Acid Rain Annex

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For additional information on the commitments and obligations in the Canada–United States Air Quality Agreement, please consult:

United States Environmental Protection Agency’s website: www.epa.gov/airmarket/usca/agreement.html

Environment Canada’s website: www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Issues/ Transboundary_Air/Canada_-_United_States_Air_ Quality_Agreement-WS83930AC3-1_En.htm

American spellings are used in this report. United States • Canada Air Quality Agreement

Progress Report 2006 PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 ii Washington, DC20440 Email: [email protected] Fax: 202-467-0746 Suite 100 1250 23rdStreetNW International JointCommission Secretary, United StatesSection Written commentsonthisreportshouldbesentbyFebruary28,2007to: on anyaspectoftheAgreementwouldbeappreciated. this synthesisasitimplementstheAgreementandpreparesnextProgressReport.Comments assist theminimplementingtheAgreement.TheAirQualityCommitteewillhavebeneﬁ Agreement ProgressReportandforprovidingasynthesisofthecommentstogovernments The InternationalJointCommissionisresponsibleforinvitingcommentontheAirQuality on ThisReport The InternationalJointCommissionRequestsYour Comments

Ottawa, OntarioK1P6K6 22nd Floor 234 LaurierAvenue West International JointCommission Secretary, Canadian Section Email: [email protected] Fax: 613-993-5583

t of Table of Contents

List of Acronyms ...... v

Introduction ...... vii

Section 1: Commitments ...... 1

Acid Rain Annex ...... 1 Overview ...... 1 Key Commitments and Progress: Sulfur Dioxide Emission Reductions ...... 1 Key Commitments and Progress: Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reductions ...... 3 Acid Deposition Monitoring, Modeling, Maps, and Trends ...... 4 Emissions Monitoring ...... 6 Preventing Air Quality Deterioration and Protecting Visibility ...... 8 Consultation and Notiﬁcation Concerning Signiﬁcant Transboundary Air Pollution ...... 10 Ozone Annex ...... 12 Overview ...... 12 Key Commitments and Progress ...... 12 Anticipated Additional Control Measures and Indicative Reductions ...... 20 Reporting PEMA Emissions ...... 23 Reporting Air Quality for All Relevant Monitors within 500 km of the Border between Canada and the United States ...... 26 New Actions on Acid Rain, Ozone, and Particulate Matter ...... 31 PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 iv RecoveryofAcidiﬁedLakesandStreams ...... CriticalLoadsandExceedances ...... Terrestrial EffectsResearch ...... U.S.HealthResearch ...... ReviewofU.S.OzoneandParticulateMatterAirQualityStandards ...... U.S.ReportonHealthEffectsofOzone ...... CanadianAirHealthIndicator ...... CanadianAirQualityHealthIndex ...... ResearchintheGeorgiaBasin–PugetSoundInternationalAirshed ...... GreatLakesBasinAirshedManagementFramework ...... GeorgiaBasin–PugetSoundInternationalAirshed Strategy ...... Appendix: U.S.–Canada AirQualityCommittee ...... Conclusion ...... Issues Raised ...... Introduction ...... Assessment ...... Canada–U.S. AirQualityAgreementReview: ThirdComprehensive Conclusion ...... AquaticEffectsResearchandMonitoring ...... Acid DepositionEffects ...... ResearchintheGreatLakesBasinAirshed ...... Health Effects ...... Air QualityReportingandMapping ...... Emission InventoriesandTrends ...... Section 3:ScientiﬁcandTechnical CooperationandResearch ...... New EnglandGovernorsandEasternCanadianPremiers ...... Canada–U.S.EmissionsCapandTrading FeasibilityStudy ...... Canada–U.S. BorderAirQualityPilotProjects ...... Section 2:RelatedAirQualityEfforts ...... Update totheTransboundary ParticulateMatterScienceAssessment ...... 69 61 59 39 35 68 62 61 51 46 45 42 39 37 35 55 52 52 51 50 50 48 48 48 47 46 37 36 35 LIST OF ACRONYMS

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement v

Speciation Trends Network Speciation Trends Budget Trading Program Budget Trading x 2.5 Pollution Study of Ecosystems 2.5 microns (micrometers) 10 microns (micrometers) Program Canadian Premiers Monitoring Stations (micrometers) for Tropospheric Ozone Tropospheric for matter between 10 and 2.5 microns particulate particulate matter less than or equal to to particulate matter less than or equal nitrogen dioxide reactive odd nitrogen nitrogen oxides 2 x y sulfur dioxide sulfur oxides 2.5 10-2.5 10 2 x ppm parts per million NBP NO NMMAPS and Air Mortality, National Morbidity, NPRI Pollutant Release Inventory National

ppb per billion parts STN PM NTN OTC Network National Trends Commission Ozone Transport ppbC parts per billion carbon VOC volatile organic compound NSPS New Source Performance Standards NAPAP NAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment SLAMS SO State and Local Air Monitoring Stations SO NO NO NO PM PM PM NAMS Stations National Air Monitoring NATTS Stations Trends National Air Toxics NO oxide nitric PERC tetrachloroethylene perchloroethylene; NEG/ECP New England Governors and Eastern PAMS Photochemical Assessment PEMA Emission Management Area Pollutant RPO SIP Regional Planning Organization State Implementation Plan NEI National Emissions Inventory NARSTO Strategy Research American North (formerly) TIME Integrated Monitoring Temporally NAtChem National Atmospheric Chemistry PM matter particulate NAPS National Air Pollution Surveillance

Environment Visual Environments Visual (United States) Monitoring Network (Environment Canada) Monitoring Network

micrograms per cubic meter 3 dioxide carbon 2 Listof Acronyms CAC Criteria Air Contaminants Mt megatonne ANC neutralizing capacity acid km kilometer CASTNET Clean Air Status and Trends Network CASTNET Clean Air Status and Trends CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of the AIRS System Aerometric Information Retrieval AQHI Health Index Air Quality KCAC Keeping Clean Areas Clean MW megawatt kt kilotonne GIS IJC geographic information system International Joint Commission DEARS Detroit Exposure and Aerosol Research Study NAAQS NADP Air Quality Standards National Ambient National Atmospheric Deposition Program GVRD Regional District Greater Vancouver CEMS continuous emission monitoring systems ASI Steel Inc. Algoma

CO carbon monoxide EPA Environmental Protection Agency MDN Deposition Network Mercury CO AQA Air Quality Agreement AHI Air Health Indicator CAMR Clean Air Mercury Rule µg/m CFR CI Federal Regulations Code of continuous improvement CAPMoN Canadian Air and Precipitation CAVR Rule Air Visibility Clean LTM LTM Monitoring Long-Term BDPS Boundary Dam Power Station EPS Environmental Protection Service AIRMoN Research Atmospheric Integrated AQMP Plan Air Quality Management CAIR Air Interstate Rule Clean IMPROVE Interagency Monitoring of Protected MOE (Ontario) Ministry of Environment

Introduction

The 2006 Progress Report, prepared by the bilateral Air Quality Committee, is the eighth biennial report compiled under the 1991 Canada–United States Air Quality Agreement. This report highlights actions undertaken by Canada and the United States in the last two years to address transboundary air pollution within the context of the Agreement—namely, acid rain and ground-level ozone.

Over the last two years, Canada and the United States have continued to successfully reduce their emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) and nitrogen oxides (NOx ), the major contributors to acid rain. Both countries have also made considerable progress in meeting the requirements of the Ozone

Annex to reduce emissions of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the precursors to ground-level ozone. Canada and the United States have focused their actions on reducing these emissions from major sources such as electric generating units, industrial sources, and on-road and nonroad transportation. Each country’s progress in achieving the requirements of the Acid Rain Annex and the Ozone Annex is summarized in Section 1 of the report. PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 viii with particulate matter, mercury, andotherairpollutants. look forward to considering whether and how to address bilateral issuesParties associatedthe and annexes, Ozone and Rain Acid the by identified challenges the issues emerge. TheAgreement’s flexibility providesopportunitiestogobeyond issues andarecommitted to its continuing viability and relevance as new bilateral Both countriesrelyontheAgreementasmechanismtoaddressairpollution improvements,butalsoindiplomacyandworkingrelationships. environmental in just not results, impressive produced has and States Canada andtheUnited Agreement hasprovidedimportantopportunitiesforcollaborationbetween This anniversary. 15-year its marked Agreement Quality Air the 2006, In future areasofpotentialfocus. outlines and topics, several on progress highlights 2002, and 1996 in reviews previous from issues deferred several to responds review The Commission. comments onthe2004ProgressReportsubmittedbyInternationalJoint answer formattobetteraddressrequirementsintheAgreementandpublic The 2006ProgressReportincludesthethirdfive-yearcomprehensivereview of the Air Quality Agreement, which has been organized in a question and and question a in organized been has which Agreement, Quality Air the of

Section 1: Commitments

Acid Rain Annex Overview

he Air Quality Agreement (AQA) established Annex I with speciﬁc sulfur dioxide (SO ) and nitrogen oxides (NO ) emission T 2 x target levels and a timetable for their achievement and made commitments to address visibility, prevent air quality deterioration in clean areas, and monitor emissions continuously. The commitments are based on both countries’ acid rain reduction programs, which address the different emissions sources in the two countries. Together, we have made signiﬁcant progress in preventing impacts from acid rain and reducing the acid rain on each side of the border. However, recent studies in both countries continue to show that further reductions are necessary to restore damaged ecosystems, particularly in the east. Key Commitments and Progress: Sulfur Dioxide Emission Reductions CANADA

Canada has been successful in reducing emissions of 2.3 million tonne1 cap, even though the cap expired

SO2, a principal contributor of acid rain. In 2003, SO2 in December 1999. Canada’s total SO2 emissions have emissions in the seven easternmost provinces, where decreased about 50 percent since 1980 to 2.3 million elevated acid deposition continues to damage sensitive tonnes in 2004, or 28 percent below the national ecosystems, were 29 percent below the eastern Canada cap of 3.2 million tonnes (see Figure 1).

1 One tonne is equal to 1.1 short tons. Figure 1

Canadian SO2 Emissions from Acid Rain Sources, 1980–2004

5.0

4.5

4.0 National SO Cap: 3.2 Mt 3.5 2

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5 Emissions (million tonnes) 1.0

0.5

0.0 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2006 2006

Source: Environment Canada 2005 In the east, where acid rain continues to damage (harmful levels) and ensure the recovery of aquatic and � sensitive ecosystems, three provinces, Nova Scotia, terrestrial ecosystems. A critical load is the maximum 2004 Quebec, and Ontario, developed tighter regulations amount of acidifying deposition an ecosystem can in 2005 to reduce emissions from major acid rain– tolerate in the long term without being damaged. 2003 causing sources. Details on these and other provincial The goal of Canada’s acid rain program—to reduce

2002 actions are found at the end of Section 1. acid deposition to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems Despite these efforts, the control of acidifying to below critical loads for sulfur and nitrogen—is far 2001 emissions has not occurred to the extent necessary from being achieved.

2000 to reduce acid deposition below critical loads

PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT

1999 UNITED STATES 1998

The United States has succeeded in meeting its year to a particular unit was determined by provisions

goal to reduce SO2 emissions from all sources by in the Clean Air Act and the total allowances allocated

1997 10 million tons. Created by Title IV of the 1990 each year must not exceed the national cap. Each Clean Air Act Amendments, the Acid Rain Program allowance authorizes 1 ton of SO emissions. Every

1996 2 employs a cap and trade mechanism to achieve high year, each individual source must hold enough

levels of SO2 emission reductions from the highest allowances to cover its annual emissions. Unused 1995 emitting SO2 sector, the electric power sector. In allowances may be sold, traded, or banked (saved)

1994 2005, electric generating units in the United States for future use. Banked allowances give sources the

reduced SO2 emissions by 5.5 million tons, or 35 ﬂexibility to determine how they will comply with percent, compared with 1990 levels, and more than program requirements. Many sources chose to 1993 40 percent compared with 1980 levels (see Figure 2). substantially decrease their emissions during Phase I 1992 For further details, including a listing of affected and to use or sell their banked allowances in the units and complete emissions and allowance data program’s later years. Thus, annual ﬂuctuations in

related to the Acid Rain Program, visit http://cfpub. SO2 emissions are expected as sources move towards epa.gov/gdm. the ﬁnal cap of 8.95 million tons in 2010. 1991 The Clean Air Act sets a nationwide annual cap on In 2005, 3,446 electric generating units were subject

SO2 emissions from electric generating facilities. to the SO2 provisions of the Acid Rain Program.

The number of SO2 allowances allocated in a given Variations in the number of units participating in

2 the program can result from retirements of some Interstate Rule (CAIR), promulgated in March 2005 units and start-up of other units. and due to take effect beginning in 2010.

In 2005, a total of 9.5 million allowances were In addition to the electric power generation sector, allocated. Sources actually emitted 10.2 million other sources achieved reductions in SO2 emissions, including smelters and sulfuric acid manufacturing tons of SO2, decreasing the allowance bank by 0.7 million tons to 6.2 million tons. Over the next plants. Smelters reduced emissions from 1.84 million several years, affected sources will continue to tons in 1980 to 271,000 tons in 2002. The use of use banked allowances to help comply with the cleaner fuels in residential and commercial burners increasingly stringent requirements of the program. also contributed to the 10.6 million ton decline of SO emissions from all sources, compared with the In addition, some sources in the eastern United 2 1980 level of 25.9 million tons. (For more details, States may also rely on banked allowances to comply visit the 2002 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) with the lower cap for SO under the Clean Air 2 at www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/.)

Figure 2 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U

U.S. SO2 Emissions from Acid Rain Program Electric Generating Units, 1980–2005

18 17.3 All Affected Electric Generating Units S T N E M T I M M O C 16.1 Phase II Sources 16 15.7 Phase I Sources 14 Allowances Allocated 13.0 13.1 12.5 12.5 11.9 12 11.2 10.6 10.6 10.2 10.3 10.2 10 10.0 9.4 9.3 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 8 8.7 8.9 8.6

Emissions (million tons) 7.4 7.4 7.4 6 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.3 4.9 4

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Source: EPA

Key Commitments and Progress: Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reductions CANADA

Though Canada has surpassed its NOx emission accounting for just over half (51 percent) of Canadian reduction target at power plants, major combustion total emissions, with the remainder caused by power sources, and metal smelting operations by 100,000 plants and other sources (see Figure 26, U.S. and tonnes below the forecast level of 970,000 tonnes, the Canadian National Emissions by Sector for Selected country is continuing to develop programs to further Pollutants, 2004). The Canadian federal government reduce NO emissions nationwide (see section on x recently passed stringent standards for NOx emissions Ozone Annex). from on-road and off-road sources effective between Mobile sources (cars, light-duty trucks, etc.) are 2004 and 2009. Details can be found in the Ozone Annex section of the report. the most signiﬁcant sources of NOx emissions,

3 UNITED STATES

Coal-ﬁred electric utility units affected by the NOx by 2 million tons below what they would have

component of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act been without the program. In 2005, the 982 NOx

Amendments (the Acid Rain Program) continue program–affected units reduced their combined NOx to exceed the annual goal of reducing emissions emissions to 3.3 million tons (see Figure 3).

Figure 3

U.S. Title IV Utility Unit NOx Emissions, 1990–2005

7 6.7

6.1 6.0 6.0 NOx program-affected sources 6 5.9 Title IV sources not affected by NO program 5.5 x 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.3 2006 2006 5 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 4 4.1 4.0 3.8

2005 3.6 3.8 3.4 3 3.3 emissions (million tons) x 2004 NO 2 2003

1 2002

0 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2001

2000 Source: EPA

PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT

1999 Acid Deposition Monitoring, Modeling, Maps, and Trends 1998

Airborne pollutants are deposited on the earth’s Canada in Figures 5 and 7, because Canadian experts surface by three processes: 1) wet deposition (rain and judged that the locations of the contour lines were

1997 snow); 2) dry deposition (particles and gases); and 3) unacceptably uncertain because of data paucity. This deposition by cloud water and fog. Wet deposition paucity is related to the following factors: the Province 1996 is comparatively easy to measure using precipitation of Ontario ceased collecting wet deposition data in samplers, and wet sulfate and nitrate deposition is 1999; at this time, no validated wet deposition data are 1995 regularly used to assess the changing atmosphere as available from the Province of Quebec for years after

1994 it responds to decreasing or increasing sulfur and 2002; the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador

nitrogen emissions. In Canada, measurements of wet closed its monitoring network early in 2004; and the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan,

1993 sulfate deposition are typically corrected to omit the and Manitoba do not carry out regional-scale wet contribution of sea salt sulfate at near-ocean sites (less 1992 deposition monitoring. As a result, the five-year than 62 miles (100 kilometers, or km) from the coast) average deposition values in Canada are shown as to facilitate this comparison. colored circles at the locations of the remaining Figures 4 and 5 show the spatial patterns of wet federal/provincial/territorial measurement sites. 1991 sulfate deposition for two separate five-year periods, National experts from both countries are collaborating 1990–1994 and 2000–2004. Figures 6 and 7 present to determine consistent common uncertainty limits for maps of wet nitrate deposition for the same five- future analyses. The maps for 1990–1994 differ slightly year periods. No deposition contours are shown in from those shown in the 2004 Progress Report because

4 stricter criteria for data completeness and improved deposition in both the eastern United States and much detail were used to develop the new maps shown here. of eastern Canada between the two periods.

It can be seen from the maps that wet sulfate deposition The pattern for wet nitrate deposition (Figures 6 and remains highest in eastern North America, and the 7) shows a similar southwest-to-northeast axis, but the gradient follows an axis running from the confluence high-deposition area is more tightly focused around the of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers through the lower lower Great Lakes. Reductions in wet nitrate deposition Great Lakes. A comparison of the 2000–2004 sulfate between the two five-year periods were more modest than for wet sulfate. The absence of data for Quebec deposition map (Figure 5) with the 1990–1994 map and Newfoundland and Labrador precludes any firm (Figure 4) shows significant reductions in wet sulfate conclusions on deposition trends for those provinces.

Figure 4 Figure 5 Mean sulfate wet deposition for 1990–1994, for Mean sulfate wet deposition for 2000–2004 comparison with Figure 5 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U S T N E M T I M M O C

kg/ha/yr kg/ha/yr 0–5 0–5 5–10 5–10 10–15 10–15 15–20 15–20 20–25 20–25 25–30 25–30 30–35 30–35 35–40 35–40

Note: Sulfate measurements are corrected for sea salt composition where appropriate.

Figure 6 Figure 7 Mean nitrate wet deposition for 1990–1994, for Mean nitrate wet deposition for 2000–2004 comparison with Figure 7

kg/ha/yr kg/ha/yr 0–5 0–5 5–10 5–10 10–15 10–15 15–20 15–20 20–25 20–25 25–30 25–30 30–35 30–35 35–40 35–40

Source: National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database (www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/natchem/index_e.html) and National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)

5 The foregoing changes in sulfate and nitrate wet Trends Network (CASTNET), which estimates deposition from the ﬁrst half of the 1990s to 2000 dry deposition based on observational data through 2004 are considered to be directly related to (www.epa.gov/castnet).

decreases in SO2 and NOx emissions in both Canada and the United States. These emission reductions Wet deposition measurement procedures for all U.S. are outlined in the previous sections dealing with and Canadian networks are acceptably comparable, and the wet deposition data are available from key commitments and progress on SO2 emission the individual networks and from a binational reductions and NOx emission reductions. database that is accessible to the public at www.msc. In Canada, wet and dry deposition are measured by the ec.gc.ca/natchem/index_e.html. Canada and the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network United States have developed different methods (CAPMoN) (www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/capmon), and wet for estimating dry deposition based on measured deposition alone is measured by several provinces and data and modeled dry deposition velocities. These one territory. In the past two years, a few additional methods have improved over the years, and both measurement sites were added to CAPMoN in the 2006 2006 more remote regions of Canada in order to provide indicate the importance of dry deposition as a major more extensive deposition data. However, the data contributor to total deposition in some areas of the 2005 available for 2000–2004 in Canada were insufﬁcient continent. However, the results differ in detail, and to permit interpolation and contouring. no joint analysis is available at this time. Efforts are 2004 under way between the two countries to reconcile The United States has three coordinated acid the different methods and results.

2003 deposition monitoring networks: 1. The National Atmospheric Deposition Acid Rain Program Beneﬁts Far Exceed Costs 2002 Program/National Trends Network (NADP/ A recent analysis2 of the U.S. Acid Rain Program NTN), a collaboration of federal, state, and

2001 estimates annual beneﬁts of the program in 2010 to nongovernmental organizations measuring both Canada and the United States at $122 billion and

2000 deposition chemistry (http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu). costs for that year at $3 billion (in 2000 dollars)—a 40- PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT2. The NADP/Atmospheric Integrated Research to-1 benefit/cost ratio. These quantified benefits in the

1999 Monitoring Network (AIRMoN), a subnetwork United States and Canada are the result of improved of NADP funded by the National Oceanic and air quality prolonging lives, reducing heart attacks and 1998 Atmospheric Administration (http://nadp.sws. other cardiovascular and respiratory problems, and uiuc.edu/AIRMoN/). improving visibility. The complete report is available 1997 3. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/ in volume 77, issue 3, of the Journal of Environmental 1996

National Park Service Clean Air Status and Management at www.sciencedirect.com/science/ journal/03014797.

1995 Emissions Monitoring 1994

CANADA 1993 Canada has met its commitments to estimate emissions In Canada, trading of SO2 and NOx emissions is not of NO and SO from new electricity utility units and currently a driver for electronic data reporting and 1992 x 2

existing electricity units greater than 25 megawatts CEMS installation. In December 2005, Environment (MW) using a method of comparable effectiveness to Canada published an update of its guidelines for continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) and CEMS (Protocols and Performance Speciﬁcations for

1991 to investigate the feasibility of using CEMS by 1995. Continuous Monitoring of Gaseous Emissions from

2 Chestnut, L.G. and Mills, D.M. (2005) A fresh look at the beneﬁts and cost of the US Acid Rain Program. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 252–266.

