 5 Le musée 7 Le site archéoLogique 8 ViaVino de La tour des Prisons d’ambrussum Le musée Médard à Lunel est un lieu dédié au Le pôle oenotouristique Viavino à St Christol, er livre, à l’histoire de ses collections et aux arts En poussant la porte de l’Office de Tourisme Plongez au I siècle de l’histoire, à la à l’architecture éco-responsable, vous et métiers liés au patrimoine écrit. du Pays de Lunel, vous pourrez désormais découverte de la civisation gallo-romaine propose de découvrir l’univers du vin de gravir les marches de cette ancienne et visitez le musée de site et les vestiges façon ludique : histoire du territoire et de ses tour seigneuriale devenue prison pendant archéologiques lors d’une balade au parfum vignerons, culture de la vigne, dégustations les guerres de religion. de garrigue ! par une oenologue sommelière, animations et La visite se fait avec une lampe torche, soirées au théâtre de verdure ! accessoire qui permet de jouer avec la appréciez une architecture durable où Le patrimoine lumière rasante pour bien observer les transparence et matériaux expriment, avec graffitis. plus de 300 inscriptions ont été beauté et sobriété, l’identité d’un lieu dédié à en Pays de Lunel découvertes sur les murs, le sol et les l’oenotourisme… menuiseries, témoignages émouvants de la promenez-vous au milieu de notes olfactives, souffrance des détenus : « offre moi le arômes floraux, fruités ou épicés. Découvrez la repos », « selui qui paserat ici et que sortirat culture de la bouvine et ses traditions, dégustez libre irat chez madame le pordel lui donne le bonjour de achille » font partie des nombreux messages qui cohabitent avec les dessins de croix, d’ostensoirs, de blasons, de Constituées autour de l’exceptionnel cabinet traversé par la plus ancienne route construite à du bibliophile Louis médard, les collections cœurs, ou de soleil gravés par les prisonniers jusqu’en 1917.
    [Show full text]
  • L'aqueduc Romain De Nîmes Et Le Pont Du Gard
    MEMENTO L’aqueduc romain de Nîmes et le Pont du Gard Les Techniques de construction romaines Fiches de préparation enseignant LES FONCTIONS DE L’AQUEDUC Fonctions utilitaires I Alimenter en eau la ville de Nîmes, notamment les thermes et fontaines publiques I Assainir la ville : drainer le réseau d'égouts I Lutter contre l'incendie à Nîmes I Accroître les ressources en eau pour l'artisanat urbain en particulier les blanchisseries Fonctions symboliques I Valeur symbolique de l'eau, aqueduc synonyme de prestige, d'accession aux modes de vie "à la romaine" LES REPERES CHRONOLOGIQUES Date de construction I Vers 50 après J.C, pendant l'occupation romaine sous le règne de l'Empereur Claude Fonctionnement On distingue trois phases : I Une période de réglage (15 premières années environ) I Une période de fonctionnement optimale de 140 ans environ (l'analyse des dépôts calcaires accumulés sur les parois de la canalisation indiquent la dégradation de la qualité des eaux transitées) I Une période d'abandon progressif au cours du IIIème siècle avec piquages d'eau par les paysans (se rapporter aux gros amas de concrétions calcaires formés à l'extérieur du canal au niveau des dérivations en bois installées par les riverains) Deuxième vie de l’aqueduc I Abandon : au début du VIème siècle I Moyen âge : remplois des pierres de l'aqueduc dans les églises et constructions des villages environnants I Début du XVIIe (voire fin du XVIe) jusqu'au XXe siècle : traces du passage des Compagnons du Tour de France qui laissent les marques de leur venue sur le Pont
    [Show full text]
  • Erleben Sie Die Wege Der Geschichte Im Languedoc-Roussillon
    Sud de France Historische Routen im Languedoc-Roussillon Erleben Sie die Wege der Geschichte im Languedoc-Roussillon DIE VIA DOMITIA DER CANAL DU MIDI JAKOBSWEGE Die Genialität Ewiges Schauspiel am Heilige der Römer Wasserlauf Pfade Aumont Aubrac Saint-Alban sur Limagnole Javols Nasbinals Mende Lanuéjols VIA DOMITIA Banassac Sehenswürdigkeit JAKOBSWEG Chemin du Puy Alès Chemin d’Arles Chemin du Piémont pyrénéen Villeneuve les Avignon TEILE DES CANAL DU MIDI Pont du Gard Canal du Midi Nîmes Beaucaire Nages et Solorgues Canal de la Robine Saint-Michel de Grandmont Saint-Guilhem le Désert Canal du Rhône à Sète Lodève Saint-Gilles Lunel Montpellier Murviel les Montpellier Lattes Béziers Les 9 écluses de Fonséranes Le pont-canal sur l'Orb Valmagne Villeneuve Montferrand Villa Loupian Nissan lez lès Maguelone Le seuil de Naurouze Homps Ensérune Aigues Mortes Ancien Le tunnel du Malpas Sète La Cité carrefour Béziers Villelongue commercial Foncaude Saint-Papoul Caunes Minervois Agde Amphoralis Écluse ronde Castelnaudary Carcassonne Ensérune Musée La Cité de l'Ephèbe Fanjeaux Narbonne Fontfroide Lagrasse Saint-Hilaire Sigean Perpignan Cabestany Marcevol Ille sur Têt 0 10 50 km Elne N Saint-Michel de Cuxa Serrabonne Saint-Genis des Fontaines Saint-Martin du Canigou Les Cluses Arles sur Tech Font Romeu EDITO rleben Sie die Wege der Geschichte im Languedoc-Roussillon. Als ewiger Kreuzungspunkt zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik, zwischen der iberischen und der italienischen Halbinsel und dem nördlichen Europa wird das Languedoc-Roussillon von großen historischen Wegen durchzogen, an denen sich Menschen angesiedelt und Gesellschaften entwickelt haben. Die Via Domitia, die Jakobswege und E der Canal du Midi bilden das Gerüst dieser Region mit ihrem reichen geschichtlichen und kulturellen Erbe.
