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Vortex Arrays and Ciliary Tangles Underlie the Feeding–Swimming Tradeoff in Starfish Larvae
Vortex arrays and ciliary tangles underlie the feeding{swimming tradeoff in starfish larvae William Gilpin1, Vivek N. Prakash2, Manu Prakash2∗ 1Department of Applied Physics, 2Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA ∗To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected] March 12, 2018 arXiv:1611.01173v2 [physics.flu-dyn] 13 Feb 2017 1 Abstract Many marine invertebrates have larval stages covered in linear arrays of beating cilia, which propel the animal while simultaneously entraining planktonic prey.1 These bands are strongly conserved across taxa spanning four major superphyla,2,3 and they are responsible for the unusual morphologies of many invertebrate larvae.4,5 However, few studies have investigated their underlying hydrodynamics.6,7 Here, we study the ciliary bands of starfish larvae, and discover a beautiful pattern of slowly-evolving vor- tices that surrounds the swimming animals. Closer inspection of the bands reveals unusual ciliary \tangles" analogous to topological defects that break-up and re-form as the animal adjusts its swimming stroke. Quantitative experiments and modeling demonstrate that these vortices create a physical tradeoff between feeding and swim- ming in heterogenous environments, which manifests as distinct flow patterns or \eigen- strokes" representing each behavior|potentially implicating neuronal control of cilia. This quantitative interplay between larval form and hydrodynamic function may gen- eralize to other invertebrates with ciliary bands, and illustrates the potential -
BIOLOGY and METHODS of CONTROLLING the STARFISH, Asterias Forbesi {DESOR}
BIOLOGY AND METHODS OF CONTROLLING THE STARFISH, Asterias forbesi {DESOR} By Victor L. Loosanoff Biological Laboratory Bureau of Commercial Fisheries U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Milford, Connecticut CONTENTS Page Introduction. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... 1 Distribution and occurrence....................................................... 2 Food and feeding ...................................................................... 3 Methods of controL........................................ ........................... 5 Mechanical methods : Starfish mop...................................................... .................. 5 Oyster dredge... ........................ ............. ..... ... ...................... 5 Suction dredge..................................................................... 5 Underwater plow ..... ............................................................. 6 Chemical methods .................................................................. 6 Quicklime............................. ........................... ................... 7 Salt solution......... ........................................ ......... ............. 8 Organic chemicals....... ..... ... .... .................. ........ ............. ...... 9 Utilization of starfish................................................................ 11 References..... ............................................................... ........ 11 INTRODUCTION Even in the old days, when the purchas ing power of the dollar was much higher, The starfish has long -
Systematic Comparison of Sea Urchin and Sea Star Developmental Gene Regulatory Networks Explains How Novelty Is Incorporated in Early Development
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20023-4 OPEN Systematic comparison of sea urchin and sea star developmental gene regulatory networks explains how novelty is incorporated in early development Gregory A. Cary 1,3,5, Brenna S. McCauley1,4,5, Olga Zueva1, Joseph Pattinato1, William Longabaugh2 & ✉ Veronica F. Hinman 1 1234567890():,; The extensive array of morphological diversity among animal taxa represents the product of millions of years of evolution. Morphology is the output of development, therefore phenotypic evolution arises from changes to the topology of the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that control the highly coordinated process of embryogenesis. A particular challenge in under- standing the origins of animal diversity lies in determining how GRNs incorporate novelty while preserving the overall stability of the network, and hence, embryonic viability. Here we assemble a comprehensive GRN for endomesoderm specification in the sea star from zygote through gastrulation that corresponds to the GRN for sea urchin development of equivalent territories and stages. Comparison of the GRNs identifies how novelty is incorporated in early development. We show how the GRN is resilient to the introduction of a transcription factor, pmar1, the inclusion of which leads to a switch between two stable modes of Delta-Notch signaling. Signaling pathways can function in multiple modes and we propose that GRN changes that lead to switches between modes may be a common evolutionary mechanism for changes in embryogenesis. Our data additionally proposes a model in which evolutionarily conserved network motifs, or kernels, may function throughout development to stabilize these signaling transitions. 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. -
