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The State Research and Development Authority The New York State Department of 6/97 and Your Home

A Guide to Common Indoor , Their Sources, and Control Methods

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The New York State Department of Health involved in controlling and regulating levels in the outdoor air and in the workplace, they have only limited authority to address the quality of air in homes. Today, homes can be made more comfortable and energy-efficient by reducing the number and size of open­ ings in the structure and controlling air Introduction movement by mechanical means. We no longer need to rely on fans and open windows to control air flow. Instead, product manufacturers offer low-cost systems for controlling air movement into and out of new homes. Air that is stale, moist, or otherwise polluted can be removed from any area and fresh air can be brought into the places it is most needed. Message from ndoor air has always contained natural This booklet describes the sources of and man-made impurities such as common air pollutants in homes, the the Governor , , fungi, , and I potential health effects from exposure to When most people hear about air by-products from burning. these pollutants, and methods to improve pollution, they think of problems In recent years, additional contaminants indoor air quality. Additional information that affect outdoor air such as , such as , , and other is available from the federal, state, and , and . organic chemicals have been identified in private agencies listed on pages 14 and However, sometimes indoor air can indoor air. Research indicates that the air 15. have higher levels of contaminants within homes and other can than outdoor air. have higher levels of these contaminants Many New Yorkers are also than the outdoor air, even in large . reducing their home heating and And, people spend most of their time This booklet was designed cooling costs by weatherizing, or indoors. Those people who may be to help New York State tightening, their homes while exposed to indoor air pollutants for the newer homes are being built to be longest period, such as infants, the elderly, residents learn more about more energy-efficient. Without and the ill, can be the most susceptible the quality of air in their proper design and construction, to adverse health effects. the resulting exposure to indoor air Research is adding to our understand­ homes and, if necessary, contaminants could affect their ing of indoor air pollutants; but more how to improve it. comfort and health. information is needed on the sources and Energy-efficient homes that control of indoor . Although combine adequate ventilation federal, state, and local governments are while controlling sources of indoor air contaminants are the most com­ fortable, economical, and healthy. Because we spend most of our time indoors, it is important to address and resolve indoor air problems by limiting or removing indoor air pollutants. This book is designed to help you learn more about the quality of air in your home and, if necessary, how to improve it. Good indoor air quality, energy efficiency, and a comfortable environment are achievable goals. Governor George E. Pataki

2 YES NO Does your home usually feel stuffy or does the air 1 smell stale when you enter from the outside?……… □ □ Check Your 2 Do cooking linger for several hours? ……… □ □ Indoor During the , is there excessive 3 or on windows, walls, Air Quality or ceilings? …………………………………………… □ □ 4 Is growing anywhere in your home?………… □ □ Is there around your , , 5 or hot heater?………………………………… □ □

If you heat your home with a gas or furnace, 6 do you ever smell gas or oil fumes?………………… □ □

If you heat your home with , do you often 7 smell wood ?………………………………… □ □

Does anyone in your often experience 8 any of the following symptoms when at home, but not when they are away from home? a. Headaches………………………………………… □ □ b. Itchy, watery, or burning eyes…………………… □ □ Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Departments c. Feelings of confusion or dizziness ……………… □ □ of and Energy Offices in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, d. difficulties……………………………… □ □ and Rhode Island for granting us per­ mission to use their booklet, “Indoor e. Nasal congestion………………………………… □ □ Air Quality and Your Health,” as the foundation for this publication. In f. Dry, sore throat ………………………………… □ □ addition, we wish to express our appreciation to Mindy Pensak of the g. Drowsiness……………………………………… □ □ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Stephen Tomasik, formerly of the American Association of If your answer to any of these questions is “yes,” the air quality in New York State; Robert Kelley, for­ merly of NY-STAR, Inc.; for their your home may be poor. This booklet can help you determine how comprehensive review and comments. to identify indoor air quality problems and how to improve the air quality in your home.