6 Thermal Power Generation, Report EPS 1/PG/7 in Canada. One major difference between Canada’s (revised)). The report can be viewed at www.ec.gc. EPS 1/PG/7 guidance and 40 CFR Part 75 is the ca/cleanair-airpur/CAOL/electricity_Generation/ emission data acquisition and reporting requirements protocols_performance/toc_e.cfm. This update was in the United States. based, in part, on experience gained from the use of A study is being undertaken to estimate the costs of 40 CFR Part 75 specifications for CEMS in the upgrading from existing emission monitoring systems United States. Although CEMS and data reporting in place at Canadian electric generating units to requirements for power plants and industrial sources CEMS that would be compliant with 40 CFR Part 75. involved in emissions trading in the United States are Preliminary conclusions from this work indicate that not fully mirrored in Canada, it has been concluded the costs for Canadian electricity generators would that EPS 1/PG/7-compliant CEMS in Canada would relate to the type of CEMS chosen and to the type of meet Canadian monitoring requirements for domestic unit (coal-fired, oil or gas, peaking, low mass emitter) purposes and would achieve accuracy comparable to in which the monitor would be installed, with coal- that achieved through 40 CFR Part 75. fired generators being the most affected. As well, t n e m e e r g A y t all i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U As laid out in the Canada–U.S. Emissions Cap and facilities would be required to add 40 CFR Part 75 Trading Feasibility Study, if a cross-border emissions data acquisition and reporting capabilities, and there cap and trading system were established, 40 CFR would be some incremental control system costs for Part 75 requirements would need to be implemented each unit in each facility. S T N E M T I M M O C

UNITED STATES

Under the Acid Rain Program, affected units monitoring and reporting systems. These audits help are required to measure and record emissions ensure the completeness, high quality, and integrity using CEMS (usually a concentration monitor in of emissions data as well as highlight a number of conjunction with a flow monitor to determine mass potential “red flags” that require additional verification. emissions) or an approved alternative measurement Accurate emissions monitoring remains the backbone method and to report emissions electronically on a of trading program integrity. Initially, electronic audits quarterly basis. All of the monitoring systems must were conducted on the units that used continuous pass rigorous quality assurance tests and operate with emission monitors. Beginning in 2006, EPA increased a high degree of accuracy and reliability. its electronic audit capabilities and now conducts audits In fact, the average percent monitor data availability (a on all affected units, regardless of the monitoring measure of monitoring systems’ reliability) for 2005 methodology used. For instance, all oil and gas units— was 99 percent for coal-fired units. This number is including those that use alternative methods—are also audited. Results from the audits are promptly sent to based on reported monitor data availability for SO2 monitors (99.5 percent), NOx monitors (97.5 percent), the source, and correction of critical errors is required. and flow monitors (99.1 percent). Additionally, in In addition to the electronic audits, targeted field audits recent years, new audit capabilities have been added, are conducted on sources that report suspect data. including software that performs hourly checks Compliance was virtually 100 percent in 2005, with to catch errors, miscalculations, and oversights in only one of 3,446 units out of compliance.

7 Preventing Air Quality Deterioration and Protecting Visibility CANADA

Pollution prevention, continuous improvement (CI), The Province of British Columbia continues to and Keeping Clean Areas Clean (KCAC) activities are elaborate its approach to addressing CI and KCAC. all part of the Canada-wide Standards for particulate For example, the Greater Vancouver Regional matter (PM) and ozone to prevent the deterioration District (GVRD) adopted a new Air Quality of air quality and address the pollutants involved in Management Plan (AQMP) in October 2005 to visibility impairment. Visibility (how far an object can maintain and improve air quality in the lower Fraser be seen) is often the ﬁrst perception of smog, since PM Valley airshed. The new AQMP aims to minimize reduces the clarity of what we see when present at high the risk to human health from air pollution, improve enough levels in the air. visibility, and reduce the GVRD’s contribution to global climate change. As the Canada-wide Clean areas in Canada include our national parks. 2006 2006 Standard for PM (particulate matter less than or Environment Canada and Parks Canada have begun 2.5 to informally explore options for air quality equal to 2.5 microns) is being met throughout the 2005 monitoring in these areas, including a program lower Fraser Valley and the Canada-wide Standard for visibility monitoring. for ozone is exceeded only in the eastern part, the 2004 AQMP supports the CI/KCAC provisions of the As part of the options being explored, Environment Canada-wide Standards. New health-based ambient 2003 Canada has made an agreement with EPA and air quality objectives, established as part of the the U.S. Interagency Monitoring of Protected AQMP, are more stringent than the Canada-wide 2002 Visual Environments (IMPROVE), the program Standards for ozone and PM2.5. In addition, CI, that supports visibility monitoring in U.S.

2001 deﬁned as “taking remedial and preventive actions national parks and wilderness areas. Under this to reduce emissions from human activities towards

2000 agreement, IMPROVE has lent its visibility the long-term goal of reducing overall ambient monitoring equipment to Environment Canada for PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT concentrations and health risks,” is a fundamental evaluation with comparable equipment designed by 1999 principle of the AQMP. The AQMP’s emission Environment Canada. The IMPROVE equipment

1998 reduction actions will reduce direct emissions of

is currently deployed at the Environment Canada PM and ozone and PM precursors. air quality research monitoring station located at

1997 Egbert, Ontario. 1996 UNITED STATES 1995 The U.S. Prevention of Signiﬁcant Air Quality Haze Program requires states to develop plans to

1994 Deterioration Program protects public health from improve visibility conditions in Class I areas with the adverse effects that may occur from the addition goal of restoring natural visibility conditions in about

1993 of new sources of air pollution and ensures that air 60 years. The ﬁrst set of plans is due in early 2008. quality in many areas of the country remains better Improvements in visibility for the eastern United States 1992 than levels mandated by the National Ambient Air are also expected from implementation of the CAIR. Quality Standards (NAAQS). The program preserves and protects air quality in Class I (pristine) areas by The pollutants that impair visibility by scattering and assessing impacts on visibility before construction absorbing light include sulfate, nitrate, and organic 1991 permits are issued. Class I areas include national parks carbon compounds. Sulfate and nitrate particles are

and wilderness areas, such as the Grand Canyon, the result of SO2 and NOx gases that are transformed Yosemite, and the Great Smokies. The Regional in the atmosphere. Sulfates are generally the largest

8 contributor to visibility impairment in both the east 45–90 miles (75–150 km) in the east and 120–180 miles and the west, although humidity, organic carbon, and (200–300 km) in the west. soil dust also play important roles. Historical data from the IMPROVE network indicate “Standard visual range” is defined as the farthest modest improvement in visibility during the early 2000s. distance a large dark object can be seen. This distance The level of visibility impairment on the worst visibility is calculated using fine and coarse particle data days in the west is similar to the levels seen on the best by multiplying concentrations of various types of visibility days in the east. In 2004, the mean visual range particles by their extinction efficiency (how much they for the worst days in the east was only 20 miles (32 km), block light), adding those up, then adding the clean compared with 85 miles (136 km) for the best visibility atmosphere extinction (scattering of light from gas days (see Figure 8). In the west, visibility impairment molecules). The extinction calculation is done for each for the worst days remained relatively unchanged over 24-hour period during which particle samples are taken. the past decade, with the mean visual range for 2004 Currently, these samples are taken every third day, (58 miles,or 94 km) nearly the same as the 1992 range or 121 days per year. Therefore, the annual average (61 miles, or 98 km). Although the period t showed n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U standard visual range is the average of the calculated moderate improvements in some areas, overall visibility standard visual range for these 121 sample days. The in the eastern United States is still significantly impaired visual range under naturally occurring conditions in some national parks and wilderness areas, especially without pollution in the United States is approximately on days of high relative humidity. S T N E M T I M M O C Figure 8 Annual Average Standard Visual Range in the Contiguous United States, 2004

228 201 183 165 147 130 112 94 76 58 48 km

Source: National Park Service

9 Each state is a member of an independent Regional work. The technical work to support the first round Planning Organization (RPO), which has been of state plans has resulted in a better understanding established to help member states work together to of transport near the border. The RPOs coordinate develop strategies to address visibility and regional technical information on emissions, ambient haze. The five RPOs are the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast monitoring, and air quality modeling activities. The Visibility Union, the Visibility Improvement State RPOs are seeking ways for more involvement by and Tribal Association of the Southeast, the Midwest air quality agencies in Canada in their assessment RPO, the Central States Regional Air Partnership, and of pollutant formation and transport. For more the Western Regional Air Partnership. The RPOs hold information on the U.S. visibility program and their own technical work group sessions throughout RPOs, see www.epa.gov/air/visibility/index.html. the country to make decisions on joint technical Consultation and Notification Concerning Significant Transboundary

2006 2006 Air Pollution JOINT EFFORTS 2005

2004 Since 1994, Canada and the United States have Boundary Dam continued to follow an established set of notification A binational BDPS Informal Consultation Group was 2003 procedures to identify possible new sources and formed to address transboundary pollution concerns modifications to existing sources of transboundary around Estevan, Saskatchewan, and Burke County, 2002 air pollution within 62 miles (100 km) of the border. North Dakota. Partners included representatives Notifications can occur for new and existing sources from Environment Canada, EPA, the North Dakota 2001 located outside of the 62-mile (100-km) region if Department of Health, Saskatchewan Environment, governments believe that there is a potential for 2000 and SaskPower (the operator of the BDPS). A transboundary pollution. Since the last progress transboundary ambient air monitoring network was PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORTreport in 2004, Canada has notified the United

1999 established to track air quality changes in the region. States of 7 additional sources, for a total of 44. The

1998 United States has notiﬁed Canada of 13 additional Since that time, SaskPower has completed the

sources, for a total of 47. installation of electrostatic precipitators on all of its units, resulting in the virtual elimination of any visible 1997 Transboundary notiﬁcation information is available PM plume. In 2004, an interim report summarized air on the Internet sites of the two governments at: 1996

quality trends from 1998 to 2003 and concluded that Canada: no exceedances of either U.S. or Canadian standards

1995 www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/CAOL/canus/canus_ had been observed at any of the monitoring sites. applic_e.cfm Performance audits conducted in 2005 noted that 1994

all sites complied with the necessary operational and United States: quality assurance criteria.

1993 www.epa.gov./ttn/gei/uscadata.html Accordingly, the BDPS Informal Consultation 1992 Following guidelines approved by the Air Quality Group has proposed a transition plan to conclude Committee in 1998 for consultations requested by a this successful consultation. A report will be presented Party on transboundary pollution concerns, Canada to the Canada–U.S. Air Quality Committee at its and the United States report ongoing progress on joint annual meeting in the fall of 2006, detailing the 1991 discussions concerning the Boundary Dam Power disposition of the monitoring equipment as well as Station (BDPS) near Estevan, Saskatchewan, and summarizing the air quality data gathered in the region Algoma Steel, Inc. (ASI) in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. by the transboundary monitoring network.

10 Algoma Steel Trend data from the consultation indicate that although emission rates have declined, total steel The Canada–U.S. Algoma informal consultations production at ASI has increased. The combined began in 1998 to address concerns regarding local impact of these changes on air quality is not yet cross-border pollution. Representatives from the known, and citizen complaints are still being received United States and Canada hold regular discussions by local agencies. The monitoring data also indicate to coordinate monitoring programs in the Sault Ste. that there are no exceedances of the NAAQS at Marie area and to address progress in abating potential the Michigan monitoring sites. However, several transboundary pollution from the ASI facility in pollutants, such as total suspended particulates and Ontario. Air quality monitoring on the Canadian side coarse particulate matter (particulate matter less than has been ongoing since the 1960s and on the U.S. side or equal to 10 microns, or PM ), exceed Ontario air was initiated by the Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan 10 quality criteria in the west end of Sault Ste. Marie. in 2001. Sampling of ﬁne PM and toxic air pollutants The Algoma bilateral consultation group will continue continues on both sides of the border. to monitor and report on this facility. t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U During the last two years, Canadian and U.S. representatives have continued to meet to discuss progress towards reducing emissions from ASI and to share results of air monitoring studies. The data

analysis subgroup has completed a draft report S T N E M T I M M O C summarizing results of the ambient air monitoring program in the binational area during 2001–2003. Canadian and U.S. partners have agreed that this draft report should be identiﬁed as an “interim” document, and future reports will update the monitoring results, including the 2004–2005 data. The quality assurance/quality control subgroup continues to evaluate the monitoring equipment and the methods employed by both countries to ensure comparability of monitoring results.

11 Ozone Annex

Overview

he Ozone Annex was added to the AQA in 2000 to address T transboundary ground-level ozone. The Annex commits Canada and the United States to reducing emissions of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the precursors to ground- level ozone, a major component of smog. It deﬁnes a region in both countries, known as the Pollutant Emission Management Area (PEMA), which includes central and southern Ontario, southern

2006 2006 Quebec, 18 U.S. states, and the District of Columbia. The states and provinces within this region are the areas where emission

2005 reductions are most important for reducing transboundary ozone. It is in this region in both countries where the emission reduction 2004 commitments apply. 2003 Key Commitments and Progress 2002 CANADA 2001

2000 Vehicles, Engines, and Fuels the EPA rules. Canada has met all of its regulatory commitments except for the planned regulations PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT

New stringent NOx and VOC emission to address emissions from marine spark-ignition 1999 reduction standards for vehicles, including cars, engines, which are currently under development. By

1998 vans, light-duty trucks, off-road vehicles, small 2020, it is estimated that NO and VOC emissions

x engines, and diesel engines, as well as fuels. from on-road and off-road vehicles and engines will

1997 be reduced by 55 and 38 percent, respectively, relative Emissions from vehicles, off-road equipment, to emissions in 2005. 1996

and fuels account for over 60 percent of the NOx emissions and over 30 percent of the VOC emissions The On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, 1995 in the Canadian portion of the PEMA. To address these emissions, the Ozone Annex commits Canada Part II, on January 1, 2003. The regulations came 1994

into effect on January 1, 2004, and introduce more to controlling and reducing NOx and VOC emissions from vehicles and fuels through regulation of sulfur stringent national emission standards for 2004 and 1993 content in gasoline and on-road diesel fuel and new later model year new light-duty vehicles and trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, and motorcycles in alignment

1992 emission standards for light-duty vehicles and trucks, with U.S. federal standards. Going beyond the heavy-duty vehicles, engines, and motorcycles, commitments in the Ozone Annex, on November 5, recreational marine engines, small engines such 2005, the proposed Regulations Amending the as lawn mowers, and others.

1991 On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations Canada has implemented a series of regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, Part I. The to align Canadian emission standards for vehicles regulations propose new requirements for 2006 and and engines with corresponding standards under later model year on-road motorcycles to maintain

12 alignment with more stringent standards adopted Stationary Sources of NOx by EPA, and ﬁnal regulations are being prepared.

Annual caps by 2007 of 39 kilotonnes (kt) of NOx The Off-Road Small Spark-Ignition Engine Emission (as nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) emissions from fossil Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, fuel power plants in the PEMA in central and Part II, on November 19, 2003. The regulations came southern Ontario, and 5 kt of NOx in the PEMA into effect on January 1, 2005, and establish emission in southern Quebec, aligned with U.S. standards. standards for 2005 and later model year engines found in lawn and garden machines, light-duty industrial In the Canadian portion of the PEMA, the largest source of machines, and light-duty logging machines, in NOx emissions from industry is the fossil fuel–ﬁred power alignment with U.S. federal standards. sector. Therefore, Canada’s commitment in the Ozone Annex focuses on achieving an emission requirement The Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine for this sector in the Canadian portion of the PEMA Emission Regulations were published in the Canada comparable to that in the U.S. portion of the PEMA. Gazette, Part II, on February 23, 2005. The regulations t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U came into effect on January 1, 2006, and introduce Canada has made substantial progress to meet its emission standards aligned with U.S. federal commitment to cap NOx emissions from large fossil standards (Tier 2 and 3) for 2006 and later model fuel–ﬁred power plants in the Ontario and Quebec year new diesel engines, such as those typically found portions of the PEMA at 39 kt and 5 kt, respectively,

in agricultural, construction, and forestry machines. by 2007. Emissions from power plants in the Ontario S T N E M T I M M O C Environment Canada plans to amend these regulations portion of the PEMA were approximately 78 kt in to incorporate the more stringent U.S. Tier 4 1990 and had decreased by almost half by 2004. standards for the 2008 and later model years. Further action in the province to achieve the cap The proposed Marine Spark-Ignition Engine and includes agreements to purchase power from 19 Off-Road Recreational Vehicle Emission Regulations new renewable energy projects, including three water are being developed to introduce new emission power projects, three landﬁll gas and biogas projects, standards for 2008 and later model years for new and 13 wind farms. To date, Ontario has contracted outboard engines, personal watercraft, all-terrain for a total of 1,370 MW of clean renewable energy— vehicles, snowmobiles, and off-road motorcycles in enough to power an estimated 350,000 homes. alignment with standards adopted by EPA. In April 2005, Lakeview Generating Station closed (O. Reg. 396/01), eliminating annual emissions of Regulatory initiatives for fuels include the Sulphur approximately 4,000 tonnes of NOx and 15,000 in Gasoline Regulations, which limited the level tonnes of SO2 upwind of the Greater Toronto of sulfur in gasoline to 30 mg/kg (equivalent to 30 Area. Ontario has committed to reducing its own parts per million (ppm)) as of January 1, 2005—a 90 government’s electricity use by at least 10 percent percent reduction from preregulated levels; and the by 2007. Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations, which reduced the level of sulfur in diesel fuel used in on-road Emissions data for 2003 show that NOx (as NO2) vehicles to 15 mg/kg (15 ppm) as of June 1, 2006. emissions from power plants in the Quebec portion Beyond the requirements in the Ozone Annex, of the PEMA exceeded the 5 kt cap by approximately Environment Canada has amended the Sulphur 10 percent, due mainly to the increase in the hours of in Diesel Fuel Regulations to reduce the level of operation of the Tracy power plant. In 2004, the cap sulfur in diesel fuel used in off-road, rail, and marine was met. To ensure that the 5 kt cap continues to be engines to 500 mg/kg (500 ppm) commencing in met, Quebec is now considering introducing a speciﬁc 2007 and down to 15 mg/kg (15 ppm) commencing cap of 2,100 tonnes per year for the Tracy plant in 2010 for off-road and in 2012 for rail and marine. through regulations.

13 environmental performance of this industry. A list of all certiﬁcation criteria documents for the Environmental Choice Program, including the criteria for renewable low-impact electricity, was published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, on August 14, 2004. Measures to Reduce VOCs

Reduction of VOC emissions through the development of two regulations, one on dry cleaning and another on solvent degreasing, and the use of VOC emission limits for new stationary sources.

The Tetrachloroethylene (Use in Dry Cleaning and 2006 2006 Reporting Requirements) Regulations became law on February 27, 2003, and the last provision of these 2005 regulations went into effect on August 1, 2005. The regulations phased out the use of older-technology 2004 dry cleaning machines, which used and released

2003 larger quantities of tetrachloroethylene (commonly called perchloroethylene or PERC) than the newer-

2002 technology machines. The goal of the regulations was Proposed National Guideline on Renewable to achieve a 71 percent reduction of PERC releases

2001 Low-Impact Electricity at dry cleaning facilities from 1994 levels by August 2005. Environment Canada will complete an analysis 2000

Control and reduce NOx emissions in in fall 2006 to determine whether this goal has been PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORTaccordance with a proposed national Guideline achieved. PERC has not been produced in Canada 1999 on Renewable Low-Impact Electricity. since 1993, and PERC imports to Canada were

1998 reduced by over 40 percent between 1994 and 2004. A notice of a draft Guideline on Renewable Low- The number of dry cleaners using PERC in Canada Impact Electricity (Green Power Guideline) was

1997 also fell by 39 percent between 1994 and 2004. published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, in 2001.

1996 This guideline is providing national guidance on The Solvent Degreasing Regulations, which came

environmentally preferable electricity products into force in July 2003, froze the consumption of

1995 and generation in Canada and establishing criteria trichloroethylene and PERC in cold and vapor for environmental labeling of qualifying electricity solvent degreasing for three years from 2004 to 2006, 1994

products under the Government of Canada which is to be followed by a 65 percent reduction in Environmental Choice Program. Certiﬁcation criteria consumption in 2007 and subsequent years.

1993 contained in the guideline are already being used for The Canadian Council of Ministers of the

1992 certiﬁcation of qualifying electricity products. Environment (CCME) has endorsed 16 codes, Canada intends to monitor these criteria as an guidelines and standards, or memoranda of indicator of improvement in the environmental understanding for solvent use subsectors. These documents are used to provide guidance to 1991 performance of electricity generation and distribution sectors. Publication of a ﬁnal guideline jurisdictions for reducing VOC emissions from will be considered with other options to maintain many industrial/commercial sectors, including and enhance continuous improvement in the paints, coatings, printing, and storage tanks.

