May 18, 2012 Mary Gates Hall

Radical, Racial Antisemitism: The Building Blocks of POSTER SESSION 1 Nazi Policy Commons East, Easel 64 Jennifer Cigler, Senior, History, Pacific Lutheran University Mentor: Gina Hames, History, Pacific Lutheran University 12:00 PM to 1:30 PM The essay “Radical, Racial Antisemitism: The Building Greater Love Hath No Man: Death and Dying in the Blocks of Nazi Policy” explores the progression of religious Contemporary American Military antisemitism throughout history into the modern practice of Ryan Green, Junior, History, University of California, Davis a more severe form of discrimination, radical, racial anti- McNair Scholar semitism. This resulting radical, racial antisemitism, or the Mentor: Charles Walker, History, University of California, belief that Jews belonged to an inferior race, penetrated the Davis Weltanschauung (world view) of key founding members of The purpose of this study is to determine how contempo- the Nazi Party, including Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and rary American society and its military view the concept of Joseph Goebbels. Nazi leadership embraced radical, racial dying and how one is able to have “a good death.” For pri- antisemitic ideology as a foundational principle of their party mary sources, I use Medal of Honor citations, letters home, politics during their rise to power between 1919 and 1933. newspaper obituaries and articles. Preliminary results have As such, this radical, racial antisemitic philosophy deter- shown that the best way one could die was in the action of mined Nazi policy, laws, and doctrine that led to the eventual saving another’s life. Medal of Honor citations alone have mass extermination of the Jews of Europe. By examining indicated this. Of the 258 Medals of Honor, which have and analyzing historical antisemitic documents, the writings been awarded, often posthumously, since the start of the Viet- of Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels, and texts of early Nazi nam War, 56% have been awarded for actions that demon- laws, the essay establishes the connection between the radical strated self-sacrifice for others. In the conflicts after Viet- philosophies of prominent Nazi officials and the formation of nam the proportion of Medal of Honor citations in regard to the foundations and frameworks of the early political policies self-sacrifice have risen: of the 12 Medals of Honor that have implemented by the Nazi regime in the early 1930s. been awarded, self-sacrifice made up 75% of the citations. I expect to find more corroborating evidence as I continue my research. It is hoped that information gleaned from this re- SESSION 1J search will help mental health professionals better treat vet- erans by assuaging any potential survivor’s guilt that military THE POLITICSOF PRACTICE: personnel may possess. HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND SESSION 1J METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY THE POLITICSOF PRACTICE: Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Ideas HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND Mary Gates Hall 271 METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM * Note: Titles in order of presentation. ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Merchants and Pirates: How the Hanseatic League’s Ideas Founding Principles Shaped its Conflicts with England Mary Gates Hall 271 Jonah Bomgaars, Senior, History 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM Mentor: Charity Urbanski, History * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History

Undergraduate Research Program 1 exp.washington.edu/urp From the late 14th through the 15th century, the German In twelfth-century northern England, the historical imagina- Hanse was a major player in economic, political, and mili- tion was dominated by the region’s most powerful and most tary conflict –areas traditionally associated with state actors popular saint. The bishops of Durham drew on St. Cuthbert’s –throughout northern Europe, despite being a decentralized, renowned history and well-established authority to underline non-sovereign, non-territorial entity. The Hanse was a late their own spiritual legitimacy. Involvement with the saint’s medieval/early modern trade organization, the driving pur- cult was not limited to the ecclesiastical elite or the monks of pose of which, from its founding and throughout its devel- the cathedral convent. Throughout the twelfth century, lay in- opment, was to provide for the mutual protection of its mem- terest in the religious life dramatically increased, and saints’ ber cities’ merchants in the course of their business and en- cults were a popular focus of lay religious energy. Reginald of sure and expand their rights and privileges in foreign ports; to Durham’s Libellus de admirandis beati Cuthberti virtutibus, protect their merchants against the predations of both pirates complied in the 1160s and 70s, provides a richly detailed and kings. It is thus one of the great historical ironies that glimpse of this period when the saint’s miracle working pow- the Hanse became a source of piracy and mercantile harass- ers were claimed by religious and laity alike. Much schol- ment rivaling those of the sovereign states of Northern Eu- arly attention has already been paid to the increasing preva- rope. The Hanse’s relations with England throughout the late lence of pilgrimage to Cuthbert’s shrine in the twelfth cen- 14th and 15th century, especially in the decades surrounding tury. Pilgrims who visited Durham generally sought miracu- the English dynastic struggle of the Wars of the Roses and lous cures, and as we would expect there is a higher propor- concurrent Anglo-Hanseatic War, exemplify the Hanse’s role tion of stories about healing miracles in the Libellus than in as a state-like actor in international conflict. Current schol- earlier Cuthbertine hagiography. But pilgrims were not the arship on the Hanse focuses on cliometric trade analysis and only laity who became involved in St. Cuthbert’s cult in the linear narrative history, but I emphasize the unique nature of twelfth century. In addition to stories of miraculous healing, the Hanse and how it determined their actions on the inter- Reginald’s Libellus contains accounts of the saint arbitrating national stage, critically reading Parliamentary records, royal the conflicts of lay inhabitants of the bishopric of Durham. appeals, and major secondary sources in light of my analysis My research examines these often overlooked “miracles of of the Hanse’s foundational documents. I explore the motiva- justice” in order to provide a fuller picture of lay interaction tions of the Hanse in its conflicts with England and determine with St. Cuthbert in twelfth-century Durham. I analyze mir- that the Hanse’s use of piracy and the harassment of English acle stories involving freeing from false imprisonment, pro- merchants represented a natural continuation of their found- tection of lay interests, and punishment of immoral behavior ing principles. My research addresses questions of the moti- in order to explore how and why members of every social vations and internal dynamics of one of the most successful strata increasingly claimed the patronage of the saint in order and longest-lasting international trade leagues to-date as it in- to mediate secular conflict. What emerges is a clearer portrait teracted with more traditional state-entities in diplomatic and of a distinctive local political and social culture underlined by economic contexts. communal association with St. Cuthbert.