3 any things in a house release mold grows, stuffy or stale air, and or into the air that are the damaged or chimneys. Sometimes, primary sources of indoor air con­ health effects that occur only in the M home and disappear after the person taminants. Examples include combustion sources such as oil, gas, kerosene, or leaves the home can indicate a problem. wood; furnishings or materials Or, health effects may occur immediately such as new carpeting, new furniture, after moving into a home, or after refur­ The pressed wood products, and new or wet nishing or remodeling. You should con­ carpeting; and household items such as sult with your physician if you have , , cleaners, and hobby symptoms that you believe are related to Problem products. Excessively dry or humid con­ indoor air. Other lifestyle choices can ditions also can result in an indoor air contribute to indoor air quality problems. quality problem. , tobacco smoking, household product Because older homes generally were use, hobbies, cooking habits, and parking built with more air “leaks,” the outdoor in attached garages all can affect contam­ air that leaked into these homes diluted inant levels in the home. some indoor air pollutants. Newer homes Some air pollutants, such as radon and are more tightly built, and older homes monoxide, cannot be smelled or are being weatherized to reduce the cost seen. Radon can be detected with a spe­ of heating and cooling the house. If too cial monitor, and the federal government little outdoor air enters the home, pollu­ recommends that you test your home for tants from indoor sources can build up to radon. Testing for most other pollutants levels that can cause discomfort or health is expensive and the results of such effects. To prevent this buildup, the testing are often difficult to interpret. sources and pollutants must be controlled For advice about monitoring or more fresh air must be provided. levels, contact the: New York State Department of Health ndicators of a potential Center for I Detecting Indoor 2 University Place indoor air quality problem Air Problems Albany, NY 12203-3399 include: moisture condensa­ There are some simple ways to check Environmental Health Information tion on windows or walls, for poor air quality. Indicators of a poten­ Line: 1-800-458-1158 tial indoor air quality problem include: signs of water leaks, areas moisture condensation on windows or where mold grows, stuffy or walls, signs of water leaks, areas where stale air, and damaged flues or chimneys.

4 Finding : Improving Indoor Air Quality Three basic approaches can be taken to lower indoor air pollutant lev­ els: source control, ventilation, and air cleaning.

Source Control The first step to improving indoor air quality is to eliminate individual sources of pollution or reduce their emissions (e.g., eliminating smoking and properly maintaining the furnace). Many specific methods of source control are discussed in the following sections. Obvious sources of indoor air pollutants, such as combustion sources or household products, can be controlled, but emis­ sions from furnishings or building mate­ rials are more difficult.

Ventilation Bringing outdoor air into the house and exhausting indoor air outside is called ventilation. Ventilation is important for Air Cleaning Should Houses reducing levels of contaminants that can­ Some indoor air pollutants can be not be controlled at the source. Some removed with an air cleaner. While air Be Tightly Built? outdoor air exchange is necessary in all cleaning can be useful, it is never a sub­ Many people are reducing home heat­ homes to control indoor and air stitute for source control and ventilation. ing and cooling costs by weatherizing or contaminants and to keep the house from Some air cleaners are effective at remov­ tightening up their homes. When com­ feeling stuffy. Uncontrolled ventilation, or ing and particles from the air. bined with source control and mechani­ , is unplanned airflow into and However, most air cleaners have no cal ventilation, tight homes provide the out of a house through cracks and holes, effect on gases or and should not greatest opportunity for comfort, econ­ as well as open windows and doors. The be expected to provide total air purifica­ omy, and good health. However, if homes rate of uncontrolled ventilation varies tion. Air cleaners should always be used are not equipped for controlling and widely depending on the and the and maintained according to the manu­ removing indoor air pollutants, indoor air design, construction, and placement of facturer’s instructions. quality problems may result. Good the house. Uncontrolled airflow may not In homes with forced-air heating or indoor air quality, energy efficiency, and provide adequate ventilation, can make a cooling, air filters should be maintained a comfortable environment can be house feel too hot or too cold, and can and replaced on a regular basis. Typical obtained when the practices suggested in increase energy bills. furnace filters are designed to protect this booklet are followed. Mechanical ventilation and tight build­ mechanical equipment and are not effec­ ing construction allow you to control air­ tive at capturing small particles capable flow into the house. Fans are used to of entering the . People with aller­ bring fresh outdoor air inside, circulate gies or may want to upgrade the air through the house, and exhaust standard furnace filters to higher- stale indoor air. For example, properly efficiency filters or electronic air clean­ hree basic approaches installed and operated exhaust fans can T ers. Before upgrading furnace filters, can be taken to lower levels remove stale, moist air from bathrooms check the furnace to ensure it has the and kitchens. More sophisticated capability to handle any increased airflow of indoor air pollutants: mechanical ventilation systems include resistance. source control, ventilation, air-to-air heat exchangers and heat-pump ventilators. These allow outdoor air to be and air cleaning. brought into the house while conserving energy.

