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Ecological Engineering for the Bioremediation of Aquatic Systems : Effects of the Combined Bioturbation and Phytoremediation on Cadmium and Atrazine Removal

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Ecological Engineering for the Bioremediation of Aquatic Systems : Effects of the Combined Bioturbation and Phytoremediation on Cadmium and Atrazine Removal Ecological engineering for the bioremediation of aquatic systems : effects of the combined bioturbation and phytoremediation on cadmium and atrazine removal. Trung Kien Hoang To cite this version: Trung Kien Hoang. Ecological engineering for the bioremediation of aquatic systems : effects of the combined bioturbation and phytoremediation on cadmium and atrazine removal.. Environmental Engineering. Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier), 2018. English. tel-02193335 HAL Id: tel-02193335 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02193335 Submitted on 24 Jul 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par l'Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier Présentée et soutenue par Trung Kien HOANG Le 16 novembre 2018 Ingénierie écologique pour la biorémédiation des systèmes aquatiques: effets du couplage de la bioturbation avec la phytoremediation sur le cadmium et l'atrazine Ecole doctorale : SDU2E - Sciences de l'Univers, de l'Environnement et de l'Espace Spécialité : Ecologie fonctionnelle Unité de recherche : ECOLAB - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement Thèse dirigée par Magali GERINO et Thi Thuy DUONG Jury M. Pierre ANSCHUTZ, Rapporteur M. Florian MERMILLOD-BLONDIN, Rapporteur M. Fabrice MARTIN-LAURENT, Examinateur M. Francois LAURENT, Examinateur M. Didier ORANGE, Examinateur M. Franck GILBERT, Examinateur Mme MagaliM. Arnaud GERINO, ELGER, Directeur Invité de thèse HOANG T.K. 2018 “It always seems impossible until it’s done” – Nelson Mandela 2 HOANG T.K. 2018 Acknowledgment Firstly, I would particularly like to thank my thesis supervisor, Prof. Magali GERINO, who offered me the opportunity to pursue this thesis and for all the confidence that she has given to me. Her immense knowledge, together with her patience, has been an irreplaceable source of guidance and support for me in carrying out , research and writing this thesis. Without her supervision, this project would simply not have happened. I would like to acknowledge the valuable input of Dr. Francois LAURENT and Dr. Anne PROBST, who contributed to the analyses method and were always willing to help to resolve the problematic issues. I would also like to acknowledge helpful suggestions and encouragement from Dr. Thi Thuy DUONG – thesis supervisor from Vietnam and Dr. Didier ORANGE – thesis advisor as well as thesis committee members: Dr. Franck GILBERT, Dr. Arnaud ELGER, and Dr. Nicolas MAZZELLA. I would like to thank my colleagues and dear friends: Mrs. Marie-Joe TAVELLA, Mrs. Sophie LORBER, Mr. Frederic JULIEN, Mr. SYLVAIN LAMOTHE, Mr. Didier LAMBRIGOT for their availability, introductory in technique, assistance and contribution to my analytical work and data collection as well at ENSAT, INRA2, and ECOLAB laboratories. I also wanted to show my gratitude the other members of the BIOREF team: Regine SAUR, Micky TACKX, Evelyne BUFFAN-DUBAU, Thibaut ROTA, Quentin PETITJEAN, and many other people who had contributed to the perfect atmosphere of this laboratory – one that was so welcoming. That I never failed to feel pleased and thankful for. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my family, my parent, my wife, and my daughter, who always beside me no matter where I am. Thank you for being ever so understanding and supportive! 3 HOANG T.K. 2018 RESUME FRANÇAIS Ce sujet de recherche vise mieux comprendre les processus de bio remédiation qui participent à la réduction des charges en polluants dans les écosystèmes aquatiques du type zones humides, en tant que question d’actualité en ingénierie écologique. L’efficacité des processus de phytoremédiation a été largement démontrée par des applications individuelles sur le sol et les sédiments. Cette thèse a pour objectif de démontrer la participation d’une population d’invertébrés dans l’efficacité de la réduction de polluants des sédiments aquatiques en combinant le processus de bioturbation avec la phytoremédiation. Les hypotheses de recherche ont été testée expérimentalement en conditions de laboratoire à l’aide d'une série de microcosmes reproduisant chacun une portion d’interface eau/ sédiments similaire aux conditions en zones humides. Dans nos expériences, la bioturbation est réalisée par une population d’oligochètes Tubificidae bien connue comme un ingénieur écologique. La phytoremédiation