SESSION 1J SESSION 1N

THE POLITICSOF PRACTICE: MCNAIR SESSION -CULTURE HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND SHIFTS,SOCIAL CHANGE,SOCIAL METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS MOVEMENTS:PASTAND PRESENT ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY Session Moderator: Devon Pena, Anthropology Mary Gates Hall 295 Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM Ideas * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Mary Gates Hall 271 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM The Changing Depiction of the Model Minority Myth: * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Asian Americans During the 1980s Gregory Loh, Junior, History, University of California, Davis ”He is Hope for the Wretched, the Salvation of the McNair Scholar Desperate:” Miracles of Justice in Reginald of Durham’s Mentor: Cecilia Tsu, History, University of California, Libellus de Admirandis Beati Cuthberti Virtutibus Davis Elizabeth Miller (Beth) Hasseler, Senior, History Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, Asian Amer- icans were labeled as the “model minority.” The integration

2 of the Asian American community into mainstream Amer- these newly active populations. Originally created to serve ican society without relying on welfare or political protest a group of cloistered nuns, the Gilbertines soon began to in- was used to demean the civil rights struggle of African Amer- clude lay brothers to oversee the external governance of the icans and Latinos. The Immigration Act of 1965 and the monastery. At some point after 1147, the Gilbertine Order in- aftermath of the Vietnam War saw an influx of Asian im- troduced Canons, monks of socially elite backgrounds, who migration prompting the homogenization of disparate Asian usurped the lay brethren’s position of authority. This usurpa- groups within American society. The 1980s were a period tion created tensions that resulted in the Gilbertine lay broth- of turmoil for the US economy, while Japan was an eco- ers filing a formal complaint with the pope ca. 1161. Exist- nomic power on the rise. The dialogue about Asian Amer- ing research on this topic generally relegates the lay broth- icans changed during this decade to reflect the growing threat ers’ actions to a marginalized extreme and scholars have of- of Japanese economic supremacy. The rhetoric of the model ten described the brothers’ actions using terms originally em- minority shifted to represent the Asian American as smart and ployed by the lay brothers’ adversaries, such as “rebellious” hardworking tying it to Japanese success in the auto industry and “violent.” There has been little attempt to understand the and the threat of Japan’s economic rise. The deindustrializa- lay brothers’ intentions nor to situate the petition in relation tion of U.S. manufacturing jobs, created a backlash against to the larger social, political, religious, and economic move- Asians Americans. The homogenization of Asian groups in ments sweeping throughout Western Europe in the mid- to the 1980s ignored class differences and became a tool to dis- late-twelfth century. My research has found that their actions mantle affirmative action and welfare services. This article represent an attempt, albeit frustrated, to integrate themselves will explore the model minority myth and the representation within a larger, society-wide discussion of rights, duties, and of Asian Americans in American society. The study will in- relationships between the period’s various social hierarchies, clude popular media during the 1980s: newspapers, televi- both ecclesiastical and lay. A comparison of the language sion, periodicals, political speeches, and movies. The use of and procedures outlined in letters surrounding the Papal in- these primary source documents will track the changing per- vestigation of the lay brother’s petition indicates that, rather ceptions of the U.S. population during the 1980s. Research than being an attempt to upend prevalent social hierarchies, into the Asian American model minority myth and the shift the lay brothers’ actions serve to illustrate their attempts to in public perception during the 1980s will shed light upon the integrate themselves within these power structures. changing nature of race perception and relations in the United States. SESSION 1P SESSION 1N INTERESTS,ORGANIZATIONS, AND MCNAIR SESSION -CULTURE POLITICAL REFORM Session Moderator: John Wilkerson, Political Science SHIFTS,SOCIAL CHANGE,SOCIAL Mary Gates Hall 171 MOVEMENTS:PASTAND PRESENT 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM Session Moderator: Devon Pena, Anthropology * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Mary Gates Hall 295 Industrial Unionism for the 21st Century: Transnational 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM Labor Solidarity and Organizing in North America * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Leo Sun (Leo) Baunach, Junior, International Studies Conversi sed non Pervrsi: Contextualizing the Gilbertine Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History Lay Petition of the Twelfth Century This paper examines cooperation between the United Steel- Dustin Thomas (Dustin) Neighly, Senior, History workers and the Mexican ‘Mineros’ Union, a relationship that McNair Scholar began in the early 2000s and evolved into a close alliance af- Mentor: Robert Stacey, College of Arts and Sciences ter 2006. The alliance moved beyond the limitations of prior A monastic reformation movement swept through Europe in attempts at international labor solidarity that were constrained the eleventh and twelfth centuries resulting in increased ac- by a focus on symbolic gestures, a lack of connection with cess to the religious life for peasants and noble women. The workers and domination by the Global North. I argue that introduction of these new elements caused tension and anx- confronting the corporate private sector through labor orga- iety among existing ecclesiastical elites. A prime example nizing is central to contesting the economic and social land- of these tensions is the Gilbertine Order, a monastic sect scape of NAFTA-era North America. The two unions un- founded in England ca. 1131 that provided for the needs of derstand this potential and have proposed integration into a single body, though this brings a new set of challenges. I

