Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Final Report European Science Foundation (ESF) European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) The European Science Foundation (ESF) is an The European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC), independent, non-governmental organisation, the established in 1975, grew from the need to give members of which are 72 national funding agencies, European space scientists a voice in the space arena research performing agencies and academies from 30 at a time when successive US space science missions countries. and NASA’s Apollo missions dominated space The strength of ESF lies in its influential membership research. More than 35 years later, the ESSC actively and in its ability to bring together the different domains collaborates with the European Space Agency (ESA), of European science in order to meet the challenges of the European Commission, national space agencies the future. and the ESF Member Organisations. This has made Since its establishment in 1974, ESF, which has its ESSC a reference name in space sciences within headquarters in Strasbourg with offices in Brussels Europe. and Ostend, has assembled a host of organisations The mission of the ESSC today is to provide an that span all disciplines of science, to create a independent forum for scientists to debate space common platform for cross-border cooperation in sciences issues. The ESSC is represented ex officio Europe. in all ESA’s scientific advisory bodies, in ESA’s High- ESF is dedicated to promoting collaboration in level Science Policy Advisory Committee advising scientific research and in funding of research and its Director General, it has members in the EC’s FP7 science policy across Europe. Through its activities space advisory group, and it has observer status in and instruments, ESF has made major contributions to ESA’s Ministerial Council. At the international level, science in a global context. ESF covers the following ESSC maintains strong relationships with the National scientific domains: Humanities, Life, Earth and Research Council’s (NRC) Space Studies Board in the Environmental Sciences, Medical Sciences, Physical US. and Engineering Sciences, Social Sciences, Marine The ESSC is the European Science Foundation’s (ESF) Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering, Nuclear Expert Committee on space sciences and the ESF’s Physics, Polar Sciences, Radio Astronomy, Space interface with the European space community. Sciences. www.esf.org/essc www.esf.org

The European Science Foundation hosts six Expert Contact Boards and Committees: Nicolas Walter • The European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) Senior Science Officer • The Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Physical, Engineering and Space Sciences Unit Committee (NuPECC) Tel: +33 (0)3 88 76 71 66 • The Marine Board-ESF (MB-ESF) Email: [email protected] • The European Polar Board (EPB) • The Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies (CRAF) • The Materials Science and Engineering Expert Committee (MatSEEC) In the statutory review of the Expert Boards and Committees conducted in 2011, the Review Panel concluded unanimously that all Boards and Committees provide multidisciplinary scientific services in the European and in some cases global framework that are indispensable for Europe’s scientific landscape, and therefore confirmed the need for their continuation. The largely autonomous Expert Boards and Committees are vitally important to provide in-depth and focused scientific expertise, targeted scientific and policy advice, and to initiate strategic developments in areas of research, infrastructure, environment and society in Europe.

Cover picture: STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 19 July 2011 ISBN: 978-2-918428-77-0 © NASA Contents

1. Introduction and Framework of the Evaluation 3

2. Overarching Programmatic and Structural Issues and Recommendations 6

2.1 ELIPS in the Broader Scientific Landscape 6

2.2 ELIPS Programme Implementation 9

3. Life Sciences 15

3.1 Overarching Issues and Recommendations for the Life Sciences Programme 15

3.2 Human Factors and Physiology 16 3.2.1 Behaviour and performance 16 3.2.2 Exercise, muscle/bone 18 3.2.3 Cardiovascular and pulmonary systems 20 3.2.4 Neuro-vestibular 22 3.2.5 Immunology 23 3.2.6 Nutrition and metabolism 26

3.3 Biology and Radiation 27 3.3.1 Cell and molecular biology 27 3.3.2 Gravitactic and phototactic responses in microbes 30 3.3.3 Microbiology 32 3.3.4 Astrobiology 33 3.3.5 Plant biology 36 3.3.6 Developmental biology 38 3.3.7 Biological effects of radiation 39 3.3.8 Radiation dosimetry 41

4. Physical Sciences 43

4.1 Overarching Recommendations for the Physical Sciences Programme 43

4.2 Fundamental Physics and Atmospheric Physics 44 4.2.1 Cold atom sensors and related fundamental physics missions 44 4.2.2 Atmosphere observations 45 4.2.3 Soft matter 47

4.3 Fluid Physics 48 4.3.1 Fluid dynamics 48 4.3.2 Phase change and heat transfer 49 4.3.3 Complex fluids 50

4.4 Metallurgy and Crystallisation 51

5. Concluding Remarks 56 6. Summary of Findings and Recommendations 57

6.1 Overarching Programmatic and Structural Issues and Recommendations 57 6.1.1 ELIPS in the broader scientific landscape 57 6.1.2 ELIPS programme implementation 58

6.2 Life Sciences 60 6.2.1 Overarching life sciences issues 60 6.2.2 Life sciences sub-disciplines 60

6.3 Physical Sciences 66 6.3.1 Overarching physical sciences issues 66 6.3.2 Physical sciences sub-disciplines 67

Annexes 71

Annex 1: Expert Committee Composition 73 Annex 2: List of some publications produced through the ELIPS programme over the past ten years 80 Annex 3: Comments received from the user community representatives 93 an independent process based on scientific merit, independent process merit, onan based scientific 1).(membership biographies Annex and in list physical sciences and life various in experts tional composed was programme of interna 20 ELIPS the evaluating with tasked committee expert The Committee Membership 2011 offers and recommendations forphase. its next over programme period 2008 the to ELIPS of the outcomementthe presentsevaluation of final the docu This consultation. a broad community user rather than icated of experts independent committee of aded use the favouring results, optimal to ensure different approach however, asignificantly utilised formed 2000, in 2004, 2008.iteration, and This were previous evaluations per programme; ELIPS ELIPS. of providethen recommendations phase fornext the and value, scientific and aspects programmatic ture, of struc terms its overall in programme ELIPS the exercise this assess to was physics.of aim mental The funda and biology sciences, physiology, material including disciplines various in platforms gravity Space Station (ISS) microInternational other and ESA’sis for programme research on the main priorities. ELIPS its spacefuture and (ELIPS) in of ESA’s physical sciences and for programme life evaluation independent scientific out an to carry Science Foundation (ESF) European missioned the (ESA) com Space 2011, Agency European In the l l l Evaluation of the Framework and Introduction 1. by the programme, identification of experts was was experts identification of programme, by the covered fields various the in relevant expertise the science ESF officersby several holding tified Members of the expert committee were committee iden Members expert of the the evaluated ESF has time the fourth is This ------vent a potential conflict of interest in the evaluation. theinterest evaluation. in of vent conflict apotential five past the to years pre research projects within or have funded currently been involved ELIPS in nonemembers that to are ensure committee of the given consideration also was Careful committees. international experience in past and credentials extensive question and answer sessions with the the sessions with answer extensive question and biology. Also, and physiology human science, als physical materi sciences, ELIPS: under themes research main four on the as mentation well as imple and were given structure programme on the Presentations features. its main and programme ELIPS to the committee introduced the from ESA first the (one-day) representativesDuring meetings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6-12 meetings, Introductory December 2011, meetings. three took evaluation during place The coreELIPS the of Framework Evaluation of the field. their in comparison to ground-basedplatforms in research performed science microgravity on being various of to give review quality ofmittee athorough the theallowed forcom This programme. ELIPS the under also researched thatis discipline a specific programmes. research scientific non-space-related other with experiences it to their compare and open mind, afresh, with programme ELIPS the to analyse experts for external it allowed composition committee of feature the as important an was space This research. in experience sound Additionally, about one-third of the experts had about one-third experts of the Additionally, Each of the 20 committee members committee represented of20 the Each

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Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 3 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 4 domains under the ELIPS programme ELIPS the under domains T sub-groups for session. ahalf-day small in users the to interview members opportunity hadmittee the presentation to the addition sessions (1.5 days), com of publications). list and In domain their research in (achievements,ing of the major projects, challenges approved meet committee first the guidelines in (see Table 1) the apresentation made and following considered programme the sented in a sub-discipline (identifiedESA). Each repre by community user representatives 24 interacted with ELIPS from the met and committee the second the meeting, During The Netherlands Noordwijk, 10-12 2012, January community, user the with Meeting 2 the during address representatives to community user programme of the they wanted aset of questions define and to discuss members to committee get to and other each know programme. on the knowledge background gain to committee the executivesprogramme allowed able 1: for Advanced Processes Advanced for Fluids of Properties Thermophysical Sciences: Materials Equilibrium From Far Solidification Close-to-Equilibrium Solidification Colloid Physics Physics, Particle Dust Plasma, Complex Matter: Soft Condensation and Boiling Evaporation, Transfer: Heat Dynamics Fluid Growth Crystal Matter Granular and Emulsions, Foams, Fluids: Complex Tests Fundamental and Sensors Quantum Atomic International Space Station the on Processes Space–Atmosphere of Studies L P Flight Space of Risk Radiation Radiation Dosimetry Plant Biology Nutrition and Metabolism Neuro-vestibular Function Research Space in Microbiology Immunology in Space CES Phototaxis and Gravi- Physiology Bone and Muscle Exercise, Developmental Biology Research Rodent and Biology Molecular and Cell Medicine and Physiology Cardio-Pulmonary Performance and Behaviour Astrobiology ife h This meeting also offered the opportunity for offered thealso opportunity meeting This y sical S Presentations given to the expert committee on various various on committee expert the to given Presentations cie nce S cie P nce rese P nd nt rese meeting (10-12 meeting 2012). January a