associée est effectuée par une plante aquatique Typha latifolia connue pour sa capacité à extraire les polluants organiques et inorganiques des sédiments par l'accumulation dans leur biomasse. L’influence de cette biodiversité sur les flux et bilan de masse de polluants modèles, a été démontré à l’aide de 2 expériences de laboratoire mettant en oeuvre des séries de microcosmes contaminées avec du Cadmium en tant que métal trace avec une concentration initiale de 20 µg.L-1, dans l’eau surnageante, et de l’atrazine marquée avec une concentration de 5 µg.g-1 de sédiment frais en tant que micropolluant organique persistant et herbicide. Les résultats de ces expériences démontrent que le bio-transport créé par la population de tubificidae ainsi que la bioremédiation sont toujours actifs en présence de contamination ce qui confirme le potentiel de dévelopement de ces organismes en ingénierie écologique. La bioadvection du sédiment et des contaminants par les tubificidae est quantifiée grâce à l’utilisation de luminophores (traceurs particulaires). Le processus de bioconvoyage engendre l’ensevelissement et le renouvellement de la 4 HOANG T.K. 2018 quantité de polluant autour du système racinaires des Typha latifolia. Les coefficients d’enrichissement des racines (ECR) pour le Cadmium sont plus élevés en présence de bioturbation. L’interaction entre l’activité des tubificidés et la contamination par le Cd depusi la colonne d’eau influence le bilan de masse du cadmium. Les flux de métaux du sédiment vers les racines sont estimés de l’ordre de 0.02+/-0.00 et 0.07+/-0.03 µg Cd par jour sans et avec bioturbation, respectivement. Dans le cas de l’atrazine, l’influence de la bioturbation sur les propriétés chimiques du sédiment (pH, porosité, matière organique, etc.) explique les modifications observées au niveau du processus d’adsorption-désorption de l’atrazine. Il est démontré que la bioturbation par les tubificidae accélère la mobilité de l’atrazine et favorise sa biodisponibilité en passant de la forme adsorbée sur les particules de sédiment vers la forme libre dans l’eau interstitielle. Les coefficients d’enrichissement de l’atrazine dans les racines de typha sont également plus élevés en présence de bioturbation (7.16 ± 0.66) que sans bioturbation (5.99 ± 0.64). La biodégradation de l’atrazine est significativement plus avancée en présence de bioturbation comme le démontre un nombre plus élevé de métabolites, et une quantité de métabolites plus importante mesurés dans les racines Typha latifolia. Notre étude démontre le potentiel apporté par la bioturbation comme facteur d’amélioration des performances de la phytoremédiation, pour un métal lourd comme pour un micro-polluant organique. Les recherches futures sur la base de ces résultats devraient s'intéresser à mettre en évidence l’influence de la bioturbation sur les communautés de micro-organismes en charge de la dégradation des composés organiques persistants. Mots clés: Ingénierie écologique; bioturbation; phytoremediation; pollution aquatique; zone humide; cadmium; atrazine; 14C. 5 HOANG T.K. 2018 SUMMARY The development of efficient bioremediation techniques to reduce pollutant loads in aquatic ecosystems is a challenging research question for ecological engineering. The accuracy of phytoremediation processes has been primarily demonstrated by individual applications on soils or water sediments. The present Ph.D. aims to demonstrate the interest of additional bioturbation combined to phytoremediation processes for the improvement bioremediation efficiency of aquatic sediments. This strategy benefits are tested experimentally in controlled laboratory conditions with a serie of microcosms reproducing each a portion of water/sediment interface such as in wetland areas. In our experiments, bioturbation was carried out by a conveyor-belt invertebrate population, the tubificidae oligochaetes Tubifex tubifex, well known as an active ecological engineer. The phytoremediation was conducted by the riparian plant Typha latifolia known for its ability to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from sediments by accumulation into its biomass. The experiments were managed to demonstrate the effects of this biological influence (plant and inveterbrate) on the mass balances and fluxes of one metal and one pesticide as models of pollutants. Cadmium as a heavy, inorganic and conservative metal pollutant was introduced as a pulse input in the overlying water of the contaminated microcosms, with a cadmium concentration of 20 µg.L-1 in at the initial time of the experiment that lasted one month. In a second experiment, atrazine was mixed in the whole sediment column at the initial time in order to reach
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