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The Phenomenon of Self-Translation in Puerto Rican and Puerto Rican U.S

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The Phenomenon of Self-Translation in Puerto Rican and Puerto Rican U.S The Phenomenon of Self-Translation in Puerto Rican and Puerto Rican U.S. Diaspora literature written by women: The cases of Esmeralda Santiago’s América’s Dream (1996) and Rosario Ferré’s The House on the Lagoon (1995), from a postcolonial perspective A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Aurora Sambolín School of Arts, Languages and Culture CONTENT ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 5 DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... 6 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT.................................................................................................... 6 Dedication ................................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Literary and socio-political context of Puerto Rico since 1898 ................................ 15 2.1 Puerto Rico: Colonial Status .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 The Origins of the Colonial Relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico ............ 18 2.2 Conceptualizing Puerto Rican Postcolonial Hybrid Identities: Cultural Resistance to Colonial Assimilation.......................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 “Radical Statehood”: Linguistic Resistance to Assimilation .................................................. 20 2.2.2 “The Commuter Nation”: Puerto Rican Identity as a Fluid Identity ....................................... 21 2.2.3 “Nation on the Move”: Puerto Rican Migration Challenging Geographical Borders .............. 23 2.2.4 “El Puerto Rican Embassy”: A Project of Spatial Appropriation ........................................... 24 2.3 Puerto Rico’s Literature: a Contestation of its History.................................................... 25 2.3.1 Spanish Colonial Literature .................................................................................................. 26 2.3.2 Literature and National Identity Building ............................................................................. 27 2.3.3 The Arrival of the Americanos: Linguistic Assimilation and the Rise of Hispanophilia ......... 31 2.3.4 The Emergence of “El Jíbaro”: Marginalization of Non-Hispanophilic Identities .................. 34 2.3.5 La Generación del treinta and the Canon: The Birth of La gran familia puertorriqueña ........ 36 2.3.6 “Del campo a la ciudad”: Industrialization and the Longing for an Idealized Agricultural Patriarchal Society ....................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.7 The 1960s and the 1970s: Puerto Rican Literature Contesting the Canon .............................. 42 2.4 Gender Studies and Feminist Literary Criticism in Latin America .................................. 47 Chapter 3: Postcolonialism and the Case of Puerto Rico: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................................. 54 3.1 Approaches to Postcolonialism ...................................................................................... 54 3.2 Postcolonial Writing Strategies ...................................................................................... 61 3.3 Self-translation as a Postcolonial Tool ........................................................................... 64 3.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 4: Research Design and Methodology ........................................................................ 76 4.1 Research Questions and Objectives................................................................................ 76 4.2 Textual Analysis ........................................................................................................... 78 4.3 Paratextual analysis ....................................................................................................... 79 2 4.4 Reader response survey ................................................................................................. 81 Chapter 5: Rosario Ferré and Esmeralda Santiago: Biography and Literary Works .................. 85 5.1 Rosario Ferré: Biographical information ........................................................................ 85 5.1.1 Literary Work, Language and Ideology ................................................................................ 89 5.1.2 Early Literary Career ........................................................................................................... 90 5.1.3 Self-translation, English Writing and Hybrid Identity ........................................................... 92 5.2 Esmeralda Santiago: Bibliographical Information .......................................................... 98 5.2.1 Literary production ............................................................................................................ 101 5.2.2 Migration and Identity ....................................................................................................... 103 5.3 Similarities and Differences ......................................................................................... 106 Chapter 6: Narrative Subversion............................................................................................ 108 6.1 Counter Narrative in Rosario Ferré’s The House on the Lagoon ................................... 108 6.1.1 The use of presentational narrative devices to display gender power relations ..................... 109 6.1.2 Subversion through Characterization .................................................................................. 111 6.1.3 The construction of a postcolonial hybrid identity .............................................................. 123 6.2 Counter narrative in Esmeralda Santiago’s América’s Dream ...................................... 125 6.2.1 Subversion to Patriarchal Society ....................................................................................... 126 6.2.2 Subversion of Patriarchal Gender Roles through América’s Actions ................................... 134 6.2.3 Subversion to Colonial Power ............................................................................................ 139 6.2.4 Hybridity and Cultural Subversion: “Learning their ways…”.............................................. 145 6.2.5 Naming the Other: The Use of Demonyms to Highlight Colonial Power Relations .............. 147 Chapter 7: Linguistic Subversion: English writing, linguistic hybridity and self-translation ... 149 7.1 Rosario Ferré: The House on the Lagoon and La casa de la laguna .............................. 149 7.1.1 English Writing ................................................................................................................. 149 7.1.2 Linguistic Hybridity .......................................................................................................... 152 7.1.3 Self-translation .................................................................................................................. 154 7.2 Esmeralda Santiago: América’s Dream and El sueño de América ................................. 160 7.2.1 Inclusion of Spanish Words ............................................................................................... 160 7.2.2 Phonetic Transcription of Oral Speech ............................................................................... 163 7.2.3 Self-translation .................................................................................................................. 167 Chapter 8: Hybridity in The House on the Lagoon and in América’s Dream: A reader response survey ................................................................................................................................... 168 8.1 National identity and bilingualism ............................................................................... 169 8.2 Migration and linguistic Writing Strategies .................................................................. 171 8.2.1 Code-switching ................................................................................................................. 171 8.2.2 Translation Quality ............................................................................................................ 172 8.2.3 Phonetic transcription of oral speech: ................................................................................. 172 3 8.3 Linguistic Characteristics of Oral Speech and Nationality ............................................ 173 8.4 Phonetic Transcription of Oral Speech ......................................................................... 174 8.5 Self-Translaiton Reception .......................................................................................... 176 8.6 Code-Switching Reception ..........................................................................................
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