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May 18, 2012 Mary Gates Hall May 18, 2012 Mary Gates Hall Radical, Racial Antisemitism: The Building Blocks of POSTER SESSION 1 Nazi Policy Commons East, Easel 64 Jennifer Cigler, Senior, History, Pacific Lutheran University Mentor: Gina Hames, History, Pacific Lutheran University 12:00 PM to 1:30 PM The essay “Radical, Racial Antisemitism: The Building Greater Love Hath No Man: Death and Dying in the Blocks of Nazi Policy” explores the progression of religious Contemporary American Military antisemitism throughout history into the modern practice of Ryan Green, Junior, History, University of California, Davis a more severe form of discrimination, radical, racial anti- McNair Scholar semitism. This resulting radical, racial antisemitism, or the Mentor: Charles Walker, History, University of California, belief that Jews belonged to an inferior race, penetrated the Davis Weltanschauung (world view) of key founding members of The purpose of this study is to determine how contempo- the Nazi Party, including Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and rary American society and its military view the concept of Joseph Goebbels. Nazi leadership embraced radical, racial dying and how one is able to have “a good death.” For pri- antisemitic ideology as a foundational principle of their party mary sources, I use Medal of Honor citations, letters home, politics during their rise to power between 1919 and 1933. newspaper obituaries and articles. Preliminary results have As such, this radical, racial antisemitic philosophy deter- shown that the best way one could die was in the action of mined Nazi policy, laws, and doctrine that led to the eventual saving another’s life. Medal of Honor citations alone have mass extermination of the Jews of Europe. By examining indicated this. Of the 258 Medals of Honor, which have and analyzing historical antisemitic documents, the writings been awarded, often posthumously, since the start of the Viet- of Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels, and texts of early Nazi nam War, 56% have been awarded for actions that demon- laws, the essay establishes the connection between the radical strated self-sacrifice for others. In the conflicts after Viet- philosophies of prominent Nazi officials and the formation of nam the proportion of Medal of Honor citations in regard to the foundations and frameworks of the early political policies self-sacrifice have risen: of the 12 Medals of Honor that have implemented by the Nazi regime in the early 1930s. been awarded, self-sacrifice made up 75% of the citations. I expect to find more corroborating evidence as I continue my research. It is hoped that information gleaned from this re- SESSION 1J search will help mental health professionals better treat vet- erans by assuaging any potential survivor’s guilt that military THE POLITICS OF PRACTICE: personnel may possess. HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND SESSION 1J METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY THE POLITICS OF PRACTICE: Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Ideas HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND Mary Gates Hall 271 METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM * Note: Titles in order of presentation. ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Merchants and Pirates: How the Hanseatic League’s Ideas Founding Principles Shaped its Conflicts with England Mary Gates Hall 271 Jonah Bomgaars, Senior, History 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM Mentor: Charity Urbanski, History * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History Undergraduate Research Program 1 exp.washington.edu/urp From the late 14th through the 15th century, the German In twelfth-century northern England, the historical imagina- Hanse was a major player in economic, political, and mili- tion was dominated by the region’s most powerful and most tary conflict –areas traditionally associated with state actors popular saint. The bishops of Durham drew on St. Cuthbert’s –throughout northern Europe, despite being a decentralized, renowned history and well-established authority to underline non-sovereign, non-territorial entity. The Hanse was a late their own spiritual legitimacy. Involvement with the saint’s medieval/early modern trade organization, the driving pur- cult was not limited to the ecclesiastical elite or the monks of pose of which, from its founding and throughout its devel- the cathedral convent. Throughout the twelfth century, lay in- opment, was to provide for the mutual protection of its mem- terest in the religious life dramatically increased, and saints’ ber cities’ merchants in the course of their business and en- cults were a popular focus of lay religious energy. Reginald of sure and expand their rights and privileges in foreign ports; to Durham’s Libellus de admirandis beati Cuthberti virtutibus, protect their merchants against the predations of both pirates complied in the 1160s and 70s, provides a richly detailed and kings. It is thus one of the great historical ironies that glimpse of this period when the saint’s miracle working pow- the Hanse became a source of piracy and mercantile