t ion nt a s t ion s - - - Progress • The • Background • included: documents These ments available to made them. on of aset its evaluation based docu committee members, the representatives community user and ESA with presentations the Besides discussion and Documentation recommendations report. the to beput in forward on overarchingprogrammatic agreeing and tifying iden discussing, as members well committee as the contributions early produced updating by and ing dedicated to was review meeting working This days. twoRomein for time third a met The committee 1-2 2012, February Rome, Italy meeting, writing and review report Draft PSWG) subsequently presented and at to their them Physical Sciences Working Groups and (LSWG ESA’s was to draft forwarded report The and Life process Commenting sections. both out in clearly stand recommendationsto sure make forfuture the sciences However, section. life the taken carewas than structure different reportaslightly of has the aconsequence, physical sciencesble. As the section applica where recommendations and assessments some make and joint some sub-disciplines of the decided to regroup committee the sciences area, projects ofgeneity the presented physical the in committee. the to These were received, andcompiled made available before meeting. last domain the on their summaries representativesnity provide (aboutshort pages) two requested committee commu user that expert the The • The • flown over the past years with, in most cases, the in most cases, flown with, theover past years for implementationwaiting (on platforms) all 2011) Space, in science Physical and on Life Survey Decadal Board Space Studies – Academies US National evaluations; ELIPS In order heteroIn to the appropriately with deal second the meeting, following and addition, In implemented yet pleted over years past the phases) paratory (also themselves publications the covering pre of publications produced somelist in cases and full post-flight list proposals of

reports experiments documents reports

of of ISS the of projects experiments being (e.g. ISS experiments reports implemented selected

from that but

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the report are listed in Annex 3. Annex in report listed are the butexpressed not committee to the integrated in have comments that community’s user the been For received. transparency, comments following notwas considered appropriate to report update the received. for reasons, it and somevarious cases, In comments the tee report updated following the it considered was appropriate, commit expert the for its consideration. committee When expert to the were received addressed community user from the were consideredComments to require clarification. presented or on statements sub-disciplines that the on have misunderstanding from resulted apotential that could issues on especially report, draft on the to comment opportunity had the also programme presented the performed in research activities the who community user resentatives ELIPS from the for its consideration. committee expert to the then and forwarded office ESF to the addressed was on 10 2012. A set ofjoint comments meeting April schedule schedule and the approach concerning documenta improved. continuously and evaluations future for kept be should format this and propriate, using an independent committee was deemed model ap current The appropriate. be to composition found the decision to broaden the review committee committee The research). ELIPS any in involved not persons (i.e. possible as experts” “external as many of composed was experts of panel the that in programme the of reviews previous from differed Assessment Scientific Independent ELIPS 2012 The Committee Statement to the bottleneck. It is recommended that the expert the that recommended is It bottleneck. the to contributed also (20) committee the of size the and task, easy an not is programme a such evaluating Likewise, learned. reviews lessons the with evolve subsequent should in taken approach the fore, much toodetail and not providing withenough information. There panel review external an over loading between found be must balance delicate a as underestimated, be not should character plinary interdisci wide, such of programme a presenting of challenges The sub-disciplines. and disciplines its all of coverage full the presenting in bottleneck a created (24) investigators of number limited a by represented programme interdisciplinary wide a such having that here evalua emphasised to be has It tion. the of time the at available not were that indicators performance key objective and es tablished more than rather representatives community user selected 24 from presentations project tered clus of quality the on relied committee the in general, optimal: always not were representatives user ELIPS by presentations The exercise. the of phases should have been better considered in the planning achievements and progress programme the on tion It was felt to be very important that the (24) the that It felt important was to be very rep The review, however, was challenged by a tight a by challenged however,review,was The ------

- - consensus on all the points included in this report. report. this in included points the all on consensus and that the committee tomanaged reach a strong process evaluation the in improvementspotential list only above addressed points the that phasised presenter. by each supplied ences refer of list the in seen also was tendency biased This work. own their on entirely focused and brief their ignored others whereas ELIPS, under activities funded sub-discipline of range full the covered committee the to presentations community user some that noted committee the However journals. reviewed peer quality articles high in surveys literature and research of publication by evidenced science, as good delivered has research ELIPS in Overall, performed explicit. always not is support because part the acknowledgement of ESA (ELIPS) in establish, to simple always not were programme cess). pro review peer AO ESA the to per (similar discipline experts future external three for or two widened to evaluations, be composition committee • • R practice. into put be system response formal a that suggests and processes, review previous the on based actions onstrating dem for practice defined clearly no is there cases programme as desired. However, it has to be em be to has it ELIPS However, of desired. the as programme of review impact a and structure comprehensive contents, the as make committee’s to future ability a enhance may community user the with interactions further and mentation

ecomme The metrics for evaluating research quality of the The committee also observed that in most most in that observed also committee The docu improved schedule, extended an Overall, sidered to ensure that only the highest quality quality highest progress. projects the only that ensure to sidered con be should proposals and AO of refinement and review peer staged that and committee the to provided be should space) to related only (not its and secretariat. Committee Sciences the Space by European overseen be and advi work ESA structures’ existing sory complement and with link should process a Such problems. potential flag and developments monitor to committee meeting the of a of means by implemented be could programme the through half-way checkpoint a addition, In not). or implemented are they which in on way the ESA and committee’srecommendations the from feedback written systematic encom passing (i.e. work committee’s previous the to process follow-up defined a clearly toand review “external expert” panel membership from review and their impact on science/technology at large at science/technology on impact their and future for outputs research of thatevidence clear evaluations, recommends committee The of continuity of degree reasonable a tablishing es from benefit would process evaluation The nd a t io n s o n t he process : ------

Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 5 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 6 Figure 1: The developedprogramme experiments. for specific to complex equipment ISS clinostats and designed rather simple equipment ground-based as such from platforms, and of facilities avariety utilises physics, and physiology to fundamental human ning span Itbeyond. disciplines, covers scientific many across to scientists and Europe opportunities research providing programme research hensive compre wide isranging, a programme ELIPS The Landscape 2.1 l l l Recommendations and and Structural Issues Overarching Programmatic 2. ELIPS in the Broader Scientific Scientific Broader in the ELIPS The International Space Station provides a unique platform for long-duration microgravity studies (Credit: NASA/ESA) (Credit: studies microgravity long-duration for platform aunique provides Station Space International The - - programme difficult to approach and understand. to understand. approach and difficult programme the make also these features benefits, many viding pro While research announcements. international dedicated to large-scale from continuous calls ing rang of research opportunities, avariety has also mented have experiments evaluation undergone an to society, therefore and well becontinued. should as community scientific toof the great importance and of are top-levelments which quality scientific of anumber hosts exceptional experi ELIPS that Overall, while it is acknowledged that all imple all it acknowledged that is while Overall, agrees wholeheartedly committee expert The

- - - - therefore should be continued. and society, to well as community scientific the to importance great of and quality scientific top-level of are which experiments exceptional T implemented. and support research be defined should can on these ii)and ELIPS howif i)challenges key scientific at identifying aimed amechanism but that it clear is areas to be setconsidered of priority a first ESA, by report provide Bof this Part put in dations forward some context, recommen of the this In community. scientific wider by recognised the as challenges, more toneeds key scientific address current of the programme ELIPS spaceit feltthe the is arena, that beyondfar areas relevant is going that to scientific produce programme the performed knowledge in settings. industrial in use their of optimisation support conditions the microgravity of metallurgy, Complementing aspects other alloys. ofinvestigation thermo-physical properties of new principle, conditions allow, microgravity in which in field of the metallurgy, in case for the example, is, This interest.investigationswider of scientific to added value significant bring can programme ELIPS offered conditions the environmental by component, unique the representing amarginal sometimes Even if remits. traditional programme’s go much that beyond the challenges societal and scientific vehicle to current help address powerful be considered and also aunique as can gramme space pro exploration, the spaceenabling and in of humans well-being towards targeted are the ELIPS some performed investigations through While of disciplines. range covering awide activities research and investigations for conditions unique and providing exploiting is programme ELIPS The to general scientific challenges research space Linking Ov presented below. as toneeds beapproached of angles, from avariety thatissue is a multifaceted landscape scientific standard. international highest the to produceof ers failed scientific results oth while quality, produced of outstanding results have Some experiments be rather inhomogeneous. felt is to of science ELIPS under quality rion, the crite the main as quality scientific process placing he ELIPS programme hosts a number of of anumber hosts programme ELIPS he erarchi While it is clear that most research that it activities clear is While broader the in programme ELIPS the Positioning ng R ecomme nd a t io n 1: - - - - the facilities available through the programme. and (AOs) Opportunities of Announcement of nity through better communication to a wider commu T programme. the in performed experiments of spectrum the ing broaden and scientists new attracting users, of community the of basis the diversify and widen investigate and implement approaches suited to should ESA programme, ELIPS the under formed T programme to such promising areas of research. the open to and programme, the by offered marginally, from the conditions and platforms even benefit, potentially could ELIPS) of coverage challenges (going beyond the traditional scientific current which survey to important is It recruit and involve and recruit investigators. and new scientists appears programme to tothe be unable sufficiently Topical and experiments involved Teams, ELIPS in beyond Europe. teams tific scien with collaborations develop to opportunities provide and community user a stable European to maintain up set and managed has programme posed the by space experimentation, challenges Despiteinvestigations.the numerous specific tific required is to conduct complexcontinuity scien to long-term medium- space that the arena and for researcherscomplicated new to to assimilate or be too discourage that may specificities its own has programme ELIPS the It that understood is community scientific abroader to out Reaching P P improvement. significant not demonstrated far havethus undertaken efforts community, tific scien wider to programme the to open ELIPS the need the ways to find addressing panels evaluation recommendations have ESF beenby made past However,ble experiments. several even though toscientists compete to best possi perform the ness toof programme motivate the renowned unique the to advertise It important is community. under-represented over-represented. others are while some research a result, topics As investigations. are appear to evolve Earth-based pace as same at the of not proposed does selected experiments and (or consequently),Additionally scope scientific the teams. and to involvedency individuals same the had aten has community its user years, Over the benefit from involving new scientists in its userin from benefitinvolvingits scientists new o ensure quality and relevance of science per science of relevance and quality o ensure ro ro However, when considering investigators investigators However, considering when Theretheis that doubtno would programme g g ramma ramma t t his could be achieved, for example, example, for achieved, be could his ic ic