3 give a critical overview of the pitfalls of union mergers, par- perialism thus laid the foundation for the coming socialist or- ticularly issues of member alienation, organizational identity der. My research concerns a critical reading of primary source and local autonomy. Flexibilized supply chains, the infor- documents from prominent socialist newspapers and treatises malization of work and other corporate schemes have com- of the period in light of the relevant secondary source liter- pounded these impediments to building strong unions. This ature to reconstruct the party’s transformation from intran- essay contends that joint action, particularly organizing drives sigence to imperialism. I seek to analyze these theories of and corporate campaigns, effectively fights this erosion of socialist imperialism within the context of the party’s growth working standards and engenders transnational solidarity as a and bureaucratization, the rise of powerful trade unions, and culture within union membership, thereby facilitating integra- the emergence of theories that challenged orthodox Marxism. tion. This strategy combines communication between leaders Ultimately, these theories of socialist imperialism discredited with the tangible mobilization of workers, forming the au- the party following the war with the disastrous consequence thentic and multi-layered relations of mutuality needed to re- of making its leaders and members unprepared to contest the build worker power in a neoliberal age. High-profile debates rise of Nazism in the 1930s. over free trade and globalization sparked an explosion in aca- demic literature in the 1990s that theoretically mapped out a ‘new labor internationalism,’ but the literature’s case studies POSTER SESSION 2 failed to live up to its expansive proposals. Drawing on union Commons West, Easel 3 agreements, newsletters and interviews with officials, this pa- 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM per gives a deeper example of new labor internationalism in which the Steelworkers and Mineros are creatively continuing Robin Hood, Poaching, & Non-Noble Perceptions of the long tradition of industrial unionism as a transformative Forest Law in Medieval England social force that bridges multiple physical and social borders. Erik Adam (Erik) Scheer, Senior, History Mentor: Charity Urbanski, History Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History POSTER SESSION 2 Following the Norman invasion of England in 1066, King Commons West, Easel 5 William I instituted a new system of royal forests through- 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM out England. Intended as royal hunting preserves, these areas were vast in extent, and a distinct system of law restricting Theories of Socialist Imperialism in the German Social land usage and hunting rights applied within their bounds. Democratic Party, 1875-1918 While information on baronial reactions to this change is Marc Cameron Horan Spatz, Senior, History readily available, the attitudes of commoners and the lesser Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History gentry are more obscure. I argue that the primary audience Mentor: Raymond Jonas, History of the ballads of the famed English outlaw Robin Hood was Between 1875 and 1918, the German Social Democratic non-noble, and examines their earliest editions – and the ac- Party grew from an isolated and persecuted sect to become tivities of historical outlaws in the 15th century – in the con- one of the largest, most well-organized, and most prestigious text of both forest law and the appearance of a non-noble socialist parties in the world. The party’s theoretical founda- “middle class” concurrent with the tales’ apparent origins. tion was Marxism. Its leaders, intellectuals, and many of its Beginning with the origins of forest law and its departures rank-and-file members espoused a doctrine that prophesied from Anglo-Saxon precedent, I focus on the symbolic signif- the inevitable collapse of capitalism and the global transfor- icance of the deer-hunt as a royal or noble privilege and the mation of society through socialism. However, on August 4, way deer-poachers, fictional and historical, both mocked and 1914, the party’s representatives in the Reichstag stood side mimicked noble hunting rituals – a tendency inexplicable by by side with their conservative and liberal opponents in voting the mere need for food. Most Robin Hood scholars seek ei- to provide funding for the war that had recently broken out in ther to identify the tales’ primary audience, or to identify a Europe. Furthermore, in defiance of the party’s ideology and “historical” Robin Hood; those few that address forest law do tradition of intransigence, a number of influential writers and not seek to tie these tales’ popularity to the resentment of no- intellectuals within the party had begun to articulate theories ble privilege rife at the time of their inception. Robin Hood’s that attempted to harmonize German imperialism and Marx- portrayal as a paragon of justice, coupled with his direct defi- ism. Contrary to the principles of the international solidarity ance of forest law, reveals a complex view of the matter: the of the working class, these thinkers argued that the acquisi- stories’ hero defies laws that are specifically royal while up- tion of overseas colonies was essential to secure Germany’s holding the status quo values of his time, up to and including continued prosperity and the well-being of German workers. the concept of kingship itself. Resentment is focused against Many equated the so-called noble and civilizing values of the attempted royal monopoly of a symbolically-charged re- German culture with socialism. The triumph of German im- source, rather than against the hierarchical structure of society