harass- ers were claimed by religious and laity alike. Much schol- ment rivaling those of the sovereign states of Northern Eu- arly attention has already been paid to the increasing preva- rope. The Hanse’s relations with England throughout the late lence of pilgrimage to Cuthbert’s shrine in the twelfth cen- 14th and 15th century, especially in the decades surrounding tury. Pilgrims who visited Durham generally sought miracu- the English dynastic struggle of the Wars of the Roses and lous cures, and as we would expect there is a higher propor- concurrent Anglo-Hanseatic War, exemplify the Hanse’s role tion of stories about healing miracles in the Libellus than in as a state-like actor in international conflict. Current schol- earlier Cuthbertine hagiography. But pilgrims were not the arship on the Hanse focuses on cliometric trade analysis and only laity who became involved in St. Cuthbert’s cult in the linear narrative history, but I emphasize the unique nature of twelfth century. In addition to stories of miraculous healing, the Hanse and how it determined their actions on the inter- Reginald’s Libellus contains accounts of the saint arbitrating national stage, critically reading Parliamentary records, royal the conflicts of lay inhabitants of the bishopric of Durham. appeals, and major secondary sources in light of my analysis My research examines these often overlooked “miracles of of the Hanse’s foundational documents. I explore the motiva- justice” in order to provide a fuller picture of lay interaction tions of the Hanse in its conflicts with England and determine with St. Cuthbert in twelfth-century Durham. I analyze mir- that the Hanse’s use of piracy and the harassment of English acle stories involving freeing from false imprisonment, pro- merchants represented a natural continuation of their found- tection of lay interests, and punishment of immoral behavior ing principles. My research addresses questions of the moti- in order to explore how and why members of every social vations and internal dynamics of one of the most successful strata increasingly claimed the patronage of the saint in order and longest-lasting international trade leagues to-date as it in- to mediate secular conflict. What emerges is a clearer portrait teracted with more traditional state-entities in diplomatic and of a distinctive local political and social culture underlined by economic contexts. communal association with St. Cuthbert. SESSION 1J SESSION 1N THE POLITICS OF PRACTICE: MCNAIR SESSION -CULTURE HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND SHIFTS,SOCIAL CHANGE,SOCIAL METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS MOVEMENTS:PAST AND PRESENT ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY Session Moderator: Devon Pena, Anthropology Mary Gates Hall 295 Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM Ideas * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Mary Gates Hall 271 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM The Changing Depiction of the Model Minority Myth: * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Asian Americans During the 1980s Gregory Loh, Junior, History, University of California, Davis ”He is Hope for the Wretched, the Salvation of the McNair Scholar Desperate:” Miracles of Justice in Reginald of Durham’s Mentor: Cecilia Tsu, History, University of California, Libellus de Admirandis Beati Cuthberti Virtutibus Davis Elizabeth Miller (Beth) Hasseler, Senior, History Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, Asian Amer- icans were labeled as the “model minority.” The integration 2 of the Asian American community into mainstream Amer- these newly active populations. Originally created to serve ican society without relying on welfare or political protest a group of cloistered nuns, the Gilbertines soon began to in- was used to demean the civil rights struggle of African Amer- clude lay brothers to oversee the external governance of the icans and Latinos. The Immigration Act of 1965 and the monastery. At some point after 1147, the Gilbertine Order in- aftermath of the Vietnam War saw an influx of Asian im- troduced Canons, monks of socially elite backgrounds, who migration prompting the homogenization of disparate Asian usurped the lay brethren’s position of authority. This usurpa- groups within American society. The 1980s were a period tion created tensions that resulted in the Gilbertine lay broth- of turmoil for the US economy, while Japan was an eco- ers filing a formal complaint with the pope ca. 1161. Exist- nomic power on the rise. The dialogue about Asian Amer- ing research on this topic generally relegates the lay broth- icans changed during this decade to reflect the growing threat ers’ actions to a marginalized extreme and scholars have of- of Japanese economic supremacy. The rhetoric of the model ten described the brothers’ actions using terms originally em- minority shifted to represent the Asian American as smart and ployed by the lay brothers’ adversaries, such as “rebellious” hardworking tying it to Japanese success in the auto industry and “violent.” There has been little attempt to understand the and the threat of Japan’s economic rise.
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