LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 1 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS Front Cover: Vaclovas Ratas, Jurate and Kastytis (Mother), 1937 (Kaunas)
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 1 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS Front cover: Vaclovas Ratas, Jurate and Kastytis (Mother), 1937 (Kaunas). Woodcut, 1 O cm x 10 cm. Back cover: Vaclovas Ratas, Emu. 1970 (Sydney). Colour Mono type, 48 cm x 48 cm. The Consulate of the Republic of Lithuania in Melbourne is proud to support the Lithuanian Papers. 47 Somers Street, Burwood, Victoria 3125 Phone & Fax (03) 9808 8300 E-mail: [email protected] www.VilniusTravel.com This is YOUR home away from home in Vilnius ... --VERY FAIR pricing- -WELCOME SURPISE- -AIRPORT PICKUP available- -MUL Tl-SYSTEM TV and VCR- � -IN APARTMENT washing machine- ; -COMPLETE with towels and bedding- -SAFE CENTRAL SENAMIESTIS location- : -IMMACULATE ultra-modern bath with heated floors- 5! -COMPLEMENTARY copy of "Vilnius In Your Pocket'- � -STEPS to shopping / sights / museums / theaters / restaurants- � -FULL WEBSITE INFORMATION (other sites leave you guessing)- 5 � -PRIVACY and COMFORT of YOUR OWN furnished flat- � �s For specific questions E-mail: [email protected] --------- -------- -- - -- - - �- 2 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 3 we finance ALL types of housing loans... Scholarshipsl Lithuanian Studies Society Honours Scholarship Lithuanian Credit Society (Talka) for further information, email [email protected] Low rates, No fees, No bank charges. Doing Honours in 2004? The Lithuanian Studies Society offersan Honours Scholarship at the AUSTRALIAN LITHUANIAN FOUNDATION University of Tasmania worth $5000. Encourages, supports and promotes Lithuanian culture in its many forms, thus helping the Lithuanian Community to make a It's available to a student in any faculty significantcontribution to Australia'scultural heritage. whose honours thesis involves an aspect of study of Lithuania or Lithuanians. You can add your support to this worthwhile cause: - By joining the Foundation as a member Interested? - By making a donation You can apply now by completingthe Honours Scholarship - By remembering it in your will. application form available on the web, from the Tasmania Scholarships Office or from Student Administration. Donations of $2 or greater are tax deductable. The correct name and address is For more details contact Mr Al Taskunas from the Lithuanian Studies Society Australian Lithuanian Foundation Inc : on (03) 62262541 or (03) 6225 2505 or write to PO Box 777, Sandy Bay 7006 50 Errol Street NORTH MELBOURNE Vic 3051 E or theweb, the Tasmania Scholarships Office (03) 6226 2879 tn n:::, For further information you may ring A.Simkus (03) 9578 4319 - or E-mail [email protected] ------------ ,_..__ - ____.._ ---- - ------ �---- - - . _ - --- LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 5 Page 4 ISSN 1031-3958 Lithuanian Papers Contents ANNUAL. JOURNAL OF THE LITHUANIAN STUDIES SOCIETY The State of Lithuania is 750 years old 6 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA Lithuania will join the EU in 2004 Bernd& Magnus Frisch 7 Volume 17 - 2003 Women in Lithuania and Feminism Dalia Marcinkeviciene 1O EDITOR: Algimantas P. TASKONAS, OAM, PhD (Tas),MEdAdmin (NE) Jonas Zemaitis ThierryPinet 17 ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Vince J. TASKONAS, BA (Tas.). EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS ADDRESS: Post Office Box 777, Sandy Our Lithuanian Honours Scholarship winner for 2003 21 Bay, Tas. 7006 (Australia). Ph. (03)62252505. Friends of the Prisoners 22 E-mail: <[email protected]>. National inferiority complex Viktoras Alekna, SUBSCRIPTIONS: Australia, single issue, $7 posted. All other Gintautas Kaminskas 23 countries, single issue by air mail, US$8. Please direct subscription translated by requests to Post Office Box 777, Sandy Bay, Tas. 7006 (Australia). Contemporary Lithuanian theatre Helmutas Sabasevicius' PRINTED in Australia by Print Centre (Tas.) P/L, Ph. 03 6231 1700. translated by Regina Krutulyte-Share 27 LITHUANIAN PAPERS journal has been published annually since Aitvaras Algimantas Taskilnas 32 1987, by the Lithuanian Studies Society at the University of Vaclovas Ratas Tiiu Reissar 34 Tasmania. It usually appears in October or November. CONTRIBUTIONS are solicited by the Editors, or may be sent directly The Lithuanian language James Hendin 41 to the journal. Articles are normally assessed by independent A word a day 42 referees before publication. Letters to the Editor 44 The VIEWS expressed in this journal, unless otherwise stated, are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of The Castle of Trakai in Canberra Rasa Mauragis 45 the Editors or the publishers (the Lithuanian Studies Society). SLIC in Sydney Ramona Ratas - Zakarevicius 46 Advertising When is a kingdom not a kingdom? P. Algis Raulinaitis 49 The publishers of LITHUANIAN PAPERS welcome ethical advertising and reserve the right to refuse any advertisement, without having to Lithuania: Black and white Stasys Gostautas. give reasons for such refusal. translated by Gintautas