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Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 7 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 8 also catalyse cross-fertilisation. could community user whole the to ELIPS through about scientific publications made possible collaborate. of Systematic diffusion information potentially and work, their of aspects disciplinary cross- discover and network to scientists for aplatform provide would initiatives Such programme. the of spectrum whole the from teams involving representatives from ELIPS investigator networking events and/or user workshops regular organises ESA that recommended is It (Credit: Zarm/University of Bremen) of Zarm/University (Credit: Figure 2: P itself. community user ELIPS the within results and progress its performed, research about information flow the and of science between interactions teams programme-wide (across physical sciences) and life the to is enhance investigations interdisciplinary development the ways best the to catalyse of wide It one appears that past. of the in be challenging developmentthe have of activities such proved to towards actions targeted and imposed on scientists, project). (e.g. BIOMICS the vessel walls and cells between and cells between interactions to hydrodynamic flow the in cell of asingle of bloodscale from the rheology and of dynamics study sciences the is cal example of atopic such physi relevant and to life topics arelevant be investigated; should that nary new interdiscipli identify can teams between topics and scientific among Cross-fertilisation Cross-fertilisation knowledge, interdisciplinary activities cannot be cannot activities interdisciplinary knowledge, ro While producing high-value, new scientific new scientific producinghigh-value, While g ramma The Zarm drop tower in Bremen is an example of a ground-based facility that provides access to short-duration microgravity studies studies microgravity short-duration to access provides that facility aground-based of example an is Bremen in tower drop Zarm The t ic R ecomme nd a t io n 3: - - partners secure the utilisation of the ISS only until until only ISS of the utilisation the secure partners beconsidered should tems assessed. and added-value potential the offeredthese- sys new by and years, coming the in new opportunities bring providers commercial spaceflight platforms, may bekept. existing platforms should Besides gravity of experiments), of diversity available micro the power, (e.g. mass, ISS by cost, the reproducibility imposed Given constraints the ELIPS. through rockets sounding and tower, flights parabolic drop provided currently are tions ZARM by the GBFs various the be implemented. should in used to be instruments multi-user opment of small-scale devel the as such new mechanisms and increased, support of GBFs even be continued and should Therefore, context. alarger in to be analysed gravity micro real in experiment from one data single allow support space. ofThey performed investigations in respect to and preparation, with optimisation tial Notably, (GBFs) ground-based facilities are essen equipment. platformsand of well-balanced ety offers a programme coherentvari ELIPS wide The Infrastructure and facilities to resource limitations and the inherent complexity the and to resource limitations (mostly of programme the been due acharacteristic slow the has pace considering that and years ahead secured nine less than with context, current the In potential. reach programme the its full making in beyond amajor 2020 viewed is as hurdle visibility lack of This date. beyond programme this ELIPS component fate onmade the ofcentral the of the be can assumptions far, no2020, firm thus and In addition to the ISS, real microgravity condi microgravity real ISS, to the addition In Current negotiations between international international between negotiations Current ------be implemented. G various the in used be to instruments multi-user small-scale of development the as even increased, and new mechanisms such G of Support P period. for post-ISS preparing the to start crucial It also is sible of be considered ISS. use should the to optimise implementation- pos much as as experiments phases ISS upcoming shortening and streamlining period, new investigators. to attract and community scientific the among motivation to bemaintained and momentum allow possible soonalso as would as plans future the Defining utilisation). sion ofISS the available exten beyond potential 2020 (including to bemade infrastructure and capacity the planning and considering relevantother stakeholders start the and community scientific the ESA, that crucial 2020. even thereforebe ensured should after is It continuity physical sciences; and this life for both benefits offered conditions by spaceflight full the to reap crucial tended is in-orbit research facilities behampered. term can to long medium the in ISS new on investigations the of space experimentation), ambitions to perform Figure 3: ro As long as no plan is made for made is post-2020 no longthe as plan As of long-term, man- Continuous availability g ramma A view of the European Columbus laboratory module on the ISS (Credit: NASA/ESA) (Credit: ISS the on module laboratory Columbus European the of Aview BFs should be continued and and continued be should BFs t ic R ecomme nd a t io n 4: BFs should should BFs - post-2020 period as soon as possible. as soon as period post-2020 the for preparing start to importance utmost of therefore is it crucial; is facilities research in-orbit Continuous availability of long-term, man-tended To achieve this, coordination between ESA and and To ESA between coordination achieve this, required. is programme research the performed in to bedevoted has that to paperwork. time the increasing also processes while reporting complicates application the and this cases, all In place. in systems funding appropriate or priorities agenciesdo often national notlenge as havealigned be (and can is) this projectin amajor teams, chal represented number of the nationalities Considering adouble implies application process. this and tions have to beprovided research by organisa national analysis) data sample and (including investigations to conduct means other all while infrastructure providesby several sources: platforms and ESA the supported are experiments that is programme of the cooperation. international One of characteristics the level (and European the beyond) for anchor an and provides acommon platform forELIPS research at organisations national with Coordination 2.2 P ro Better integration of all the components the of the of integration all Better ELIPS Programme Implementation g ramma t ic R ecomme nd a t io n 5: - -

Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 9 10 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) research teams (i.e. applications and paperwork). the for load administrative overall the limiting way to streamline programme management while a offer could AOs specific to dedicated funds of pots common (virtual) up setting and components stronger integration of all the experimentations’ a Reaching process. the in possible as soon as also crucial that research grants are secured is It data. and samples of analyses post-flight and ground the on work preparatory of funding complementary and coordinated for particular in organisations has to be significantly improved, Coordination between ESA and national development to in be submitted of experiments for aTT:mandate some towards the targeted are There is no programme. evant topre-detailed the issues rel scientific to specific pertaining experts allows theof coordination for scheme flexible This community. scientific the and programme ELIPS represent bottom-up vector main the between TopicalESA Teams that valuabletools very are (TT) Topical Teams P agreements).tive coopera additional (e.g. through community the for and optionsopportunities flight increase the but also exploitation could results and and of data completion the ease only of preparatory activities ent not way would ESA’s This programme. ELIPS space developed are in to complement acoher in physical and sciences for strategies national life specificities priorities, communities),research (e.g. intoconsideration national taking that, important it also seems programme, ELIPS to the contributing considered benchmarks. potential as NETs+, Initiatives) be could joint programming ERA- (e.g. Commission European the of funding up common of pots (virtual) setting the involving collaborative research programmes multilateral context, before this AO In partners an issued. is international the upon agreed upbe set and between paperwork should process the limit and in upstream 2. 1. particular: in improved, address should and mustbe significantly organisations national ro

coordinated and complementary funding of funding complementary and coordinated An appropriate mechanism to secure funding appropriateAn funding to secure mechanism programme. the in performed experiments the ments through made order in most to getout the invest ofdata, the space and in experiments requisite for successful apre is preparatory work which ground, on the Considering the variety of actors and partners of partners actors and variety the Considering support and forof samples post-flightanalyses g ramma t ic R ecomme nd a t io n 6: - - - - - Sciences Working Group Working (PSWG).Sciences Sciences WorkingLife Group (LSWG) Physical and considered are and time for approval ESA’s by the at any besubmitted can Rather,they solicitation. some consider degreecould of introducing targeted one support; for advertised TT domains priority investigations. scientific ESA-based advice andknowledgeto practical specific giving of inspiration, a think-tank to serveas potential AO. TTsment an selected in Additionally, have the experi whoof coordination had scientists an the requirements development ease and they and plans concepts technology include that of experimental investigators development around roadmapping and activities. latest developmentsthe of afield or on networking subsequent AOs, whereas on reviewing others focus relevance and merit. merit. relevance and groupsbers working of requested the their to assess mem the and involved TT the communities with the user intereststheamongmembers of scientific to avoid betaken should of vested existence the space-andthe non-space care sciences disciplines; from reviewed by ad hoc independent, experts fully omitted. are gramme possibly not covered or underrepresented pro the in relevant of that risk research areas the limit would This research and issues. trends future important and identify challenges scientific main the with to beup programme to the date research allowing to non-space TTs provide link adirect also should issue. membership beaway this could to address coverage their –over lifetime).in Rotation their number,increased –in scope international and some TTs membership who significantly had their for case the (this already is community user the diversifying and new scientists ble for attracting beresponsi should they such, As programme. the and large at community scientific the face between inter primary bethe should aTT as issue, a crucial implement and newsuggest approaches or concepts. or groups of newcomers individuals and to a TT join 15more for years), than it may berather challenging topicentific TTs some(and have been active for per sci beone TT only there can As community. involve representatives ELIPS historic from the of coordination allow research they platforms, combined space-based ground- and through tion approaches suitable and issues for implementa scientific identifying in instrumental are they As for the programme in general, TTs general, in forprogramme the often As for TTsCurrently, there areno nor calls arethere TTs of ELIPS: play structure akey role the in Ideally, proposals for proposals Ideally, new TTs be care should composition team context, considered is this In ------membership TT of rotation and review Regular • coordinator the of Rotation • involve to how and Team composition • process Selection • opportunities TT of Advertisement • considered: be should following and restructured. Specifically, issues such asthe detail in reviewed be should scheme TT whole the T programme. the for has concept TT the importance the reflect to seem not do procedures the rather loose selection and implementation However, continued. be should scheme TT the programme, the to brought has it quality improved the and importance strategic its of Because Figure 4: P ad hoc experts. independent, reviewed by expressed by TTs becarefully should and recommendations outcomes, the findings goal, orderAO in to achieve this process. Here again, ESA’s instruct outcome largely should oflatter the process), others provide reviewsor foresight. 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- - - - - 11 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 12 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) curiosity-driven research. with activities targeted mix to ways investigate T ESF, (e.g. T sources various from originating recommendations and inputs the on based be T relevance. strategic of topics towards performed investigations the of some mobilise to introduced be should research targeted of degree address targeted scientificpriority topics. Some to able more be should programme the Overall, necessary. considered peers if external calling years, three than for pool more the in relevance projects of the sitting re-assess the committees advisory ESA years. eral poolfor the sev in have and be, can waiting been, matic reasons possible. made –is Some experiments or implementation program –for technical actual until poolof experiments ELIPS the integrated with are then selection process the pass successfully that or in-orbit resource requirements). Experiments of technologies reliability and capacity, availability from implementation (due upload tolike issues some experiments may that disqualify evaluation feasibility atechnical undergo review then phase scientific the following implementation for mended recom of AOs). dedicated case experiments the All in physical meetings with up of review panels setting (from to the amail-refereeing process for CORA peers external evaluated meritscientific on by first discipline. on the depending years, issuedup to once four every typically are major calls peer these review years, process.12 past Over the acommon may involve with partners international rockets) that sounding subject are to calls (including space-borne involving facilities Experiments years. AOs dedicated ted via approximately two every Accelerator GSI or the be submit Facility) can (e.g. station Concordiabased facilities Antarctic more involving complexexperiments ground- (CORA), Announcements Research Continuous bed-rest) through at time be submitted any can (e.g.simple tower drop ground-based facilities or involving experiments approaches: solicitation involves programme ELIPS research various The and selection of experiments Announcement P board. programme the by agreedand ESA by suggested relevance defined as towards strategic be targeted topicscould of high quence, some research of performed the by ELIPS aconse As supported to ERC. those by the similar eams or ESA’s Working G ESA’s or Working eams ro For each type of call, experiment proposals are are proposals experiment of call, For type each g ramma t ic R