4 as a whole. before Milosevi??ˇ rose to power. While most of the current scholarship focuses on the timeline of political developments, my paper moves beyond the political events to look at the POSTER SESSION 2 cultural transformation of that nationalism from 1980-86 and Commons West, Easel 43 the importance of nationalistic fervor. I argue that after 1980, 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM socio-economic and political circumstances reacted with his- torical revisionism and a resurgence of WWII memories by The Struggle to Control the Story of the Everett a group of Serbian intellectuals to produce this new form of Massacre nationalism that the Serbian state has been “victimized”. This Matthew P. (Matthew) Anderson, Senior, History ”victimized” feeling is crucial to understand the later events Zesbaugh Scholar of the Yugoslav wars under Milosevi??.ˇ This transformation Mentor: James Gregory, History is evident in the individual works produced by these Intellec- Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History tuals culminating in 1986 SANU Memorandum, a dynamic In the aftermath of the 1916 Everett Massacre, the Industrial list of grievances that Serbian Intellectuals had with the Yu- Workers of the World (I.W.W.), the City of Everett, and local goslav state. Because of this feeling of “victimization,” the newspapers struggled to control the story of this armed con- Serbs felt that their group identity was being threatened by frontation, and the ensuing trial of I.W.W. member Thomas their “subordinate” position within the Yugoslav state. Tracy. There has been a great deal written about the Massacre and trial, but limited research on the attempts of labor, politi- SESSION 2A cal parties, industrialists, and the local community to control the story. To research this topic, I have examined a number of books, along with the Seattle Daily Times, the Everett Daily CULTURAL NARRATIVES Herald, and various regional labor publications. I have also Session Moderator: Valerie Manusov, Communication to conducted archival research in various documentary sites, Mary Gates Hall 228 as well as conducting informal interviews with archivists, and 3:30 PM to 5:00 PM people in Everett. I argue that the rhetoric used by the attor- * Note: Titles in order of presentation. neys at the trial, the I. W. W. literature, along with coverage in the local periodicals, provides an example of the larger battle Born in Unincorporated America: Citizenship and waged for the control of the production of stories and histori- Nationality in Territorial Philippines and Puerto Rico cal memories. This paper uses the depictions of the massacre Jacqueline (Jacqueline Wu) Wu, Junior, Chemistry by various groups to raise broader questions about how mem- Mentor: Moon-Ho Jung, History ory is produced, and the lengths to which people will go to further their cause, and to have their views elevated to the The Fourteenth Amendment attributes citizenship to all those story of history. born within the “jurisdiction” of the United States. However, the acquisitions of the Philippines and Puerto Rico by the United States challenges conceptions of citizenship, as both POSTER SESSION 2 colonies’ inhabitants were neither entitled to citizenship nor Commons West, Easel 6 were able to stake claims on American identity upon annex- 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM ation. Through a legalize investigation centering on Supreme Court cases and legislations, I will show the manipulation of The ’Constant Victim’: The Transformation of Serbian citizenship to politically disenfranchised colonies while pro- Identity and Nationalism from 1980-86 moting empire. The Insular Cases amplify the complexity Alyson Elizabeth (Alyson) Singh, Senior, History, of territorial citizenship, by stating that the Philippines and International Studies Puerto Rico are “foreign to the United States in a domes- Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History tic sense”- a paradoxical relationship where the Philippines and Puerto Rico are prohibited from establishing indepen- Since WWII there has not been a major intra-European dence, yet alienated within the United States. However, the war, with the very large exception of the 1992-1995 wars Jones Act (1917) administers U.S. citizenship over Puerto of Yugoslav Succession. These wars were a conflict be- Rico, inferring a preferential treatment towards Puerto Ri- tween the different ethnicities of the republics of former cans over Filipinos. In actuality, transcripts of Congressional Yugoslavia: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, hearings and committee debates pontificate different tactics Macedonia, and Montenegro. The Serbs are widely viewed of U.S. policymakers to remedy resistance and independence as the “aggressors” of this conflict, with their leader Slobo- movements within the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Eco- dan Milosevi??ˇ responsible for inciting nationalism. How- nomic incentives, evidence of Americanization, but most im- ever, importantly I argue that nationalism was already in place