    [Show full text]
  • Saturargues /// Saussines /// Vérargues Commune Entre-Vignes /// Villetelle # 145 /// Décembre 2019
    # 145 /// DÉCEMBRE 2019 MENSUEL D'INFORMATION DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ DE COMMUNES DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉCONOMIQUE TRANSPORTS ENVIRONNEMENT Un nouveau trophée On fait le point Chaudière à 1 € pour les moins de 50 salariés sur les travaux du PEM affaire ou arnaque P. 5 P. 7 P. 9 Programme COMPLET P14-15 Boisseron /// Campagne /// Galargues /// Garrigues /// Lunel /// Lunel-Viel /// Marsillargues Saint-Christol commune Entre-Vignes /// Saint-Just /// St-Nazaire De Pézan /// Saint-Sériès www.paysdelunel.fr Saturargues /// Saussines /// Vérargues commune Entre-Vignes /// Villetelle # 145 /// Décembre 2019 Les échos du conseil de Communauté > Soutien aux victimes des inondations de l’Hérault • La construction de la nouvelle déchèterie de Villetelle, À la suite de l’épisode méditerranéen qui a frappé le • La création de la nouvelle voie verte Lunel-Marsillargues. département de l’Hérault au cours des 22 et 23 octobre … tout en continuant à maîtriser la pression fiscale. derniers, il a été proposé au conseil communautaire d'apporter Ces orientations budgétaires ont fait l’objet d’une présentation un soutien aux sinistrés en votant une contribution de 2 000 €. et d’un débat en conseil et serviront de base à l’élaboration du Cette aide d’urgence sera versée à l'Association des Maires Budget Primitif 2020 qui sera présentés dans le Mag de janvier, de l’Hérault (AMF34). après le vote du budget. > Installation de nouveaux conseillers communautaires > Lancement d’un Plan Global de Déplacements Suite à la démission de conseillers municipaux de la Ville de Le défi de la mobilité est dans l’esprit de tous les élus locaux et Lunel, 8 sièges de conseillers communautaires sont devenus occupe une place centrale dans le champ des préoccupations vacants.
    [Show full text]
  • Provence‐Cycling.Com, Surf for Pedal Power P
    Page | 2 Leaving Mount Ventoux to the more athletic visitors, the Vaucluse saves its small country roads for families and nature lovers in search of discoveries. A real policy for developing cycling has been set up in this Provencal region. No fewer than 3 cycle paths and 35 routes are offered throughout the region. Contents Managed by local networks, over 242 professionals (hotels, guest houses, campsites, wine merchants, I. Map and access p. 3 restaurants, bike hire companies, etc.) belonging to II. Ventoux, an icon for competitive cyclists p. 6 the “Accueil vélo” (“Welcome Cyclists”) charter line the routes and offer specialist services for cycle III. A calendar for cycling buffs p. 8 tourists. IV. The Vaucluse, the ultimate cycling region p. 10 V. Cycle paths, cycling in peace p. 11 VI. 1550 kilometres of sign‐posted circuits p. 14 Looking for information or contacts? Missing a photo? Want to come to the Vaucluse? VII. A network of 242 approved “Welcome cyclists” partners p. 24 Vaucluse Tourism VIII. Cycling excursions and original ideas p. 26 Communication & Media Department Your contacts: IX. Independent travel or package holidays p. 29 Valérie Biset ‐ Manager X. www.provence‐cycling.com, surf for pedal power p. 34 valerie‐[email protected] XI. Useful contacts p. 35 T. +33(0)4 90 80 47 06 Valérie Gillet v‐[email protected] T. +33(0)4 90 80 47 08 Daniela Damiani The photos featured in this press pack are copyright‐ d‐[email protected] free (except when occasionally specified otherwise) T. +33(0)4 90 80 47 07 Teresa Storm storm‐[email protected] T.