5 his section provides information . Radon is estimated to cause from on common indoor air pollutants, 7,000 to 30,000 lung-cancer deaths each their sources in the home, potential year. Only cigarette smoking is believed Control of Thealth effects, and ways to reduce their to cause more lung-cancer deaths in the levels in the home. United States. Smoking combined with exposure to elevated levels of radon Common increases the risk of even Radon further. Radon is a colorless, odorless gas that Guidelines for exposure: The average Sources of occurs naturally and is found everywhere outdoor air concentration of radon is 0.4 at varying low levels. Radon is constantly picocuries per liter of air (pCi/l). Indoor produced from the breakdown of uranium Indoor Air air concentrations in New York State and in or rock. average about 1.4 pCi/l, but measurements Pollutants Sources in the home: Radon gas in the as high as 500 pCi/l and as low as 0.1 pCi/l soil can enter homes through dirt floors, have been observed. The U.S. Environ­ cracks in basement walls or floors, floor mental Protection Agency advises that drains, or sumps. In some areas, well steps be taken to reduce radon levels in water contains radon. The churning of the home if the levels are above 4 pCi/l. water in washers, showers, toilets, and Many factors can influence radon levels sinks releases radon gas into the air. in indoor air, including the weather and In some unusual situations, building ventilation rate. A good measure of the materials contain radon and release it to annual average radon level in the home the indoor air. The only way to know if (determined by appropriate testing) should there is a radon problem in a house is to be made before deciding what, if any, measure the radon level with a radon remedial measures to take in your home. detector. All homes should be tested Control methods: Effective measures for radon. adon is a colorless, ­ are available to reduce the level of radon R Health effects: Exposure to elevated in any home. However, the approach to less gas that occurs naturally levels of radon increases the risk of lung reducing radon exposure is specific for and is found everywhere at varying low levels.

6 each home. Many mitigation methods through open windows and doors. High-efficiency air filters installed in require the services of an experienced air-handling systems can reduce the levels Health effects: Biological agents can be contractor. The New York State Depart­ of some biological agents in indoor air. inhaled directly or may be attached ment of Health has additional informa­ High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) to dust particles that are inhaled. tion on radon, including lists of trained vacuum bags or a central vacuum system Respiratory illnesses, such as colds, flu radon-mitigation contractors (see page that exhausts air outside may help reduce and , can be caused by 15), as well as a program to distribute the spread of these pollutants. inhaled viruses or bacteria. Allergic reac­ radon test kits to residents. For addi­ tions to , , , mites, tional information, call the toll-free num­ and allergens are also possible. ber listed in the back of this booklet. Exposure to biological agents may cause or worsen asthma. Biological Agents Control methods: Appliances that and Allergens contain water should be cleaned and Biological contaminants include sanitized regularly according to the man­ bacteria, mold and mildew, viruses, mites, ufacturer’s instructions. Areas that have pollen, and animal dander. been soaked by water leaks should be inspected for water damage. Repair any Sources in the home: Many sources of iological contaminants leaks in pipes or roofs. Saturated insula­ B these pollutants are commonly found tion, rotted wood, stained ceiling tiles, include bacteria, mold and in homes. Bacteria and viruses are trans­ and other damaged materials should be mitted by infected people or ; mildew, viruses, mites, pollen, replaced. Wet should be dried household pets are sources of dander promptly and may need to be replaced. and animal dander. and other allergens. Mold and mildew Good ventilation is necessary to control growth is encouraged by damp condi­ humidity. Relative humidity should be tions resulting from high humidity, water- maintained between 30 and 50 percent. pipe leaks, persistent condensation, or Properly maintained and operated water-filled appliances (, exhaust fans can help control humidity. , and air conditioners). Dehumidifiers can be used in basements Dust mites can grow in any warm, damp and other areas where humidity is difficult environment, but are commonly found in to control by ventilation alone. carpets and upholstery. Pollen and mold from outdoor sources can enter homes

