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The Ecology of Pelagic Fish; Species in Arctic Waters

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The Ecology of Pelagic Fish; Species in Arctic Waters PREFACE The main task of editing papers from a Symposium original title also did not include the words “and is to ensure that they are published as soon as possible adjacent seas” but as many of the papers deal with after the meeting. However, the conclusions and species which do not occur in Arctic waters, the recommendations of this Symposium highlight the addition of a few words to the title seems more lack of knowledge of some potentially valuable fish. desirable than deletion of a number of papers. Because of this, important data have been added to For the sake of uniformity, wherever possible the some papers during editing, and several verbal reports scientific names used are those published in ICES to the meeting have been included in this volume at Bulletin Statistique, Vol. 49 for 1964 (Copenhagen 1966). the request of the Symposium. Thanks to the willing I would like to thank Dr. E.M. P o u l s e n for his help cooperation of the authors the amendments and editing and advice both at the meeting and during the editing have not unduly delayed its preparation for publi­ of this volume, and Mr. R . J. W o o d and others who cation. have helped in sorting out the discussion notes. The terms of reference excluded consideration of Finally, Miss R o se B e d f o r d and her assistants of the the herring, redfish and some other pelagic species Fisheries Laboratory must also be thanked for checking which are already exploited wherever they occur. The the typescripts and proofs. R. W. Blacker Editor and Rapporteur INTRODUCTION At the Statutory Meeting of the International Mr. R. W. B l a c k e r was asked to act as Rapporteur, Council for the Exploration of the Sea in 1963 the and he accepted this task. Distant Northern Seas Committee and the Gadoid Thirty-eight experts from member countries, from Fish Committee presented to the Council recommen­ Canada and USA as well as from international dations that a Symposium be organised on the organisations connected with fisheries and marine “Ecology of Pelagic Fish Species in Arctic Waters”. researches participated in the Symposium. These recommendations were renewed in 1964, and Twenty-one papers had been submitted and during Dr. E r ik M. P o u l s e n was nominated Convenor of the Symposium four additional contributions were the Symposium. A Steering Committee including the given verbatim, these latter are also included in the Convenor and the Chairmen prepared a programme present publication of the contributions. for the Symposium in which the main lines of the Furthermore, two synopses, one on Norway pout Symposium were designed as follows and the other on poutassou prepared for FAO by Mr. D. F. S. R a i t t were submitted to the Symposium (a) The significance of the pelagic fish within the for comments. These two synopses were considered food-chains in the Arctic and the role of these and comments on them were given. The Symposium species as food for the most important commer­ expressed the wish that the preparation of these highly cial fishes, useful synopses be continued by FAO to include also (b) Migration and distribution of the pelagic fish in other fish species of commercial interest in the Arctic Arctic waters and their relationship with and in adjacent regions. distribution and movements of the main commer­ The scientific papers for the Symposium were cial fishes, considered (reviewed by authors or other experts) in (c) The biological basis for fishery of pelagic fish in the following order in accordance with the Agenda: the Arctic. 1 - General (occurrence), 2 - Capelin, 3 - greater In the 1965 Statutory Meeting the Distant Northern silver smelt, 4 - smelt, 5 - Norway pout, 6 - Blue Seas Committee prepared a Preliminary Programme whiting, 7 - Polar cod, 8 - Navaga, and 9 - General for the Symposium. (food interrelations). The Recommendations on the Symposium were After each of these items a consideration and discus­ adopted by the Consultative Committee and the sion of the pertinent papers took place. Council, and the Symposium was convened on Thereafter followed a general discussion of the main September 30th and October 1st, 1966, at Charlotten- subject, as follows :— lund Castle in connection with the Statutory Meeting 1. The species as links in food-chains; discussion- of that year. leader: D. V. R adakov, USSR. 74 SECTION 4: Smelt Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1. DYNAMICS OF SMELT POPULATIONS IN SUB-ARCTIC WATERS By T. N. B e l y a n i n a Institute of Animal Morphology, USSR Academy of Sciences Species of the family Osmeridae inhabit waters of A. Populations of Group 1 different salinities and live both in seas and landlocked fresh waters. All marine species of this family are % The Rybinsk associated with coastal waters during their spawning 60 60 period, many of them entering the rivers to spawn. 