    [Show full text]
  • I Ponti Romani
    LIBRO_CETOP_1000.QXD 8/10/04 17:40 Página 9 2004 © Vittorio Galliazzo [email protected] http://www.traianvs.net/ I PONTI ROMANI Vittorio Galliazzo Arqueólogo Profesor de la Universidad de Venecia [email protected] Se l’architettura, in ultima analisi, è la continua loro storia trova sostanziale alimento proprio nelle vicen- 1 invenzione dell’abitare, cioè di porsi sulla terra e di vive- de del ponte stesso . re e pensare, i ponti, in particolare, mostrano di essere Ora fra tutte le città e i popoli civili, nessuno ha sentito una continua invenzione del collegare, anche se anch’es- come Roma, ‘città nata dal ponte’, la necessità di fare di si rientrano nella sfera del nostro abitare. diverse nazioni un’unica patria. Essa ha offerto ai popo- In realtà nessuna struttura architettonica ha avuto nella li vinti la civiltà, il diritto, collegando regioni e città del storia umana l’importanza del ponte nell’unire e mettere mondo antico con una fitta rete stradale, espressione in comunicazione fra loro popoli e civiltà: senza ponti le tangibile del processo di urbanizzazione e di romanizza- nazioni sarebbero separate, le città divise, i villaggi dis- zione del suo immenso impero: gangli vitali di questo persi; al contrario, con i ponti l’unione è garantita, i con- grandioso progetto furono i ponti urbani e stradali, ora tatti umani si sviluppano, i traffici commerciali sono di barche o navi, ora di legno, ora di muratura, ora ‘misti’ facilitati. Anzi è proprio il ponte che ha creato le condi- (cioè con ‘sottostruttura’ di muratura
    [Show full text]
  • Les Voies Romaines
    Dans le cadre du Projet Pédagogique 2016-2017 : « RENCONTRES » Classe de Troisième Dans la langue française, le nom féminin « rencontre » renvoie à trois définitions : - le fait de rencontrer quelqu’un, de se rencontrer - c’est le synonyme de combat, d’un duel - le fait que deux choses se rencontrent Dans ce dossier, nous allons décliner ce terme en « Les voies comme moyens de rencontre ». LES VOIES ROMAINES : Les voies romaines sont les voies du réseau routier créé par les Romains. Souvent en ligne droite, elles reliaient entre elles les cités de tous les points de l’Italie puis de l’Empire avec les centres de décision politique ou économique. Elles permettaient des déplacements plutôt aisés pour l'époque, que ce soit pour l'usage des troupes en campagne, les marchands ou les courriers. Elles permirent l’expansion économique de l’Empire mais aussi sa fin en facilitant les grandes invasions. I : Les « via publicae » C’étaient les grandes voies de l'Empire, les artères maîtresses du réseau routier, reliant les grandes cités entre elles. Elles étaient également appelées « viae praetoriae » (voies prétoriennes), « viae militares » (voies militaires) ou « viae consulares » (voies consulaires). C'était l'État qui pouvait prendre en charge le financement de leur construction, mais une contribution était exigée des cités et des propriétaires des domaines traversés par ces voies qui devaient ensuite assurer leur entretien. La largeur moyenne constatée d'une via publicae était de 6 à 12 m. Un exemple d’une Via Publicae en Occitanie : La Via Domitia Selon certaines légendes, la voie Domitienne reprendrait un itinéraire créé par Héraclès, la fameuse voie Héracléenne.
    [Show full text]
  • The Regional Identities of the Mont Ventoux- Region, France Managing and Valuing Roman Archaeological Heritage
    The Regional Identities of the Mont Ventoux- Region, France Managing and valuing Roman archaeological heritage A. (Anne-Lieke) Brem Supervisor: dr. T. (Tialda) Haartsen University of Groningen - Faculty of Spatial Sciences Master Cultural Geography Student number: 2418886 The Regional Identities of the Mont Ventoux-Region, France Managing and valuing Roman archaeological heritage Front cover: View from the top of the Mont Ventoux (author photograph) Anne-Lieke Brem © 2018 1 Preface Since I was born, my parents took me to the south of France, specifically the Provence. During the summer, my parents, my sister and I would spend several weeks enjoying the wonderful weather, the lovely countryside and the French cuisine. Always settling on smaller camp-sites, away from the large touristic ones. As long as there was a pool to cool down. Sure, as little girls we would have preferred the more touristic camp-sites, since there were more services and more kids of our age. Yet, the tranquillity of these places, the people and the extraordinary geography is what I still remember and are where I now go to myself, taking my partner with me. During these holidays, I was always wondering what it would be like to cycle up against one of the most magnificent features of the Provence: the Mont Ventoux. Almost 10 years ago, my mother and I finally had the courage to do so. But, I can assure you, start training well in advance, since the ‘Géant de Provence’ is not in any way easy to climb. A second try in 2017 unfortunately confirmed the utility of this training… The interest in the Provence is far from gone.
