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American Mirror: the United States and the Empire of Brazil in the Age of Emancipation

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American Mirror: the United States and the Empire of Brazil in the Age of Emancipation University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 American Mirror: The United States And The Empire Of Brazil In The Age Of Emancipation Roberto Saba University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Saba, Roberto, "American Mirror: The United States And The Empire Of Brazil In The Age Of Emancipation" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2561. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2561 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2561 For more information, please contact [email protected]. American Mirror: The United States And The Empire Of Brazil In The Age Of Emancipation Abstract This dissertation traces the triumph of free labor in the two largest slave societies of the nineteenth- century western world: the United States and Brazil. Drawing on a range of primary sources from American and Brazilian archives, it reconstructs the intense circulation of transnational agents between these two countries from the 1840s to the 1880s. It shows how these exchanges transformed the political economies of both nations: whereas Brazil attracted American capital and expertise to modernize its economic structure and accomplish a smooth transition from slave to free labor; the United States seized the opportunity to invest, develop, and encourage free labor in Brazil, which had long been under the influence of the British Empire. As vital as chattel slavery had become to the nineteenth-century world economy, a coalition of American and Brazilian reformers proposed that an even more efficient and profitable labor system could eplacer it. This transnational group of free labor promoters included activists, diplomats, engineers, entrepreneurs, journalists, merchants, missionaries, planters, politicians, scientists, students, among others. Working together, they promoted labor-saving machinery, new transportation technology, scientific management, and technical education. These improvements, they reckoned, would help Brazilian and American capitalists harness the potential of native-born as well as immigrant free workers to expand production and trade. This work concludes that, by the late nineteenth century, free labor had strengthened capitalism in Brazil and the United States, making American industrialists and Brazilian planters more powerful than ever before. Consequently, in neither the United States nor Brazil did the triumph of free labor result in the advancement of social justice. In fact, from the very beginning of their campaign, free labor promoters favored major capitalists: their goal was to concentrate capital, shatter traditional ways of life, and control highly mobile workers. Free labor meant eliminating slavery while, at the same time, reinforcing proletarianization. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Steven Hahn Keywords Brazil, Emancipation, Free Labor, Slavery, Transnational, United States Subject Categories History This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2561 AMERICAN MIRROR: THE UNITED STATES AND THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL IN THE AGE OF EMANCIPATION Roberto Saba A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Supervisor of Dissertation ______________________ Steven Hahn Professor Emeritus of History Graduate Group Chairperson ______________________ Peter Holquist Associate Professor of History Dissertation Committee: Steven Hahn, Professor Emeritus of History, University of Pennsylvania Eiichiro Azuma, Alan Charles Kors Term Associate Professor of History, University of Pennsylvania Angela Alonso, Professor of Sociology, University of São Paulo Stephanie McCurry, R. Gordon Hoxie Professor of American History, Columbia University AMERICAN MIRROR: THE UNITED STATES AND THE EMPIRE OF BRAZIL IN THE AGE OF EMANCIPATION COPYRIGHT 2017 Roberto Nicolas Puzzo Ferreira Saba This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ For my Parents Paulo and Dirce iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As I tried to disentangle the networks that connected people between the United States and Brazil in the nineteenth century, I entered my own twenty-first century binational network. And I was very fortunate to meet some amazing people in it. I’m thankful to dozens of people, in two countries, who often went out of their way to help me write my dissertation. I’m deeply grateful for the support I received from the members of my dissertation committee. I’m honored to have worked with Steve Hahn for six years. He welcomed me to American academia in 2011 and has offered his untiring support since. A brilliant writer, stimulating teacher, considerate advisor, and inspiring public intellectual, he is and will always be a model for me. Among many other things, he encouraged me to be bold in my academic work as well as in my political stands. I couldn’t have asked for a better advisor. Stephanie McCurry’s enthusiasm for my research gave me confidence throughout this journey. Within my limitations, I tried to emulate her provocative take on classic topics and her sharp challenges to mainstream ideas. As her student and her teaching assistant, I realized how thrilling the profession of historian can be. Eiichiro Azuma does the kind of work I want to do in my career. When I arrived at Penn I had a very fuzzy idea of how to proceed with my project. He showed me the challenges of transnational history, helped me see its potentials, and inspired me to push its boundaries. Angela Alonso has been an inspiration for a long time, well before I started my doctoral studies. She first told me to go for this topic and has always encouraged me to cross academic borders. Her advice kept me connected to the most refined Brazilian tradition in the social sciences while opening the doors to the world beyond it. I can’t thank these four professors enough for everything they have done for me. iv At the University of Pennsylvania, I had the opportunity to work with many other intelligent and kind professionals who made graduate school a joyful experience. The courses I took with Robert St. George, Eve Trout Powell, Warren Breckman, Kathy Peiss, Roger Chartier, and Matt Barton made me love even more the profession I chose. The same is true for the time I worked as a teaching assistant for Vanessa Ogle and Tamara Walker. I also enjoyed very much engaging with brilliant scholars such as Cheikh Babou, Kathy Brown, Sally Gordon, Walter Licht, Amy Offner, Dan Richter, and Beth Wenger. Throughout the years, I felt secure to know that I could rely on generous graduate chairs Antonio Feros, Peter Holquist, and Benjamin Nathans. I also appreciated very much the work of the department’s amazing staff members Joan Plonski, Octavia Carr, and Bekah Rosenberg. I’ll always be indebted to all these people. I would also like to thank the two persons who set me on this path, years ago. Rogério Baptistini Mendes has been much more than a teacher. We share similar origins and the same values. We share the passion for understanding Brazil and how it integrates the modern world. I feel good to know that I can always count on his friendship. Miriam Dolhnikoff taught me the historian’s craft. She introduced me to the profession I love so much and has always been there for me. In workshops, conferences, archives, and even online, in Brazil and the United States, I met scholars whose work I admire and who took great interest in what I was doing. Their questions and suggestions helped me more than they can imagine. I’m especially thankful to Jeremy Adelman, Fernando Atique, Roderick Barman, Sven Beckert, Ema Camillo, Cristina de Campos, Celso Castilho, Teresa Cribelli, Monica Dantas, Greg Downs, Roquinaldo Ferreira, Zephyr Frank, Reinaldo Fuentes, Antonio Carlos Galdino, Lesley v Gordon, Thavolia Glymph, Karl Jacoby, José Juan Pérez Meléndez, Max Mishler, Andrés Reséndez, Gabriel Rocha, Martha Santos, Barbara Weinstein, and Andrew Zimmerman. History as a discipline would be far less interesting were it not for the great librarians and archivists who tirelessly work on preserving and systematizing documents. I’m especially thankful to John Pollack at Van Pelt Library, who showed me how to get the best out of archives and libraries. I’d also like to thank the staff of the several institutions that provided me with great materials: Alabama Department of Archives and History; Arquivo da Câmara Municipal de Campinas; Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo; Arquivo Edgard Leuenroth, Unicamp; Arquivo Histórico do Museu Imperial; Biblioteca Brasiliana Mindlin, USP; Biblioteca Municipal Mário de Andrade; Centro Cultural Martha Watts; Centro de Memória Arquivos Históricos, Unicamp; Department of Records, City of Philadelphia; Fundação Biblioteca Nacional; Fundação Getulio Vargas; Fundação Joaquim Nabuco; Hagley Museum and Library; Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscripts; Historic Speedwell Archives Room; Houghton Library, Harvard; Indiana Historical Society; Kroch Library, Cornell; Louisiana State University Libraries; Loja América, São Paulo; Montana State University Library; The Morristown and Morris Township Library;
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