7 Carbon monoxide is a colorless, and dioxide odorless gas produced by incomplete Nitrogen oxides and can combustion of fuels. Nitrogen , irritate the eyes, nose, and respiratory Pollutants , and sulfur dioxide are tract, and high levels can cause shortness also gases formed during combustion. of breath. Prolonged exposure to high Respirable are small particles levels of nitrogen dioxide can cause lung from that can be inhaled deeply and remain damage and chronic lung disease. Long- lodged in the lungs. They are also term exposure to lower levels of nitrogen Combustion produced during combustion. dioxide may increase the frequency of Sources in the home: Unvented or respiratory illness. People with respiratory (Burning) improperly vented kerosene or gas space illnesses such as asthma are more suscep­ heaters, unvented hot water heaters, tible to the effects of nitrogen oxides and wood or , unvented gas ranges, sulfur dioxide. Children may also be improperly operating gas or oil , more susceptible to health effects from automobile exhaust, and these chemicals. Carbon Monoxide, are potential sources of carbon monoxide At low concentrations, respirable Nitrogen Oxides and in the home. particulates irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. At higher levels, long-term Sulfur Dioxide, and Health effects: Carbon monoxide is Respirable Particulates exposure is associated with respiratory ill­ absorbed through the lungs into the nesses, such as and emphysema. blood, where it interferes with the blood’s ability to carry . At low lev­ Control methods: Gas and oil furnaces, els, it can cause fatigue in healthy people gas hot water heaters, and gas dryers and chest pain in people with heart dis­ should be serviced before each heating ease. At higher levels, carbon monoxide to keep them in good operating can cause headaches, dizziness, weak­ condition. Exhaust from these appliances Carbon monoxide is a ness, nausea, and confusion. Very high must be vented directly to the outside. colorless, odorless gas levels can cause death. Flues and chimneys should be inspected and cleaned regularly. produced by incomplete combustion of fuels. Nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are also gases formed during combustion.

8 Combustion appliances should be Sources in the home: Environmental installed in an area isolated from the liv­ tobacco smoke is the secondhand smoke ing area, such as a utility room. Make-up exhaled by smokers and the sidestream air from outside the building should be smoke from the burning of , supplied to ensure adequate air for cigars, and pipes. combustion and to prevent exhaust gases Health effects: Research has shown from blowing back into living areas. that ETS causes lung cancer in both Make-up air is particularly important in smokers and non-smokers. The U.S. tightly constructed homes. Unvented gas Environmental Protection Agency esti­ and kerosene heaters emit combustion mates that ETS causes approximately gases into the indoor air. These devices 3,000 lung-cancer deaths a year in U.S. are prohibited in any residence in New non-smokers. Short-term exposure to York and in buildings with three or ETS can irritate the eyes, nose, and more residences in New York State. nvironmental tobacco throat. Long-term exposure can cause E Adequate ventilation must be provided respiratory problems, such as wheezing, smoke (ETS) is the second­ at all times and extensive use of these bronchitis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. devices should be avoided. Gas stoves hand smoke exhaled by Children and asthmatics are particularly should not be used for home heating, and susceptible to ETS. Asthma attacks may smokers and the sidestream should not be idled in garages. be precipitated by respiratory irritation Some air cleaners can remove res­ smoke from the burning of or infections related to ETS exposure. pirable particulates. cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. ETS may also contribute to heart disease. Environmental Control methods: ETS can be totally removed from indoor air only by remov­ Tobacco Smoke (ETS) ing the source: cigarette, cigar, and pipe ETS is a complex of over smoking. A separate smoking area, 4700 chemical compounds, including mechanical ventilation, or air cleaners gases and particles, from incompletely may reduce, but will not eliminate, non­ burned tobacco. smokers’ exposure to ETS.