ecomme roups). ESA should should ESA roups). nd a t io n 8: his should should his opical opical - - - - - should be used for this re-validation step. re-validation this for used be should original evaluation and selection of experiments standards and process implemented for the evaluated before entering phase B. T re- systematically be should years three than Experiments awaiting implementation for more P process. selection the improve steprebuttal in dedicated AOs would definitely process implemented in ELIPS. Implementing a T (definition phase, when the baseline technical solu technical (definitionthewhen baseline phase, adopted before just B phase entering systematically approach process. selection an Such be the could in as a review process standards of same through the regard to relevance, with especially re-evaluated, tolong be implemented period of time be should havefor that a experiments been waiting that cial it appropriate cru context, is an this manner.In to beimplemented waiting in pool of experiments the manage also should ESA programme, of the processes selection quality and tion the to ensure to proper time). addition evalua In turnaround (see for committee the butcommunity, below: also user a majorseen as not issue for ELIPS the only await implementationtimes for several years is years. four additional an resolve somewaiting without issues from some peers possibly and misunderstanding of potential clarification allow would This ations. the evalu meet finalise and actually review panels review by made reports early peerson the before proposingto comment the teams allow should ess AOs (inof years), range four the review proc the duced can be limited, preventing investigators from belimited, duced can pro data the bereproduced. aresult, cannot As (e.g. physiology), for human experiments often and of number subjects on samples a small and on small only to experiment itthat provides opportunity the However, amajor is programme drawbackof the community. scientific toof the great importance and of top-level experiments quality tional scientific excep perform to opportunities provides therefore unique and conditions offers programme ELIPS The programme the of Increasing the scientific outcome P years. fortion three more than implementaresearch project been waiting has that requirementsany defined) are of technical and tion here is a need to further ameliorate the review review the ameliorate further to aneed is here ro ro The fact that experiments selectedthat fly experiments to some fact The major between long time the Considering g g ramma ramma t t ic ic R R ecomme ecomme nd nd a a t t io io he same n 10: n 9:

------implementing fewer experiments. implies this if even results their of validity the and allocated to experiments to strengthen their case resources of level the increasing consider should indicator. T control quality avaluable be to considered not T specific questions in a comprehensive manner. answer efficiently to ability its by quantified T major impacts on the programme implementation: programme major on the impacts more • considering • at • several consequences:has implementation The long programme. the time in to beimproved has that community) user the also but amajor seendelay as is (bycommittee issue the excessive exceed can This ten – and years. iments five and – evenyears three for between simpleexper exceeds ISS on the mentation experiment of an imple AO from the time to the actual most cases, In Turnaround time P need resource.the avaluable for crew time, to operate remotely them decrease ability would the appropriate, where and, instruments and equipment selected. of those more resources to each allocating and experiments fewer Therefore, considershould ESA selecting quality. of outstanding questions or experiments comprehensive the to priority allow of high study allocated be Sufficientresources performed. should scienceof is the that quality and quantity between be found must balance problem, optimal an this overcome to partly ment provides opportunity an ground-based experi with experiments flight complement to opportunities the increasing While peer-reviewed impact high in journals. publishing round time is partly due to events have that partly is had round time automation improving the of proposals, mental he number of experiments implemented is he success of the programme should be ro It is acknowledged that this very long turna very this It that acknowledged is implemented. momentat the it finally is relevant scientifically still is experiment an that implemented, it actually is time to the submitted fromtheis momentexperiment an significant competencies and knowledge bevery in can loss or discontinuity the research institutes, retirement) in (including organisation and users, potential of community the reducing thus experiment, an ers feel would motivated to propose develop and more to being selective addition on experi In g this ramma important rate, herefore, and when relevant, ESA t only ic changes R ecomme a is small the of crucial fraction staff nd a in t issue io research of n 11: experiment of ensuring teams ------

external audit performed by acontractor. by performed audit external T subcontractor). as a team scientific the involving (e.g. development management (e.g. national Soyuz taxi flights)and most efficientpractices in terms ofprogramme the list and identify to way a find should ESA P years. two every issued be could AOs Such implementation. rapid allowing and Kubik) example, (for hardware existing to dedicated e.g. AOs, fast-track implementing consider should ESA order to avoid frustration. possible soon as as in to clear be has made time other longer term AOs, long implementation the track implementation. afast For allow would that equipment or processes to existing targeted cally AOs arespecifi consider that should issuing ESA therefore beimplemented can much more rapidly. hardware and (e.g. KUBIK) but existing others use teams. industrial the with equipmentof the to bedeveloped relation the and the complexity required).on depends greatly This hardware on the developmentbut also process (if sequence, (e.g. upload capacity)aspects mass flight implementation programme on depends tation capacity. download upload as and well as crew and assembly size, ISS ing concern previous plans obsolete all making years, flown was one mission three-and-a-halfover shuttle Columbiaaccident the only following Furthermore, trophe (1 2003) February had to and bere-flown. (15failure October 2002) 107 STS the - and catas Foton the weresome M1 experiments lost during P improvements. for recommendations suggest practices best and the to identify ment, and develop hardware and management programme processes eye procedures on the and of discerning auditors ablebe conducted a to cast by external should need to beidentified. audits end, this To others that among ples opportunities of potential hardwareexam development are These only time. set-up, experimental of science an the part reducing (as build research asub-contractor) team the having to be implementedexperiments rather quickly, or allowed that flights taxi supported Soyuz nationally some including some or research countries teams, plex and requireplex along and implementation period, ro ro By nature, some experiments are more someBy nature, experiments com experimen actual and selection between Time Efficient practices haveEfficient been developed by g g ramma ramma t t ic ic his could be made possible via an an via possible made be could his R R ecomme ecomme nd nd a a t t io io n 13: n 12: ------13 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 14 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Figure 5: - to asys impose it proved has though challenging Evenexclusively research to national institutions. sometimes basis on it aregular submitted is that but rather not is at available information all, ing issue The herethatis not report organisations. research national mentioned the is and –by ESA proper forsupported which –and acknowledgement work to the directly updated limited and stantly records Publication becon should milestones. and to-one correspondence projects’ includes aims that executives. forprogramme task the achallenging successis and value programme the on reporting result, a As orprogramme even ESA. the do often not acknowledge ELIPS mented within imple experiment an publications produced through it appears that Furthermore, performed experiments. have feedbacknot outcomes on the systematically of does programme the it appearsthough as aresult, As tors sponsors. tend national to report solely to their to investiga enforce means and them, compulsory but for not does scientists have efficient guidelines some reporting has clear ESA research organisations. Member State participating through usually means, workforcetation and of by data other be funded must exploi activities, preparatory Ground-based teams. selected to the funding grant not does actually ESA investmentcant (285M€/4years), agency from the represents this asignifi While given experiment. support required to a perform ment logistical and equip support to researchin-kind projects: facilities, provides ESA programme, ELIPS the Through and data archiving Reporting Scientific reports should be providedshould in a one-reports Scientific An astronaut working outside the ISS (Credit: NASA) (Credit: ISS the outside working astronaut An ------the scientific atcommunity large. by knowledge such of exploitation proper the for programme, ELIPS the by possible made findings updated and user-friendly database of research reliable, amore Archive Experiment Erasmus the make to ways investigate to needs ESA P agreements with national research organisations. specific involve could and publications and experiments, from results programme, ELIPS the implemented. T been has experiment the after ESA to back information of flow the improve to strategies ESA should investigate and implement new P process. forevaluation the buttion, also exploitation ofto products avoid such and duplica for not proper the only importance of paramount is user-friendly of research This database products. to needs become updated areliable, and EEA tion. informa their when compiling levelsame of detail not do research obviousprovideis teams that the Archive) butExperiment tool, valuable it avery is research national organisations. with information explore should ways toESA improve flow the of process to investigators directly, tematic reporting community at large. The online EEA (Erasmus EEA The online at large. community levelof to the available made the of information improvement allow butonstrated, it also should dem and to ofprogramme be value assessed the ro ro Proper reporting would not only allow the allow not would Proper only reporting g g ramma ramma t t ic ic his includes acknowledgement of R R ecomme ecomme nd nd a a t t io io n 15: n 14: - - - techniques and technologies in the programme. investigation new of use and deployment faster andIdentify implement mechanisms to ensure Sciences Programme Sciences Life for the Recommendations and R Ov bemade: mendations can recom following the of this, light the In ISS. to the instrumentation needed uploading and developing in lag time due to the revolution, of partly this edge cutting the behind lagged has programme ELIPS The systematically. of data amounts producing large capable of are that systems biological characterising for instrumentation ahost and of newin techniques level resulted has sciences molecular at the life ing The revolutionunderstand in 20 the overlast years interactionsdisciplinary in life sciences cross- and science edge cutting Promoting integrated physiology. and interactions nary science cross-discipli edge and cutting promoting topics: main two under sciencewhole areafall life reviewthat process. the cutthe across Those during recommendations and issues overarching emerged several From analyses, these sub-discipline. each for provided were evaluations/recommendations specific and performed, was programme ELIPS the improvedsociety, for example through healthcare. and benefitshealth wider to tohuman bring potential have exploration of human also space, the and future for arevital astronauts, benefit notiments but only microgravity.exper in These experiments performing by systems of living understanding fundamental to advance the Space provides opportunity aunique 3.1 l l l Life Sciences 3. ecomme erarchi A detailed review of life science review research of under life A detailed Overarching Issues nd ng L ng a t io S ife n 1: cie n ces