5 portantly, the racial conception between the two parties jus- and drawbacks that emerge from in-group debates, and ongo- tifies the granting of citizenship for Puerto Ricans over Fil- ing perceptions about how to define “militant” tactics within ipinos. The varying racialization coupled with the intimate movements for equality. Through this analysis the question connection between citizenship and American identity influ- of queer minority status in America, which has been highly enced not only politicians but national sentiment as to who is debated by many, reveals itself to be the core issue of con- and is not an American. The examination of U.S. citizenship flicts within this movement. The result of the disagreement between Filipinos and Puerto Ricans ends with the enactment of whether or not the queer identity constitutes a minority of the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), granting the Philippines proves to be the root of many clashes within the movement independence and self-government after a period of time. In then and now. retrospect and comparison to contemporary issue, the idea of citizenship is subject to change and is closely linked to na- tional identity. Nonetheless, the administration of citizenship defines and denies power and privilege among groups of peo- ple.

SESSION 2C

GENDERAND SEXUALITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY GLOBAL WORLD Session Moderator: Judith A Howard, Sociology Mary Gates Hall 234 3:30 PM to 5:00 PM * Note: Titles in order of presentation.

Militant or Fearful?: An Exploration of Debates & Tactics in Early Queer Rights Organizations Rosemary (Rose) Lioy, Senior, History, Pacific Lutheran University Mentor: Beth Kraig, History, Pacific Lutheran University

Three groups that played an essential role in triggering the Queer Rights Movement in America, the Lesbian group Daughters of Bilitis, the mostly male homophile group Mat- tachine Society, and One Inc., that emerged from the Matta- chine Society remain an understated and understudied part of history. Exploring the different tactics used by these groups and the debates over ideology and goals that emerged in their various publications, especially in the 1950s and early 1960s is an attempt to shed light on their influence and importance in American History. Various branches of these organizations were characterized as being more militant than others, which contributed to the debates among their members in their pub- lications. By looking at primary documents obtained from the One Nation Gay & Lesbian Archives in Los Angeles, Cali- fornia from the Daughters of Bilitis’ publication The Ladder, the Mattachine Society’s publication Mattachine Review, and One, Inc.’s magazine One, a close examination of how differ- ent views of activism for queer people emerged well before the Stonewall Uprising of 1969. This extensive examination of their publications gives insight to how these groups viewed themselves, each other, and the larger society that surrounded them, highlighting the importance of scholarly recognition of diversity in civil rights movements, debates over the merits

6