9 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a colorless gas which has a distinctive, pungent odor at higher concentrations. Pollutants Sources in the home: Formaldehyde is released from some household prod­ from ucts, such as , particleboard, draperies, furniture fabrics, glues and adhesives, tobacco smoke, some personal Man-Made care products, and urea-formaldehyde foam insulation. As these materials age, Sources they generally stop releasing significant amounts of formaldehyde. Health effects: Short-term, low-level exposure may cause temporary eye, nose, Formaldehyde, and throat irritation. Some people may Volatile Organic Chemicals, become more sensitive to formaldehyde , and Asbestos after an initial exposure. Long-term inhalation of formaldehyde has caused materials. Air-conditioning and dehumid­ cancer in animals. Whether formaldehyde ification may help to reduce formalde­ causes cancer in is not known. hyde emissions. Control methods: Formaldehyde expo­ sure can be reduced by avoiding products Volatile Organic Chemicals that contain formaldehyde or buying low- This category includes a wide variety emitting formaldehyde products. Where of and chemicals that easily new formaldehyde-containing products ealth effects depend evaporate. H have been installed, ventilation can be on the level and specific type temporarily increased. High humidity Sources in the home: Volatile organic of chemical, the length of and high temperatures will increase the chemicals (VOCs) found in indoor air rate at which formaldehyde escapes from come from a variety of sources, including exposure, and other factors. paints, cleaners, tobacco smoke, sprays, pesticides, deodorizers, mothballs, fuels, dry-cleaned clothes, and other household products and furnishings. Chemical products used in home work­ shops and hobbies often contain VOCs. Health effects: Health effects depend on the level and specific type of chemi­ cal, the length of exposure, and other factors. Some VOCs are irritants, some affect the , and others can cause cancer with long-term, high-level exposure. Very little is known about the effects of long-term, low-level exposure to combinations of these compounds. Control methods: Exposure to VOCs in indoor air can be reduced in several ways. Unnecessary products containing VOCs can be eliminated from the indoor environment, or such products can be bought in amounts that are used quickly. Products containing VOCs should be 10 used only in well-ventilated areas or out­ solved in it. Other potential sources of doors. Labels should be read carefully lead exposure include hobbies and directions for use should be followed. such as working with stained Products containing VOCs should be and shooting at indoor targets, stored in tightly sealed containers in a and stored secure and well-ventilated area. in lead crystal, lead- glazed , or porce­ Lead lain; and some folk medi­ cines and cosmetics. Lead is a naturally occurring soft Adults who work in occu­ that once was widely used in gaso­ pations such as construc­ line, , and fixtures. tion, plumbing, , or Although lead paint for walls and lead auto repair may bring lead for pipes have been banned, older dust home on their clothing homes are likely to contain lead. As lead or shoes. paint ages, it can chip or crumble into Asbestos Health effects: All children should be dust. Exposure to lead paint dust or chips Asbestos is a used exten­ tested for at ages one and can cause serious health problems, espe­ sively in building products because it is two. Other children up to six years old cially for children and pregnant women. fireproof, a good thermal , and should also be tested if their doctors Sources in the home: Lead can be easily made into fabrics, pipe coverings, think they are at risk. If lead gets into a found in paint, dust, soil, and water. Lead and other materials. When asbestos is ’s body, it could cause a lower IQ, poisoning in homes most commonly disturbed or deteriorates, asbestos kidney damage, , headaches, occurs when a child eats paint chips, can break off and get into the air. slowed growth, anemia, or behavior sucks on lead-dusted hands and toys, or problems. Children are at higher risk Sources in the home: Asbestos has chews on lead-painted window sills and from lead exposure because they put been banned from many products and stair rails. In most cases, lead-based paint hands and other objects in their mouths, voluntarily removed from others. Asbestos in good condition is not a . Any their growing bodies absorb more lead, is most commonly found in older homes renovation or remodeling projects that and their and nervous systems are in pipe and furnace insulation, shingles, disturb paint or create dust should be more sensitive to the damaging effects of millboard, textured paints, and vinyl- handled professionally, as removing lead- lead. Lead also can be harmful to adults, asbestos floor tiles. Asbestos was com­ based paint improperly can increase the and pregnant women should be espe­ monly used before 1970. danger. may also contain cially careful. Health effects: Long-term exposure to lead from old pipes or solder, particularly high levels of asbestos fibers in the air if the water is soft, corrosive, or acidic. Control methods: Deteriorating paint has led to and cancer The longer water stands in the pipes, the or high levels of dust can pose a hazard in asbestos workers and their families. greater the possibility of lead being dis­ in homes with lead paint. Paint chips should be cleaned up immediately. Control methods: Depending on the Floors, window frames, and window sills situation, asbestos materials either can be should be cleaned regularly with warm removed or sealed in place to prevent water and an all-purpose cleaner, and fibers from getting into the air. However, mops and sponges thoroughly rinsed only a trained professional should work afterwards. Children’s hands should be with asbestos. An untrained individual washed often, and they should be kept should not dust, sweep, disturb, or vac­ from chewing painted surfaces. Children uum materials suspected of containing with good diets who eat low-fat meals asbestos because these activities can high in and will absorb less release fibers into the air. lead. Temporary measures such as cover­ ing a surface with wallboard or paneling xposure to lead paint dust may reduce . Any removal of lead E paint should be done by a trained profes­ or chips can cause serious sional, who will do the work safely and health problems, especially has the proper equipment to clean up thoroughly. Lead should not be removed for children and pregnant by dry scraping, belt-sanding, women. torch, or heat gun; these actions generate large amounts of dust and fumes.