- - - - that have already been carried out. ELIPS programme can benefit from experiments the of reach current the beyond communities that so sharing, data for a strategy Implement R Ov research). (data-driven mining data and collecting large datasets for subsequent analysis to propose projects where the emphasis is on data (hypothesis-driven research), it is possible specific collecting by ahypothesis test to projects of provision the to addition in that so AOs Refine R Ov radiation, desiccation, etc. environmental factors including microgravity, and genome organisms’ living the between interactions the examine that projects Encourage R Ov modelling with experimental work. quantitative couple that physiology, integrative encourage projects, trans-disciplinary such as and nutrition, and biology molecular and cell as immunology, biology, radiation microbiology, Promote interaction between sub-disciplines such R Ov develop more shared instrumentation. iii) and facilities existing of use the enhance ii) experiences, common from learn i) to gramme interactionsplinary within the Life Science pro Implement mechanisms to promote interdisci R Ov ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme erarchi erarchi erarchi erarchi erarchi nd nd nd nd nd ng L ng ng L ng ng L ng ng L ng ng L ng a a a a a t t t t t io io ion 4: io io S ife S ife S ife S ife S ife n 6: n 5: n 3: n 2: cie cie cie cie cie n n n n n ces ces ces ces ces - - 15 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 16 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) space-flownmissions. related to environmental of stressors typical specifically suited to address mechanistic issues D R Ov animal (rodents). on research perform to capacity the Increase R Ov now. to up overlooked been have which interactions, psychological performance, and human-computer physiology, between links the address Further R Ov physiology sub-disciplines. (human) of integration the facilitate and Promote R Ov following. the include physiology related Sciences programme to Life human ELIPS beoptimised. can crewselected so that time of number projects are asmaller that and imised max is models of use animal the so that programme beto manage/steer would come research this the One way to over beperformed ISS. on the can that on constraint research activities a significant is time sciences life crew the remit, of part specific this of Within astronauts. well-being and for health the science importance research because ofpractical the of space pillar been a long has standing microgravity humans. by exploration space for allow to knowledge needed prevention the of to sarcopenia), acquire as well as of new (e.g. for countermeasures medicine ground on bone order health) in efficiency to the evaluate (e.g. areduced frame impact time by GBR within new treatments of diseases. new strategiesto promote for and discovering health gene for and tions expression developing critical is radia ionising diet, style, life ofimpact sedentary the and of ageing mechanisms of the understanding Ground-based research (GBR) on the focused Integrated physiology opportunities to test and verify results obtained obtained results verify to test and opportunities ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme esign and refine cell and animal models models animal and cell refine and esign erarchi erarchi erarchi erarchi Understanding how the human body responds body to how human the Understanding unique offers research Microgravity-related Specific theSpecific recommendationstheaspects of for nd nd nd nd ng L ng ng L ng ng L ng ng L ng a a a a t t t t io io io io S ife S ife S ife S ife n 10: n 9: n 8: n 7: cie cie cie cie n n n n ces ces ces ces - - - objectives of studying astronauts’ behaviour in objectives of studying broad two to recognise ronments. It necessary is operational envi and working of their design the with interaction regarded of the better humans as is link weak of the origin the systems, machine complexover-simplification;all human– with as an is this though system, the in link’ ‘weak the as have humans that been often perceived belief the is rationale for ofspace the this exploration. Part for plans of future crews part are human long as as continue to haveproblems amajor significance will psychology-related on research and recognised, been evance of concerns such for long space has missions encounters. The rel unknown and of unexpected threat the and causedbycontinuous stress danger prolongedand underwork confinement, during microgravity,petencies teams under in perform com and operational skills maintain and acquire need to will they encounter some major challenges; long-duration will space in missions Astronauts Introduction 3.2.1 3.2 currently being funded under ELIPS does not does meet ELIPS under funded being currently environments (ICE). However, much work of the confinement etc.) isolationtion, and extreme and radia microgravity, (danger stress threat, and problems associated with distinctive toevance the required)is beable should to demonstrate its rel research such (especiallythat where accessto ISS space mean in working and posed byissues living unique The issues. environment or Earth-based the spacefor either its significance, address fully on space-relatedResearch problems not does always research performance and behaviour to programme ELIPS of value and relevance Space programme. ELIPS to the central remain esses crew and interaction proc well-being, and health stress, under of performance reliability the nance, mainte skill of human limits the as such Issues activities. to support bedesigned their can systems space of the how environment, and demands the of crews to problems related vulnerability to the need on to focus research will missions, extended required by problem-solving and capability ibility flex necessary automated the deliver can missions fully that microgravity.under it Since unlikely is be adapted for can effective operation skills and competencies (Earth-acquired) howstand existing under theis to other mission goals; of fulfilment safe and needspace. One successful the is to assure Human Factors Physiology and Human Behaviour and performance ------ficult due to the lack of relevant information. Inthe lack due of to information. relevant ficult dif was programme ELIPS the under performance research the performed on behaviour and Assessing Assessment of past period research. Earth-based of conducted may part bebetter as they though issues, application to of Earth-based terms their in have clearly avalue interactionstudies Some social questionable. ELIPS with of studies value such the making programme, of the constraints the within However, possible able not is analysis. normally this group for enough sizes reli uporder large to build from replications multiple data in to collect sary it neces- making of ICE simulations, characteristic problem sample size methodological of limited ing persist susceptible to the processes particularly are research that on group besaid ment. It also should to assess measures performance be combined with interaction for social it benecessary would though environment, of that threat and increasedstress the of use for programme, example by making ISS an of part as inclusion group processes justify could of Some work aspects areas. on similar research in of features Earth-based standard are that issues couched of terms space in problems, it addresses it appropriately is second although category; this into work Most falls funded of the simulations. groundin well investigatedmay be often equally others interaction) (group processes, social while and performance), stress on extreme of skill effects of acquisition new and ones, and skills for existing ics (for consequences the example, of microgravity research of platform investigation forsome the top IPEV) (Credit: (PNRA) Programme Antarctic Italian the and (IPEV) Institute Polar French the by Antarctica in Figure 6: Concordia as such ground-based ICEestablished simulations, onresearch itsrationaledepends on space issues, most psychology with as Instead, criteria. these the space environment, it is a highly appropriate spacethe environment, it ahighly is Due to the long duration of ISS missions and and missions of long to duration ISS the Due built base ascientific is Station Concordia The (Figure 6)(Figure or Mars 500. or Mars - - - - - tions, are quite modest. While most of work the is While modest. are quite tions, some excep research, of with the goals the Second, cognitivebehaviour. and training performance, ofbeen devotedskilled areas more to the technical has research effort little sub-theme, of name the the Despite well-being. and health psychological and of groups psychology social to the relating issues traditional concerning to narrow, bequite mainly scope work of appearsthe the supported by ELIPS possible. However, emerged.First, some issues clear assessmentnot has been adetailed able information, accessible any form. in not are and yet completedprogrammes, or available 500 Mars Concordia the ried and out 2010 under projects current many were that is car constraint mented research Another outputs. rather than had to on bebased approved to proposals beimple evaluation much of this researchers. a result, As but most were ofdocument, these from two only by apresentation topic asummary on the in and work had been done. Some references were provided what exactly toprojects, unable establish so was of relevant publicationslist from ELIPS-supported not havedid committee the access to a particular, themes and research groups. and themes Much current of the area to become the by familiar allowed dominated has direction priority-driven absence of clear any poolof researchers. The small cations same from the appli wherebyselection, attracts programme the for used project methods the of in conservatism presentation. or were these document not covered summary by the though functioning, cardiovascular and physiology exercise as such issues with of psychology links ing involv projectsother mainly more are promising, Some may occur. effects such which for ways the in what needed is evidence is not is useful; that itself members. However, by observation of loneliness the crew individual the performance of mayand affect tolong missions, be aproblemexpected during certainly 500. is Mars Loneliness during friends and long period the away lonelyfrom family during crew the got that summary statementto the the in also This applies afinding. such for demonstrating (and essential are formance data more fundamental) only,comes data whereas from questionnaire per increased autonomy,tive under conclusion but this effec was crew that reports functioning document For summary the example, understanding. mental evidence of funda advances in little with nature, in psychological to projects wholly are that especially ments not are criticism applies apparent. This achieve significant competent conducted, well and Given the sparse and indirect nature of avail nature Given indirect and sparse the The general inference is that thereinferencethatThe general is may be a level ------17 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 18 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) formally built in to the human testing schedules. testing human the to in built formally is testing, starting to prior training, for opportunity and time of provision adequate that ensuring by overcome be only can It plans. research best the research on performance, and undermines even previous most in problem amajor been has making changes impossible to interpret). T phase, testing the during occurring improvement further no with tasks well-learned (i.e. conditions behaviour on the ISS or in ground simulation state’ ‘steady on environment space the of effects study to able being on depend directions new suggested the all methodology, to As B microgravity. to adaptation of mechanismscompensatory and common patterns underlying for search the in physiology, exercise and cardiovascular by and neuroscience by addressed those and questions psychological between link astrong create to important is it context this In state. physiological on-going behavioural and interpersonal measures, but only not including members, crew individual for and implement an integrated monitoring capability develop to need the is requirement core important An processes. interaction group of terms in only than rather flexibility, skill and cognition crew of dynamics the with aconcern including operators out who carry mission-related tasks, T B complex equipment and automation. with crew of interaction of problems stress; under crewmembers for support and monitoring neglected: skill and performance maintenance; been have that topics important address to need the promoting required, is guidance top-down some particular, In performance. and behaviour in projects for goal arealistic as envisaged is platform ISS the to access where particularly implemented, be should focus of shift A marked B R R R Futu questions. research representativealone broader of the of major range let discipline, of the edge nois longer cutting at the sive 1990s. the of body work It out during carried exten to the similar looksvery research activity here is a need to study crews as teams of of teams as crews study to aneed is here eha eha eha ecomme ecomme ecomme re v v v io io io priori u u u r r r nd nd nd a a a a a a nd P nd P nd P t t t t io io io ies n 3: n 2: n 1: erforma erforma erforma a nd recomme nce nce nce