14 implementation of a Smelter Emissions Reduction Measures for NOx and VOC Emissions to Attain the Canada-wide Standard for Ozone Program with facility annual release limit targets for 2008 and 2015 and notes the intention of the If required to achieve the Canada-wide Standard federal Environment Minister to develop base for ozone in the PEMA by 2010, measures will metal smelter regulations to be in effect by 2015. be in place to reduce NOx emissions by 2005 and • Cement: It is proposed to publish a national implemented between 2005 and 2010 for key Environmental Code of Practice for Cement industrial sectors and measures to address Manufacturing Facilities. This environmental VOC emissions from solvents, paints and code of practice is expected to include consumer products. environmental performance standards to address

releases of PM, NOx, SO2, and VOCs from Multi-Pollutant Emission Reduction Analysis and the signiﬁcant process sources of the portland Foundation documents were published for seven cement manufacturing sector. This proposed industrial sectors (pulp and paper, lumber and allied environmental code of practice would build on t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U wood products, iron and steel, base metals smelting, existing CCME guidelines for cement kilns. hot mix asphalt paving, concrete batching, and • Pulp and Paper: A multistakeholder group (Air electric power generation) that are key to achieving Quality Forum) undertook a benchmarking the Canada-wide Standards for PM and ozone. exercise comparing the performance of Canadian Provinces and territories can use the reports in

mills with that of world leaders in terms of S T N E M T I M M O C preparing their jurisdictional implementation emissions performance and best technology. The plans. The reports are available at www.ccme.ca. Forum proposes to develop a 10-year agenda for Jurisdictional implementation plans will outline the reduction of pulp and paper mill emissions. more comprehensive actions being taken within each province and territory to achieve the Canada-wide Canada published a “Federal Agenda for the Standards for PM and ozone by the 2010 target date. Reduction of VOC Emissions from Consumer and Commercial Products” in the Canada Gazette, Part I, To provide further information and support to in March 2004. This agenda outlines actions to be Canadian provinces and territories in developing taken between 2004 and 2010 to reduce emissions their implementation plans, the following activities from these sources and emphasizes alignment with are under way: measures in the United States, recognizing the North • Iron and Steel: Environmental performance American market for many of these products. standards are being developed to address The Federal Agenda identifies the development releases of PM, NO , SO , and VOCs from the x 2 and implementation of three regulations to reduce significant process sources of the iron and steel VOC content in products. These regulations focus sector. The existing Canadian Environmental on consumer products, architectural industrial Protection Act Environmental Codes of Practice maintenance coatings, and auto refinish coatings. The for integrated and nonintegrated iron and steel first of these regulations, the architectural industrial mills are being updated in consultation with maintenance coatings regulation, is expected to be industry, nongovernment stakeholders, and the published in the Canada Gazette, Part I, in fall 2006 provinces to incorporate these environmental and to be in place in 2007. The development of the performance standards. other two regulations will follow. • Base Metals Smelting: A Final Notice requiring the preparation of pollution prevention plans Actions by the Province of Quebec by Canadian base metal smelters was published Quebec has made progress in meeting its Ozone Annex in the Canada Gazette, Part I, in April 2006. commitments by way of several regulatory actions. The Final Notice requires the development and The proposed amendments to Quebec’s Regulation

15 Respecting the Quality of the Atmosphere contain Protection Act and Regulation 628/90 under

stricter standards aimed at reducing NOx emissions the Highway Traffic Act. from new and modified industrial and commercial An independent analysis of Drive Clean data boilers, in accordance with CCME guidelines. In indicates that the program reduced smog- addition, when burners on existing units must be causing emissions (NOx and VOCs) from light- replaced, the replacements must be low-NOx burners. duty vehicles in the program area by more than 81,200 tonnes from 1999 to 2003. In addition, With respect to VOC emissions, the amendments it is estimated that Drive Clean has resulted in to the Regulation Respecting the Quality of the reductions of over 690,000 tonnes of carbon Atmosphere are aimed at reducing emissions from monoxide (CO) and more than 100,000 tonnes the manufacture and application of surface coatings, of carbon dioxide (CO ). PM emissions from commercial and industrial printing, dry cleaning, 2 heavy-duty diesel vehicles were reduced by above-ground storage tanks, petroleum refineries, nearly 1,100 tonnes from 2000 to 2002. and petrochemical plants.

2006 2006 The Vehicle Emissions Enforcement Unit (Smog Pursuant to its Regulation on Petroleum Products and Patrol) complements the Drive Clean program Equipment, Quebec is currently applying provisions by conducting roadside inspections of grossly 2005 aimed at reducing gasoline volatility during the summer polluting heavy-duty and light-duty vehicles.

2004 months in the city of Montreal and the Gatineau– Since 1998, the Vehicle Emissions Enforcement Montreal section of the Windsor–Quebec City corridor. Unit has conducted more than 41,000 vehicle

2003 inspections and issued more than 6,500 tickets. Quebec is also considering amending the above regulation in order to address vapor recovery • Stage 1 of the gasoline vapor recovery program 2002 (vapor recovery in bulk transfers; O. Reg. 455/94) initiatives, including gasoline storage, transfer depots, has been implemented, and the program

2001 and service stations supplying both new and existing continues today. installations in the Quebec portion of the Windsor– 2000

Quebec City corridor. The city of Montreal is • The Gasoline Volatility Regulation (O. Reg. 271/91), PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORTcurrently enforcing regulatory provisions concerning which has been ongoing since 1991, sets the limits

1999 gasoline vapor recovery in its territory. of gasoline vapor pressure during the summer.

1998 • Mandatory training is required every ﬁve Actions by the Province of Ontario years for at least one full-time employee of Ontario is on track to meet its Ozone Annex all dry cleaning establishments in Ontario 1997 commitments by 2007, with the following programs, (O. Reg. 323/94). In November 2001, a new

1996 regulations, and guidelines:

environmental code of practice was established.

• Ontario’s Drive Clean program, a mandatory • NOx and sulfur oxides (SOx) emissions from new 1995 inspection and maintenance program for motor and modiﬁed stationary combustion turbines are

1994 vehicles, reduces harmful vehicle emissions by limited under Ministry of Environment (MOE)

identifying vehicles that do not meet provincial Guideline A-5 through Certificates of Approval; emission standards and requiring them to be monitoring and record keeping are required. 1993 repaired. Drive Clean applies to light-duty and • In 2001, MOE Guideline A-9 imposed a 1992 heavy-duty nondiesel vehicles registered in the NOx emission limit on new or modified large light-duty program area that extends across boilers and heaters in industrial installations. southern Ontario from Windsor to Ottawa. This guideline adopts the National Emission The program also applies to heavy-duty diesel Guideline for Commercial/Industrial Boilers 1991 vehicles registered anywhere in the province. and Heaters approved by the CCME in 1998. Drive Clean rules and requirements are found Implementation of this guideline is through the in Regulation 361/98 under the Environmental Certificates of Approval process.

16 • In February 2006, Ontario amended the Airborne Beyond the Ozone Annex, Ontario is also taking actions Contaminant and Discharge Monitoring and to reduce emissions from vehicles and fuels throughout Reporting Regulation (O. Reg. 127/01) to effect the province. For example, southern Ontario’s major the harmonization of Ontario’s and Environment public transit system, GO Transit, has moved to the Canada’s air emissions reporting systems, use of low-sulfur diesel fuels year-round in its bus which will reduce duplication of the reporting ﬂeet. During the traditional smog season from May to requirements of Ontario’s industry while September, its rail ﬂeet also uses low-sulfur diesel fuels. maintaining Ontario’s commitment to protect In addition, Ontario is encouraging the use of vehicles the environment and public health. powered by alternative fuels through the institution of a sales tax rebate program for such vehicles.

UNITED STATES

states and the District of Columbia with 2003 or 2004 NOx and VOC Program Updates implementation deadlines chose to participate t n e m e e in r g A y the t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U

• Implementation of the NOx transport emission NBP. Fourteen of these states and the District of

reductions program, known as the NOx SIP Columbia are located in the PEMA. (State Implementation Plan) Call, in the PEMA Figure 9 shows the states affected by the NO states that are subject to the rule. x

SIP Call along with implementation deadlines. S T N E M T I M M O C • Implementation of existing U.S. vehicle, nonroad Further information on the NOx SIP Call, including engine, and fuel quality rules to achieve both compliance data, can be found at www.epa.gov/ VOC and NO reductions. x airmarkets/fednox/index.html. Compliance and • Implementation of existing U.S. rules for control emissions data for all NOx budget sources can be of emissions from stationary sources of hazardous found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/gdm. air pollutants and control of VOCs from consumer and commercial products, architectural Emission Reductions: In 2005, NBP sources

coatings, and automobile repair coatings. continued to reduce ozone season NOx emissions,

• Implementation of 36 existing U.S. new source emitting about 530,000 tons of NOx—a 63,000 ton performance standards, to achieve VOC and reduction from 2004. NOx reductions from 2004 to 2005 occurred despite a signiﬁcant increase in heat NOx reductions from new sources. input across the region. NBP sources decreased

NOx emissions nearly 11 percent from 2004, while NOx SIP Call (NOx Budget Trading Program): The increasing total heat input (fuel use) by 7 percent. NOx SIP Call Rule, issued by EPA in 1998, requires Overall, these sources have achieved reductions affected states to reduce ozone season NOx emissions that cross state boundaries, forming ground-level ozone of 72 percent from 1990 ozone season NOx levels. and contributing to ozone nonattainment in downwind However, the significant decrease in ozone season NOx emissions of 57 percent from 2000 to 2005 states. The NOx SIP Call does not mandate which sources must reduce emissions. Rather, it requires states reflects additional reductions associated with NBP to meet emission budgets and gives them flexibility to implementation (see Figure 10). develop control strategies to meet those budgets. Compliance: Sources achieved over 99 percent compliance with the NBP in 2005. This success Under the NOx SIP Call, EPA developed the NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP) to allow states to meet was achieved through a combination of new control most or all of their emission budgets in a highly cost- equipment, banked allowances, and allowance effective manner through participation in a regionwide trading. Only three NBP sources out of 2,570 electric cap and trade program for electric generating units and generating and industrial units did not hold sufficient large industrial boilers and turbines. All 19 affected allowances to cover their ozone season NOx emissions.

17 Figure 9

NOx SIP Call Program Implementation 2006 2006 2005

Compliance deadline 2004

May 2003

2003 May 2004

May 2007 2002

2001 Note: The affected portions of Missouri and Georgia are required to comply with the NOx SIP Call as of May 1, 2007. However, EPA has

“stayed” the NOx SIP Call requirements for Georgia while it responds to a petition to reconsider Georgia’s inclusion in the NOx SIP Call.

2000 Source: EPA

PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORTFigure 10 1999

Ozone Season Emissions under the NOx Budget Trading Program 1998

2,000

1,800 1,860 1997 1,600

1996 1,400

Emissions 1,200 x 1,222 1,000 1995

(thousand tons) 800 819 1994 600

Ozone Season NO 593 400 530

200 1993

0 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 1992 Ozone Season (May 1 – Sept 30) Source: EPA New Source Performance Standards: All of ﬁnalizing NSPS for Stationary Compression-

1991 the 36 categories of new source performance Ignition Internal Combustion Engines that will

standards (NSPS) identiﬁed in the Ozone Annex help achieve signiﬁcant reductions of NOx and

for major new NOx and VOC sources are in effect. VOC emissions from these sources beginning in In addition, EPA is currently in the process of 2007. Furthermore, in June 2006, EPA proposed

18 two nationally applicable emission standards: 1) truck assembly coatings; miscellaneous metal products an NSPS for NOx, CO, and VOC emissions from coatings; and miscellaneous industrial adhesives. new stationary spark ignited internal combustion Controls on Hazardous Air Pollutants: EPA engines; and 2) a National Emission Standards for has promulgated regulations to control hazardous Hazardous Air Pollutants rule that also addresses air pollutant emissions for all of the 40 categories VOC emissions from existing and new reciprocating internal combustion engines. For more information on of industrial sources listed in the Ozone Annex that the Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engine rule, will reduce VOC emissions. Most of the sources are see www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nsps/sinsps/sinspspg.html, now required to be in compliance. Most recently, EPA and for information on the Reciprocating Internal has proposed new standards to control hazardous Combustion Engine rule, see www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/ air pollutants from fuel, passenger vehicles, and rice/ricepg.html. In February 2006, EPA finalized gasoline cans to further reduce emissions of benzene updates to the NSPS for utility and industrial and other mobile source air toxics. By 2030, the boilers and combustion turbines. The updated proposed Mobile Source Air Toxic Regulations and fuel and vehicle standards already in place will t n e m e e r g reduce A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U standards for NOx, SO2, and direct filterable PM are based on the performance of recently constructed toxic emissions from passenger vehicles to 80 percent boilers and turbines. EPA is currently reviewing the below 1999 emissions. The proposed Mobile Source NSPS for petroleum refineries and for equipment Air Toxic Regulations would take effect in 2009 for leaks at chemical plants and petroleum refineries. fuel containers, 2010 for passenger vehicles, and 2011 S T N E M T I M M O C The equipment leak standards will be completed in for fuel requirements. October 2007. The petroleum refineries standard will Motor Vehicle Control Program: To address motor be completed in April 2008. vehicle emissions, the United States committed to VOC Controls on Smaller Sources: In 1998, EPA implementing regulations for reformulated gasoline; promulgated national rules for automobile repair reducing air toxics from fuels and vehicles; and coatings, consumer products, and architectural implementing controls and prohibitions on diesel fuel coatings. The compliance dates were January 1999, quality, light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, highway December 1998, and September 1999, respectively. heavy-duty gasoline engines, and highway heavy-duty From a 1990 baseline, the consumer products and diesel engines. EPA has fully phased in requirements architectural coatings rules are each estimated to for reformulated gasoline in nonattainment areas; achieve a 20 percent reduction in VOC emissions, requirements for diesel fuel quality (including sulfur); and the automobile repair coatings rule is estimated standards for highway heavy-duty engines; and vehicle to achieve a 33 percent reduction in VOC emissions. standards for light-duty cars and trucks, including on- In addition, EPA has scheduled for regulation 15 board refueling for control of evaporative emissions. remaining categories of consumer and commercial products under section 183(e) of the Clean Air Act. Nonroad Engine Standards: EPA has applied These categories are to be regulated in three groups, engine standards in all five nonroad engine categories with deadlines of September 30 of 2006, 2007, and identified in the Annex: aircraft, compression-ignition 2008. The current list of remaining categories, which engines, spark-ignition engines, locomotives, and may change slightly, includes flexible packaging marine engines. Nonroad diesel fuel will have 99 printing materials; lithographic printing materials; percent less sulfur by 2010. In addition, EPA has letterpress printing materials; industrial cleaning promulgated more stringent (Phase 2) standards for solvents; flatwood paneling coatings; aerosol spray compression-ignition engines and spark-ignition paints; paper, film, and foil coatings; plastic parts engines. The Phase 2 standards are in effect for coatings; metal furniture coatings; large appliance compression-ignition engines, and the Phase 2 coatings; fiberglass boat manufacturing materials; standards for spark-ignition engines will be fully petroleum dry cleaning solvents; auto and light-duty phased in by 2007.

19 Anticipated Additional Control Measures and Indicative Reductions

This section describes additional control measures emission reduction estimates for the PEMA from that each country currently implements or anticipates implementation of both the speciﬁc obligations and implementing beyond the speciﬁc obligations of the additional measures.

the Ozone Annex. It also provides NOx and VOC

CANADA

National Reductions contaminants with a view to further protecting the quality of the atmosphere and, consequently, human Air quality monitoring across Canada between 2001 health and ecosystems. This legislation makes it and 2003 showed that approximately half of Canadians possible to achieve Quebec’s objectives in the ﬁght

2006 2006 were living in communities with three-year averages against smog, acid precipitation, and toxic atmospheric above the Canada-wide Standard air quality target for pollution. It also seeks to reduce and control ozone of 65 parts per billion (ppb). British Columbia, 2005 contaminants that may be the origin of local and Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, regional problems associated with bad air quality. and Newfoundland and Labrador had no three-year 2004 averages above the target; the remaining provinces, Quantitative Estimates

2003 however — Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia — each had at least one monitoring In the Ozone Annex, Parties provided NOx and VOC emission reduction estimates for 2010 2002 station with three-year averages above the target. associated with applying the control measures Air pollution represents a serious threat to human

2001 identiﬁed under Part III of the Annex. In every health, the environment, and the competitiveness of biennial progress report, the Parties further agreed

2000 Canada’s economy. Canadians consistently identify to update these reduction forecasts to demonstrate PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORTair pollution as the most important environmental that the commitments are being implemented

1999 issue and a key health concern. To address the need and to ensure that the quantitative estimates for further reductions of the emissions of ozone and reﬂect any emission estimation methodology 1998

its precursor pollutants, Canada intends to develop a improvements. The projected reduction of NOx new Clean Air Act. emissions that will be seen in the transboundary 1997 Area-Speciﬁc Reductions region in Ontario and Quebec (the PEMA) in 2010 1996

with the implementation of the commitments for To further reduce emissions of NO and VOCs in the x fossil fuel electric power generators and vehicles PEMA, Ontario and Quebec are each taking action on 1995 and fuels regulations is 43 percent by 2010 from pollutant sources that are of concern in the provinces. 1990 levels. For VOC emissions in the region, the 1994 In particular, Ontario has completed its Industry implementation of the regulations for dry cleaning, Emission Regulation (O.Reg. 194/05), which focuses degreasing, and fuels will achieve a reduction of

1993 on the emissions from key industrial sectors, including iron and steel, cement, petroleum reﬁning, pulp and 54 percent by 2010 from 1990 levels. The largest 1992 paper, and nonferrous smelting. In Quebec, the source of NOx and VOCs in the region comes provincial Draft Air Quality Regulation was announced from transportation, and the completion of the in November 2005 for comment. This draft regulation new vehicle standards and fuel regulations, as is an overhaul of the Regulation Respecting the Quality demonstrated by Figure 11, will have a very 1991 of the Atmosphere, which entered into force in 1979. signiﬁcant impact on the overall NOx and VOC The draft regulation aims to reduce and control emissions in the ozone transboundary region.

20 Figure 11

Canadian NOx and VOC PEMA Emissions and Projections from Transportation Sources, 1990–2020

600

500

400

300 Emissions (thousand tonnes) 200

100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U

Total On- & Off-road NOx Off-road NOx Total On- & Off-road VOCs On-road VOCs

On-road NOx Off-road VOCs

Source: Environment Canada S T N E M T I M M O C

Overall, however, there continue to be sources Figure 12 of pollution in the PEMA that are increasing, Canadian NOx and VOC PEMA Emissions and as demonstrated by the fact that NOx and VOC Projections emissions in the PEMA are expected to decrease from 1990 levels by 34 percent and 29 percent, respectively, 1,600,000 by 2010 (see Figure 12). In addition to increases that 1990 2010 are being forecast for such sources as residential fuel 1,200,000 wood combustion, air transportation, and certain industrial sources such as cement and concrete, 800,000 these updated forecasts reflect recalculations of the emissions inventories and forecasts presented in the Emissions (tons) 2004 Progress Report. The recalculations incorporated 400,000 better information on vehicle kilometres traveled and vehicle populations and better estimations for certain 0 NO VOCs industrial emissions. x Note: 2010 reflects all emission categories including those committed in the specific obligations in Part III of Annex 3 Specific Objectives Concerning Ground-Level Ozone Precursors. Source: Environment Canada

21 UNITED STATES

National Reductions published Tier 4 standards. These stringent standards will achieve at least 90 percent reductions in NO In December 1999, EPA ﬁnalized new Tier 2 x and PM, starting in 2008, through use of advanced tailpipe emissions and low-sulfur fuel standards exhaust aftertreatment technologies and ultra-low for light-duty vehicles. The emission standards will sulfur levels (15 ppm) in nonroad diesel fuel. Further be fully phased in for the passenger cars and other information on these standards can be found at small light-duty vehicles in 2007 and for the heaviest www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/index.htm. light-duty vehicles in 2009. The Tier 2 low-sulfur standards phase-in began in early 2004 and was fully EPA published regulations for recreational phased in on January 1, 2006. These standards now vehicles in November 2002. The regulations cover apply equally to all passenger cars and light-duty snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and off-highway trucks, including sport utility vehicles, minivans, pick- motorcycles. Phase-in of the emission reductions up trucks, and vans. When these standards are fully

2006 2006 began with the 2006 model year, and full emission implemented, they will require passenger vehicles reductions will be achieved by the 2010 model year. to be 77–95 percent cleaner than Tier 1 passenger Further information on these rules can be found at 2005 vehicles (in effect from 1994 to 2004) and reduce the www.epa.gov/otaq/recveh.htm. sulfur content of gasoline up to 90 percent. Further 2004 information on these standards can be found at Area-Specific Reductions www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/ld-hwy/tier-2/index.htm. 2003 EPA is implementing NOx and VOC control measures in specific areas as required by applicable provisions In December 2000, EPA finalized a comprehensive

2002 of the Clean Air Act. The measures include NO program that regulates the highway heavy-duty x and VOC reasonably available control technology engine and its fuel as a single system. As a result of

2001 (RACT); marine vessel loading; treatment storage the Highway Diesel Rule, sulfur levels in diesel fuel and disposal facilities; municipal solid waste landﬁlls;

2000 will be reduced by more than 97 percent, from 500 onboard refueling; residential wood combustion; to 15 ppm. Reﬁners started producing the cleaner- PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT vehicle inspection and maintenance; reformulated burning diesel fuel, ultra-low-sulfur diesel, for use 1999 gasoline; cement kilns; internal combustion engines; in highway vehicles beginning June 1, 2006. The large nonutility boilers and gas turbines; fossil fuel– 1998

highway heavy-duty engine emission standards ﬁred utility boilers; and additional measures needed will begin with the 2007 model year and will be to attain the NAAQS.

1997 fully phased in by 2010. The program will reduce

emissions of NOx and nonmethane hydrocarbons 1996

by 2.6 million and 115,000 tons per year by 2030, respectively (95 percent below Tier 1 levels). Further

1995 information on this program can be found at www.epa.gov/otaq/highway-diesel/index.htm. 1994

With stringent controls in place for highway sources,

1993 nonroad engines powering farm and construction equipment contribute a higher fraction of the 1992 remaining inventory of pollutants. Since 1996, EPA has published a number of rules applying standards to engines in many nonroad categories.

1991 The Tier 3 nonroad standards were published in October 1998 and take effect between 2006 and 2008, depending upon engine size. EPA has also

22 Figure 13 Quantitative NOx and VOC Emission Reductions

U.S. NOx and VOC PEMA Emissions and In the Ozone Annex, the United States provided NOx and VOC emission reduction estimates associated Projections with the application of the control strategies identiﬁed 12 under Part III and Part IV of the Annex. EPA has 1990 Base� 2010 updated these estimates using national data sets that 10 were completed in October 2002. The new estimates show greater VOC and NOx reductions by 2010 than 8 originally projected.

6 The speciﬁc emission reduction obligations (see

Figure 13, 2010) are now estimated to reduce annual Emissions (Million Tons) 4

NOx emissions in the PEMA by 51 percent from 1990 levels and to reduce annual VOC emissions in 2 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U the PEMA by 49 percent from 1990 levels by 2010.

NOx VOCs 2010 includes specific obligations in Part III and Part IV.