Kaminskas 55 ADVERTISING RATES Book Reviews: Lithuanian artists (G. Kazokas) P. Slidiiilnas 60 Size Dimensions AU $ or US $ The last girl (S. Collishaw) Vince Taskilnas 63 2 adjoining pages mono 180 x 250 mm Bruce King or2 x180 x113 mm $250 or US$175 Lithuanian history (Z. Kiaupa) 66 Full page mono 180 x 113 mm $ 140 or US$100 Lectures on Language (ed.Kazuto Matsumura, Japan) 67 Half page mono 85 x 113 mm $ 85 or US$ 60 An innocent victim (Dalia Grinkeviciute) Other sizes - by arrangement. Prices are for camera-ready copy. 68 In brief 69 Typesetting and graphic design are available at extra cost. CONTACT: Al TaskOnas, Editor. Ph. (03) 62252505 Our thanks 71 E-mail: [email protected] Lithuania - Basic facts 72 - - - -- - - --�- - ------ . ·-� 6 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 7 The State of Lithuania: 7 50 Years Old Lithuania will join the European Union in 2004 Berndt FRISCH and Magnus FRISCH Greifswald / Germany On May 1, 2004, the Republic of Lithuania will join the European Union (EU). In a referendum on May 10 and 11, 2003, 89.9 % of the electors voted in favour of joining the EU. 63.3 % of eligible ( persons voted. President Rolandas Paksas said of this result, "I am proud that l Lithuania has passed this test of democracy." For him, the referendum was the most important test for the electoral maturity in the history of his country. EU-president Romano Prodi hailed the consent of the Lithuanian people as an "historic vote" which has underlined the importance of Lithuania's joining the EU. The Lithuanian government's determined publicity campaign focussed on farmers, women and pensioners contributed to this success. The government was supported by the Catholic Church. The Church referred, inter alia, to the position of Pope John Paul II who considered the EU to be the guarantor of peace. The Pope had spoken of the bigger states helping the smaller ones. Lithuania joining the EU is based upon the country's considerable I development since the restoration of sovereignty in August, 1991. !. Lithuania's political stability has been augmented by a sound economic growth showing the highest rise (6.7%) of all the candidate states wishing to join the EU in 2002. Lithuania's exports developed surprisingly strongly, with increases of 13.21% and 11 % between 2000 and 2002. The national budget deficit 1 � King Mindaugas (pictured, above) was the first Lithuanian monarch to decreased to 1.2 % of gross domestic product • receive the Pope's crown. The coronation ceremony was carried out, a, behalf of Pope Innocent IV, by Bishop Heinrich Heidenreich of Kulm in conjuction with the Livonian Master, on July 6, 1253. Mindaugas unified 1 the Lithuanian state and started christianizing his people. He formed the EDITOR's NOTE: Lithuania's currency unit Litas is pegged to the euro, at strong nucleus of a state that has survived the Internal strife and external the exchange rate of 3.4528 litas to one euro. Reinoldijus Sarkinas, Governor attacks over the following 750 years. of Lithuania's central bank, stated on May 19 that Lithuania should keep its This makes the state of Lithuania three times older than the United current exchange rate fixed until adopting the euro in 2007. "The likely and States of America; and three times older than Australia, as we know it appropriate course is to enter the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM-2) when today. - Painting by J. Malinauskaite / Lithuanian Heritage. we join the EU in 2004", Mr Sarkinas said, "[and] let [Lithuania's] currency board system 'die a natural death' after 2004". - - - - - - ---- - -- - -- 8 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 LITHUANIAN PAPERS, No.17/2003 9 Key In addition the small cultivated areas - 95 % of the Lithuanian • Cunent EU members farmers cultivate less than 50 ha - hinder the economic • wmJoin 1n May 2004 competition. Set jointit In 200'7 In view of this situation it will be necessary to direct the euphoria of the Lithuanians into realistic thinking before they join. They must know that the experts assume, the eastern European countries will need at least thirty years to halve the present differences of income. Dr. Berndt Frisch (60) is a teacher of History and German, member of the "Baltische Gesel/schaft in Deutsch/and" and is the author of numerous articles and a book on Lithuania .. Magnus Frisch (23), cand. phi/. studies Philosophy, Latin and History at the Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat at Greifswa/d (Ger many). Gone, but Not Forgotten The European Union is expanding rapidly. - Map by courtesy of Reuters. However, of all the candidate states seeking admission to the EU, Lithuania is still one of the poorest. The average standard of living I in Lithuania is only 30 % of the average living standard in the EU. .i According to official statements, the unemployment rate at the end of 2002 was 10.9 %. Despite all the euphoria, observers will perceive Lithuania only as a "second class" member of the EU. The reason being that out of consideration for Germany and Austria, with strongly strained labour markets, there will be restricted freedom of movement for workers within the European market.