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- sue homeostasis in microgravity might also carry carry also might sue homeostasis microgravity in - tis and boneof muscle interrelated The dysfunction microgravity. and hypokinesia tiple with missions mul undergoing for those osteoporosis, especially may lead which to a riskof premature functions, cell of irreversiblealtered of bone effects apossibility is reversible;bone turnover largely are however, there to of risk stones. renal changes and The fractures crew membersexposing by to spaceflight skeletal long-duration during effects may produce harmful thesechanges of All flights. during hypokinesia by confined-environment-related the enhanced and of those bone mirroring lowerat the extremities, andstrength losses mass of muscle significant with mass body 4) lean and in cursors, change aregional preof mesenchymal differentiation oestrogenic 3) reduced strain, in tions bone formation and greatestbone reduc loss at locations experiencing absorption, 2) bonecalcium turnover and enhanced enteral reduction in apotential as well as calcium, includes increasedexcretion 1) spaceflight renal of to system musculoskeletal Adaptation human of the Introduction 3.2.2 gravitational forces will therefore provide forcesgravitational important will of effect the reduced response. Exploring immune and system cardiovascular the in butmuscle, also bone and in not only of physiological function, (SCI), deterioration areassociated with both since cord spinal injury and microgravity between occur also Similarities lifespan. human of the standing under our enhance could on physiological function of spaceflight-related characterisation the effects but bedifferent, pathways might molecular lying under The of ageing. mechanisms intothe insight give also might spaceflight Long-duration lation. elderly popu the in majorare of causes disability which risk, of osteoporosis, falling sarcopenia and interventions fortreatment targeted the enabling pathogenetic factors into the involved,insights provide should atrophy important muscle on Earth bone and by and microgravity function cell muscle altered bone between Comparison and population. senile inactive relevant physically to the highly is area this process, research in ageing human to the exercise related boneare muscle As and metabolism programme ELIPS of value and Space relevance differentiation. cell vessel wall and metabolism phosphate maturation, and mulation accu secretion, fat cell onimpact pancreatic insulin factors that capableare secreting and of expressing bone and muscle both since risks, health additional Exercise, muscle/bone

------mechanical loading. mechanical adaptation of the bone to understanding pivotal in is mechanism this since dissected, been further responses adaptive pathways has cell dictate that forces into mechanical signalling translates that consequences.process The mechanotransduction have can changes systemic howand resulting the on bone cells microgravity muscle and simulated and microgravity of research effects driven on the has programme ELIPS The databases. systematic creation the of be regarded aprogress, allowing as also should recently achieved, as bed rest studies, procedures of the in Standardisation of HDBR. ground-based analogue the microgravity loss in exercise counteract atrophy muscle can bone and physical space of that the environment, and aspects some all but mimic not can analogues flight that above, processes confirming outlined cle wasting provided on bone information - mus and important ESA) (Credit: degrees six down tilted head the with time, of durations extended for Figure 7: 7)(Figure at subjects head-down bed human restand (HDBR) rats ground, on the tail-suspended including logues ana space, flight in models crew members or animal have included combination). settings Experimental exercise (either resistive, or vibration, a endurance by effect of physicalprolonged gravity-unloading andthe deleterious to counteract to spaceflight, bone responses muscle to and characterise aimed for a givenplasticity gene network. The projects were environment bonemass muscle and dominates cal mechani the that assumption on based the mainly were programme ELIPS the under Projects funded Assessment of past period SCI-related negativeagainst outcomes. fordevelopment the insights of effectivestrategies Major achievements in the last fiveMajor last have achievementsthe years in bed in lay candidates studies, rest bed In and at reambulation. at and

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As recently outlined for animal- experiments should be enforced within the ELIPS G R Ex factors should be investigated. further T studies. rest bed and flights space of years 20 than more despite unknown still are recovery, of lack the individuals some in and recovery, flight post- of rates individual influence that factors the atrophy have been consistently acknowledged, space-analogue-related bone loss and muscle and spaceflight- in variability the Whereas R Ex should be considered. injury cord spinal and responses adaptive muscle and bone the of modification targeted with mice other experimental and clinical models such as Ko R outlined above, i.e. H i.e. above, outlined models two the to restricted mainly are analogues T Ex related domains. driven approach, based upon recent knowledge on following a more mechanistic and hypothesis- modelled be and processes, desensitising bone post-loading avoid to designed be also should and gravity-derived loading. Exercise programmes adaptationstructural related to muscle-derived of components the dissecting towards directed be should studies Future characterised. well not are subject aspecific in exercise to response and T R Ex R R he efficiency of vibration exercise in exercise vibration of efficiency he he design and of consideration ground-based he mechanisms of adaptation to microgravity microgravity to adaptation of mechanisms he ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme old for standards human-based exercise ercise ercise ercise ercise ercise , Mu , Mu , Mu , Mu , Mu nd nd nd nd nd nd a a a a a a a scle a scle a scle a scle a scle t t t t t t io ion 4: io io io io n 5: n 3: n 2: n 1: n s D BR and tail suspension, but but suspension, tail and BR nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd o o o o o n n n n n e e e e e espite espite hese hese 19 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 20 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) models should be implemented further since bone differentiate into osteocytes in 3 in osteocytes into differentiate to induced be can osteoblasts human primary that (ME developed be to going are cells bone of models 3 functions. their all displaying vitro in available models few the and accessibility difficult their to due challenges major present they matrix, cytes are embedded throughout the mineralised and possibly muscle metabolism. 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ELIPS the under explored been yet not have system neuronal the by state operational its of role modulatory the and factors, paracrine, autocrine and endocrine constitutive its of alterations the by cross-talk muscle–bone T R Ex feasible. is effect H and flights space duration long during atrophy muscle counteracting in value limited of be would only” “vibration that argued also is It used. protocols the of heterogeneity the and effects, clinical and action of mechanism the knowledge gaps that should be covered including he potential dysfunction under microgravity of of microgravity under dysfunction potential he ecomme ecomme ecomme ercise ercise ercise D ES–ERIS , Mu , Mu , Mu nd nd nd a a a T a scle a scle a scle t O programme) on the assumption assumption the on O programme) t t io io io n 8: n 7: n 6: nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd o o o D n n n BR, although a bone abone although BR, e e e scaffolds. T D scaffolds. culture D culture - hese hese ------metabolism in microgravity. metabolism osteocyte of investigation adequate for essential are and ESA by funded been already have direction this in Projects exploited. fully be to rangement 3 complex require functions remodelling stood. Experiments in microgravity provide microgravity in away Experiments stood. blood pressure) or under characterised not are well regulates (a that syncope ofsystem the gal failure vasova of as conditions such mechanisms example, For states. disease in behave,systems particularly of how these understanding and knowledge the in gaps general, remain in characterised well Although perfusion. and ventilation both adapt to maintain must lungs the similarly, and down, lying and ing stand while brain to the bloodto flow ensure generatemust The heart sufficienttems. pressure sys cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular human of the function for the important are thus and body, the human within of fluid distribution on the have both aprofound posture and Gravity impact Introduction systems and pulmonary 3.2.3 spaceflight. asthma. as such ditions new for ideas treatment in to result of common con beexpected would to dust from exposure resulting microgravity in inflammation of airway standing for For patients. under amore example, detailed enable developmentcan the of new interventions physiology into fundamental insights because ogy to respondposture. in rapidly to changes system enable set points cardiovascular these the blood pressurehuman control how and system, of for how the established are points set standing under fundamental the includesexample specific A pathophysiology. and physiology human restrial ter arerelevant that programme for understanding ELIPS fromthe insights basic scientific there arealso space. in relevant activity to human highly andis so long-duration space flight, during of astronauts health the for ensuring essential is microgravity to responds system diopulmonary car of how human the understanding A detailed programme ELIPS of value and Space relevance some gaps.to of address these exercise physiology, which is also important forexercise important physiology, also is which There is also relevance to other areas such as areas also such relevance There to other is is physiolrelevant to terrestrial activity This spaceflight, benefits for the as human well As Cardiovascular