Source: EPA S T N E M T I M M O C Reporting PEMA Emissions JOINT COMMITMENT

In 2003, the NPRI was further expanded to require Provide information on all anthropogenic NO x reporting of 60 additional VOC species to support and all anthropogenic and biogenic VOC emissions the requirements of both Canadian and U.S. air within the PEMA from a year that is not more quality models. Facilities that meet the reporting than two years prior to the year of the biennial requirements for these additional VOC species progress report, including: have reported their 2003 and 2004 emissions to • Annual ozone season (May 1 to September 30) Environment Canada.

estimates for VOC and NOx emissions by the The compilation of the comprehensive 2002 Criteria sectors outlined in Part V, Section A, of the Air Contaminants (CAC) emissions inventory has Ozone Annex. been completed. This latest emissions inventory for

• NOx and VOC ﬁve-year emission trends for the Canada coincides with the 2002 emissions inventory sectors listed above as well as total emissions. that was issued in February 2006 in the United States (www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html). Canada and the United States have complied with The 2002 emissions inventories will become the new emission reporting requirements in the Ozone baselines for air quality modeling and the development Annex. In Canada, the National Pollutant Release of emission reduction strategies in the two countries Inventory (NPRI) list of substances was expanded in for the coming years. 2002 to include precursors of ground-level ozone and Comprehensive CAC emission inventories for the components of smog, such as NO , VOCs, SO , total x x years 2003 and 2004 are also being compiled in PM, PM , PM , and CO. Facilities are required 10 2.5 Canada and should be available in 2006. to report their annual emissions to Environment Canada by June 1 of the following year. The reported In the United States, the NEI has been developed information by facility is now publicly available on the by EPA as a comprehensive national emissions Environment Canada website (www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri). inventory covering emissions in all U.S. states for

23 point sources, nonpoint sources, on-road mobile Trading Programs, which provide actual measured sources, nonroad mobile sources, and natural sources. data through 2005). The U.S. regulations require that The NEI includes criteria pollutants and hazardous states report emissions from all sources once every air pollutants. The 2002 NEI is the most recent three years; the next comprehensive U.S. emissions year for which actual emissions data are available. inventory will be for 2005 and will be issued in 2008. The emissions data included in this 2006 Progress Report are projections to 2003 and 2004 of the 2002 Table 1 shows preliminary Canadian and U.S.

NEI emissions data (except for sources reporting emissions in the PEMA for 2004 for NOx and VOCs.

emissions under the U.S. Acid Rain and NOx Budget Figures 14 and 15 show U.S. emission trends in Table 1 PEMA Emissions, 2004

2004 Annual 2004 Ozone Season 2006 2006

NOx VOCs NOx VOCs (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 (1000 2005 Emission Category Tons) Tonnes) Tons) Tonnes) Tons) Tonnes) Tons) Tonnes)

2004 Canadian PEMA Region: Annual and Ozone Season Emissions Industrial Sources 142 129 111 101 62 57 47 43 2003 Non-Industrial Fuel Combustion 51 46 95 87 11 10 1 1 Electric Power Generation 53 48 1 1 20 18 0 0 2002 On-Road Transportation 164 149 79 71 73 67 34 31

2001 Nonroad Transportation 261 237 185 168 125 114 89 81 Solvent Utilization 0 0 275 250 0 0 115 104 2000 Other Anthropogenic Sources 2 2 98 89 1 1 42 38 PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT Forest Fires 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999 Biogenics – – – – – – – –

1998 TOTALS 673 611 843 767 293 266 328 298

TOTALS without Forest Fires and Biogenics 673 611 843 767 293 266 328 298 1997 U.S. PEMA States: Annual and Ozone Season Emissions 1996

Industrial Emissions 609 552 244 221 254 230 102 92 Non-Industrial Fuel Combustion 343 311 866 785 143 130 361 327 1995 Electric Power Generation 1,525 1,383 13 12 635 576 6 5

1994 On-Road Transportation 2,622 2,379 1,466 1,330 1,093 991 611 554

Nonroad Transportation 1,502 1,362 1,114 1,010 626 568 464 421

1993 Solvent Utilization 0 0 1,551 1,407 0 0 646 586 Other Anthropogenic Sources 60 54 463 420 25 23 193 175 1992

Forest Fires* 3 3 7 6 2 2 5 5 Biogenics* 156 142 5,290 4,799 97 88 4,585 4,160 TOTALS 6,820 6,187 11,013 9,991 2,874 2,608 6,972 6,325

1991 TOTALS without Forest Fires and Biogenics 6,661 6,043 5,716 5,186 2,775 2,518 2,382 2,161

*U.S. estimates for Forest Fires and Biogenics emissions based on 2002 data.

Source: EPA and Environment Canada

24 these areas for 1990–2004. The trend in the PEMA Figures 16 and 17 show Canadian NOx and VOC

states is similar to the U.S. national trend. For NOx, PEMA emission trends for 1990–2004. For NOx, most of the emission reductions come from on-road most of the reductions come from on-road mobile and mobile sources and electric utilities. Over this same industrial sources, with increases in the non-industrial period, the reductions in VOC emissions are primarily combustion and nonroad sectors. VOC emissions from on-road mobile sources and solvent utilization. reductions and increases were observed similarly,

VOC emissions from non-industrial fuel combustion though increases are only in the nonroad sector. NOx increased after 1998 and then returned to a downward emissions from electric power generation increased trend by 2000, but saw a signiﬁcant spike upwards in after 1999. Over this same period, the reductions in 2001. The rise in non-industrial VOC emissions from VOC emissions are primarily from on-road mobile and 2001 to 2002 is due to residential wood combustion. non-industrial fuel combustion sources. Figure 14

U.S. NOx Emission Trends in PEMA States, 1990–2004 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U

4,000 3,500 3,500 3,000 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 S T N E M T I M M O C 1,500 1,500

1,000

Emissions (thousand tons) 1,000 Emissions (thousand tonnes) 500 500

0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ( indicates data not available)

On-road transportation Industrial sources Electric power generation Non-industrial fuel combustion Nonroad transportation Other anthropogenic sources

Note: The scales in Figures 14–15 and 16–17 are signiﬁcantly different. Source: EPA Figure 15 U.S. VOC Emission Trends in PEMA States, 1990–2004

4,000 3,500 3,500 3,000 3,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,500

1,000 1,000 Emissions (thousand tons) Emissions (thousand tonnes) 500 500

0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 ( indicates data not available)

Solvent utilization Non-industrial fuel combustion On-road transportation Other anthropogenic sources Nonroad transportation Industrial sources

Note: The scales in Figures 14–15 and 16–17 are signiﬁcantly different. Source: EPA

25 Figure 16

Canada NOx Emission Trends in the PEMA Region, 1990–2004

500 450 300 400 250 350 300 200 250 150 200 150 100 Emissions (thousand tons) 100 50 Emissions (thousand tonnes) 50 0 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004

On-road transportation Electric power generation Nonroad transportation Non-industrial fuel combustion 2006 2006 Industrial sources Other anthropogenic sources

2005 Note: The scales in Figures 14–15 and 16–17 are signiﬁcantly different. Source: Environment Canada

2004 Figure 17 Canada VOC Emission Trends in the PEMA Region, 1990–2004 2003

400

2002 350 350 300 300

2001 250 250

200 200 2000

150 150 PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT 100

Emissions (thousand tons) 100 Emissions (thousand tonnes) 1999 50 50

1998 0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004

Solvent utilization Industrial sources 1997 On-road transportation Other anthropogenic sources Nonroad transportation Non-industrial fuel combustion 1996

Note: The scales in Figures 14–15 and 16–17 are signiﬁcantly different. 1995 Source: Environment Canada 1994 Reporting Air Quality for All Relevant Monitors within 500 km of the Border

1993 between Canada and the United States 1992 JOINT COMMITMENT

Both the United States and Canada have extensive Ambient Levels of Ozone in the Border Region networks to monitor ground-level ozone and its 1991 Figure 18 illustrates ozone conditions in the border precursors. Both governments prepare routine reports region in the metrics of national standards. The summarizing measurement levels and trends. The reference period is 2002–2004. Only data from sites latest complete, quality-assured data set is for 2004. within 500 km (310 miles) of the Canada–U.S. border

26 that met data completeness requirements were used ozone, the data completeness requirement was that to develop these maps. a site’s annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration (parts per billion by volume) be based Figure 18 shows that higher ozone levels occur in the on 75 percent or more of all possible daily values lower Great Lakes–Ohio Valley region and along the during the EPA-designated ozone monitoring season U.S. east coast. Lowest values are generally found in (May 1–September 30). the west and in Atlantic Canada. Levels are generally higher downwind of urban areas, as can be seen in Ambient Concentrations of Ozone, NOx, and VOCs the western portions of lower Michigan, though the full detail of urban variation is not shown. Locally Annual ozone levels over time are presented in higher levels in the complex terrain of the Georgia Figure 19, based on information from longer-term Basin–Puget Sound area are also not well resolved in eastern sites within 500 km (310 miles) of the Canada– this map, though they are lower than in the east. For U.S. border. Ozone levels have decreased over the period.

Figure 18 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U Ozone Concentrations along the Canada–U.S. Border (Three-Year Average of the Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Average), 2002–2004 S T N E M T I M M O C

PPB

<55 55–60 60–65 65–70 70–75 75–80 80–85 85–90 90–95 95–99

Note: Data contoured are the 2002–2004 averages of annual fourth highest daily values, where the daily value is the highest running 8-hour average for the day. Sites used had at least 75 percent of possible daily values for the period. Source: Environment Canada National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) Network Database (www.etcentre.org/NAPS/) and EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Database (www.epa.gov/air/data/index.html)

27 The apparent decreasing trend in ozone levels from Figure 20 2002 is in part due to the cool, rainy summer of 2004 Ozone Season 1-Hour NOx Concentration for in eastern North America. There is also a complex Sites within 500 km of the Canada–U.S. Border, regional pattern in ozone level variations, which is 1995–2004 not evident from the graph shown in Figure 19.

35 Figure 19 30 Annual Fourth Highest Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Concentration for Sites within 500 km of the 25

Canada–U.S. Border, 1995–2004 20

15 100 Concentration (ppb) x

90 NO 10

80 5 70 Canada United States 2006 2006

60 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 50 Year 2005 40

30 Source: EPA and Environment Canada Ozone Concentration (ppb) 2004 20 Figure 21 � 10 Canada United States

2003 0 Annual Average 24-Hour VOC Concentration for 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Sites within 500 km of the Canada–U.S. Border,

2002 1997–2004 Source: EPA and Environment Canada

2001 70 Figures 20 and 21 depict the annual levels of ozone � 60 2000 precursors NOx and VOCs in the eastern United

States and Canada. These measurements represent 50 PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT information from a more limited network 1999 40 of monitoring sites than is available for ozone:

1998 30

Figure 22 shows the network of monitoring sites

actually used to create the trend graphs in VOC Concentration (ppbC) 20

1997 Figures 19–21. More rigorous data completeness 10 United States criteria were used in site selection for these graphs 1996 0

than was the case for the 2004 Progress Report. As 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 a consequence, the graphs in the two reports cannot Year 1995 be compared directly. Further, while the patterns of 120

1994 change over time shown in the national graphs here 100

are considered comparable, the actual national values shown cannot be directly compared, as the site groups 80 1993

are considered to be too different. 60 1992

The data in Figures 20 and 21 represent 40 measurements for the “ozone season” (i.e., May VOC Concentration (ppbC) 20 through September). The data indicate a decline in Canada 1991 the ambient levels of both pollutant families. The 0 limited correspondence between composite ozone and 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year precursor trends could reﬂect the regional complexity of the problem as well as network limitations. Source: EPA and Environment Canada

28 Figure 22

Network of Monitoring Sites Used to Create Ambient Levels of Ozone, NOx, and VOC Graphs t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U

Site Data Used in Report

Ozone S T N E M T I M M O C

NOx

VOCs

Ozone & NOx

Ozone & VOCs

NOx & VOCs

Ozone, NOx, VOCs

Source: EPA and Environment Canada

The 2004 Progress Report showed NOx and VOC decrease in NOx emissions from 2004 to 2005, emission trends through 2002. Since 2002, NOx Figure 23 shows that emission reductions varied at emission reductions due to EPA’s NOx SIP Call a state-by-state level. These years were selected to have accelerated in the eastern United States. EPA analyze changes coinciding with the period of NOx has published an annual report since August 2004, reductions attributable to the Acid Rain Program providing an evaluation of ozone control programs in (1990), the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) the eastern United States with a focus on the effects NOx Budget Program (1999 through 2002), and

the implementation of the NOx SIP Call (starting of the NOx SIP Call and the NBP. The full reports can be found at www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/ in 2003 in eight states and in 2004 in 11 additional index.html. It is useful to include some of the findings states). Given that 2005 was the first full ozone from the most recent report here because emission season compliance period for states outside the OTC, those states saw the most significant reductions from reductions in the eastern United States also impact 2004. In addition, the increase in electricity demand areas in eastern Canada. in 2005, together with a large bank of available

Effects of the NOx SIP Call can be seen in Figure 23. allowances, likely inﬂuenced individual source and While the NBP achieved an 11 percent overall company compliance decisions.

29 Figure 23

Ozone Season NOx Emissions for 1990, 2000, 2004, and 2005, and 2005 Trading Budgets in the NOx Budget Trading Program Region

MI NY

MA 2006 2006 CT RI

IN PA 2005 NJ IL OH MD 2004 DC DE WV

KY 2003 VA 2002

TN 120,000 tons NC 2001

1990 Emissions 2000 SC

2000 Emissions PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT AL 2004 Emissions 1999 2005 Emissions

1998 2005 State Trading Budget

1997

1996 Note: The non-OTC states are shaded in gray; OTC states are shown in yellow. Source: EPA 1995 Figure 24 shows the relationship between reductions Note that 8-hour ozone levels in Figure 24

1994 in power industry NOx emissions and reductions in were adjusted for meteorological impacts. Daily

ozone after implementation of the NBP. Generally, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed can

1993 there is a strong association between areas with affect ozone levels. In general, warm dry weather

the greatest NOx emission reductions (such as the is more conducive to ozone formation than cool 1992 Midwest) and downwind sites exhibiting the greatest wet weather. Because weather varies over space and improvement in ozone levels. This suggests that time, EPA uses a statistical model to account for

NOx transport has been reduced in the eastern weather-related variability and makes meteorological United States. While EPA does not attribute all adjustments to normalize weather conditions across 1991 ozone reductions after 2002 to the NBP, it does the region. These adjustments provide a better show that the NBP has played a major role in estimate of the underlying ozone trend and the reducing ozone concentrations. impact of emission changes.

30 Figure 24

Reductions in Ozone Season Power Industry NOx Emissions and 8-Hour Ozone, 2002 vs. 2005 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U S T N E M T I M M O C

Ozone Season NOx Emissions 2002 vs. 2005 (tons) Percent Change in Seasonal 8-Hour Ozone, 2002 to 2005 (Adjusted for Meteorology) Increase Less Than 1,000 Decrease Between 50,000 and 75,000 Increase Between 15% and 22% Decrease Less Than 5% Decrease Less Than 25,000 Decrease Between 75,000 and 105,000 Increase Between 5% and 15% Decrease Between 5% and 15%

Decrease Between 25,000 and 50,000 Increase Less Than 5% Decrease Between 15% and 23% Margin of error is ±5%

Note: States affected by the NOx SIP Call are shaded light green in the Percent Change in Seasonal 8-Hour Ozone, 2002 to 2005 (Adjusted for Meteorology) map. Source: EPA

EPA expects that NOx and VOC emissions will and NOx in the eastern United States, achieving continue to decrease as a result of these control signiﬁcant reductions of these pollutants. The CAIR programs. In addition, EPA’s CAIR (www.epa.gov/cair/) will build on the ozone season emission reductions will help reduce ozone further in the eastern United from the NOx SIP Call and, by 2009, reduce NOx from States. This landmark rule, issued March 10, 2005, electric generating units by an additional 216,000 tons will permanently cap power industry emissions of SO2 in the CAIR region, or 28 percent from 2005 levels.

New Actions on Acid Rain, Ozone, and Particulate Matter CANADA

In eastern Canada, where acid rain continues the electric power sector. Nova Scotia’s Air Quality to damage sensitive ecosystems, three provinces, Regulations require a 25 percent reduction in the

Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario, developed tighter SO2 emission cap for the province’s largest SO2 regulations in 2005 for major acid rain–causing emitter (Nova Scotia Power Inc.) beginning in 2005, emission sources. In 2005, new regulations to reduce a further 25 percent reduction in 2010, and a cap on

SO2 and NOx emissions were promulgated by Ontario NOx emissions by 2009, reducing emissions by 20 for seven industrial sectors and by Nova Scotia for percent from 2000 levels. Ontario’s Regulation 194/05

31 (Industry Emissions – Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur to the development of jurisdictional implementation

Dioxide) will lead to incremental reductions of SO2 plans. In 2004, Ontario’s Clean Air Action Plan:

and NOx emissions from facilities in seven industrial Protecting Environmental and Human Health sectors. By 2015, this Regulation will result in a 46 was published, which outlines the province’s

percent reduction of SO2 emissions from 1994 levels implementation plan in meeting the Canada-wide

and a 21 percent reduction of NOx emissions from Standards, including a mix of regulations, economic 1990 levels from the regulated facilities. In Quebec, incentives, and nonregulatory initiatives.

SO2 emissions are already below the province’s ceiling. The federal government published its Interim Plan New Brunswick is fulﬁlling its commitment to SO2 reductions under the Acid Rain Strategy for Post- on PM and Ozone in 2001, which outlined initial 2000, primarily through emission reductions that are strategies that the government will pursue to reduce under way in the electric power generating sector. levels of PM and ozone and meet the targets under the Canada-wide Standards process. A follow-up progress In April 2006, Canada published the Final Notice report was published in 2003 that discussed actions

2006 2006 requiring the preparation of pollution prevention taken by the federal government to reduce PM and plans by Canadian base metal smelters (see also Ozone ozone, such as improvements to monitoring networks Annex under Section 1). The Final Notice requires the 2005 and reductions in emissions from vehicles and fuels. development and implementation of a Smelter Emissions The Canada-wide Standards include a Reporting on Reduction Program with facility annual release limit 2004 Progress provision, which requires that all jurisdictions targets for 2008 and 2015 and notes the intention of report annually on the achievement and maintenance

2003 the federal Environment Minister to develop base of the standards beginning in 2011 and provide metal smelter regulations to be in effect by 2015. a comprehensive report on progress towards all 2002 The Canada-wide Standards for PM and ozone provisions of the standards every ﬁve years, with the commit jurisdictions (federal, provincial/territorial) ﬁrst jurisdictional comprehensive reports due in 2006. 2001 2000 UNITED STATES PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT 1999

1998 Revised Ozone Standards and Implementation based on their entering into “Early Action Compacts” in which they agreed to develop and implement In 1997, EPA set 8-hour ozone standards to protect an early plan to attain the standard by the end of 1997 against longer exposure periods of concern for human 2007. All but 17 of the 126 areas are located in the health and the environment. The 8-hour ozone 1996 eastern United States. The nonattainment areas are standards are set at a level of 0.08 ppm and are met required to develop and implement control plans to when the three-year average of the annual fourth

1995 reduce emissions of ozone-causing pollution. The highest daily maximum 8-hour concentrations is implementation rule—based on requirements of the

1994 less than 0.08 ppm. After a lengthy legal battle, EPA Clean Air Act—provides for attainment dates ranging published rules for implementation of the 8-hour from 2007 to 2021, based on the severity of an area’s

1993 ozone standard in two phases—the ﬁrst on air quality problem. Phase 1 of the rule provided for April 30, 2004, and the second on November 29, 2005. the classiﬁcation system for nonattainment areas, the 1992

On April 30, 2004, EPA designated 126 areas as timing of emission reductions needed for attainment, nonattainment for the 8-hour ozone standard based on the revocation of the 1-hour standard, and anti- three recent years of air quality data. The designations backsliding provisions for areas with responsibilities

1991 became effective on June 15, 2004, for all but 14 under the 1-hour standard. The Phase 2 rule provided areas, which received deferrals of their designations the remaining guidance and provisions for

32 implementation of the 8-hour standard, including in the northwestern United States. States have until those related to the attainment demonstration and April 2008 to submit SIPs to EPA, which include modeling, reasonably available control technology, strategies and regulations for reducing emissions reasonable further progress towards attainment, of fine PM and its precursors. Attainment of the new source review under the 8-hour standard, standards is to be as expeditious as practicable, with and revisions to the reformulated gasoline rule. a presumptive attainment date (April 2010) within Information on the 8-hour ozone designations and five years of designation. However, EPA can grant implementation rulemakings can be found at www.epa. an attainment date extension of one to five years gov/ozonedesignations/regs.htm. if a state provides a demonstration showing that attainment within five years is not practicable based Particulate Matter Standards and Implementation on the severity of the air quality problem or the To provide additional protection from the adverse feasibility of emission controls. health effects of particles, in 1997, EPA issued A number of programs have been established to NAAQS for PM . The annual standard was set at

2.5 t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U reduce emissions of fine particles and precursor 15 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) and is met when the three-year average of the annual arithmetic pollutants from important sources such as on-road 3 and nonroad vehicle engines and power plants. The mean PM2.5 concentrations does not exceed 15 µg/m . The 24-hour standard is set at 65 µg/m3 and is met Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule, finalized in May 2004, and the CAIR, finalized in March 2005, are two when the three-year average of the 98th percentile S T N E M T I M M O C of 24-hour concentrations does not exceed 65 µg/m3. important federal regulations that will lead to future reductions in particle pollution. Under the Clean Air The Clean Air Act requires EPA to review each air Nonroad Diesel Rule, standards for new engines will quality standard and related new scientific studies be phased in from 2008 to 2014, leading to significant every five years. The current review of the PM public health benefits as older nonroad engines are standard is under way and is scheduled for completion replaced. The sulfur content in fuel will be reduced by in fall 2006. In January 2006, EPA proposed to 99 percent to 15 ppb by 2010. 3 maintain the annual PM2.5 standard at 15 µg/m and to establish a more protective 24-hour standard at 35 µg/m3 (both with the same three-year form as the 1997 standards). EPA also proposed to revise the

24-hour PM10 standard, in part by establishing a new 24-hour standard for coarse PM using a new indicator for thoracic coarse particles (particles between 10 and 2.5 micrometers in diameter, or PM10-2.5). The 3 proposed 24-hour standard for PM10-2.5 is 70 µg/m . Additional information on the 1997 PM standards, the recent scientiﬁc review, and the revisions to be ﬁnalized in 2006 can be found at www.epa.gov/air/ particlepollution/index.html.

