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The Book of the Sea the Realms of the Baltic Sea

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The Book of the Sea the Realms of the Baltic Sea The Book of the Sea The realms of the Baltic Sea BALTIC ENVIRONMENTAL FORUM 1 THE REALMS OF THE BALTIC SEA 4 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 5 THE REALMS OF THE BALTIC SEA The Book of the Sea. The realms of the Baltic Sea 2 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 3 THE REALMS OF THE BALTIC SEA The Book of the Sea The realms of the Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Åland Islands Helsinki Oslo Gulf of Finland A compilation by Žymantas Morkvėnas and Darius Daunys Stockholm Tallinn Hiiumaa Skagerrak Saaremaa Gulf of Riga Gotland Kattegat Öland Riga Copenhagen Baltic Sea Klaipėda Bornholm Bay of Gdańsk Rügen Baltic Environmental Forum 2015 2 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 3 THE REALMS OF THE BALTIC SEA Table of Contents Published in the framework of the Project partners: Authors of compilation Žymantas Morkvėnas and Darius Daunys 7 Preface 54 Brown shrimp project „Inventory of marine species Marine Science and Technology 54 Relict amphipod Texts provided by Darius Daunys, Žymantas Morkvėnas, Mindaugas Dagys, 9 Ecosystem of the Baltic Sea and habitats for development of Centre (MarsTec) at Klaipėda 55 Relict isopod crustacean Linas Ložys, Jūratė Lesutienė, Albertas Bitinas, Martynas Bučas, 11 Geological development Natura 2000 network in the offshore University, 57 Small sandeel Loreta Kelpšaitė-Rimkienė, Dalia Čebatariūnaitė, Nerijus Žitkevičius, of the Baltic Sea waters of Lithuania (DENOFLIT)“ Institute of Ecology of the Nature 58 Turbot Greta Gyraitė, Arūnas Grušas, Erlandas Paplauskis, Radvilė Jankevičienė, 14 The coasts of the Baltic Sea (LIFE09 NAT/LT/000234), Research Centre, 59 European flounder Rita Norvaišaitė 18 Water balance financed by the European Union The Fisheries Service under the 60 Velvet scoter 21 Salinity LIFE+ programme, the Republic Ministry of Agriculture of the Illustrations by Saulius Karalius 60 Common scoter 24 Food chain of Lithuania and project partners. Republic of Lithuania, Photographs by Žymantas Morkvėnas and Erlandas Paplauskis 63 Reefs 26 Ice cover Project implementation period: State Service for Protected Areas Maps compilation by Ingrida Bagdanavičiūtė 71 Black carrageen 28 Water currents 2010–2015. under the Ministry of Environment, Design by Gedas Čiuželis 71 Green branched weed Baltic Environmental Forum Lithuania, Edited by Rita Maksimavičienė The realms of the Baltic Sea 72 Bay barnacle Lithuanian Sea Museum 33 The swash zone 73 Mussels 39 Bladder wrack 75 Rockpool prawn 39 Sand hopper 75 Baltic isopod The authors assume sole responsibility for the content. 40 Gulls 76 European eel The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect 40 Common gull 77 Atlantic cod the opinion of the European Commission. 42 European herring gull 78 Three-spined stickleback 42 Great black-backed gull 79 Shorthorn sculpin © Darius Daunys, 2015 44 Terns 80 Lumpfish © Žymantas Morkvėnas, 2015 45 Sublittoral sandy slopes 80 Eelpout © Saulius Karalius, 2015 51 Baltic macoma 82 Freshwater fish © Translation into English. Mantas Zurba, 2015 51 Sand gaper 84 Round goby ISBN 978-609-8041-16-3 53 Lagoon cockle 85 Steller’s eider 4 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 86 Long-tailed duck 112 Ringed seal 87 The water column 114 Harbour porpoise Preface 93 Phytoplankton 115 Deep water depressions 95 Zooplankton and dead zones 95 Opossum shrimp 121 Filamentous chemotrophic bacteria 96 Twaite shad 121 Scoloplos armiger 97 Baltic herring 122 Pontoporeia femorata 98 European sprat 122 Diastylis rathkei 100 European whitefish 124 Ostracods, or seed shrimps The word ‘Baltic’ holds many associations of great importance to us ranging from our child- 101 Vimba bream hood memories about splashing in the spatter of the sea and building sand castles, to the Bal- Nature conservation 102 European smelt tic Way–the symbol of our freedom and unity. This is a part of our history and an invaluable 127 Why is it necessary to 103 Atlantic salmon treasure. However, contrary to the citizens of many other maritime countries, a few of us are protect nature? 