11 Indoor Air Pollutants POLLUTANTS SOURCES

RADON ■ and rock under buildings A colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas that comes ■ Some earth-derived building materials ■ Pollutants from the of uranium or radium.

from BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ■ House dust Bacteria, viruses, fungi, animal dander, mites, ■ Infected humans or animals Natural , molds, and . ■ Bedding ■ Poorly maintained humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and air conditioners Sources ■ Wet or moist surfaces ■ Carpets and home furnishings

CARBON MONOXIDE ■ Unvented or malfunctioning gas appliances A colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete ■ Unvented or malfunctioning gas and oil furnaces combustion of all carbon fuels. ■ Unvented kerosene heaters ■ Wood or coal stoves ■ Tobacco smoke ■ Automobile exhaust, usually in attached garages ■ Malfunctioning chimneys used for wood, gas, or oil exhaust

Pollutants NITROGEN OXIDES and SULFUR DIOXIDE ■ Same as for carbon monoxide Gases formed by incomplete combustion of all from carbon fuels. Combustion RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES ■ Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Burning) Particles small enough to inhale that come in a ■ Wood-burning stoves and variety of sizes, shapes, and levels of . ■ Unvented kerosene space heaters ■ Gas-fired ranges, furnaces, and water heaters ■ Vacuum cleaning and house dust ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE ■ Cigarettes Secondhand smoke exhaled by smokers, also called ■ Cigars sidestream smoke. ■ Pipes

FORMALDEHYDE ■ Pressed wood products such as plywood, paneling, and particleboard A colorless gas with a distinctive, pungent odor at ■ Urea-formaldehyde foam wall insulation higher concentrations. ■ Carpets, draperies, and furniture fabrics ■ Paper products, glues, and adhesives ■ Some personal care products ■ Tobacco smoke VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (VOCs) ■ Aerosol sprays, sprays, perfumes, solvents, glues, cleaning agents, fabric Airborne chemicals contained in many household softeners, pesticides, paints, moth repellents, deodorizers, and other household products. products ■ Dry-cleaned clothing Pollutants ■ Moth balls from ■ Tobacco smoke

Man-Made LEAD ■ House dust from lead paint or contaminated soil A natural element once used as a component in ■ Lead-based paint Sources , water pipes, solder, and house paint. ■ Water from lead or lead-soldered pipes ■ Soil near highways and lead industries ■ Hobbies such as working with stained glass and target shooting ■ Lead-glazed ceramic ware ■ Some folk remedies

ASBESTOS ■ Damaged or deteriorating ceiling, wall, and pipe insulation A natural mineral fiber used in various building ■ Vinyl-asbestos floor material materials. ■ Fireproof gaskets in heat shields, wood stoves, and furnaces ■ Acoustical materials