In April 2005, EPA designated 39 areas in the United States as not attaining the 1997 ﬁne particle standards. Thirty-six of these areas are in the eastern United States (including Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland, located on the Great Lakes), two are located in California, and one area (Libby, Montana) is located

33 The Clean Air Interstate Rule EPA also issued Federal Implementation Plans for the CAIR as a backstop to ensure that the emission On March 10, 2005, EPA issued the final CAIR, reductions required by the CAIR will be achieved on which will result in the deepest cuts in SO and 2 schedule. The EPA established SO2 and NOx trading NOx emissions in more than a decade in the United programs as the control strategy for the Federal States. The rule focuses on states whose power Implementation Plans. EPA will withdraw the federal plant emissions are significantly contributing to fine control requirements in a state once the state has an particle and ozone pollution in other downwind states EPA-approved state plan in place for the CAIR. in the eastern United States. In an action signed The CAIR cap and trade programs will reduce power on March 15, 2006, EPA included two additional plant SO emissions by 4 million tons by 2010 and states (New Jersey and Delaware) in the CAIR with 2 by 5.1 million tons by 2015 and will reduce annual respect to fine particle pollution. The CAIR requires NO emissions by 1.4 million tons by 2009 and by 28 states in the eastern half of the nation and the x 1.6 million tons by 2015 from 2005 levels for affected District of Columbia to reduce emissions of SO2

2006 2006 sources in the CAIR region. and/or NOx. The CAIR establishes SO2 and NOx cap and trade programs for power plants that states See Figure 25 for emission reductions at full 2005 can adopt to achieve the emission reductions in a implementation of the CAIR compared with highly cost-effective manner. On March 15, 2006, other recent major EPA rules. 2004

2003 Figure 25 Clean Air Interstate Rule and Other Major Air Pollution Rules since 1990: Annual Emission 2002 Reductions at Full Implementation

2001 10

SO2

2000 8 NOx

PROGRESS REPORT PROGRESS REPORT 6 1999

4 1998

Emissions (million tons)

2 1997

Clean Air Interstate Rule Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Tier 2 Vehicle Emissions Nonroad Diesel NOx SIP Call Nonroad Large 1996 (Final Rule 12/00) (Final Rule 5/04) (Final Rule 10/98) (from 2003 emission levels)* (Final Rule 12/99) Spark-Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines (Final Rule 9/02) 1995 Note: *These reductions are calculated from 2003 levels and do not reﬂect the full phase-in of the Acid Rain Program. Full implementation

1994 for mobile source rules is 2030. Full implementation for the CAIR is between 2020 and 2025.

Source: EPA 1993 1992

1991

34 Section 2: Related Air Quality Efforts

Canada–U.S. Border Air Quality Pilot Projects

Three Border Air Quality Projects completed in 2005 fulﬁlled a pledge made by the two countries in January 2003 to build on the continued success of the 1991 Canada–U.S. AQA. Their purpose was to explore opportunities for coordinated air quality management that could result in air quality improvements and the development of innovative strategies.

Canada–U.S. Emissions Cap and Trading Feasibility Study

The Canada–U.S. Emissions Cap and Trading sector and on air quality and the environment. Two Feasibility Study looked at the feasibility of developing key conclusions of the feasibility study are as follows: a cross-border cap and trade program for SO and 2 • First, while the feasibility study demonstrates NOx emissions—emissions that are key components of through air quality modeling that a cross-border ﬁne particles, smog, regional haze, and acid rain in the NO and SO emissions cap and trading program transboundary region. The goals of this project were to x 2 can reduce the total loading of pollutants examine key requirements and components of SO2 and into the environment over a broad geographic NOx emissions cap and trading programs necessary to assess the feasibility of cross-border trading. area, it is the levels and timing of the SO2 and NOx emission reduction requirements, Using illustrative scenarios, economic modeling and air or caps, in the electricity sector that determine quality modeling were undertaken to predict the effects the level and extent of the air quality and of caps and cross-border trading on the electricity environmental beneﬁts. Trading does not alter PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 36 2005, the Georgia Basin–Puget Sound International Standards, andimprovingvisibility. InNovember continuous improvement goals of the Canada-wide the meeting health, human and ecosystems Georgia Basin–PugetSoundairshed,protecting assessments, maintaininggoodairqualityinthe work advancesthegoalsofcoordinatingtechnical This impacts). health and exposure, population (emissions, data and science transboundary and major newsources,communicationsandoutreach, emissions, residentialwoodheating,notificationof marine emissions,cleanfleetsandfuels,agricultural cooperation: of areas seven in Workproceeding is as theTribes andFirst Nations. of state, provincial, and regional governments, as well partners includeHealthCanadaandrepresentatives Other issues. quality air transboundary regional and Yukon Region)andEPA (Region10),addresses This initiative,ledbyEnvironmentCanada(Pacific Georgia Basin–Puget Sound International Airshed Strategy enforceable SO Canada, In • be necessary: to requirements mandatory with faced Second, • feasible, but certain critical program elements would be could program trade and cap emissions border Based on the analysis done during this study, a cross- in the United States. United States. the in requirements reduction emission to stringency in comparable are appropriate—that as sectors, other sector—and power electric the for caps consequent benefits. benefits. consequent and reductions emission level of the overall the reduce emissions of SO emissions reduce with the opportunity to trade. trade. to opportunity the with sources provided and generators for electricity trade programs have set emission reduction caps SO where the United States, the in seen those mirror results The trading. without than option an as trading with caps for the electricity sector to achieve the emission 2 and NO and 2 and NO and 2 and NO and x , it cheaper is x emission emission x cap and and cap Trading_Feasibility_Study-WS105E2511-1_En.htm. www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Can-US_Emission_ • A commitment by the United States and Canada, Canada, and States United the by commitment A • canus/georgiabasin/index_e.cfm. www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/caol/ at located are description of the transboundary cooperation results, complete more a including details, Additional Basin. Georgia the in implemented subsequently Sound InternationalAirshedStrategyprocess,and partner agencies through the Georgia Basin–Puget to communicated Sound, Puget in initiated was of technology to reduce diesel exhaust. This work emission reductionsbyencouraginginstallation Major effortsin2005and2006targetedon-road benefits. health human and environmental for identification of the projects with the best potential Sound InternationalAirshedStrategygoalsand Basin–Puget Georgia long-range the to areas partners focusedonlinkingactionsintheseseven on implementation of the strategy. At this meeting, Airshed Strategypartnersmettoreviewprogress on EnvironmentCanada’s also and websiteat www.epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/feasstudy.pdf www.epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/feasstudy.pdf report can be found on the EPA website at at EPA website the on found be can report pursue additional modeling and analysis. The full to agreed have Canada and States United The that regulations of the Development Canada in • regulatory and/or legislative countries, both In • cross-border SO cross-border of implementation pursue to provinces, including tracking systems for emissions and allowances. allowances. and for emissions systems tracking electronic the of development as well as units, generating for electric requirements reporting and monitoring emissions the particular in and trading for cross-border basis the would provide country. either in compliance for used and freely traded be could they that so equivalency country each in allowances the give to changes 2 and NO and x cap and trade. trade. and cap

Great Lakes Basin Airshed Management Framework

The goal of the Great Lakes Basin Airshed Management levels of government in Canada and the United States Framework pilot project was to explore the feasibility and the International Joint Commission (IJC) worked of a coordinated air quality management approach in cooperatively on the joint investigations that were the Southeast Michigan–Southwest Ontario region. undertaken and presented within this report. The The project focused on the ground-level ozone and report can be found on Environment Canada’s website

ﬁne particle (PM2.5) pollution problems that impact at www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/caol/canus/great_ the cities of Detroit, Windsor, London, Sarnia, and lakes/index_e.cfm and also on EPA’s website at www. Chatham, as well as the surrounding areas. epa.gov/airmarkets/usca/glb.pdf.

To date, representatives from federal, provincial, The report contains a general recommendation that a state, and local governments have come together coordinated approach is desirable and feasible in the S T R O F F E Y T I L A U Q R I A D E T A L E R to share information on current initiatives and border region and that there may be applicability to t n e m e e r g A y t i l a u Q r i A a d a n a C – s e t a t S d e t i n U priorities related to PM and ozone and to establish other areas within the Great Lakes basin. The partners a structure of work groups for jointly investigating also recognized value in continuing their cooperation specific aspects of the two countries’ current air and dialogue. To that end, they will continue to work quality management systems. In particular, the work together over the next year in implementing some of groups focused on airshed characterization (emission the recommendations contained within the report. inventory, modeling, monitoring), policy needs, In March 2006, EPA and Environment Canada human health studies, voluntary/early actions, and representatives met in Vancouver, British Columbia, communications/outreach. to discuss commonalities between the Border Air A report summarizing findings of work undertaken Quality Strategy projects in the Great Lakes and over the past two years, along with recommendations Pacific Northwest and the development of an air for coordinated airshed management in this border quality management template that could be applied region, was completed in October 2005. All three to other cross-border areas.

New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers

The conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) is a unique international relationship of six New England State governors (from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont) and ﬁve eastern Canadian premiers (from New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec). The conference has addressed many topics, including the environment, economic development, tourism, energy, ﬁsheries, trade, and agriculture, since its creation in 1973.

37 PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 38 to provide an important regional coordinating coordinating regional important an provide to Committee, the activities of the NEG/ECP continue Steering Quality Air and Rain Acid its Through • Continued support of the web-based web-based of the support Continued • Completion of the forest loadcritical mapping • efforts arefocusedonthefollowing: issues, including transboundary air pollution. Recent mechanism foraddressingairqualityandacidrain • An assessment of outdoor wood-ﬁred boiler boiler of outdoor wood-ﬁred assessment An • organization. the of jurisdictions all include to project emissions. near-real-time ozone and PM and ozone near-real-time 2.5 mapping.

www.neg-ecp-environment.org/. This site is now online but still under development at products for public education and outreach purposes. development toprovideeasyaccessreportsand under is website environmental NEG/ECP An diesel emissioncleanupprograms. air toxics, residential wood combustion, mercury, and as such issues cover initiatives These organization. initiatives, theresultsofwhicharesharedwithin organization areinvolvedinawiderangeof As well, individual jurisdictions within the the within jurisdictions individual well, As Section 3: Scientiﬁc and Technical Cooperation and Research

Emission Inventories and Trends

JOINT EFFORTS

The United States and Canada have updated and Emissions data for improved their emission inventories and projections to both countries for reﬂect the latest information available. These emission 2004 are presented in inventories were also processed for U.S. and Canadian Figures 26, 27, 28, and air quality models to support the technical assessment 29. Figure 26 shows of air quality problems. In the United States, the most the distribution of recent emission inventory data are for the year 2002. emissions by source The 2003 and 2004 emissions data in this report were category grouping for developed by interpolating between 2002 emissions and SO2, NOx, and VOCs. The following observations can 2010 projections developed to promulgate the CAIR. be made from Figure 26:

Both countries were active participants in the NARSTO • SO2 emissions in the United States stem primarily (formerly North American Research Strategy for from coal-ﬁred combustion in the electric power Tropospheric Ozone) emission inventory assessment, sector. Canadian SO2 emissions come mostly from which was completed in the summer of 2005. The smelters in the industrial sector, with fewer ﬁnal report is titled Improving Emission Inventories for emissions from the electric power sector, due Effective Air Quality Management across North America. to the large hydroelectric capacity in Canada. This report includes recommendations for the long- The distribution of NOx emissions in the two term improvement of the emission inventory programs countries is similar, with nonroad and on-road in both Canada and the United States as well as in vehicles accounting for the greatest portion of Mexico, the third participant in NARSTO. NOx emissions in both countries. PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 40 Source: EPA and EnvironmentCanada U.S. andCanadianNationalEmissionsbySectorforSelectedPollutants,2004 Figure 26 the of diverse most the are emissions VOC • signiﬁcant difference is that most VOCs come most The country. each in proﬁles emission Volatile Organic Compounds Organic Volatile Total: 14.7 million tons/year million 14.7 Total: Total: 19.1 million tons/year million 19.1 Total: Total: 16.0 million tons/year million 16.0 Total: 13.3 million tonnes/year million 13.3 17.3 million tonnes/year million 17.3 14.6 million tonnes/year million 14.6 U.S. Emissions–2004 U.S. U.S. Emissions–2004 U.S. U.S. Emissions–2004 U.S. Solvents 27% Solvents Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Generating Generating Nonroad 21% Nonroad On-road 39% On-road Electric Electric Units 70% Units On-road 2% On-road Other 12% Other Nonroad 15% Nonroad Other 1% Other Solvents <1% Solvents Solvents <1% Solvents Other <1% Other Nonroad 3% Nonroad Industrial 9% Industrial Industrial 15% Industrial Industrial 21% Industrial Non-Industrial 11% Non-Industrial On-road 26% On-road Non-Industrial 4% Non-Industrial Units 20% Units Generating Electric Non-Industrial 4% Non-Industrial Units <1% Units Generating Electric Non-Industrial 2% Non-Industrial Total: 2.3 million tonnes/year million 2.3 Total: Total: 2.6 million tonnes/year million 2.6 Total: Volatile Organic Compounds Organic Volatile Total: 2.5 million tonnes/year million 2.5 Total: Canadian Emissions–2004 Canadian Canadian Emissions–2004 Canadian Canadian Emissions–2004 Canadian Solvents 12% Solvents 2.5 million tons/year million 2.5 2.9 million tons/year million 2.9 of oil and gas production in Canada. in production gas and oil of contribution higher proportionately of the result the is This Canada. in sector industrial the from 2.8 million tons/year million 2.8 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Nonroad 29% Nonroad Nonroad 13% Nonroad Units 27% 27% Units On-road 22% On-road Generating Generating Other 20% Other Electric Electric On-road 12% On-road On-road <1% On-road Other <1% Other Solvents <1% Solvents Other <1% Other Solvents <1% Solvents 2% Nonroad Units <1% Units Generating Electric Units 10% Units Generating Electric Non-Industrial 6% Non-Industrial Industrial 69% Industrial Non-Industrial 3% Non-Industrial Industrial 36% Industrial Industrial 37% Industrial SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement

41 . Emissions (million tonnes) (million Emissions x tonnes) (million Emissions 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 0 20 15 10 2004 2004 2003 2003 United States United States 2002 2002 Canada Canada 2001 2001 2000 2000 1999 1999 emissions, the United States has shown greater greater shown has States United the emissions, 2 1998 1998 For VOCs, the reductions were from on-road mobile mobile on-road from were reductions the VOCs, For pollutants three all For utilization. solvent and sources during this time period, the United States generated same the At Canada. than emissions more substantially both countrieswhile time, have seen major reductions in SO emission reductions than Canada for VOCs and NO and VOCs for Canada than reductions emission 1997 1997 1996 1996 1995 1995 1994 1994 1993 1993 1992 1992 and VOCs, respectively, show the , the reductions came from on-road on-road from came reductions the , , x x 1991 1991 , NO 2 1990 1990 5 0 0 5 5

Emissions in the United States and Canada, 1990–2004 Emissions in the United States and 30 25 20 15 10 20 15 10 2

Emissions in the United States and Canada, 1990–2004 Emissions in the x

emissions came from electric power generation emissions came from Emissions (million tons) (million Emissions 2 tons) (million Emissions 2 relative contribution in emissions over the 1990–2004 1990–2004 the over emissions in contribution relative in reductions major the States, United the In period. mobile sources and electric power generation sources. sources. generation power electric and sources mobile Source: EPA and Environment Canada Source: EPA NO Figure 28 Source: EPA and Environment Canada Source: EPA Figure 27 SO SO The emission trends, shown in Figures 27, 28, and 29 for SO sources. For NO For sources. PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 42 calibration and comparability of measurements JOINTEFFORTS measurements of comparability and calibration Each country is responsible for ensuring instrument operational air quality forecasting model. In each In model. forecasting quality air operational the from forecasts numerical with measurements efforts continue to improve mapping by combining Canadian 31). and 30 Figures (see year-round scale continental a on measurements ozone and has been expanded to provide information on PM website the 2004, Since (www.epa.gov/airnow). on contributing to the EPA-led AIRNow program the United States and Canada have collaborated collaborated have Canada and States United the in jurisdictions the 2001, Since PM. and ozone of and Mapping VOC EmissionsintheUnitedStatesandCanada,1990–2004 Figure 29 Air QualityReporting Source: EPA andEnvironmentCanada

Emissions (million tons) 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

1997 national air quality forecast models. Jurisdictions Jurisdictions models. forecast quality air national development of continuing the collaborating in are States United the and Canada being are improved. services forecasting country, quality air for the public. the for regions and in developing communications materials border for forecasts routine preparing in consult

1998 1999 2000 2001 Canada 2002 United States United 2003 2004 0 5 10 15 20 25

Emissions (million tonnes) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 43 mass 10 2.5 and PM 3 3 3 3 3 2.5 ≥91 µg/m 46–90 µg/m 36–45 µg/m 21–35 µg/m 0–20 µg/m Data not available speciation measurements, and 2.5 ) are being continuously measured at y , and NO 2 Eastern Canada – Eastern U.S. Friday, February 10, 2006 12:21 PM EST Source: EPA Figure 31 PM Real-Time Map Illustrating AIRNow Concentrations (3-Hour Average) PM filter-based samplers. In addition, Environment program sampling speciation chemical a started Canada in December 2002 to characterize sites PM. Twelve are now operating across Canada. The agency also built two new laboratories to support this work and equipped them with an inductively coupled plasma– measurements, PM mass spectrometry instrument for metals analysis and mass spectrometry instrument for metals Overall, analyzer. carbon carbon/elemental organic an 260 to 240 from expanded has network the 2004, since air monitors and now covers over 170 communities. to continue sites CAPMoN 18 at monitors ozone The Quality Air the of support in time, real in data gather Prediction Program and for distribution to the U.S. AIRNow program. Integrated PM three sites—the Centre for Atmospheric Research, Saturna and Scotia; Nova Kejimkujik, Ontario; Egbert, Island, British Columbia. VOC measurements are being made at five CAPMoN CAPMoN five at made being are measurements VOC Reactive border). the of miles) (310 km 500 (within sites nitrogen compounds (including nitric oxide (NO), NO

, , x

monitors , CO, NO CO, , 2 2.5 monitors, 11 11 monitors, x 0–60 ppb 61–79 ppb 80–99 ppb 100–110 ppb ppb 111–124 125+ ppb Data not available United States Monday, July 2006 11, new VOC samplers, 76 continuous PM (tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOMs) (TEOMs) microbalances oscillating element (tapered new eight and (BAMs)), monitors attenuation beta and The NAPS network gathers measurements on the SO PM, ozone, (i.e., smog of components Canada and one in the United States. in over 170 communities. The augmented CAPMoN is a rural network with 30 air monitoring stations in is a joint federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal is a joint federal, provincial, territorial, network established in 1969. It is primarily an urban located stations monitoring air 260 over with network, (NAPS) network and CAPMoN. The NAPS network (NAPS) network and CAPMoN. The refurbish federal and provincial/territorial networks refurbish federal and provincial/territorial of monitoring stations across the country. Canada monitoring quality air ambient national two maintains networks, the National Air Pollution Surveillance CANADA Environment Canada is continuing to expand and Source: EPA Figure 30 AIRNow Map Illustrating Real-Time Ozone of Ground-Level Concentrations VOCs). Between 2002 and 2005, Environment Canada Canada Environment 2005, and 2002 Between VOCs). NAPS the for equipment new in signiﬁcantly invested network, including 58 new and replacement ozone NO replacement and new 36 monitors, (1-Hour Average Peak Concentration) PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 44 ozone, PM for NAAQS the with compliance determine to is The primary purpose of the SLAMS/NAMS network gov/ttn/amtic/monitor.html). National Ambient Air Monitoring Strategy (www.epa. future plans, can be found in the December 2005 draft ambient air monitoring in the United States, as well as Tribes, and industry. A detailed description of current National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), government (EPA, National Parks Service, and the ambient air monitoring is performed by the federal addition, In stations. monitoring toxics air and The PAMS network measures ozone and its precursors SO locations. A new network of PM of network new A locations. measurement technologies will be used at additional these five sites to consider whether these continuous from results the use will states EPA and carbon. and sulfates, nitrates, for technologies speciation chemical continuous operating are sites urban five (http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve). In addition, 180 Class I areas as part of the IMPROVE Network collected at more than 50 rural sites and approximately also are data PM Speciated STN. the of part as sites urban trends sites and over 160 supplemental speciation PM speciated Chemically respectively. sites, 200 and 400, 500, 400, 1,000, to replace most of the existing PM existing the of most replace to in themostsevereozonenonattainment areas.These (PAMS), PM Stations Monitoring Assessment Photochemical (SLAMS), National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS), stations—State and Local Air Monitoring Stations monitoring of categories major five in agencies in the United States is carried out by state and local performed monitoring quality air of majority The UNITEDSTATES continuous PM filter-based Federal Reference Method and at over 260 the using SLAMS 1,100 than more at conducted is proposed PM planned for monitoring compliance with the recently the United States. Ambient monitoring for PM for monitoring Ambient States. United the in locations 1,200 approximately at monitored is 2 , NO 2 , and lead are currently made at approximately 2.5 , PM 2.5 10-2.5 Speciation Trends Network (STN), 2.5 stations. Measurements of PM NAAQS. This network is expected 10 , CO, SO 2.5 data are collected at 54 54 at collected are data 2 , NO 10-2.5 2 , and lead. Ozone 10 network. network. monitoring is is monitoring 10 2.5 , CO,

planned ambient speciated mercury network that will Deposition Network(MDN),EPA issupportinga organic toxics.To complementNADP’s Mercury contributes a significant number of data on certain also PAMS program The pollutants. these for trends overall establish to order in country the and metaltoxics,acrossrepresentativeareasof chemicals organic including toxics, air priority to providelong-termmonitoringdataforcertain (NATTS) sites.TheNATTS networkisintended Toxics Air Trends National 23 Stations including Toxic air pollutants are monitored at over 200 sites, area), five areas in Texas, and seven areas in California. (Atlanta Georgia area, Lakes Great the Northeast, the States: United the of regions five in operation meteorology. In 2005, over 100 PAMS sites were in provide information on pollutant transport and local also sites These forecasting. and modeling ozone emissions reduction tracking, and improvements to d Comprehensive quality assurance programs ensure ensure programs assurance quality Comprehensive sodium). and potassium, magnesium, calcium, (i.e., sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and base cations pH), as (acidity hydrogen for analyzed is it where Laboratory, Analytical Central NADP the to sent The precipitation at each station is collected and then numerous other governmental and private entities. and Agriculture, of Department Survey,U.S. Agricultural ExperimentStations,U.S.Geological State the between effort cooperative a is network precipitation monitoring sites across the nation. The was establishedin1978andnowoperatesover230 largest and oldest of these is the NADP/NTN, which The chemistry. precipitation in trends temporal for thepurposeofdetermininggeographicaland The NADPoperatesthreemonitoringnetworks growth. continued and initiation for platform a as The effort will utilize the NADP committee structure estimates. deposition dry as well as concentrations provide informationonstatusandtrendsinmercury additional networks. The NADP/MDN, currently NADP/MDN, The networks. additional two to sampling its expanded also has NADP The from yeartoyear. that the data remain accurate, precise, and comparable ata are used to aid in control strategy development,

