The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The New York State Department of Health 6/97 Indoor Air Quality and Your Home A Guide to Common Indoor Pollutants, Their Sources, and Control Methods The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority The New York State Department of Health involved in controlling and regulating pollution levels in the outdoor air and in the workplace, they have only limited authority to address the quality of air in homes. Today, homes can be made more comfortable and energy-efficient by reducing the number and size of open­ ings in the structure and controlling air Introduction movement by mechanical means. We no longer need to rely on fans and open windows to control air flow. Instead, product manufacturers offer low-cost systems for controlling air movement into and out of new homes. Air that is stale, moist, or otherwise polluted can be removed from any area and fresh air can be brought into the places it is most needed. Message from ndoor air has always contained natural This booklet describes the sources of and man-made impurities such as common air pollutants in homes, the the Governor bacteria, viruses, fungi, radon gas, and I potential health effects from exposure to When most people hear about air combustion by-products from burning. these pollutants, and methods to improve pollution, they think of problems In recent years, additional contaminants indoor air quality. Additional information that affect outdoor air such as smog, such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and other is available from the federal, state, and acid rain, and diesel exhaust. organic chemicals have been identified in private agencies listed on pages 14 and However, sometimes indoor air can indoor air. Research indicates that the air 15. have higher levels of contaminants within homes and other buildings can than outdoor air. have higher levels of these contaminants Many New Yorkers are also than the outdoor air, even in large cities. reducing their home heating and And, people spend most of their time This booklet was designed cooling costs by weatherizing, or indoors. Those people who may be to help New York State tightening, their homes while exposed to indoor air pollutants for the newer homes are being built to be longest period, such as infants, the elderly, residents learn more about more energy-efficient. Without and the ill, can be the most susceptible the quality of air in their proper design and construction, to adverse health effects. the resulting exposure to indoor air Research is adding to our understand­ homes and, if necessary, contaminants could affect their ing of indoor air pollutants; but more how to improve it. comfort and health. information is needed on the sources and Energy-efficient homes that control of indoor air pollution. Although combine adequate ventilation federal, state, and local governments are while controlling sources of indoor air contaminants are the most com­ fortable, economical, and healthy. Because we spend most of our time indoors, it is important to address and resolve indoor air problems by limiting or removing indoor air pollutants. This book is designed to help you learn more about the quality of air in your home and, if necessary, how to improve it. Good indoor air quality, energy efficiency, and a comfortable environment are achievable goals. Governor George E. Pataki 2 YES NO Does your home usually feel stuffy or does the air 1 smell stale when you enter from the outside?……… □ □ Check Your 2 Do cooking odors linger for several hours? ……… □ □ Indoor During the winter, is there excessive 3 condensation or ice on windows, walls, Air Quality or ceilings? …………………………………………… □ □ 4 Is mold growing anywhere in your home?………… □ □ Is there soot around your furnace, boiler, 5 or hot water heater?………………………………… □ □ If you heat your home with a gas or oil furnace, 6 do you ever smell gas or oil fumes?………………… □ □ If you heat your home with wood, do you often 7 smell wood smoke?………………………………… □ □ Does anyone in your household often experience 8 any of the following symptoms when at home, but not when they are away from home? a. Headaches………………………………………… □ □ b. Itchy, watery, or burning eyes…………………… □ □ Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Departments c. Feelings of confusion or dizziness ……………… □ □ of Public Health and Energy Offices in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, d. Breathing difficulties……………………………… □ □ and Rhode Island for granting us per­ mission to use their booklet, “Indoor e. Nasal congestion………………………………… □ □ Air Quality and Your Health,” as the foundation for this publication. In f. Dry, sore throat ………………………………… □ □ addition, we wish to express our appreciation to Mindy Pensak of the g. Drowsiness……………………………………… □ □ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Stephen Tomasik, formerly of the American Lung Association of If your answer to any of these questions is “yes,” the air quality in New York