12 HEALTH EFFECTS CONTROL METHODS

■ Lung cancer ■ Seal cracks and openings to the soil with caulk ■ Use sub-slab suction (active soil depressurization), drain-tile suction, or block-wall ventilation ■ Use basement pressurization ■ Cover exposed earth in basement or with heavy plastic ■ Use water filtration or aeration ■ Allergic reactions and asthma ■ Maintain relative humidity between 30 and 50 percent ■ Headaches ■ Keep the home clean, control the source of irritants, and use air filters and cleaners ■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Empty and clean sources of standing water (humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and air conditioners) regularly with ■ Colds, flu, and pneumonia according to manufacturers’ instructions ■ Cover exposed earth in basement or crawl space with heavy plastic barrier ■ Use exhaust fans that vent to the outside in bathrooms and kitchens ■ Ventilate crawl spaces and basements during warm weather

■ Headaches ■ Regularly inspect and maintain all fuel-burning equipment and appliances ■ and chest pain ■ Install combustion appliances in an area isolated from the home’s living area ■ Blurry vision ■ Use pilotless ignition on gas appliances ■ Nausea ■ Direct-vent all combustion exhaust, including gas dryers, outside ■ Weakness, confusion, and fatigue ■ Supply adequate outdoor make-up air for combustion ■ Death ■ Inspect and clean flues and chimneys regularly ■ Never use a gas range for home heating ■ Never warm up a in an attached garage ■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Same as for carbon monoxide ■ Shortness of breath ■ Increased respiratory infections in children ■ Lung damage and chronic lung disease ■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Properly maintain, vent, and provide outdoor make-up air for combustion equipment and appliances ■ Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, ■ Keep the home clean such as bronchitis ■ Control the source of irritants ■ Emphysema ■ Use air filters and cleaners ■ Lung cancer ■ Use a kitchen exhaust vented to the outside when cooking ■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Remove the source — cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking ■ Respiratory irritation (wheezing, coughing) ■ Bronchitis and pneumonia (particularly in children) ■ Emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease

■ Allergic reactions ■ Remove the source ■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Avoid products that contain high levels of formaldehyde ■ Headaches ■ Purchase low-emitting formaldehyde products ■ Maybe cancer ■ Coat exposed board products with vapor-barrier paints ■ (Note: sensitivity varies widely) ■ Avoid high relative humidity

■ Eye, nose, and throat irritation ■ Eliminate unnecessary chemicals from the indoor environment ■ Headaches ■ Use less hazardous products and do not mix products ■ Loss of coordination ■ Buy chemicals in small quantities that will be used quickly ■ Confusion ■ Store chemicals in a secure, well-ventilated area ■ Damage to liver, kidneys, and ■ Carefully read labels and follow directions for use ■ Various types of cancer ■ Use only in well-ventilated areas or outside ■ Air out freshly dry-cleaned clothes before wearing ■ Damage to the brain, kidneys, and nervous system ■ Use only water from the cold water tap for drinking, cooking, or making baby formula and run tap until cold ■ Behavioral and learning problems to the touch ■ Slowed growth ■ Damp mop frequently ■ Anemia ■ Wash children’s hands and toys ■ Hearing loss ■ Clean or remove shoes before entering to avoid tracking in lead from soil ■ Eat a ■ Have your home inspected for lead-based paint ■ Get professional advice for renovation or remodeling activities ■ Coughing, chest pain, and weakness ■ Do not use materials containing asbestos ■ (scarring of lung tissue) ■ If a material containing asbestos is damaged or needs repair, contact a certified asbestos abatement ■ : lung, (cancer of chest contractor lining or abdomen), and others ■ Do not dust, sweep, wrap, or vacuum materials suspected of containing asbestos