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 45

), 10-2.5 , PM 2.5 ), and basic y /NO 2 , nitric acid, ammonia) 2 , speciated PM 2.5 (NO/NO x

, CO, NO 2 meteorology. It is anticipated that ammonia and nitric nitric and ammonia that anticipated is It meteorology. the in sites these at made be also will measurements acid representative broadly in located be will Sites future. urban (about 55 sites) and rural (about 20 sites) states cases, many In country. the throughout locations NATTS or PAMS with sites NCore collocate likely will measurements. multipollutant promote further to sites The objective of this network is to gather additional quality air and emissions support to needed information accountability, program quality air development, model and future health studies. In January 2006, EPA proposed revisions to the ambient air monitoring to expected are which NCore, reﬂect to regulations of notice the on Information 2006. late in ﬁnalized be viewed be can revisions these for rulemaking proposed at www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic/40cfr53.html. ozone, SO automated semicontinuous monitoring instrument that that instrument monitoring semicontinuous automated measures both gaseous (SO chloride, and other base cations). chloride, One key aspect of the draft National Ambient Air a of introduction proposed the is Strategy Monitoring as to referred network monitoring multipollutant new will sites multipollutant NCore at Monitors NCore. measure particles (PM and aerosol components (sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrate, ammonium, (sulfate, components aerosol and

levels. The influence of Canadian emissions on the United States extends significantly into into significantly extends States United the on emissions Canadian of influence The levels. 2.5 standard, the work demonstrates the influence of Canadian Canadian of influence the demonstrates work the standard, limit as a guide (it is used under the U.S. CAIR) to determine determine to CAIR) U.S. the under used is (it guide a as limit 3 2.5 emission reductions (www.epa. x

and NO 2

and nitric acid. In addition, each site measures and nitric acid. In addition, each site 2 Assessment gov/castnet). CASTNET’s objectives are to detect objectives gov/castnet). CASTNET’s and quantify temporal and geographic trends in

The CASTNET program is currently evaluating an an evaluating currently is program CASTNET The Update to the Transboundary the to Update SO an inferential meteorological parameters for use in at the sites. model to estimate dry deposition rates and nitrogen-containing PM and precursor gases and nitrogen-containing PM and precursor regional air quality and deposition for the United regional air quality and deposition for regionally 88 comprises currently CASTNET States. representative sites that measure ground-level sulfur- ozone and weekly concentrations of total EPA operates CASTNET, a long-term monitoring a operates CASTNET, EPA effectiveness the assess to 1988 in established program of SO constituents as the NADP/NTN samples. constituents as the NADP/AIRMoN, was formed for the purpose of NADP/AIRMoN, temporal greater with chemistry precipitation studying resolution. Precipitation samples are collected daily same the for analyzed and sites nine of network a from vessels for shipment to the NADP Mercury Analytical Mercury Analytical shipment to the NADP vessels for samples are analyzed for total mercury, All Laboratory. and samples from participating locations are also analyzed for methyl mercury. Another network, with over 90 sites, was formed in 1995 to determine of samples Weekly mercury in precipitation. trends of sampling treated specially in collected are precipitation Particulate Matter Science Matter Particulate emissions on U.S. PM U.S. on emissions if one jurisdiction contributes signiﬁcantly to nonattainmentanother’s of the PM annual average Using the 0.2 µg/m 0.2 the Using In addition to the workout carried carried out underbeen the Transboundary PMhave Science scenarios model additional 2004), in (published Assessment the example, For Quebec. Dorval, in Centre Meteorological Canadian the through of extent the determine to 2003 of summer the for applied was model CHRONOS States. United the in PM ambient on have emissions Canadian that inﬂuence the the entire east coast of the United States as well as the Midwest and to a lesser extent the west coast (Figure 32). PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 46 air qualityintheborderarea. development of a method for tracking health improvements due to changing for and (AQHI)) Index Health Quality (Air reporting real-time for both indicators, health air of development on continued Workalso has States. United the in the BorderAirQualityStrategy, coordinatedwithresearch pollution exposure and human health issues under the Canadian portion of air characterize to programs research two launched has Canada Health • basin airshedincludethefollowing: Health-related researchactivitiesintheGreatLakes Research in the Great Lakes Basin Airshed Source: EnvironmentCanada in theUnitedStatesduringSummerof2003 Composite MapoftheInfluenceCanadianEmissions(U.S.ZeroedOut)onPM Figure 32 Health Effects 20,000 Windsor elementary school students. students. school elementary Windsor 20,000 a baseline of questionnaire survey approximately was 2004) (December phase first The pollution. air high relatively with area an in population Study: Health Respiratory Children’s Windsor –0.10 10.00 25.00 This three-phaseThis study targets a sensitive 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.00 2.50 5.00 µg/m PM 2.5 3 • Windsor Exposure Assessment Study: Assessment Exposure Windsor This projectThis has two components. The first outside pollution.air Data are analyses under way. with correlation for children asthmatic 200 of tests function lung daily month-long involved 2005) (December third the and inflammation, and function of children’s lung tests sectional cross- involved 2005) (June phase second The 2.5

Levels SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 47

Data have have Data The Windsor Seniors’ This GIS study will integrate willstudy integrate ThisGIS The Windsor Diabetic Patients Patients Diabetic Windsor The and their cardiovascular health markers. The The markers. health cardiovascular their and 10 results suggest that an acute exposure to particulate particulate to exposure acute an that suggest results air pollution may be linked to an impaired cardiovascular function in diabetic patients. Walkability Study: Walkability land use and transportation network information to link walkability and emissions exposure, for ultimate application to Vancouver and Seattle. In Study: Vitro The Toxicology cytotoxicity to human PM components of of epithelial cells is studied, using particle samples from specific Windsor locations. Personal Exposures and Activity Patterns Infants: and Women Pregnant of exposure,activity personal on collected been information, and exposure to traffic 20 for pregnant (with women a target 40) of as a function stage of pregnancy of and season. Cardiovascular Cohort Study: The British Columbia Linked Health Database is being used to enumerate a cohort adults of the over in the 45 age of Georgia Basin, to investigate the relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease among age groups predisposing of independent condition and have been compared with Ontario provincial rates; the association with air pollution is now under investigation using GIS techniques. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollution on Patients: Diabetic for patients diabetic following involves study Panel to exposure personal their monitor to weeks seven PM Seniors’ Health Study: and indoor day-to-day investigating is Study Health pollutants air of varying levels to exposure outdoor function. cardiovascular their on influence the and andPregnant Birth Women Outcomes Study: This is a feasibility study pollution of exposure and health and birth pregnant outcomes 10 for women in the area of Ottawa, Ontario. among high-risk populations. • • • • • • • , 2 , SO 2 British Columbia Columbia British A birth cohort of 120,000 children Mortality and morbidity rates for ozone, nitrate, elemental carbon/organic carbon, carbon, carbon/organic elemental nitrate, ozone, VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and The data fromacid vapor. this study are used in support the of health research being carried inout the area. Methods analysis for include the geographic information system (GIS), which maps the area influence of different for project the of component second The pollutants. is to monitor personal exposure to air pollution, Detroit which matches the the protocol of EPA’s Exposure and Aerosol Research Study (DEARS) adults non-smoking and Healthy methodology. in (2005) and school children (2006–2007) have been recruited to monitor air pollution levels in their indoor and environments outdoor and their personal exposure levels. The last test is scheduled summer for 2007. Birth Outcomes in the GVRD: the in Outcomes Birth Perinatal Database Registry and the British used being are Database Health Linked Columbia maternalto relate air pollution exposure during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. Establishment of a Childhood Disease Cohort: established was airshed Basin Georgia the in born to evaluate therelationship between air pollution exposure and respiratory disorders. Preliminary analyses have shown an association between air pollution and bronchiolitis. Long-term Exposure to Air Pollutants and Mortality and Morbidity Rates including Cancer: 1970s late the since London Sarnia, and Windsor, is a spatial air pollution assessment study (2004–2007), which determines community airlevels of pollutants such as NO PM, • • coordinated through a partnership between Health coordinated through a partnership between Disease for Centre Columbia British the and Canada Control and includes the following studies: The research is being carried out by the University The research is being carried out by of British Columbia, the University of Victoria, The research is and the University of Washington. Research in the Georgia Basin–Puget Sound International Airshed International Sound Basin–Puget Georgia the in Research • PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 48 Canadian Air Health Indicator • • public. The final Ozone Criteria Document can be can Document Criteria Ozone final The public. revised Ozone Criteria Document was released to the At theendofFebruary2006, thefinaldraftof Paper. Staff EPA Ozone and Document Criteria documented and critically assessed in the EPA Ozone are ozone of effects welfare and health The U.S. Report on Health Effects of Ozone of level the to proportional is AHI The interest. of daily deathsattributabletoexposurethepollutant (AHI) isdefinedasthepercentageofnumber Indicator Health Air The time. over management quality air in progress of measure a as used be may A health indicator was proposed in May 2005, which pollution. The index employs a linear, no-threshold understanding ofshort-termhealtheffectsair current the reflect not does which 1976, from across Canada,allofwhicharebasedonadesign replace existingindicesforpublicreportinginuse to intended is AQHI The committee. steering will bepresentedforapprovalofamultistakeholder In 2006,acomprehensiveproposalfornewAQHI Canadian Air Quality Health Index • • • characteristics characteristics from property assessment data Modeling: Infiltration Regional identified. been have utilities data of improvement for opportunities and toindividual exposure pollution.air Data gaps of estimation facilitate to information GIS (www.geog.uvic.ca/AIR) existing linking developed been has website inventory data Data Inventory and Consolidation: and Inventory Data and spatial levels of PM of levels spatial and aerosol bemeasures usedwill to study temporal Modeling PM Modeling campaign. monitoring a by validated assessment, versus ambient PM ambient versus indoor of model a develop to used being are 2.5 with MODIS: with 2.5 levels for exposure exposure for levels 2.5 . Satellite Satellite Building Building A A

• • • • Oxidants Photochemical Other and Ozone for Criteria Quality titled document, revised this of purpose The cfm?deid=149923. refine themethodology. to conducted being are analyses More 1981. since of air pollution and the related health risk in Canada may beusedtoevaluatespatialandtemporaltrends AHI The interest. of pollutant the of level the and risk, estimated using an appropriate statistical model, index. new proposed the of testing pilot recent more and messaging communications surveys and focus groups in 2004 and 2005 to develop 2001 inamultistakeholdercontextandhasinvolved in started AQHI the Work develop to scale. 0–10+ health risksfrommultiplepollutants,expressedina short-term of relationship concentration–response found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay. outcomes and air pollution. air and outcomes birth relate to estimates exposure geospatial individualized using pollution woodsmoke and traffic for cohort birth a of monitoring Health in Puget Sound: Infant and Exposure Matter Particulate management. quality air and studies health for scale neighborhood urban the to estimates exposure develop to modeled validated used and were campaigns monitoring and GIS including Smoke: Wood and Enhanced Assessment of Exposure to Traffic exposures. patterns, to assess errors in cohorttime–activity selected randomly and GIS using developed be will exposures personal of model probabilistic Exposure: Population Modeling , is to critically evaluate and assess the latest Related technologies technologies Related This study This involves A A Air Air SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 49

hown relationships between ozone and hospital prior to setting the 1997 ozone standard and has In subsequently. in studies published been observed 1-hour maximum ozone concentrations and and other sensitive individuals to become more susceptible to other stressors, such as PM. The that evidence provide analyses recent other of findings mortality. increased with associated is exposure ozone new analyses of the 95 cities in the Most recently, and Air Pollution Mortality, National Morbidity, Study (NMMAPS) data sets showed associations ozone week’s previous the and mortality daily between concentrations, which were robust to adjustment trends. and long-term seasonality, for PM, weather, Although earlier analyses undertaken as part of the NMMAPS did not report an effect of ozone on the NMMAPS total mortality across the full year, investigators in those earlier studies did observe an maximum and 8-hour average ozone concentrations maximum and 8-hour average ozone suggest studies These Nevada. in conducted studies in result in that higher ambient ozone levels may increased school absenteeism. The air pollutant most clearly associated with of studies premature mortality is PM, with dozens repeated reporting such an association. However, ozone exposure is a possible contributing factor causing an inflammatory for premature mortality, response in the lungs that may predispose elderly addition, a relationship between long-term ambient long-term ambient a relationship between addition, incidence of new-onset and the ozone concentrations (but not females) was reported. asthma in adult males Subsequently, an additional study suggested that of asthma in children is incidence of new diagnoses exercise in southern California associated with heavy high ozone concentrations. This communities with played who children in documented was relationship three or more sports and thus spent more time documented in those children outdoors. It was not have studies Previous sports. two or one played who s admissions in the general population. A study in between relationship significant a reported Toronto under the respiratory hospital admissions in children children of vulnerability relative the Given two. of age there is particular concern about in this age category, school illness-related of rates Increased findings. these absenteeism have been associated with 1-hour daily

short-term ambient ozone exposure was reported Aggravation of existing asthma resulting from use of additional medication. In addition, ozone can may which lungs, the of lining the damage and inflame lead to permanent changes in lung tissue, irreversible reductions in lung function, and a lower quality of long a over repeatedly occurs inflammation the if life period. People who are particularly vulnerable to ozone exposures include children, the elderly, and workers). outdoor (e.g., outdoors active are who adults can also aggravate asthma, leading to more asthma attacks that require aattention doctor’s and/or the may become more rapid and shallower than normal, thereby limiting anormal person’s activity. Ozone Ozone can irritate the upper and lower respiratory respiratory lower and upper the irritate can Ozone system, causing cough, throat irritation, and/or reduce can Ozone chest. the in pain) (e.g., discomfort lung function, cause wheezing, and make it more breathing exercise, During deeply. breathe to difficult Many of these studies have investigated the impact of Many of these studies have investigated ozone exposure on such health effects as changes in lung structure and biochemistry, inflammation of the respiratory asthma, of causation and exacerbation lungs, emergency and hospital absence, school illness–related disorders, respiratory other and asthma for visits room mortality. premature and There has been new research that suggests additional There has been new research that suggests when known been had that those beyond effects health 1997, Since 1997. in set was standard ozone 8-hour the relating studies welfare and health new 1,700 than more journals. peer-reviewed in published been have ozone to of the ozone NAAQS. of the ozone NAAQS. document, together with other analyses, to develop document, together and present options for consideration by the EPA revision possible and review regarding Administrator that has emerged in the last decade and is pertinent decade and is pertinent in the last that has emerged in evaluating health and environmental effects ambient air ozone exposures. data associated with A separate Ozone EPA Staff Paper, prepared by Planning and Standards, Office of Air Quality EPA’s will draw upon key findings/conclusions from this scientific information published since the last review review last the since published information scientific of the ozone NAAQS, completed in 1996. This useful new information review focuses on new 2006 PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 50 between ambient ozone and daily mortality. mortality. daily and ozone ambient between 23 cities throughout Europe also found an association ozone levelsarehighest.Anotherrecentstudyfrom when summer, to analysis the limiting after effect Recent epidemiological studies have continued to to continued have studies epidemiological Recent Airborne Particulate Matter. The air health research for Priorities Research on Council’sCommittee Research National the of recommendations the established health research program, consistent with well- a EPA has years. recent in PM on primarily focused has States United the in research Health U.S. Health Research fine particles and effects such as premature mortality, report associationsbetweenshort-termexposuresto or equalto2.5microns(PM or equalto10micronsindiameter(PM standards to regulate inhalable particles smaller than the of indicator the EPA changed when 1987, in revised significantly were and 1971 in established The nation’s air quality standards for PM were first mechanisms. defense host altered and changes, effects on lung function and symptoms, morphological days, activity restricted days, loss work absences, admissions and emergency department visits, school hospital respiratory including morbidity, of indices been associatedwithprematuremorbidityaswell SO as such atmosphere by transformation of gaseous emissions Particles maybeemitteddirectlyorformedinthe (liquid droplets or solids) over a wide range of sizes. particles discrete as exist that substances diverse term for a broad class of chemically and physically EPA reviewed the NAAQS for PM. PM is the generic ozone/s_o3_index.html. www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/ at found be can more information,includingsupportingdocuments, EPA Review of U.S. Ozone and Particulate Matter Air Quality Standards standards for fine particles, defined as PM less than separate setting standards, PM the EPArevised iscurrentlyreviewingtheNAAQSforozone; x , NO , x , and VOCs. Exposure to PM has has PM to Exposure VOCs. and , 2.5 ). 10 ). In1997,

Document. and mortality, assummarizedintheOzone Criteria reported associationsbetweenacuteozoneexposure Numerous recent epidemiological studies have have studies epidemiological recent Numerous program. PM attributes through an integrated multipollutant linking health effects to specific source types and protection of human and ecological health, and for standards setting in uncertainties reducing program is directed towards two main objectives: www.epa.gov/air/particles/standards.html. www.epa.gov/air/particles/standards.html. lung function or the development of chronic chronic of development the or function lung effects ontherespiratorysystem,suchasdecreased from cardiopulmonarydiseasesandlungcancer and sulfateshasalsobeenassociatedwithmortality cardiovascular health.Long-termexposuretoPM hospital admissionsandmoresubtleindicatorsof cardiovascular including system, cardiovascular short-term fineparticleexposurestoeffectsonthe linking evidence new some provided have studies and symptoms.Inaddition,recentepidemiological for respiratorydisease,andeffectsonlungfunction hospital admissionsoremergencydepartmentvisits the 24-hour PM and retainstandard particle fine short-term the The final revisions to the NAAQS for PM strengthen older adults,andchildren. individuals withpreexistingheartandlungdisease, or vulnerabletoPM-relatedeffects.Theseinclude susceptible be may that groups several are There mortality. with possibly and system cardiovascular New data also suggest associations with effects on the symptoms tohospitalizationforrespiratorydiseases. respiratory increased from ranging effects with to thoracic coarse particles and respiratory morbidity, support arelationshipbetweenshort-termexposure to continued also have studies Epidemiological respiratory disease. Information on the standards canat be found 10 standard for coarse particles.

2.5

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 51 in Ontario, Quebec, Quebec, Ontario, in and Newfoundland, particularly those in close proximity emission reduced to sources. At the same time, algae, invertebrates, and waterbird food chains in many lakes impacts in this region continue to show acidification metal toxicity, loss acidification, of effects direct (i.e., of prey species, and reduced nutritional value of where rivers and lakes in particularly prey), remaining salmon Atlantic impacted. been have communities fish populations in rivers of the Southern Upland region of Nova Scotia continue to be severely impacted and will likely become extinct if adult survival rates continues recovery pH and levels low current at remain to be delayed. a new cohort study to evaluate the long-term effects the for responsible currently particles, fine ambient of Research regulation. PM of benefits measurable largest to characterize mobile source roadway exposures and roadway exposures mobile source to characterize complex with associated uncertainties reduce and risks source components, hazardous PM (e.g., atmospheres attribution, co-pollutants, etc.) is under way. the in place taking studies research several are There Detroit–Windsor area, coordinated with Canadian research efforts. They include DEARS, children’s of effects the characterizing on focusing studies health toxicological and asthma, on pollutants environmental particle studies to characterize PM effects. These specific to effects health linking at aimed are efforts source types and PM attributes. emissions; however, many of these these of many however, emissions; 2 2004 Canadian Acid Deposition Science Science Deposition Acid Canadian 2004 6, a key threshold for the sustenance eating waterbirds was observed in lakes lakes in observed was waterbirds eating  The assessment reveals a decreasing trend The assessment reveals a decreasing

3 .