The Sea Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): Their Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Utilization OPEN ACCESS
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328063815 The Sea Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): Their Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Utilization OPEN ACCESS Article · January 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 6 5 authors, including: Ferdinard Olisa Megwalu World Fisheries University @Pukyong National University (wfu.pknu.ackr) 3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Population Dynamics. View project All content following this page was uploaded by Ferdinard Olisa Megwalu on 04 October 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Review Article Published: 17 Sep, 2018 SF Journal of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering The Sea Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): Their Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Utilization Rahman MA1*, Molla MHR1, Megwalu FO1, Asare OE1, Tchoundi A1, Shaikh MM1 and Jahan B2 1World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University (PKNU), Nam-gu, Busan, Korea 2Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh Abstract The Sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) are comprising of a large and diverse groups of sessile marine invertebrates having seven extant orders such as Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida and Velatida and two extinct one such as Calliasterellidae and Trichasteropsida. Around 1,500 living species of starfish occur on the seabed in all the world's oceans, from the tropics to subzero polar waters. They are found from the intertidal zone down to abyssal depths, 6,000m below the surface. Starfish typically have a central disc and five arms, though some species have a larger number of arms. The aboral or upper surface may be smooth, granular or spiny, and is covered with overlapping plates. -
Atlantic Seabirds
Atlantic Seabirds Vol. t. 110 . 2 ( / 999) Quarter ly journ al ofThe Seabird Group and the Dutch Seab ird Group Atlantic Seabirds Edited by Cl. Camphuysen & J.B. Reid ATLANTIC SEABIRDS is the quarterly journal of the SEABIRD GROUP and the DUTCH SEABIRD GROUP (Nederlandse Zeevogelgroep, NZG), and is the continuance of their respective journals, SEABIRD (following no. 20, 1998) and SULA (following vol. 12 no. 4, 1998). ATLANTIC SEABIRDS will publish papers and short communications on any aspect of seabird biology and these will be peer-reviewed. The geographical focus of the journal is the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas at all latitudes, but contributions are also welcome from other parts of the world provided they are of general interest. ATLANTIC SEABIRDS is indexed in the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries abstracts, Ecology Abstracts and Animal Behaviour Abstracts of Cambridge Scientific databases and journals. The SEABIRD GROUP and the DUTCH SEABIRD GROUP retain copyright and written permission must be sought from the editors before any figure, table or plate, or extensive part of the text is reproduced. Such permission will not be denied unreasonably, but will be granted only after consultation with the relevant authons), Editors: c.r. Camphuysen (N~G), Ankerstraat 20, 1794 BJ Oosterend, Texel, The Netherlands, tel/fax + 31222318744, e-mail [email protected] Dr J.B. Reid (Seabird Group), clo Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), Dunnet House, 7 Thistle Place, Aberdeen AB10 1UZ, Scotland, Ll.K, e-mail [email protected]. Offers of papers should be addressed to either editor. Editorial board: Dr S. -
Seashore Pocket Guide
. y a B e e L d n a n i t r a M e b m o C , h t u o m n y L ) e v o b a ( . e m i t m e h t e v i g u o y f i e c i v e r c n e d d i h a m o r f t u o . a n i l l a r o c d n a e s l u d s a h c u s s d e e w a e s b a r C e l b i d E k u . v o g . k r a p l a n o i t a n - r o o m x e . w w w e r a t s a o c s ’ r o o m x E n o e f i l d l i w e r o h s a e s k c a b e v o m n e t f o l l i w s b a r c d n a h s i F . l l i t s y r e v g n i p e e k d e r r e v o c s i d n a c u o y s l o o p k c o r r o f k o o l o t s e c a l p e t i r u o v a f r u o f o e m o S , g n i h c t a w e m i t d n e p S . -
Injury Affects Coelomic Fluid Proteome of the Common Starfish, Asterias Rubens Sergey V
© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2019) 222, jeb198556. doi:10.1242/jeb.198556 RESEARCH ARTICLE Injury affects coelomic fluid proteome of the common starfish, Asterias rubens Sergey V. Shabelnikov1,*, Danila E. Bobkov2, Natalia S. Sharlaimova2 and Olga A. Petukhova2 ABSTRACT and exceeding 40% in sea urchins (Giese, 1966). Cellular elements 5– 6 −1 Echinoderms, possessing outstanding regenerative capabilities, found in CF at concentrations of 10 10 cells ml are collectively provide a unique model system for the study of response to injury. referred to as coelomocytes (Chia and Xing, 1996). Their However, little is known about the proteomic composition of coelomic morphology in starfish is well described (Kanungo, 1984; fluid, an important biofluid circulating throughout the animal’s body Sharlaimova et al., 2014). Coelomocytes are not only mediators of and reflecting the overall biological status of the organism. In this innate immune responses (Smith et al., 2010), but are also actively study, we used LC-MALDI tandem mass spectrometry to characterize involved in the early repair phase of starfish arm regeneration (Ben the proteome of the cell-free coelomic fluid of the starfish Asterias Khadra et al., 2017; Ferrario et al., 2018), providing wound closure ‘ ’ rubens and to follow the changes occurring in response to puncture and hemostatic activity. The number of circulating coelomocytes in wound and blood loss. In total, 91 proteins were identified, of which starfish rapidly increases in the first hours after arm tip amputation 61 were extracellular soluble and 16 were bound to the plasma (Pinsino et al., 2007) or an immune challenge (Coteur et al., 2002; membrane. -
Genetic Differentiation Among Local Japanese Populations of the Starfish Asterias Amurensis Inferred from Allozyme Variation
Genes Genet. Syst. (1998) 73, p. 59–64 Genetic differentiation among local Japanese populations of the starfish Asterias amurensis inferred from allozyme variation Norimasa Matsuoka* and Toshihiko Hatanaka Department of Biofunctional Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan (Received 6 November 1997, accepted 16 February 1998) The starfish Asterias amurensis that is a common species in Japanese waters shows the remarkable morphological variation in several characters such as colour pattern of body between local populations. The genetic differentiation and relationships among seven local Japanese populations were investigated by allozyme analysis. From the allozyme variation observed in 25 genetic loci coding for 14 enzymes, Nei’s genetic distances between seven local populations were calculated and a biochemical dendrogram for seven populations was constructed. The dendrogram indicated that the Akkeshi (Hokkaido), Ushimado (Inland Sea), and Ise (Ise Bay) populations are much genetically differentiated from the other four populations, and that the degree of genetic differentiation between them was much higher than that between conspe- cific local populations. Judging from allozyme and morphological data, we conclude that the starfish A. amurensis from Japanese waters consists of at least three groups that are largely genetically divergent at subspecies or sibling species level. other populations. Populations from Mutsu Bay of north- INTRODUCTION ern Tohoku have the standard blue or purple body with In a previous study, we indicated using allozyme analy- slender arms. From the morphological study on geographi- sis that the tropical common sea-urchin Echinometra cal populations of the species, Hayashi (1974) considered mathaei from Okinawa Island of southern Japan consists that the populations distributing from the central region of four different species or sibling species (Matsuoka and to the southern region of Honshu in Japan may be a sub- Hatanaka, 1991). -
Practical Euthanasia Method for Common Sea Stars (Asterias Rubens) That Allows for High-Quality RNA Sampling
animals Article Practical Euthanasia Method for Common Sea Stars (Asterias rubens) That Allows for High-Quality RNA Sampling Sarah J. Wahltinez 1 , Kevin J. Kroll 2, Elizabeth A. Nunamaker 3 , Nancy D. Denslow 2,4 and Nicole I. Stacy 1,* 1 Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; swahltinez@ufl.edu 2 Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; krollk@ufl.edu (K.J.K.); ndenslow@ufl.edu (N.D.D.) 3 Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; nunamaker@ufl.edu 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA * Correspondence: stacyn@ufl.edu Simple Summary: Sea stars are iconic marine invertebrates and are important for maintaining the biodiversity in their ecosystems. As humans, we interact with sea stars when they are used as research animals or displayed at public or private aquaria. Molecular research requires fresh tissues that have thus far been considered to be of the best quality if collected without euthanasia. This is the first paper describing a method to euthanize sea stars that still allows for sampling of high-quality tissue that can be used for advanced research. Since it can be difficult to tell if an invertebrate has died, it is important to use a two-step method where the first step makes it non-responsive and Citation: Wahltinez, S.J.; Kroll, K.J.; the next step ensures it has died. -