D ar ------(and was found to be greatly reduced in microgravity) (Credit: ESA) (Credit: microgravity) in reduced greatly be to found was (and Figure 8: have and agood of number citations. journals, science space than rather journals cific) physiology (not tend programme to bein space-spe this under outputs from groups Research funded experiments. and bed rest to complement flight abolic spaceflight toxic dust. of astronauts toexposure potentially long-term for the be used monitoring so can and for important are findings These circulation. pulmonary of hyper-gravity, seen in increase adependence with and prolonged an microgravity, consistent is with which past the in Studies the lung. bution of bloodwithin flow distri influencedthe by also butis inflammation, anon-invasive as beused can tion marker of airway production 8) of recent focus the work (Figure circulation, ration pulmonary of resistance the and the andconfigu mechanics on lung effects small to be some there likely are more Although subtle. gravity. normal seated and in forvalues lying aremid-way microgravity resistance in the between vascular output systemic for and set points cardiac the that established also have findings These Earth. to upon return poor regulation in results nauts this some rate,astro in blood and pressure heart and thealters control baroreflex, which of the blunting more)thereare longer of effects term spaceflight, For resistance. (several longerlar duration or days vascu output systemic decrease and in cardiac in increasean including to have effects, immediate committee. reportpresentationbased on and the to made the was period past the projects in ofAssessment ELIPS Assessment of past period •NO The effect of microgravity on the lungs is lungs rather themicrogravity on effect of The In the past period, good use has been of made has par gooduse period, past the In microgravity been found has flight, parabolic In interpreting period In an experiment on the ISS, exhaled NO was measured measured was NO exhaled ISS, the on experiment an In production have of nitrogen measurements shown on blood oxide a fall flow in (•NO). of •NO distribution •NO has been on the been on has the production •NO production, produc in the in ------

from human spaceflight or parabolic flight. flight. parabolic or spaceflight human from be parameterised and evaluated using recordings D off. switched be can and aparameter is gravity amodel, in because experiments microgravity and generated. T tested both be to hypotheses enable models predictive because tools research used widely becoming are physiology human of models physiological Integrative modelling. including communities other to projects previous from recordings the up open would sharing data www.physionet.org/physiobank/). Effective similar to the online PhysioBank (http:/ facility aportal through perhaps available, widely more data these making by stimulated be could area wider scientific community. Research inthis programme are not always available within the ELIPS the under collected data present At R C be sought. toOpportunities bridge these disciplines should exercise. to response the and system musculoskeletal the on effects the and systems, pulmonary and cardiovascular the on spaceflight T R C combined with other crew activities. be can work experimental because time crew also helps to minimise the constraint of available T future. the in addressed further be should aspects T Module. Physiology European ISS the on combined with the instrumentationavailable area this in innovation more for scope is there and monitoring), pressure blood ambulatory (e.g. problem of developing lightweight instrumentation the extent some to addressed have projects Recent MRI. as such modalities imaging detailed of use the prevent that upload on restrictions of in prolonged microgravity is constrained because work Experimental time. crew and instrumentation physiology are involving cardiopulmonary T R C Futu here are clear links between the effects of of effects the between links clear are here he deployment of instrumentation ambulatory experiments for bottlenecks main two he ecomme ar ecomme ar ecomme ar ata sharing would enable this type of model to to model of type this enable would sharing ata d d d re io io io v v v priori asc asc asc nd nd nd u u u a a a a lar a lar a lar t t t t io io io his approach can complement ies n 3: n 2: n 1: a nd Pu nd nd Pu nd nd Pu nd nd recomme lmo lmo lmo n n n ar ar ar y Sy y Sy y Sy nd a s s s t hese hese t t t io ems ems ems n s 21 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 22 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) in between normal gravity on Earth and microgravity (Credit: ESA) (Credit: microgravity and Earth on gravity normal between in Figure 9: mathematical/computational and tions modelling. investiga to behavioural subjects, human in and models from neurophysiology,range animal in both by a lack ofused gravity. The research methods affected also are function cognitive and memory it conceivable is hippocampus, the as such that structures on influence brain input a critical has lar 9) (Figure dependor on size gravity ception object’s of an its distance properties as such per and visual how modified, is of motor commands how optimisation affected, is grasping and reaching for coordination how limb modalities, sensory other referencesabsence by from of reconstructing gravity compensates nervoussystem how central for the the as such includes questions field this in research Thus, general. in action motor and perception sensory multi- ear, but inner also the in system vestibular involved system perception, gravity the sensory in the ofprimary function the absence notaffects only its Consequently, Earth. on systems motor and sory sen of all coordination and organisation for the Gravity provides acontinuous reference direction G 3.2.4 eneral statement Neuro-vestibular ESA astronaut Frank de Winne performing the 3D SPACE experiment, testing the differences in perception of dimensions and depth depth and dimensions of perception in differences the testing SPACE experiment, 3D the performing Winne de Frank astronaut ESA . Since vestibu. Since - - - - and balance disorders are amajor are disorders topic. balance and symptoms neuroscience, where vertigo to clinical relevant extremely is which action, integration and multi-sensory for function vestibular understanding applications Other concern advancesmissions. in long-term for useful be could function sensorimotor on bygravity centrifugation artificial of effects the investigation example, of an As space flights. future to planning beapplied potential in the has clearly present the microgravity. such, topic in As function nervous of central sensorimotor and understanding approach. this couple examplesutilising of excellent seena period has The past models. and hypotheses or rejection of for validation and the tive function investigation of the sensorimotor cogni and in questions pertinent for evidence experimental give can critical microgravity in studies such, As reference spatial of the up–down. ing direction determin cue sensory absence dominant of the motor the integrationand in coordination sensory of multi- aspects to study opportunity a unique absenceMicrogravity, the of gravity, i.e. provides programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space Successful manned spaceflight a good requires spaceflight manned Successful - - performance, cardio-pulmonary, and exercise. disciplines such as rodent research, behaviour and also help foster closer cooperation with other sub- could apparent, become already has part in which T etc. lar, autonomic, including sensorimotor, cognitive, cardiovascu influence of gravity onneural function in general, community to perform experiments related to the phasise the need to invite the general neuroscience trol in response to microgravity. T con motor as such neuroscience, of fields various Archive, and reflects on-goinginvestigations in Experiment Erasmus online the in done been ready al has as “neuroscience”, to label the change to of the neuroscience discipline. It is recommended search that should rather represent a small section discipline unnecessarily confinesthe topic ofre T Ne Futu programme. ELIPS the research under vestibular of neuro- to help improve quality scientific overall the exclusivelytion, composed of expected is active PIs, Topical Team, excep one single now with which is, neuro-vestibular of A re-organisation the hypotheses. testable formulating for tool ubiquitous a become has research, where systems-levelular modelling neuro-vestib in but neuroscience general, also in in developments the up with may catching help in ling research mathematical/computational and model more hypothesis-based process. Also, selection the ing publication record PIs of more the into account dur the forexample, taking by field, of this researchity in Therefore,improve to is it thequal necessary overall low-impact in journals. only publishes or specialised at all, if part, other the competitive level, while ally neuroscience research operates internation on an ESA-funded of the part aminor only that clear is way, ofnumber under the projectsand currently it However,munity. of given number researchers the haveresearch can general neuroscience on the com microgravity excellent that impact the ies document way above. the described stud in These microgravity have that have and utilised by ESA been co-funded drawn. criticisms web research, achievements have been noted and and independent literature and supplied by ESA, (10–12 2012), January brief information the report, representatives community user ELIPS the with presentation on the Based given interactions at the period past the of Assessment level scientific studies have studies been publishedthat level scientific he label “neuro-vestibular” given to this sub- this to given “neuro-vestibular” label he uro During the past five-year past high- the several period, During re -v priori es t ib ular t ies his broadening of the scope, scope, the of broadening his a R nd recomme ecomme nd his will also em- a t nd io a n 1: t io n - - s ------projects, causing experiments to lose quality. lose to experiments causing projects, many too over up it dividing than rather projects excellent few to a time crew sufficient allocate appropriate vertebrate animal models. 2) Better by part in least at answered be can neuroscience in questions many possible; whenever done be should research 1) Animal pursued. be should both T bottleneck. amajor is time crew subjects, human requires Since the present neuro-vestibular sub-discipline Ne experimental possibilities. new generate would rotator, off-axis like 1 0and between gravity Equipment to generate various levels of artificial Ne their adequate utilisation. ensure to simplified) be use their (and promoted EE as such function, central-nervous study to facilities Existing 3.2.5 3.2.5 Ne cycles and spatial confinement (all experienced in experienced confinement spatial and cycles (all light day–night stress, emotional responses, as such to immune to be unrelated thought traditionally be altered by were stressorscan environmental that factors neuroendocrine whoseand homeostasis cells immune area of reciprocal between influence emerging of an existence the work highlighted has Recent variants. rareofance allelic compound, inherit from the resulting diseases to infectious predispositions be needed toindividual detect will genome genetic screenings, accurate and sequencing whole through complex populations, genetics in of dissection The long-duration missions. during processes due to immune-dependent of diseases occurrence the preventing at aimed termeasures for propergreater implementation detail of coun in mustbe defined of which both factors, mental complex environ genetic and interaction between of result a the is system immune individual’s of an impairment functional diseases, most human in As programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space regeneration. tissue and to wound healing mechanisms, its innate through contribute, to and microorganisms pathogenic by from invasion colonisation and protect individual an systemis The to prominent immune role of a healthy Introduction uro uro uro Immunology -v -v -v es es es t t t here are two possible solutions and and solutions possible two are here ib ib ib ular ular ular equipment, should be better better be should G equipment, R R R ecomme ecomme ecomme g , e.g. a small centrifuge- asmall , e.g. nd nd nd a a a t t t io io io n 4: n 3: n 2: - - - 23 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 24 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) genes that regulate stress, glucocorticoid receptor glucocorticoid stress, regulate that genes expression of mRNA thymic the in changes cant signifi induces demonstrate space that flight Together, to Earth. upon experiments return these lymphoid from explanted animals organs ondary and sec gene expressionfrom profiles primary involved experiments Selected assessment of the compared masses to controls. ground thymus and liver, hadin a reduction spleen, animals the flight, (STS-118). mission shuttle response In to space C57BL/6NTac were mice flown on a 13-day space immunity, flight environment on the of effect the explore Forexample, subjectedto to space flight. organisms living in modified sion significantly are gene as expres - well as function, and distribution thatshows data The collectively reported T-cell experiments Animal motility. and secretion, phagocytosis proliferation, cytokine cell immune include These functions. cell immune correlates beviewed as of can normal eters that param reversibly of anumber functional impairs microgravitythat to fivesuggest three last years, the during journals specialised been published in have most of which studies, Such systems. lated cell have iso of outA number studies in been carried Cell-based experiments study. IMMUNO the as such of reports ESA-supported projects, preliminary and action, coordination EC-supportedthe THESEUS representatives, munity most recent the report of com byuser made the presentations summaries and the through available information appraising by The presenttodrawn programmes. past account was refer published work the actually available through some programme, ofdata the ELIPS the inherent in implementation actual their and experiments the of design Given lapse the reports. between time the several prior wereavailable through data dispersed provided information the patchy was as the and cult, diffi was programme auspices of latest ELIPS the ESA-supported projects the under through plished accountof been what accom has adetailed Drawing period past the of Achievements missions. exploration long-duration during health of issue crew helpsthe address it also functioning, system of immune understanding ter fundamental enable does not conditions abet only spaceflight in issues of investigation these Further space missions. long-duration during found conditions ronmental envi unique to the exposed preserved humans in and beinduced responses can immune “normal” of problem to complexity the how of predicting conditions).spaceflight factors These add a layer ------