[CD-ROM].Deposition Science Assessment from Canada. Environment Available

Jeffries, (2005) R.C. Weeber, McNicol, and D.K., D.S., 6: Chapter Effects on chemistry aquatic biology. and In: 2004 Acid Canadian Acid Deposition Effects Deposition Acid studies coordinated with the National Ambient Air studies coordinated Monitoring Strategy frame a systematic approach the assess to data field and laboratory integrates that health impacts of mixed components and sources. with groups susceptible identifying on focuses Research animal related and diabetes and disease cardiovascular models to address specific risk attributes (e.g., gene– include efforts research EPA debilitation). environment, Characterizing the hazardous component of PM is setting in uncertainties reducing to important critically future air quality standards and implementing those with associated effects health the of Studies standards. ambient and surrogate PM provide insights into the specific to relate that mechanisms and toxicity relative toxicological and epidemiological Multi-city sources. Overall improvements in the capacity of many of fish and other aquatic biota. Some of the factors believed to be mitigating changes in surface water cations base in decline widespread the include quality from sulfur stored of release the soils, watershed from soils (i.e., drought induced), and the impairment of within-lake alkalinity generating processes. in lake sulfate levels in southeastern Canada in response response in Canada southeastern in levels sulfate lake in SO in reductions to 3 lakes to support aquatic biota are being observed. For instance, a general increase in the number of fish- breeding Assessment An assessment of the most recent information available available information recent most the of assessment An on acid deposition effects on aquatic chemistry and biota in Canada was recently completed and the in summarized lakes are still acidified, and many do not meet a pH condition of Aquatic Effects Research and Monitoring and Research Effects Aquatic PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 52 5 4 for generated been have estimates load critical the first time in North America, new and combined of potentiallong-termenvironmentaldamage.For indicator primary the as Canada in used been has can contributetoacriticalloadexceedance,which Deposition ofbothnitrogenandsulfurcompounds effects. harmful long-term significant without maximum deposition that an ecosystem can assimilate The criticalloadofaciddepositionisdefinedasthe Critical Loads and Exceedances this relationship. elucidate to needed is research Further conditions. due to a number of confounding factors related to site difficult is health forest and depletion, cation base Quantifying the relationship between acid deposition, concern. of is soils buffered poorly in located are to theproductivityofeasternCanadianforeststhat increasingly supported by recent studies. The threat of decreasedfertilityontreevitalityarebecoming of recoverypHlevels.Also,thenegativeeffects lack the as well as waters surface of acidification the and watersheds forested in reservoirs cation regarding the relationship between the size of base evidence mounting is there Also, calcium. for not sufficient to balance leaching losses, particularly are cations base of inputs Weathering occurring. sulfate deposition,yetwidespreadnetlossesarestill Canada hassloweddowninresponsetodeclines of basecationsfromforestedcatchmentsineastern Canadian AcidDepositionAssessment the in summarized and assessed also were The effects of acid deposition on soils and forests Terrestrial Effects Research It is also likely that lakes will recover to a state that is chemical improvements, possibly by several decades. behind lag will recovery community complete therefore, complex; very is recovery Biological [CD-ROM]. Available Canadian Assessment Science Acid Deposition [CD-ROM]. 2004 In: and soils. forests on Effects Chapter 5: D. Houle, (2005) Canadian Acid Deposition 2004 In: Chapter aquatic of ecosystems. 7: Recovery D.S., (2005) Weeber, D.K. and McNicol, R.C., Jeffries, from Environment Canada. from Available Environment Canada. from AssessmentScience [CD-ROM]. . 5 Thenetloss 2004 2004 for tree growth that is often limiting in eastern eastern in limiting often is that growth tree for Nitrogen, on the other hand, is an essential nutrient forested watersheds. Canadian eastern in waters surface of recovery the and downstreamwatersmaybepartlymitigating this extra sulfur acts as an additional acid load for soils likely causesforthebudgetimbalance.Thereleaseof the considered are matter, organic of decomposition catchment sources,sulfatedesorptionandreleasevia sulfate per hectare per year is the same as 416 eq/ha/yr. Twenty of kilograms (eq/ha/yr). year” per hectare in terms of ionic charge balanceas“equivalentsper hectare per year, or kg/ha/yr); instead, it is expressed load cannot be expressed in mass units (kilograms per have different atomic weights, the combined critical state models(Figure33).Sincesulfurandnitrogen steady- using soils forest upland and waters surface sulfur and nitrogen acid deposition for both sampled primary acidifyingagent. Canadian watersheds,sulfatecontinuestobethe eastern In concentrations. nitrogen in changes highlights the importance of continuing to monitor which Ontario, in watersheds in observed been watersheds. Somesignsofnitrogensaturationhave not appear to be a problem in most eastern Canadian Canadian ecosystems;thus,nitrogensaturationdoes from soilsinexcessofdeposition.Two internal sulfur of releases exhibiting are watersheds The assessment also reveals that eastern Canadian biological communitieswillbepermanentlyaltered. more sensitive)thantheirpreacidificationstate,and more dilute(lowerionconcentrationsandtherefore 4 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 53 ater 2004 Canadian Acid Deposition Science eq/ha/yr Bkd to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 700 700 to 1000 ≥10 000 (SMB, Expert or SSWC models) Terrestrial or Aquatic Critical Loads

34) estimates the current (minor) (minor) current the estimates 34) [CD-ROM]. Available from Environment Canada. from Assessment [CD-ROM]. Available Exceedance calculations confirm that 21–75 percent of the mapped area in eastern Canada, corresponding to approximately 0.5–1.8 million acid of levels receive to continues kilometers, square deposition in excess of critical loads according to nitrogen-based of assumptions worst-case and best- acidification, respectively. The optimistic end of Chemistry (SSWC), green = Simple Mass Balance (SMB)). Chemistry (SSWC), green = Simple Mass Balance 8: Critical loads: Are they being exceeded? In: Source: Jeffries, D.S. and Ouimet, R. (2005) Chapter Note: Critical (maximum) loads of combined total sulfur and nitrogen acidity for Canada in equivalents/hectare/year calculated using a model sulfur and nitrogen acidity for Canada in equivalents/hectare/year calculated using a model Note: Critical (maximum) loads of combined total of either the 5th percentile lake value or the 5th percentile soil The value for each grid cell represents the lowest appropriate to the receptor. which model was used for the grid cell value (red = Expert, yellow = Steady State W polygon value. The index map (lower left) indicates (Figure range the level of nitrogen-based acidification, whereas the pessimistic end of the range (Figure 35) offers a conditions steady-state assuming by view long-term in which all sulfur and nitrogen deposition is acidifying; in other words, nitrogen uptake no longer occurs due to ecosystem saturation. Figure 33 Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for Canada PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 54 Current Critical Load Exceedances for Canada for Exceedances Load Critical Current Figure 34 6 progress. in are Alberta and Columbia) (British Group. Similarcalculations fortheGeorgiaBasin Saskatchewan, funded by the CCME Acid Rain Task available for forests in the provinces of Manitoba and critical loadandexceedanceestimateshavebecome new maps, above the of development the Since to meetthenewercriticalloads. areas, a reduction of 50–75 percent could be required few a in higher and areas many in estimates 1997 given thatnewcriticalloadestimatesarelowerthan achieve new critical load values (Figure 33); however, to needed reductions of terms in available yet not the 1997AcidRainAssessment.Similarresultsare critical loadsforaquaticecosystems,aspublishedin results modeling The Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM) Source: EnvironmentCanada positive A load. critical critical loadisindicativeofongoingenvironmentaldamage.DetailsasinFigure33. cell grid the than less is deposition current of estimate the that indicates exceedance negative A acidiﬁcation. Note: Exceedance of critical loads of acidic deposition (eq/ha/yr of sulfur and nitrogen combined) based on current levels of nitrogen-based reduction in SO 2004 Canadian Acid 2004 In: affected? be will acid deposition How controls: emission Current and proposed Chapter 4: M.D. Moran, (2005) [CD-ROM]. Available Environment Canada. from Assessment Science Deposition [CD-ROM]. 2 emissions is required to meet sulfur 6 show that a further 75 percent percent 75 further a that show (SMB, Expert or SSWC models) SSWC or Expert (SMB, N-Leaching Exceedances Exceedances N-Leaching for Forest Soils or Lakes Lakes or Soils Forest for ≥600 600 to 300 300 100 to to 100 0 0 to –100 –100 to –300 –300 to –600 eq/ha/yr <–600

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 55

eq/ha/yr <–600 –600 –300 to –300 to –100 –100 to 0 0 to 100 100 to 300 300 to 600 ≥600 for Forest Soils or Lakes Steady-State Exceedances (SMB, Expert or SSWC models) 48 out of 49 monitored Adirondack lakes showed with correlate that concentrations sulfate in reductions reductions in atmospheric concentrations of sulfur. These reductions in sulfate, as well as reductions in nitrate concentrations that do not appear to be due regions previously affected by acid rain are no longer acidic at base flow conditions, although they are still highly sensitive to future changes in deposition. to changes in atmospheric deposition, have resulted in increased pH and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC, an indicator of aquatic ecosystem recovery) as well as aluminum inorganic toxic of amount the in reductions in Adirondack lakes. Increasing ANC was evident in two of the regions studied (Adirondacks and northern Appalachians). these in streams and lakes of one-third to One-quarter harm or will do so eventually if it continues at the same level. Details as in Figure 33. harm or will do so eventually if it continues at the Source: Environment Canada deposition and grid cell critical loads recomputed using the steady-state assumption of nitrogen saturation. In most areas, the environmental environmental the areas, Note:most In Exceedancesaturation. of criticalnitrogen of loads of acidicassumption depositionsteady-state the (eq/ha/yr using of sulfurrecomputed andloads nitrogencritical combined)cell grid calculatedand usingdeposition estimated current A positive exceedance indicates that current deposition either is causing environmental capacity to absorb nitrogen is not yet exhausted. reductions in sulfate and aluminum concentrations For example, 2) and decreases in acidity. (see Table Adirondack Mountains, the northern Appalachians southern the and Mountains), Catskill the (including found Ridge)—and Blue the (including Appalachians but not all, of those areas signs of recovery in many, (see Figure 36). These signs of recovery include improvements in some lakes and streams resulting lakes studied Scientists Program. Rain Acid the from and streams in four regions—New England, the ecosystems that are also affected by acid deposition. measurable demonstrated have scientists Nonetheless, anthropogenic effects that are affecting lakes and anthropogenic effects that are affecting streams in the United States. Climate variability, forest maturation, biological disturbances (e.g., pest on impact an have can change use land and outbreaks), Recovery of Acidified Lakes and Streams Streams and Lakes Acidified of Recovery Acid rain is only one of many large-scale Figure 35 Long-term View of Critical Load Exceedances for Canada PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 56 Note: Barsshowthemagnitudeofregionaltrendforeachvariableinregion. in areasoftheeasternUnited States.Foreachlake 2004 to 1990 from acidification in trends regional changes in emissions. The data presented here show to responding are bodies water how at look to us on thechemistryoflakesandstreams,whichallow Long-term monitoring networks provide information Improvements inSurfaceWater statistically significantareshowninbold. Note: Values showtheslopeofregionaltrend(themedianvaluefortrendsinallsites intheregion).Regionaltrendsthatare 1990–2004 Acidification, Stream and Lake Trends in Regional Figure 36 Results ofRegionalTrend AnalysesonLakesandStreams,1990–2004 Table 2 Hydrogen Ion Ion Hydrogen Base Cations Cations Base *Except foraluminum(µg/Lperyear). (µeq/L/yr) (µeq/L/yr) (µeq/L/yr) (µeq/L/yr) (µeq/L/yr) Southern AppalachianStreams(n=65) Northern AppalachianStreams(n=9) Adirondack Lakes(n=49) New EnglandLakes(n=21) Sulfate Sulfate Nitrate Nitrate ANC ANC –5 –4 –3 Sulfate No. Appalachian Streams (n=9) Streams Appalachian No. (n=65) Streams Appalachian So. +1.7 –2.3 –2.0 –1.4 Nitrate –0.55 –0.31 –0.45 –0.02 –2 Slope of Regional Trend Regional of Slope +0.18 +0.76 +1.08 –4.44 ANC Concentrations (µeq/LperYear)* calculated for each water body, median regional body, median water each for calculated concentration ofsulfateper year).Usingthetrends each ofthemeasurementsper year(e.g.,changein 15-year period were then calculated as the change in and trendsforthegivenlake orstreamduringthe time, against plotted were measurements These indicators of recovery from acidification were taken. or streaminthenetwork,measurementsofvarious � Cation –4.56 –3.73 –1.24 –1.35 Base New England Lakes (n=21) Lakes England New (n=49) Lakes Adirondack –1 Hydrogen –0.01 –0.01 –0.26 –0.02 insufficient data Organic Acids 0 +0.02 –0.03 +0.15 insufficient data insufficient data insufficient data 1 Aluminum –4.72

2 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND RESEARCH

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 57

fish and other wildlife. The region one where good aluminum data exist, the Adirondacks, is showing strong declines in the most toxic form is a critical because element, increases it when lakes and streams acidify and is very toxic to Base cation concentrations in lakes and streams are expected to decrease when rates of decrease they if decline; deposition atmospheric too much, however, they limit recovery in pH and ANC. The high rates of base cation decline ofbe concernmay Appalachians northern the in but do not currently seem to be preventing recovery. However, this indicator will bear watching in the future. and streams vary widely in how much natural acidity they have, and increases in organic acids time,over like declining base cations, can limit the amount recovery of observe. we Organic acid concentrations are currently increasing in many parts of the world, but the cause is still being Ofdebated. the regions monitored by only EPA, the Adirondacks is showing significant increases in organic acids, and their increase may be (in recovery less percent 10–15 for responsible ANC) than expected. aluminum data to estimate trends. Aluminum of aluminum (inorganic monomeric aluminum). monomeric aluminum (inorganic of is unusual, in both its physiography and its response to changing atmospheric deposition. Because sulfate is increasing strongly in this (e.g., variables chemical other the of many region, ANC and pH) trends show typical acidifying of conditions, rather than recovery. chemistry of regional populations of lakes or streams and to determine whether emission reductions have had the intended effect of reducing acidification. monitor a total of 145 lakes and 147 TIME/LTM Long-Term Environmental Monitoring at EPA Long-Term Integrated Temporally Monitoring of EPA’s Monitoring Ecosystems (TIME) and Long-Term programs are designed to detect trends in the (LTM) • Lakes acidity. naturalof are forms acids Organic • Most of the regions do not have sufficient • Appalachians southern the above, Asmentioned in all but one of the regions. Lakes andregions. streamsthe of one allinbut in the southern Appalachians show increasing concentrations of sulfate. This area is unusual, because its soils can store large amounts of the sulfate that is delivered by deposition. After large amounts of sulfate have accumulated in the soils, stream water sulfate concentrations begin to increase. The southern Appalachians deposition atmospheric where region only the is chemistry and the chemistry of lakes and streams are “decoupled.” in all of the regions, although the magnitude of England. New in especially small, is changes these It should be noted, however, that this does not deposition or emissions in changes reflect to appear in these areas and is likely a result of ecosystem adjustments that are not yet fully understood. extent nitrate), the acidity of lake and stream is decreasingwater in three the of four regions. Appalachians, northern and Adirondacks In the ANC is increasing. In New England, ANC appears to be increasing only slightly and is not significant, hydrogen concentrations but ion are concentrations ion Declining hydrogen declining. anrepresent increase in pH, which is increasing significantly in the Adirondacks. the impact of sulfur and nitrogen deposition. • declining substantiallyare concentrations Sulfate • aredecreasing significantlyconcentrations Nitrate • As a result of declining sulfate (and to some • Base cations are important, because they buffer A summary of the findings of this analysis follows: A summary of the prevent ANC from increasing. prevent ANC from Movement towards recovery is indicated by positive Movement towards negative trends in sulfate, nitrate, trends in ANC and aluminum. Negative trends in base hydrogen ion, and balance can acids organic in trends positive and cations out the decreasing trends in sulfate and nitrate and in the region, whereas a positive value means it has value means it whereas a positive in the region, greater the value of the trend, been increasing. The the greater the yearly change in the measurement. changes were determined for each of the measures of each of the measures determined for changes were regional the of “slope the of value negative A recovery. trend” means that the measure has been declining PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 58 Assessment Program (NAPAP) 2005 Report Report 2005 (NAPAP) Program Assessment As describedintheNationalAcidPrecipitation substantially reducedemissionsofSO and successfully has Program Rain Acid the of As described elsewhere in this report, implementation waters. surface of acidiﬁcation controlling processes watershed the assess to used been have and ancillary data on other watershed characteristics events hydrologic during collection sample where research watershedsthroughouttheUnitedStates, has beenmeasuringsurfacewaterqualityatseveral of analysis.Inaddition,theU.S.GeologicalSurvey kind this for set data regional individual coherent somewhat limited,theTIMEprogramismost is TIME/LTM the network of representativeness calcium and magnesium), and aluminum. While the (e.g., cations major nitrate, sulfate, pH, ANC, including characteristics, chemical important of Virginia). TIME/LTM measureavarietyof Mountains), andtheRidge/BlueRidgeProvinces Catskill the (including Plateau Appalachian (New England,AdirondackMountains,northern regions ofthenorthernandeasternUnitedStates from power generation sources in the United States. streams, representing all of the major acid-sensitive 2 andNO x

napapreport05.pdf), however, recentmodelingand to Congress(www.al.noaa.gov/AQRS/reports/ fine particlesandmercurydeposition,includingthe future regulationstoaddresstransportofozoneand be achievedthroughimplementationofexistingand United States.Additionalemissionreductionswill additional SO many publishedarticlesindicatethatSO regional hazefrompowerplants. transport offineparticlesandozone,mercury, and and therecentCleanAirrulestoreduceinterstate NO The NAPAP ReporttoCongressconcludedthat areas. some in evident not are still recovery of signs that and areas sensitive many in slow been have improvements environmental that showing The studies described above support that conclusion, or topreventfurtheracidificationinsomeregions. recovery full achieve to insufficient as recognized emission reductions achieved under Title IV are now of acidic lakes and streams in many regions of the the of regions many in streams and lakes acidic of decrease deposition and further reduce the number to necessary are sources other and plants power SIPs to achieve the ozone and fine particle NAAQS; sources; mobile affecting rules diesel and 3, Tier x SIPCallintheeasternUnitedStates;Tier 2, 2 andNO x emissionreductionsfrom 2 andNO x

Conclusion

Canada and the United States work to fulﬁll the obligations set forth in the Air Quality Agreement. Both countries’ efforts to reduce acid rain and control ground-level ozone through the Agreement have been signiﬁcant. However, both countries recognize that additional efforts are necessary to address ongoing human health and environmental problems, particularly in highly sensitive areas and within the Canada–United States transboundary region.

The Canada–U.S. Air Quality Agreement has been in place for 15 years and has proven to be a ﬂexible and dynamic mechanism for bilateral environmental cooperation in reducing transboundary air pollution. The initial focus of the Agreement was on reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the major contributors to acid rain. Both Canada and the U.S. have surpassed the emission reduction requirements in the Agreement. The Ozone Annex was added to the Air Quality Agreement in 2000 to address the transboundary ﬂows of ground-level ozone and precursor pollutants, NOx and VOCs. Both countries are on track to meet their emission reduction obligations in the Ozone Annex as outlined in the 2006 Progress Report. PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 60 modeling andanalysestosupportmanyoftheseareas. such anannex;examinationofcross-borderemissionscapandtrade;joint consideration of a Particulate Matter Annex, including the geographic scope of to pursuefurtherefforts toimprovetransboundaryairquality, suchasthe The AirQualityAgreementwillcontinuetoserveastheprimarymechanism Agreement cannotbeoverstated. The importanceoftheserelationshipsintheeffectiveness oftheAir Quality quality models,researchreports,andregulardiscussionscollaboration. staff tointeracthaveproducedmorecompleteemissioninventories, newair technical of opportunities the by spawned Relationships countries. two the these groupsfostergreaterintegrationofmethodsandsharedideasbetween by undertaken efforts and Projects research. and cooperation technical and manage programmonitoringandreportingtheothertooverseescientiﬁ A hallmarkoftheAgreement’s organizationisitstwosubcommittees,oneto c Canada–U.S. Air Quality Agreement Review: Third Comprehensive Assessment

Introduction

The purpose of the Air Quality Agreement (AQA or The second AQA Agreement) Article X, “Review and Assessment of Assessment, in the Canada–United States Air Quality Agreement,” 2002, occurred is to ensure that the Parties periodically review subsequent to and assess the Agreement to determine whether the negotiated it is accomplishing its intended goals and whether amendments it remains a practical and effective instrument to contained in the address shared concerns regarding transboundary Ozone Annex. air pollution. It requires the Parties to “conduct These amendments a comprehensive review and assessment of [the] had already Agreement, and its implementation, during the fifth addressed key issues in the Agreement year after its entry into force and every five years of interest to the Parties. Therefore, the second AQA thereafter...” Assessment attended to the issues raised in the first The first AQA Assessment, conducted in 1996, review and outlined where progress had been made, addressed the question of whether the AQA was a while indicating where challenges continued to exist. good mechanism for fulfilling transboundary air This third AQA Assessment responds to several obligations and outlined strengths and weaknesses deferred issues from previous reviews, in addition to of the Agreement in an article-by-article review. highlighting progress on several topics and outlining The first review also provided a summary of public future areas of potential focus. The review will also comments from two 1995 meetings sponsored by the summarize and address comments made by the IJC for the purpose of soliciting public input on the public and provided to the IJC in response to the biennial progress reports. 2004 Progress Report. PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 62 national SO national keep to continues Canada AQA. the of Annex Rain Acid the in Parties both by made commitments the mirror and emissions control to countries both in These significant reductions are a result of programs 1980. since percent, 50 or tonnes, million 2.3 by Similarly, as of 2004, Canada has reduced SO emissions by 5.5 million tons, or 35 percent, since 1990. and both Parties are committed to honoring the the honoring to committed are Parties both and issues, air on cooperation transboundary for vehicle The Agreement continues to function as the primary Annex 3. 1991, and the Ozone Annex was added in 2000 as original Agreement, as Annexes 1 and 2, created in and Scientific Cooperation annexes were part of the Subcommittee on Scientific Cooperation. Acid Rain on Program Monitoring and Reporting and the and includes two subcommittees: the Subcommittee countries as well as state and provincial representatives up of members of several federal agencies from both The Air Quality Committee (Committee) is made cooperation to address transboundary air pollution. as a dynamic mechanism for binational environmental The U.S.–Canada AQA was signed in 1991 to serve Have Agreement? the of purpose the is What 1. RaisedIssues pollutants are made, the Agreement has provided an an provided has Agreement the made, are pollutants As newissuesemergeand assessmentsofspecific 2010. by cap ton million 8.95 the meeting to way their on well are States United the in facilities industry power while cap, reduced totalSO additional concerns. As of 2005, the United States has address to flexibility the maintains and details) for Annex and Ozone Annex of this 2006 Progress Report border region (see Section 1: Commitments, Acid Rain the in precursors ozone and rain acid of deposition made substantialprogressinreducingemissionsand obligations negotiatedtherein.TheAgreementhas 44 percent, from 1980 levels, and power plant SO plant power and levels, 1980 from percent, 44 to its mission? its to obligations under the Agreement and attending their fulfilling in successful been Parties the 2 emissions below the 3.2 million tonne tonne million 3.2 the below emissions 2 emissionsby11.3milliontons,or 2 emissions 2

In addition to the commitments negotiated in the the in negotiated commitments the to addition In issues. air transboundary address and the Agreement as a mechanism to effectively consider successthe of of examples are annex PM potential in 2000 and the ongoing discussions a regarding the Ozone Annex establishment of ozone and PM, the transboundary of assessment on joint scientific foundation based firm a With collaboratively. pollution issues to tackle these air effective mechanism and finalized an Ozone Annex in 2000. 2000. in Annex Ozone an finalized and of transboundary ozone and consequently negotiated responded by conducting a joint scientific assessment Committee The ozone. of effects the on focus protect human health and ecosystems, with a specific ability ofobjectivesintheAgreementtoadequately The firstAQAAssessmentin1996questionedthe dioxide, current nitrogen Are sulfur oxides, 2. involvement, visibility protection, and innovation. public issues, monitoring and data concerns, and ecosystem protection, regional and geographic two Partieswillachievefurtherprogressinhealth many fronts,continuedcollaborationbetweenthe on success achieved has Agreement the While Society of America’s annual conference in Montreal. Ecological the at held Recovery” and Response Ecosystem on “Symposium recent the as such and by organizing information-sharing opportunities, along theborderbyprovidingresourcesand expertise and Canada. The Committee supports several projects reduce transportofairpollutionintheUnitedStates regional andissue-specificorganizationsworkingto Agreement, theCommitteeisdedicatedtoassisting protection of human health and for recovery the for sufficient objectives ozone and of ecosystems?