Salinity Tolerance and Permeability to Water of the Starfish Asterias Rubens L
J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. (1961) 41, 161-174 161 Printed in Great Britain SALINITY TOLERANCE AND PERMEABILITY TO WATER OF THE STARFISH ASTERIAS RUBENS L. By JOHN BINYON Deparunent of Zoology, Royal Holloway College, London (Text-figs. I to 7) Present-day echinoderms are marine animals and are usually considered to be a stenohaline group, in the sense that they are intolerant of salinities differing greatly from that of normal oceanic sea water. In the Baltic Sea, however, the position is somewhat different. Most groups of echinoderms are to be found in the Kattegat, but the number of species declines eastwards and the asteroids are the only group to extend beyond the Oresund. The farthest penetration is made by Asterias rubens which is taken as far east as Rugen Island where the salinity is only 8 %0 (Brattstrom, 1941; Segerstrale, 1949; Schlieper, 1957). In the British Isles the distribution of echinoderms is fairly well documented. According to Bassindale (1940, 1943), none are to be found in the Bristol Channel above Kilve, where normal salinity conditions obtain. Some post• larval asteroids have, however, been found by Rees (1938) in the Cardiff Roads plankton, where the salinity was 27'1 %0' In the Salcombe and Exe estuaries, Allen & Todd (1900) did not report any echinoderms from water ofless than 30%°' Percival (1929) and Spooner & Moore (1940) in their Tamar surveys did not record A. rubens within the estuary. In north-east England too, echinoderms seem to be absent from the estuaries (Hobson, 1949). Hancock (1955) reported Asterias from the River Crouch as far as the western end of Bridgemarsh Island, and the occasional specimen is taken a little higher up the river, where the summer low tide salinity is not reduced. -
Asterias Amurensis Global Invasive
FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Asterias amurensis Asterias amurensis System: Marine Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Echinodermata Asteroidea Forcipulatida Asteriidae Common name North Pacific seastar (English), Nordpazifischer Seestern (German), Japanese seastar (English), northern Pacific seastar (English), purple-orange seastar (English), flatbottom seastar (English), Japanese starfish (English) Synonym Parasterias albertensis , Verrill, 1914 Asterias rubens , Murdoch, 1885 Asterias pectinata , Brandt, 1835 Asterias nortonensis , Clark, 1920 Asterias anomala , Clark, 1913 Asterias amurensis , f. robusta Djakonov, 1950 Asterias amurensis , f. latissima Djakonov, 1950 Allasterias rathbuni nortonens , Verrill, 1909 Allasterias rathbuni , var. anom Verrill, 1909 Allasterias rathbuni , var. nort Verrill, 1914 Asterias amurensis , f. acervispinis Djakonov, 1950 Asterias amurensis , f. flabellifera Djakonov, 1950 Asterias amurensis , f. gracilispinis Djakonov, 1950 Similar species Pisaster brevispinus, Pisaster giganteus, Pisaster ochraceus Summary Originally found in far north Pacific waters and areas surrounding Japan, Russia, North China, and Korea, the northern Pacific seastar (Asterias amurensis) has successfully invaded the southern coasts of Australia and has the potential to move as far north as Sydney. The seastar will eat a wide range of prey and has the potential for ecological and economic harm in its introduced range. Because the seastar is well established and abundantly widespread, eradication is almost impossible. However, prevention and control measures are being implemented to stop the species from establishing in new waters. view this species on IUCN Red List Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) 2021. Species profile Asterias amurensis. Pag. 1 Available from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=82 [Accessed 06 October 2021] FULL ACCOUNT FOR: Asterias amurensis Species Description Asterias amurensis (northern Pacific seastar) can grow upto 50cm in diameter. -
Controlling the Northern Pacific Seastar (Asterias Amurensis) in Australia
FINAL REPORT FOR THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE CONTROLLING THE NORTHERN PACIFIC SEASTAR (ASTERIAS AMURENSIS) IN AUSTRALIA Prepared by Michaela Dommisse and Don Hough Marine Strategy Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) March 2004 © The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment 2002 Sate of Victoria disclaimer This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you relying on any information in this publication. Australian Government disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Heritage. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................