104 Goosander used to fully enjoy the presents of the Baltic Sea, and our acquaintance with it is often limited 131 The principles and tools of 104 Red-throated loon to summer holidays at the beach. nature conservation and Arctic loon We have very few possibilities and occasions to see the unusual sea life that takes place 134 Protected marine areas 106 Great crested grebe at some depths. Only a handful have been lucky enough. They say that personal encounters in Lithuania 107 Auks with nature and the experiences they bring make people realise the great importance of 109 Grey seal 141 References nature and the necessity to preserve it. So how can we get to know the different realms of the 111 Harbour seal 145 Index Baltic Sea hidden beneath the waves, often far away from the shore? Why should we care and try to preserve some mollusc colonies perching on deeply submerged boulders if we are likely to never see or touch them? This book is an opportunity to learn more about the Baltic Sea, its extraordinary and unique life. To see it with the eyes of the authors of different chapters, many of whom have spent countless hours at the sea bottom, on research vessels, observing sea birds or exploring variety of fish. The authors tried to introduce the marine inhabitants in such a way that they become familiar to the reader and provoke curiosity. The book is not an academic work or a textbook. The data and stories given here are just some interesting facts about our sea and its dwellers. Of course, this is only a glimpse of the secrets guarded by the sea sustaining more than 6 000 species, whose life stories have been covered by thousands of scientific articles. Acquaintance with the Baltic Sea starts in this book with the introduction to the ecosys- tem of the Baltic Sea and its most important and interesting characteristics. Then the reader is invited to take a closer look at several marine habitats, which we poetically compared to 6 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 7 PREFACE different “realms”, and their prevailing dwellers. Each described species or group of organ- isms are presented also in unique illustrations by Saulius Karalius, who is both an artist and a biologist. We hope that his meticulous approach will adequately reflect the artist’s respect towards these creatures of the sea and his insatiable curiosity to discover their stories. The last section of the book is dedicated to nature conservation and offers an overview of our protect- ed marine areas. It is not very important, which section of the book you will choose to start the acquaint- ance with the Baltic Sea, and how much you will be able to read at a time. By spending just a few minutes, you will be able to learn about one of almost sixty species or larger groups of marine organisms, while by spending more time you might be able to explore one of the Ecosystem of the five presented submarine realms or discover some unique characteristics of the Baltic Sea. This book is dedicated to both youngsters and adults, to those relaxing on the Baltic beaches or those shopping at the fish market. To people engaged in natural sciences and to those Baltic Sea exploring charts in search for travel destinations and adventure. It is equally good for a quiet evening with a book or some lazy time at the sea coast. Žymantas Morkvėnas, Darius Daunys 8 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 9 PREFACE Geological development of the Baltic Sea In comparison with geological development of the oceans and some other seas, spanning hundreds and tens of million years, the Baltic Sea is very young, practically in its “babyhood”. Its origins date back some 400 thousand years, in the so-called Holstein interglacial stage, while the seabed similar to the present one has formed even later, in the Eemian interglacial, some 132-120 thousand years ago. The key factors which determined the formation of the Baltic Sea depression are thought to have been tectonic movements of the Earth’s crust and erosive impact of the Scandinavian continental glaciers, that have covered this region several Baltic Ice Lake with its northern part The Yoldia Sea (11.6–10.7 thousand years ago) bordering the melting glacier Its typical species, the bivalve mollusc Yoldia arctica (13.0–11.6 thousand years ago) 10 THE BOOK OF THE SEA 11 GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BALTIC SEA times. The modern Baltic Sea has also undergone a complex geological evolution since its before present. The name of the sea originates from the Latin name of mollusc Yoldia arctica, occurrence after the last glaciation till present, alternating its state between an isolated fresh which once inhabited the cold and saline basin. water body and a brackish sea with a connection to the World Ocean. This succession was de- With the intensive crust rebound in Scandinavia, the link between the World Ocean and termined by the melting dynamics of the last Scandinavian continental glacier and associated the Yoldia Sea had disappeared, and the latter was replaced by Ancylus Lake, which lasted post-glacial rebound of the Earth’s crust, global climate warming and massive melting of the between 10.7 and 8.3 thousand years before present. The water temperatures of the lake were ice sheet, followed by the rise of the global sea levels, as well as by crust fluctuations within the relatively low, as the lake was partly fed by the melting remnants of Scandinavian glacier. Baltic region and certain other processes. The name of this water body originates from the freshwater mollusc Ancylus fluviatilis, dis- The modern Baltic Sea began to emerge only after a significant part of the ice sheet, covered in the sediments of that period.
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