State; Robert Kelley, for­ merly of NY-STAR, Inc.; for their your home may be poor. This booklet can help you determine how comprehensive review and comments. to identify indoor air quality problems and how to improve the air quality in your home. 3 any things in a house release gases mold grows, stuffy or stale air, and or particles into the air that are the damaged flues or chimneys. Sometimes, primary sources of indoor air con­ health effects that occur only in the M home and disappear after the person taminants. Examples include combustion sources such as oil, gas, kerosene, or leaves the home can indicate a problem. wood; furnishings or building materials Or, health effects may occur immediately such as new carpeting, new furniture, after moving into a home, or after refur­ The pressed wood products, and new or wet nishing or remodeling. You should con­ carpeting; and household items such as sult with your physician if you have pesticides, paints, cleaners, and hobby symptoms that you believe are related to Problem products. Excessively dry or humid con­ indoor air. Other lifestyle choices can ditions also can result in an indoor air contribute to indoor air quality problems. quality problem. Pets, tobacco smoking, household product Because older homes generally were use, hobbies, cooking habits, and parking built with more air “leaks,” the outdoor in attached garages all can affect contam­ air that leaked into these homes diluted inant levels in the home. some indoor air pollutants. Newer homes Some air pollutants, such as radon and are more tightly built, and older homes carbon monoxide, cannot be smelled or are being weatherized to reduce the cost seen. Radon can be detected with a spe­ of heating and cooling the house. If too cial monitor, and the federal government little outdoor air enters the home, pollu­ recommends that you test your home for tants from indoor sources can build up to radon. Testing for most other pollutants levels that can cause discomfort or health is expensive and the results of such effects. To prevent this buildup, the testing are often difficult to interpret. sources and pollutants must be controlled For advice about monitoring pollutant or more fresh air must be provided. levels, contact the: New York State Department of Health ndicators of a potential Center for Environmental Health I Detecting Indoor 2 University Place indoor air quality problem Air Problems Albany, NY 12203-3399 include: moisture condensa­ There are some simple ways to check Environmental Health Information tion on windows or walls, for poor air quality. Indicators of a poten­ Line: 1-800-458-1158 tial indoor air quality problem include: signs of water leaks, areas moisture condensation on windows or where mold grows, stuffy or walls, signs of water leaks, areas where stale air, and damaged flues or chimneys. 4 Finding Solutions: Improving Indoor Air Quality Three basic approaches can be taken to lower indoor air pollutant lev­ els: source control, ventilation, and air cleaning. Source Control The first step to improving indoor air quality is to eliminate individual sources of pollution or reduce their emissions (e.g., eliminating cigarette smoking and properly maintaining the furnace). Many specific methods of source control are discussed in the following sections. Obvious sources of indoor air pollutants, such as combustion sources or household products, can be controlled, but emis­ sions from furnishings or building mate­ rials are more difficult. Ventilation Bringing outdoor air into the house and exhausting indoor air outside is called ventilation. Ventilation is important for Air Cleaning Should Houses reducing levels of contaminants that can­ Some indoor air pollutants can be not be controlled at the source. Some removed with an air cleaner. While air Be Tightly Built? outdoor air exchange is necessary in all cleaning can be useful, it is never a sub­ Many people are reducing home heat­ homes to control indoor humidity and air stitute for source control and ventilation. ing and cooling costs by weatherizing or contaminants and to keep the house from Some air cleaners are effective at remov­ tightening up their homes. When com­ feeling stuffy. Uncontrolled ventilation, or ing dust and particles from the air. bined with source control and mechani­ infiltration, is unplanned airflow into and However, most air cleaners have no cal ventilation, tight homes provide the out of a house through cracks and holes, effect on gases or vapors and should not greatest opportunity for comfort, econ­ as well as open windows and doors. The be expected to provide total air purifica­ omy, and good health. However, if homes rate of uncontrolled ventilation varies tion. Air cleaners should always be used are not equipped for controlling and widely depending on the weather and the and maintained according to the manu­ removing indoor air pollutants, indoor air design, construction, and placement of facturer’s instructions. quality problems may result.