THIRD COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 63 , 2

, and ozone. These include tighter regulations , and ozone. These include tighter regulations emissions in transboundary pollution issues), x x for major acid rain–causing emission sources in several as requested in the 2002 assessment. Finally, discrepancy a is there that noted 2004 in commenters increases in major cities and asthma rates climb. to opportunities find to continues Committee The further reduce emissions to address these health and correlation the study to as well as problems ecological between reduction and effects and communicate that more clearly to the public. the cardiovascular system. both Canada and the United States have Moreover, reduce SO promulgated new regulations to further NO Quebec, and several eastern provinces (Nova Scotia, reductions Ontario) in Canada and the new emission Air Mercury associated with the CAIR, the Clean Rule Rule (CAMR), and the Clean Air Visibility in the United States. (CAVR) include Committee the for work of areas Potential examining the use of critical loads in the United States, particularly for assessment purposes, as revised as well as assessment, 1996 the in mentioned ecological goals (particularly to assess the role of NO between the emission reduction accomplishments made by both countries and the actual experience of their citizens, as the number of ozone days ambient levels of these pollutants provides health risk. reduction in population an associated Canada-wide Standards, provisions in the Among the governments are the federal and provincial/territorial of the standards into participate in a review 2005 and 2010 and to revise the standards, if for appropriate, Canada- the The first review of years beyond 2015. and concluded 2005 by completed was Standards wide the standards was required. that no revision to need for further protection In recognition of the revised the NAAQS for PM of human health, EPA 2006, to strengthen the short-term in September, fine particle standard. Recent epidemiological between associations report to continued have studies and effects short-term exposures to fine particles hospital admissions or such as premature mortality, emergency department visits for respiratory disease, effects on and symptoms, and function lung on effects

2 ) and

x x

2.5 , and x and NO and NO 2 2 , NO 2 emissions. This report concludes 2 2004 Canadian Acid Deposition Science 2004 Canadian Acid and ozone are pollutants for which there synthesizes acid Canada’s deposition 2.5 described recent modeling and numerous numerous and modeling recent described emissions to protect human health and x for PM and ozone in recognition of the significant significant the of recognition in ozone and PM for adverse effects on health and the environment that while much has been accomplished to reduce the the reduce to accomplished been has much while that impact on human health and the environment, the emission reductions achieved under Title IV are emission reductions achieved under Title to prevent insufficient to achieve full recovery or NAPAP The regions. some in acidification further report concluded that additional SO ozone that jurisdictions have committed to achieve by by achieve to committed have jurisdictions that ozone 2010. PM are no lower ambient levels that are entirely without health effects. This means that any reduction in the long-term goal of minimizing the impacts of these pollutants on human health and the environment. The Canada-wide Standards establish numeric targets for ambient levels of fine particles (PM associated with these pollutants. The Canada-wide the towards step first a as recognized were Standards In 2000, the federal and provincial/territorial Standards Canada-wide the endorsed governments and further reduce the number of acidic lakes and streams in many regions of the United States. emission reductions from power plants and other emission reductions from power plants deposition decrease to necessary are sectors source Regarding ecosystem protection in the United States, States, United the in protection ecosystem Regarding Assessment Program the National Acid Precipitation 2005(NAPAP) Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment published articles that show that SO problem of acid deposition is not yet fully resolved. problem of acid deposition is not yet reductions in SO ozone. The been achieved, but that work remains to be done been achieved, but Even with the creation of the Ozone Annex both in reductions emission substantial the and countries, concern was expressed again in the comments public in and 2002, in assessment second in response to the 2004 Progress Report, that the Agreement did not go far enough to reduce SO and NO Recent analyses show that much progress has to ensure ecosystem recovery. Assessment examination comprehensive a provides and science of atmospheric and ecosystem responses to the to reduce the harmful effects of SO PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 64 Programme’s global mercury program. Environment Nations United the and project, Pollution, the Arctic Council Action Plan’s mercury TransboundaryAir Long-Range on Convention United Nations Economic Commission for Europe initiatives, including the Heavy Metals Protocol of the regional and international several in participate ECP Mercury Action Plan. Finally, both countries and provinces also collaborate through the NEG/ Strategy, which includes mercury. Individual states ToxicsAgreement’s Water Quality Lakes Great the of part also are countries Both mercury. for CAIR), and in Canada, the Canada-wide Standards implementation, in part through co-benefits from the full at percent 70 nearly by emissions mercury promulgation of the CAMR (a regulation reducing initiatives in the United States include the recent National initiatives. international and national Currently, mercury is being addressed through several fall. this meeting annual 2006 Committee’s for negotiating a PM Annex will continue through the Annex to the Agreement. Discussions of the potential foundation forCommitteeconsiderationofaPM scientific a provides PM of assessment joint this of PM.Likethejointozoneassessmentin1998, U.S.–Canadian transboundaryscienceassessment on ScientificCooperationcompletedthefirstjoint and uniqueaccomplishment.TheSubcommittee of binationalworkshops,2004markedanexciting Transboundary AirPollution in1997.Afteraseries creation oftheJointPlanActionforAddressing the prompted Annex PM a create to not or Committee members and stakeholders on whether the among Discussions PM. of contributions the binationalefforttoaddresstransboundary consider developing the role of the AQA in guiding Under theAgreement,bothPartieshavebegunto contributions ofPMandairtoxics,notablymercury. called foradditionaleffortstoaddresstransboundary have Report, Progress 2004 the on commenters Both the 1996 and 2002 reviews, as well as numerous to purview its expand Agreement the Will 3. matter and mercury emissions? mercury and matter particulate reduce to commitments include areas in the United States and Canada included in the and portionsofOntarioQuebecinCanada.The Columbia in the eastern sections of the United States PEMA, whichincluded18statesandtheDistrictof Canada. Consequently, theOzoneAnnexcreateda and States United the of portions eastern the in North America,ozoneconcentrationsarehighest across areas urban in problem a is ozone while levels ofSO and the United States. Both emissions and ambient been concentratedintheeasternareasofCanada Historically, the damaging effects of acid rain have on primarily focus to seems Agreement The 4. air pollutionissuesspecificto particularareasalong regional initiativesandorganizations workingon several supports Committee the Additionally, provinces. and states affected of coverage extendto far thehow including Committee, the The option of a new PM annex by will be discussed particularly related to visibility, should be monitored. prairie regions are an area where transboundary flow, country, but the report did provide evidence that the either of regions prairie the include not did studied regions The standards. national of attainment the compromise potentially to regions some in enough transport of PM and PM precursors can be significant the that indicates which 2004, in completed was assessment PM joint a previously, mentioned As recent research regarding the regional effects of PM. acknowledged has Committee The California. is the only western state with a significant PM problem Under current standards for PM in the United States, to ozonetransport. ozone standards in either country and/or contributed the exceeded they because ozone transboundary are focusedweredeemedthemostimportantfor population. Theareaswhereemissionreductions U.S. population and over 50 percent of the Canadian PEMA arehometoapproximately40percentofthe with region-specific issues? region-specific with place in to are deal initiatives What countries? the border, including the western of parts both of parts other along issues pollution air with deal to working agreement How the is States. the eastern ofportions Canada and the United 2 andNO x arehighestintheeast,and, THIRD COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 65 , PM, and ozone x , NO 2 the quality, timeliness, comparability, and Canadian and emissions, U.S. of accessibility deposition, mapping, and modeling data? Is there a long-term strategy for building monitoring and tracking networks? first bilateral transboundary PM science assessment assessment science PM transboundary bilateral first each have and 3, question in described as 2004, in discussed as PM, on research extensive conducted Progress 2006 this of section Effects Health the in reviewing currently is EPA addition, In Report. the NAAQS for ozone and PM. These standards are essential to protecting human health, as they states which to pollutants for limits national establish resource-based and financial are There adhere. must pollutant ambient these meet to states for incentives areas. nonattainment for consequences and levels released 6) page see Mills, and (Chestnut study recent A in September 2005, analyzing the costs and benefits Act, Air Clean the of Program) Rain (Acid IV Title of showed annual health benefits reaching upwards of $114 billion (U.S. 2000 dollars) for Canada and the benefits ecosystem and health total while States, United more received (Canada billion $122 than more totaled resulted in decreased incidences of mortality, heart attacks, asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and upper children and adults for symptoms respiratory lower and Canada. and States United the both in Finally, although not under the auspices of the Concerns regarding the accessibility and accuracy of data related to transboundary air pollution have long been discussed under the auspices of the Agreement. Both Parties remain absolutely committed to the requirements in Annex 2, “Scientific and Technical than $6.4 billion in annual health benefits, while the The study United States received over $108 billion). reported that the U.S. Acid Rain Program and the subsequent reductions in SO called the AQA, a unique cross-border initiative LifeLine Project, a risk assessment software Tribal peoples Indigenous for risks and exposures capturing who practice subsistence lifestyles, represents an and Health innovative collaboration among EPA Canada as well as other Canadian governmental organizations. 6. is the How Agreement working to improve

emissions. x and NO 2 human health from emissions in the border region? Cooperation and Research, U.S. Report on Health Health on Report U.S. Research, and Cooperation Effects of Ozone in this 2006 Progress Report for the issued States United the and Canada details). more In February 2006, EPA released the Ozone Criteria Criteria Ozone the released EPA 2006, February In 1996 the of findings the summarizing Document, assessing critically and Document Criteria Ozone health the investigating studies new 1,700 than more Technical and Scientific 3: Section (see ozone of effects 5. 5. What is being to assess done the impacts to enjoys. That being said, efforts in both the United enjoys. That being said, efforts in both States and Canada are ongoing to communicate and its clearly about the Agreement, its goals, more work throughout the transboundary region to foster greater cooperation and continued improvements in border air quality. agree that this is not necessary at the current time, agree that this is not necessary at the efforts localized international various the considering already under way and the regional representation on both sides of the border that the Committee Over the years, the Committee has received comments regarding the creation of regional The Parties transboundary air quality committees. countries’ commitment to an evolving, diverse, and countries’ commitment to an evolving, pollution. air transboundary to response multi-tiered The Committee’s sponsorship of this study, as well as as well as study, this of sponsorship Committee’s The air pollution its support of various local and regional initiatives along the border, demonstrate both between the two Parties for SO Finally, a U.S.–Canada Emissions Cap and Trading Cap and Trading a U.S.–Canada Emissions Finally, the of auspices the under developed Study, Feasibility analyzing the Agreement, was finalized in July 2005, feasibility of a binational cap and trading program regional air pollution issues. regional air pollution Management Framework. Other groups, such as the Management Framework. Group, and discussions among BDPS Consultation ASI the regarding representatives U.S. and Canadian facility continue to address specific, localized, and this local collaboration. These pilot projects include pilot projects include collaboration. These this local the Georgia Basin–Puget Sound International the Great Lakes Basin Airshed Airshed Strategy and the border. Groups such as the NEG/ECP as well as as the NEG/ECP Groups such the border. several pilot projects created under the Border Air of in 2003 are examples announced Quality Strategy PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 66 the EPA-led AIRNowprogram,whichprovides collaborate in several data-sharing projects, including to continue Canada and States United The information. compatible share monitoring is one of the most essential components components essential most the of one is monitoring deposition fact, In States. United the and Canada SO tracking on progress seek will Committee The strategy. reduction pollution possible best the using reliable and accurate models can assist in creating sophisticated analyses of emission reduction scenarios as initiatives, modeling joint enhance to efforts The Committee intends to focus in the future on guide future emission-related data-sharing projects. to used be likely will assessment the of results the Agreement was not directly involved with this effort, the While countries. three the in inventories recommendations toenhanceexistingemission Assessment NARSTO A America: for EffectiveAirQualityManagementAcrossNorth final report,entitled for Canada,theUnitedStates,andMexico.The inventories emission current the of analysis and In August 2005, NARSTO released its investigation on acontinentalscale. readily more to and countries both in systems these improve to order in activities reporting their deposition monitoring activities and emission coordinate to Parties both obligates specifically annex the Furthermore, topics. relevant other and mechanisms, market-based technologies, reduction emission modeling, ecosystems, and health human on pollution atmospheric of effects the networks, to share information and data related to monitoring annex, the United States and Canada have committed this Under Research.” Economic and Activities real-time maps depicting ozone and PM levels levels PM and ozone depicting maps real-time the various programs responsible for reducing for responsible programs various the of success the of verification and understanding our to crucial are networks monitoring Effective accessible. publicly facility-specific emissions data from both Parties are States continues to be concerned with ensuring that United The reductions. emission reporting and 2 , NO , x , ozone, PM, and other pollutants in in pollutants other and PM, ozone, , Improving EmissionInventories , also provided provided also ,

Timeliness of data and the difference between U.S. Canada. and States enhancement of monitoring networks in the United and maintenance long-term the for requirements developing in interest expressed has Committee the such, As regulations. and controls such of influence the of account accurate an providing for system a maintain critically, most and, implement, design, to essential is it However, emissionsdecrease. will experienceecosystems great benefits as pollutant and health human promulgated, are regulations technologies improve, legislation is passed, and new control pollution As place. taking actually are improvements quality air that confirm to unable be would programs and compliance, track accurately to impossible be would it networks, monitoring deposition atmospheric substantial Without Program. Rain Acid U.S. successful highly the of monitoring methods. shared monitoringdataand thejointdevelopmentof understanding ofNorthAmerican airqualitythrough Canada willcontinuetowork togethertofurtherthe and States United the and 2007, December until sites. The cooperative agreement has been extended instrumentation atU.S.andCanadianmonitoring monitoring ammonia of deployment and testing quality anddeposition-relateddataaswellthe for sharingajointNorthAmericandatabaseofair and deploymentofaninteractive,web-basedtool under thisagreement,includingthedevelopment based dataaccesssystem.Progresshasbeenmade analysis, andmappingcapability, includingaweb- database, deposition Canada–U.S. cooperative into a cooperative agreement to establish a common entered Canada Environment EPA and 2001, In able topublishitsdata. often translates to differences in when each country is Canada differ in the process of data approval, and this and accuratedata.However, theUnitedStatesand timely to access public providing of commitment the mostrecentdatapossibleinordertohonor United StatesandCanadamakeeveryefforttouse The Program. Rain Acid U.S. the to vital are accomplishments and public access to information program Transparency in comments. public in and Canadiandatasetyearsareoftenhighlighted THIRD COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 67

and Canada? to prevent air quality deterioration and improve visibility in the United States representatives, offered their comments and review of progress on implementation of the Ozone Annex. have also largely contributed to continuous improvement, whether in terms of regulations the deterioration of air quality and the protection air pollution. or as emissions guidelines, codes of practice, or pollution prevention planning. about concerned be to continues States United The preventing regulations comparable of lack Canada’s 9. 9. programs or developments new any Arethere concern of area important an is visibility of Protection and states States, United the In Agreement. the under Planning Regional their through working are Tribes to amendments new the implement to Organizations up make amendments These Rule. Haze Regional the 2005. June in EPA by promulgated CAVR, new the national U.S. in visibility improve will rule new This provide likely will and areas wilderness and parks Canada. in quality air to improvements Since the second AQA Assessment, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment has held national workshops to develop guidance to ensure implementing in consistency and principles common measures to continuously improve ambient air andPM of concentrations where areas in quality ozone are or were brought below the Canada-wide Standards levels, and to ensureaffected not that areas As highlightedclean. inremain pollution air local by Section 1, options are explored to address the issue in national Canada’s parks,Columbia while British Air Quality comprehensive new a in engaged is health human to risk minimize to Plan Management from air pollution, improve visibility, and reduce its in contribution to global climate change the lower Fraser airshed. Valley Several federal initiatives to curb emissions of visibility. Regional U.S. efforts, collaborative of terms In Planning Organizations are looking into quality air Canadian with work to opportunities agencies to assess emissions and transport of

the the of role IJC? and communication methods of the Agreement? the of methods communication and Several commenters in 1996 requested that industry, groups, environmental from stakeholders academia, and those with technical expertise be more involved with the AQA. A requirement was built into the 2000 Ozone Annex calling for in the near term and mercury in the long term. the Air Quality Committee to assess progress on implementation of the obligations of the annex. In June 2004, Canada held a bilateral meeting in Quebec City at which stakeholders from environmental nongovernmental organizations, industry, and organizations, nongovernmental health as well as state, provincial/territorial, and federal The relevance of this topic continues andtoday, the Committee has expressed renewed interest in developing its ability to communicate effectively to the public and involve them in the process of the Committee Specifically, protecting air quality. effectively to ability its enhancing to committed has communicate to the public “without borders” on deposition nitrogen and sulfur and quality air ozone over the past few years, as evidenced by the release over the past few years, as evidenced of the 2004 Progress Report, a shorter and highly and graphics informative with document accessible concise text. Public comment regarding the new layout and format of the progress report was very favorable. The Committee has long been interested in programs the of and activities its of transparency it supports, as well as ensuring that the work successfully is Agreement the through accomplished communicated to the public. Outreach and dramatically changed have materials communication 8. 8. outreach the improve What initiativesto exist The role and responsibilities of the IJC were discussed discussed were IJC the of responsibilities and role The Committee. Quality Air the of meeting fall 2005 the at in assist best can IJC the that agreed Committee The implementation of the Agreement by continuing to progress the on comments public synthesize and solicit manner. timely a in back report and reports 7. 7. Does the Committee plan on expanding as well as emerging issues, particularly fine particles particles fine particularly issues, emerging as well as PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 68 effects of SO transboundary air quality and addressing the harmful framework and mechanism for making real progress in and the environment, the AQA provides a long-term quality, air emissions, in changes actual on report regularly and emissions, monitor pollutants, cap and reduce to commitments binding its Through quality. air transboundary address to efforts local coordinate internationalandcross-borderregional/ serve asahighlyeffectivevehiclethroughwhichto 2006 Progress Report. The Agreement continues to are particularlynotableandsummarizedinthe Agreement the through ozone control and rain Agreement. Bothcountries’effortstoreduceacid successfully meettheobligationssetforthin to continue Canada and States United The organizations, and through binational scientiﬁcto support studies,providing by addition, through direct sponsorship of initiatives and In Canada. and States United the in ecosystems become a regular feature of annual meetings. In In meetings. annual of feature regular a become Committee’s interest in marine vessel emissions has the instance, For projects. Agreement various through and subcommittees the on occur that Conclusion program. trading international an of feasibility the of question the to response bilateral and innovative addition, thecapandtradingfeasibilitystudywasan technology and innovative ideas has been a useful new with date to up Keeping effort. cooperative Innovation is a key component to the success of any with current stay Agreement the How does 10. by-product of the networking and collaboration collaboration and networking the of by-product new and innovative programs and ideas? and programs innovative and new 2 , NO x , and ozone onand human health international information information

of monitoring programs; examination of cross-border annex;enhancement and development, maintenance, geographicthe scopeincluding of Annex, such PM an a of transboundary airquality,consideration suchas topursuefurthereffortsaddress vehicle federal primary the as serve to poised The AQA remains issues. transboundary numerous tool in examining become a valuable Agreement has sharing, the capacity to communicate “without borders.” “without capacity tocommunicate many oftheseareas;and,ﬁnally, enhancingour emissions capandtrade;jointmodelingtosupport to encourageinnovation. actively lookfornewwaystoinvolvestakeholders which are a hallmark of the Agreement, and will will and Agreement, the of hallmark a are which relationships built through cross-border cooperation, the foster to continue will Committee The Canada. and States United the in environment the and health human on emergingtopicsandtoﬁndnewwaysprotect collaboratively work to willingness a demonstrates these as such issues exploring done, be to remains much Though efforts. reduction pollutant in strategies unique and new provide to continue Furthermore, voluntary programs in both countries

APPENDIX

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 69

United StatesUnited Members

U.S.–Canada Air Quality Committee Quality Air U.S.–Canada New York State Department of Environmental Conservation State Department of Environmental New York Office of Policy and International Affairs Office of Atmospheric Programs Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards David Shaw Division of Air Resources Bruce Polkowsky Air Resources Division National Park Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Margo T. Oge Margo T. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Steve Page U.S. Department of Energy David Moses Air and Radiation Division Region 5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Steve Rothblatt Brian McLean G. Vinson Hellwig G. Vinson Air Quality Division Quality Michigan Department of Environmental Air Resources Laboratory (NOAA) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Members: Richard S. Artz Daniel A. Reifsnyder for the Environment Deputy Assistant Secretary U.S. Department of State United States Co-Chair: United States Appendix: Office of Transportation and Air Quality Office of Transportation PROGRESS REPORT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 70 Industry Canada Energy andEnvironmentIndustries Branch Glenn MacDonell Ontario MinistryoftheEnvironment Air PolicyandClimateChangeBranch Jennifer Hooper Health Canada Healthy EnvironmentsandConsumerSafetyBranch Susan Fletcher Foreign AffairsCanada United StatesRelationsDivision Peter Fawcett Environment Canada Meteorological ServiceofCanada Marc-Denis Everell Alberta Environment Environmental Assurance Environmental PolicyBranch Randy Angle Members: Environment Canada Environmental StewardshipBranch Assistant DeputyMinister Cécile Cléroux Canada Co-Chair: U.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Bill Russo Subcommittee onScientificCooperationCo-Chair: U.S. EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Brian McLean Subcommittee onProgramMonitoringandReportingCo-Chair: Office ofResearchandDevelopment Assistant LaboratoryDirector, NationalHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsResearchLaboratory Director, OfficeofAtmosphericPrograms Canadian Members

APPENDIX

United States – Canada Air Quality Agreement 71

British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection British Columbia Ministry of Water, Water, Air and Climate Change Branch Water, Environment Canada Keith Puckett Environment Canada Cooperation Co-Chair: Subcommittee on Scientiﬁc Chief, North American Smog Environmental Stewardship Branch Subcommittee on Program Monitoring and Reporting Co-Chair: Subcommittee on Program Jane Barton Hu Wallis Environmental Stewardship Branch Environment Canada Gord Owen Clean Air Directorate Robert Noël de Tilly Air Policy Branch and Parks of Sustainable Development, Environment Quebec Department Energy Policy Branch Canada Natural Resources Nick Marty Policy Division Domestic Environment Kimberly MacNeil Kimberly Division Management and Natural Areas Environment Labour Environment and Department of Nova Scotia Director, Air Quality Research Director, Transboundary Air Division Transboundary Science and Technology Branch Science and Technology

To Obtain Additional Information, Please Contact:

In the United States: In Canada: Clean Air Markets Division Transboundary Air Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environment Canada Mail Code 6204J 351 St. Joseph Boulevard 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW 11th Floor, Place Vincent Massey Washington, DC 20460 Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3

Internet: Internet: www.epa.gov/airmarkets www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Pollution_Issues/ Transboundary_Air-WS587B56F8-1_En.htm United States Environmental Protection Agency Ofﬁce of Air and Radiation (6204J) 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20460

EPA430-R-06-012 September 2006

www.epa.gov/airmarkets

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