13 hese State and federal agencies and General Indoor Air Quality private organizations can supply you “Who to Contact for Help and with additional information. T Information about Environmental Health,” January 1992, DOH. New York State Department of Where to go Health (DOH) “Glossary of Environmental Health Center for Environmental Health Terms,” October 1991, DOH. 2 University Place, “An Introduction to Toxic Substances,” for Albany, NY 12203-3399 October 1991, DOH. 1-800-458-1158 “A Guide to Reference Materials on Toxic Substances,” October 1991, Indoor Air Quality Information DOH. Additional Clearinghouse (IAQ INFO) A service of the U.S. Environmental “The Inside Story, A Guide to Indoor Protection Agency, Indoor Air Division Air Quality,” EPA/400/1-88/004, Information P. O. Box 37133, April 1995, IAQ INFO. , DC 20013-7133 “Residential Air-Cleaning Devices - A 1-800-438-4318 (for general or technical Summary of Available Information,” indoor air quality information) EPA 400/1-90-002, February 1990, IAQ INFO. U. S. Consumer Product Safety “Indoor Air Facts No. 7: Residential Air Commission (CPSC) Cleaners,” IAQ-0007, February 1990, Office of Hazards Analysis IAQ INFO. 4330 Eastwest , “Indoor Air Facts No. 8: Use and Care Bethesda, MD 20814 of Home Humidifiers,” IAQ-0008, 1-800-638-2772 (complaints about February 1991, IAQ INFO. adverse reactions to or injuries from ) “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on Household Products, 1986, ALA. American Lung Association of “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on New York State (ALA) , 1992, ALA. 8 Mountain View Avenue, “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on Albany, NY 12205 Carpets, 1992, ALA. 518-459-4197 “Air Pollution in Your Home?” June 1990, ALA. Book: “Household Hazards, A Guide to Detoxifying Your Home,” pub­ lished by the League of Women Voters of Albany County, 1988. (Available from NYS Department of Environmental Conservation, (518) 457-6072.) Book: “Indoor Pollution,” Steve Coffel and Karyn Feiden, Ballantine Books, New York, 1990. Book: “Non-Toxic Home and Office,” Debra Lynn Dadd, Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., .

14 Combustion Pollutants Formaldehyde “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on “An Update on Formaldehyde,” October Combustion Pollutants, 1986, ALA. 1990, CPSC. “CPSC Safety Alert on Carbon Monoxide “Tips for Purchasing and Installing Detectors,” available from Carbon New - Fact Sheet,” October Monoxide Detectors, Washington, 1992, CPSC. DC 20207. “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on The CPSC Hotline (1-800-638-2772) Formaldehyde, 1986, ALA. provides information on residential carbon monoxide detectors that meet Underwriters Standard 2034.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke “Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Radon Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other “A Citizen’s Guide To Radon (Second Disorders,” EPA/600/6-90/006F, Edition), The Guide to Protecting December 1992, IAQ INFO. Yourself and Your Family from “Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Radon,” 402-K92-001, May 1992, Smoking - Fact Sheet,” January 1993, DOH. IAQ INFO. “Consumer’s Guide to Radon Reduction ­ “Reducing the Health Risks of How to Reduce Radon Levels in Your Secondhand Smoke,” 1992, ALA. Home,” 402-K92-003, August 1992, Lead DOH. “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on “Get the Lead Out of Drinking Water,” Secondhand Smoke, 1990, ALA. May 1995, DOH. “Home Buyers’ and Sellers’ Guide to Radon,” EPA-402-R-93-003, DOH. “What You Should Know About Lead-Based Paint in Your Home,” “Protocols for Radon and Radon Decay September 1990, CPSC. Product Measurements in Homes,” EPA-402-R-92-003, DOH. “National Radon Measurement Proficiency Program Report,” EPA-402-R-93-006, DOH. “National Radon Contractor Proficiency Program Report,” EPA-402-R-93-005, DOH. “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on Radon, 1992, ALA. Information about radon-testing equipment, radon testing, and radon- mitigation contractors is available from the New York State Department of Health (1-800-458-1158). Additional Asbestos information can be obtained from EPA’s “Asbestos in Your Home,” September Office of Radiation and Indoor Air on the 1990, ALA. Internet at http://www.epa.gov/radonpro “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on or 1-800-962-4684. Asbestos, 1990, ALA. Biological Agents This brochure was prepared and “Biological Pollutants in Your Home,” produced by the New York State January 1990, ALA. Energy Research and Development “Indoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet” on Authority, 17 Columbia Circle, Biological Agents, 1986, ALA. Albany, NY 12203-6399. For information on NYSERDA's programs and publications, call (518) 862-1090; fax (518) 862-1091; World Wide Web Home Page: http://www.nyserda.org/

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