    [Show full text]
  • I Ponti Romani
    © Vittorio Galliazzo http://www.traianvs.net/ _______________________________________________________________________________________ I PONTI ROMANI Publicado en: Elementos de Ingeniería Romana. Congreso Europeo "Las Obras Públicas Romanas". Tarragona, 2004 Vittorio Galliazzo © 2004 TRAIANVS © 2004 Se l’architettura, in ultima analisi, è la continua invenzione dell’abitare, cioè di porsi sulla terra e di vivere e pensare, i ponti, in particolare, mostrano di essere una continua invenzione del collegare, anche se anch’essi rientrano nella sfera del nostro abitare. In realtà nessuna struttura architettonica ha avuto nella storia umana l’importanza del ponte nell’unire e mettere in comunicazione fra loro popoli e civiltà: senza ponti le nazioni sarebbero separate, le città divise, i villaggi dispersi; al contrario, con i ponti l’unione è garantita, i contatti umani si sviluppano, i traffici commerciali sono facilitati. Anzi è proprio il ponte che ha creato le condizioni per cui semplici villaggi di pastori o pescatori sono divenuti città o capitali di grandi nazioni: Roma, Parigi, Venezia, Verona, Firenze, Mérida, Magonza, Colonia, Londra e tante altre città d’Europa e del mondo abitato sono centri urbani ‘nati dal ponte’ (o comunque da una struttura di attraversamento di un corso d’acqua) e la loro storia trova sostanziale alimento proprio nelle vicende del ponte stesso1. Ora fra tutte le città e i popoli civili, nessuno ha sentito come Roma, ‘città nata dal ponte’, la necessità di fare di diverse nazioni un’unica patria. Essa ha offerto
    [Show full text]
  • Alcune Considerazioni Sulle Opere Di Eugène Freyssinet E Riccardo Morandi
    SALVARE IL PONTE POLCEVERA Paesaggio Ambiente Diritti Genova 29/03/2019 Alcune considerazioni sulle opere di Eugène Freyssinet e Riccardo Morandi Ing. Fabrizio Averardi Ripari EUGENE FREYSSINET (1879 – 1962) RICCARDO MORANDI (1902 -1989) Eugène Freyssinet a inventé le béton précontraint en 1928 et considérait son invention comme une révolution dans l’art de construire. Mais il ne s’est pas contenté d’inventer ce matériau nouveau qu’est le béton précontraint. Il fut aussi un grand constructeur, l'un des plus grands du 20e siècle, un grand ingénieur, un grand innovateur. C’est son œuvre tout entière qui a constitué une révolution dans l'art de construire. "Eugène Freyssinet, une révolution dans l'art de construire". Principali ponti realizzati da Eugène Freyssinet di cui 5 iscritti nell’inventario nazionale dei monumenti storici o nell’inventario generale del patrimonio culturale • Pont de Préréal sur Besbre (Allier) 1907 • Pont du Veurdre sur l’Allier 1911 - 1912 • Pont Boutiron sur l’Allier 1913 • Pont de la Libération à Villeneuve-sur-Lot 1914 – 1920 • Pont de Saint Pierre du Vauvray sur la Seine 1923 • Pont Albert Louppe à Plougastel (Finistère) 1925 – 1930 • Pont de Luzancy sur la Marne 1941-1946 • 5 ponts sur la Marne, 1947 – 1951 • 3 viaducs sur l’autoroute Caracas-La Guaira, Venezuela, 1951 – 1953 • Pont Saint Michel à Toulouse 1959 – 1962 • Pont de Gladesville, Australie, 1962 – 1964 Pont de Préréal sur Besbre (Allier) - 1907 en service Invention du décintrement des arcs par interposition de vérins à la clé Pont du Veurdre sur l’Allier - 1912 detruit 1944 Po Pont Boutiron sur l’Allier 1911 - 1912 – en service - état de conservation remarquable uable Pont de la Libération à Villeneuve –sur-Lot 1914 – 1920 - en service plus grand pont en arc en béton du monde lors de son inauguration Pont de Saint Pierre du Vauvray sur la Seine 1923 en service Inscrit MH Record du monde de portée en 1923.
    [Show full text]