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Documenting New Zealand's Cultivated Flora

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Documenting New Zealand's Cultivated Flora Documenting New Zealand’s cultivated flora: “A supermarket with no stock inventory” Report from a TFBIS-funded workshop held in Wellington, New Zealand 9th September 2009 Editor: Murray I. Dawson, Landcare Research Version 2, 5 July 2010 1 “Managing the country without knowing everything in the flora is like managing a supermarket without knowing everything on the shelf”. Dr K.R. Hammett, 9th September 2009. 2 Contents 1 Executive summary .............................................................................................. 4 1.1 Key issues ........................................................................................................ 4 1.2 Key recommendations ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Vision statement .............................................................................................. 5 2 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Background ..................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Workshop aims ................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Workshop purpose ........................................................................................... 7 2.4 Workshop agenda ............................................................................................ 8 2.5 Groups represented and sectors involved ........................................................ 8 3 Stakeholder analysis ............................................................................................ 8 4 Resource analysis ............................................................................................... 11 5 Key issues and constraints ................................................................................. 14 5.1 Lack of knowledge of the cultivated flora .................................................... 14 5.2 Lack of access to information ....................................................................... 14 5.3 Poor validation of plant names and identifications ....................................... 15 5.4 Declining or inaccessible expertise ............................................................... 16 5.5 Lack of funding and resources ...................................................................... 16 6 Recommendations/solutions .............................................................................. 17 6.1 Lack of knowledge ........................................................................................ 17 6.2 Lack of access to information ....................................................................... 17 6.3 Poor validation of plant names and identifications ....................................... 18 6.4 Declining or inaccessible expertise ............................................................... 18 6.5 Lack of funding and resources ...................................................................... 18 7 Range of potential actions ................................................................................. 19 8 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 24 9 References ........................................................................................................... 25 10 Acronyms ............................................................................................................ 27 11 Appendices .......................................................................................................... 28 11.1 Appendix One: Agenda/workshop programme ......................................... 28 11.2 Appendix Two: Workshop participants ..................................................... 29 11.3 Appendix Three: Stakeholder roles, activities and resources .................... 31 11.4 Appendix Four: Presentations ................................................................... 39 11.4.1 A plant breeder’s perspective ................................................................. 40 11.4.2 Botanic gardens and horticultural perspectives ..................................... 44 11.4.3 Research perspectives ............................................................................ 47 11.4.4 The Plants Biosecurity Index (PBI) ....................................................... 50 11.4.5 Perspectives of the regulatory environment from ERMA ..................... 54 11.4.6 The New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR) .................................... 57 11.4.7 The New Zealand Notable Trees Trust online database ........................ 63 11.4.8 BG-BASE for New Zealand botanic gardens ......................................... 70 11.5 Appendix Five: Cultivated plant names resources .................................... 75 3 1 Executive summary Lack of knowledge and poor cataloguing of which cultivated plants are present in New Zealand is a major issue – we do not adequately know what is in this country, what it is called or where it is growing. This is like having a supermarket without a stock inventory and these inadequacies represent a significant cost to the New Zealand economy. Management of biosecurity is hampered for two main reasons. Firstly, pre-border problems arise for plant breeders and growers trying to import plants but not being able to confirm if those species are already present in New Zealand. Secondly, post- border management of weeds is difficult when we do not know the full range of potential weed escapes from cultivation. Also hindered is the management of plant biodiversity, including inadequate knowledge and recording of living collections, conservation stock, notable trees, heritage cultivars, and germplasm for plant breeding. These issues were explored by a diverse range of custodians of cultivated plants and plant names during a workshop held 9th September 2009. This report collates the issues and potential solutions gathered at the workshop. 1.1 Key issues The key overarching issues and constraints relating to cultivated plants and plant names, as identified at the workshop are: Lack of knowledge and poor systems to catalogue the cultivated flora Lack of access to information Poor validation of plant names and identifications Declining or inaccessible expertise Lack of funding and resources to identify, describe, and catalogue cultivated plants. 1.2 Key recommendations Raise the awareness of policy makers and funders so they recognise the importance of and support projects documenting cultivated plants Encourage more collaboration, cooperation and coordination between groups and individuals who manage cultivated plants and plant names Address the serious weaknesses in the Plants Biosecurity Index (PBI) and re- examine wider biosecurity legislation Extend the New Zealand Organisms Register (NZOR) to a wider user base than currently contracted Develop better systems to manage cultivated plant information. Create a collective information management platform that exchanges plant name data with the NZOR database but with added functionality (e.g., user-defined fields, plant images, integrated mapping) to meet the requirements of numerous plant custodians who share the same need. 4 1.3 Vision statement The vision statement arising from the workshop is: “Document the cultivated flora so people know the correct names for plants and where they occur; make information readily accessible and allow it to be shared, for cost effective plant importation, coordinated management of living collections, germplasm for plant breeding, biosecurity, weed escapes, and biocontrol.” 5 2 Introduction 2.1 Background Lack of knowledge and ineffective cataloguing of which cultivated plants are present in New Zealand severely hampers biosecurity management, both pre- and post-border, as well as effective management of living collections and horticultural practices. Pre-border problems arise for plant-breeders and growers trying to import plants under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act (New Zealand Government, 1996). For importation, the MAF Plants Biosecurity Index (PBI) is the database used to determine if a species is already in New Zealand. However, the PBI is incomplete and lists about 27,000 species out of perhaps as many as 40,000 exotic plant species thought to already be in New Zealand. It also lacks the author authorities and synonyms for plant names. These shortfalls mean that importers are faced with trying to prove that a species is already here or else pay for what may be an unnecessary and expensive full environmental risk assessment ($30,000 per species). As a consequence, the importation of new plant species and germplasm have effectively ceased, severely restricting New Zealand’s abilities to produce new plant cultivars for its agricultural, horticultural and forestry industries. In 2002/2003, exports from these three land-based plant sectors earned the country $18.5 billion (MAF, 2003). The importation difficulties for plants have been highlighted by several authors (Cave, 2004; Douglas, 2005; Johnson, 2006; Hammett, 2009). Post-border problems arise because the greatest source of new weeds is not new biosecurity border incursions but plants that are already here “jumping the fence” and escaping from cultivation. Many of these horticultural escapes are through the careless disposal of garden waste, and a rise in the popularity of cottage and herb
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