40 40 Most of the species of the family Osmeridae belong to 20 20 the North Pacific along the Asiatic and American _ l I L_ coasts. Only capelin (Mallotus villosus) and smelt 1 2 3 Years 1 2 3 4 S Years (Osmerus eperlanus) are distributed almost circum- of life of life polarly. The capelin inhabits pelagic waters of the high seas. The smelt is a neritic species — in fact, it is one B. Populations of Group 2 of the main neritic fishes of Arctic and boreal seas, playing an important role ecologically and in the % The While Sea % The Yenisey river fisheries. It feeds on pelagic and nectobenthic crusta­ 60 60 ceans and young fish (among them there are such 40 40 important commercial species as white-fishes). On 20 20 the other hand, some commercial fish feed on smelt (cod and others), so do sea-birds and some mammals. 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 The smelt which is distributed over a large area Years of life Years of life including the coastal regions of the North Atlantic, Figure 4:1. Linear growth in successive years of life (in °/0 of Pacific and Arctic seas and freshwater lakes, can be maximum length) of different smelt populations. divided into several sub-species: the European smelt A. Populations of Group 1. B. Populations of Group 2. — Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus L. (the Baltic and the North Sea basins and the Upper Volga system), the grow most intensively during their first year of life; Asiatic smelt —O.e. dentex Steind. (American and then the growth rate decreases comparatively sharply Asiatic coasts of the North Pacific and Arctic to the (smelt populations of West and East European basins, White Sea) and the American smelt — 0. e. mordax excluding the extreme north, and North American (Mitchill) (Atlantic coasts of North America). Now waters) ; (2) populations whose individuals grow some authors (M cA llister, 1963; Bigelow and comparatively slowly during their first year while Schroeder, 1963) consider the last two sub-species their growth rate increases more or less sharply during to be the same. their second year of life. Then it decreases gradually Over its wide range the smelt lives under various (smelt populations of the White Sea, the Cheshskaya ecological conditions which determine the growth Bay and the Siberian coasts). Sizes of individuals of rate and maturity, the age composition of the stock, different smelt populations in successive years of life the longevity and other aspects of the dynamics of the are given in Table 4:1. Values of the linear growth different populations. Great variability in these char­ (in °/0 to maximum length) of some populations of acters is typical of the smelt. both groups are shown in Figure 4:1 a and 4:1 b. All smelt populations may be divided into two The populations of the first group live under temp­ groups based on the character of the growth rate erate climatic conditions. Their growth season lasts during ontogeny: (1) populations whose individuals six to seven months. They live in waters with a good 75 Table 4:1. Size (in cm) of fish in successive years of life, age of maturation and age-groups of spawning stock of different smelt populations Age- Age groups Locality Age-groups of of Author ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ matu- spawn- 1 23456789 10 11 12 ration ing stock Pskov Lake 7-2 9-7 12-9 - - - - - - - - - 11-2 Fedorova, 1953 Ilmen Lake 4-7 8-2 10-7 - - - - - - - - - 1-2 1-3 D omrachev & Pravdin 1926 White Lake 6-0 8-5 11-0 - - - - - - - - - 1-2 1-3 Fedorova, 1953 Rybinsk waterbody 5-9 8-7 9-4 — — — — — — — — — 1—2 1-3 Lapin, 1955 Dadey Sea 7-1 10-7 12-2 - - - - - - - - - 11-3 W iller, 1926 Lazmiaden Sea . 8-2 9-3 11-8 12-7 15-6 ------- 2-3 2-5 W iller, 1926 Kurishes Haff: non-migrant .... 6-3 10-5 - 11-2 M arre, 1931 sea-m igrant 6-5 13-3 16-1 20-4 - - - - - - - 2 2—4 M arre, 1931 Onega L ake 6-3 8-8 9-4 10-6 11-0 11-3 11-8 12-3 - - - - 2-4 2-8 Stefanovskaya, 1957 Pyaozero (Karelia) - - 10-6 11-3 12-0 12-9 13-6 14-4 4-6 4-12 M elyantzev, 1946 Ladoga Lake .............. 8-0 9-5 10-7 13-6 15-8 18-3 ------ 1-3 2-6 Archipzeva, 1956 Elba R iver 7-1 13-4 17-3 21-2 23-8 - - - - - - - 2 2-5 Lillelund, 1961 Neva R iv e r 7-8 11-1 13-6 16-0 17-6 ------- 3-4 3-9 K ojevnikov, 1956 Michigan Lake .
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