based studies have also provided further evidence have providedbased studies also further ground- space. Further in as well as condition, stress showntem, to be acuteactivated gravitational under sys endocannabinoid immunotropic the includes reduced. The role ofstress-response other systems profiles were vation secretedvariably and cytokine T-cell early of that number samples indicated acti Testing from asmall subsets of peripheral leukocyte responsiveness. immune human in to deviations lead can conditions space that flight sions showing weeks) long- and (4-7 months) mis ISS duration 10 in Figure illustrated flight, abolic (par challenges acute gravitational from very range humans in Investigations monitoring. stress tional emo questionnaire-based with together analyses and sampling saliva and of elaborated urine blood, abattery have using investigations been undertaken further to space exposed flight, humans in stress and of stressorsphysical emotional effects factorial To approach better consequences the of multi- subjects human in Investigations of space. microgravity the to exposure after system promise immune of the com reported the systemic part, in explain, data These activity. T-cell and metabolism, signalling can be designed and new hypotheses can be made. can new hypotheses and be designed can experiments onto future base a knowledge which form programme generated data ELIPS the the in however, Overall, samples. biological limited the from to of beextracted data enable amounts large alackapproaches of and systematic sample sizes to from small subjectssuffers on human Research sets. sub on purified rather than populations cell on bulk parameters molecular and assessment of functional (post-landing); at iii) late stages occurs experiments some in which sampling, of cell/tissue timing the related e.g. to reasons, to logistic operational and due design experimental implementation full of the the in MARS500); ii) vs. challenges Antarctica vs. been implemented, ISS been has already e.g. cases aforementionedof the stressors (which some in sions compared to ground-based of surrogates some space-flownmis in used settings of experimental standardisation and coordination i)of: partial only the may consequence be This observed alterations. “stressors” to the contribution of individual ual individ of the dissection aclear not do and allow arerather descriptivements they nature that is in Perhaps most experi relevantof the these weakness man. in changes immune of stress-sensitive emotional for interlinking the ) to short- (two ------Figure 10: aperson’s and mucous gut membranesand the or in microbiota the skin connectionbetween on the ing responses. given emerg Byway example, the of an adaptive and immune innate both in tative changes quanti and of qualitative such understanding the with intertwined is microorganisms pathogenic and commensal adaptation properties ofand both the composition space affect conditions in mental Aprofoundsystem. of knowledge how environ immune the in adaptive changes or maladaptive environment the produce in ill-defined Changes response coevolve. immune the and microorganisms pathogenic Health-threatening periods. prolonged environment aconfined for in sequences of living con psychological to the well as of space missions, inherent to risks the linked stress emotional and sources of radiation, to unusual exposure status, nutritional and/or cycles, light day–night rhythms of circadian perturbation pathogens, to unusual reduced to or pathogens exposure exposure with environments constrained to exposure prolonged microgravity,include These conditions important. in spaceis equally responsesimmune affecting conditions potentially environmental oftion the defini The ground-based experiments. through determined can be This long-duration space flight. undergoing humans out to in becarried experiments a pre-requisite is system informative to design immune whatof a constitutes healthy cut definition Aclear- space-basedand immunology. research in ground-based between information and knowledge flow Thereclear needis a for a of bidirectional Future priorities and recommendations A view inside the Zero-G aircraft during an ESA Parabolic Flight Campaign (Credits: ESA - A. Le Floc’h) Le -A. ESA (Credits: Campaign Flight Parabolic ESA an during aircraft Zero-G the inside Aview - - - - -

towards the implementationtowards the of space experiments mice. in assessed functionally and elled bemod can stressors other that and microgravity radiations, exciting and ionising transduction, readouts forconsequences the ofliving mechano- the generationincludes asmice of This reporter space. in addressed beuniquely can questions that mechanistic designed to address specifically are space out that to in be carried of experiments stage preparatory the in (GEMM) be constructed should mousemodels engineered Genetically on Earth. settings experimental be comparatively in assessed should and conditionscan sors environmental and projects. Some - ofstres these interdisciplinary large, beincorporated factorsof should nutritional into reciprocalimpact The their interactions. to assess studies immunological with co-ordinately planned be should accessible. studies Metagenomic easily are that barriers anatomical colonising organisms micro of commensal incorporate sampling accurate should experiments diverse genetic backgrounds, context of the in perturbations environmental response and to status immune health, overall automated methods and miniaturised instruments instruments automated miniaturised and methods protein compositionserum For so on. and example, phenotype, functional and surface epigenome, cell of geneor near-globalexpression, analysis genotype, global permit that instruments and ment of methods develop on the focus should ground-based studies Such academic. and industrial research both at large, for immunology potential provide tremendous developments geared done and ground on the It has to be highlighted that the technology technology the that It to behighlighted has - - - 25 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 26 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) space-driven immunological research. in models mouse of use increased Encourage I space. in responses immune affecting factors Encourage accurate definition of environmental I undergoing space missions. individuals of (hap-maps) makeup genetic the Encourage recording detailed knowledge of I Encourage device and miniaturisation automation. I immunological research. driven to data-driven experimental approaches in hypothesis- from shift aparadigm Encourage I 3. 2. 1. radiations. ionising to sure gene expression, expo and status, nutritional and cer), intake food related themselves to sedentarism, (e.g. can diseases chronic and of impact ageing the with associateddeeplyis populations of The health Introduction and general statement 3.2.6 S to aperson’sand genotype. history findings these to relate then and ethically, be collected can that samples tissue from small increasingly blood and but not exclusively from mainly peripheralobtained system, sion by immune of hematopoietic the cells ofto conductgene broad expres - deep analyses and enable investigators will This mediated immunity. of or tests serological cell- previous limited than provide would and much more necessary are detail system compositionthe state immune of and the much greater breadth in and measure that depth mmun mmun mmun mmun mmun pecific

Specific nutrients (e.g. glutamine, fatty acids)fatty have Specific nutrients glutamine, (e.g. Four observations should be highlighted: behighlighted: Four observations should Physical inactivity (bed rest study)Physical been has inactivity of the effect of ionising radiation on tumours; tumours; on radiation of effect ofionising the amodulation with as well as growth, cell cancer of or inhibition stimulation been associated with obesity; overweight observedand features in shown to reproduce metabolic pathological the syndrome; metabolic and tion, inflamma oxidativeand stress balance, energy gene expression, role by modulating on health Nutrition and physical activity play an important important play an physicalNutrition activity and Nutrition and metabolism and Nutrition olo olo olo olo olo recomme gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme nd a t nd nd nd nd nd io n a a a a a s t t t t t io io io io io n 5: n 4: n 3: n 2: n 1: - - - Am. J. Clin. Nutr Clin. field of J. the Am. journals best (e.g. the in are published They humans. rently performed in moreare the complete cur integrative and studies Takenhealth. a whole combined), as (allteams they onoption to of explore impact sedentarity the represent restments. Bed experiments best the able are to conduct MEDES) bedand rest experi (at supported by ESA facilities DLR two the Only programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space tion’s health. popula management of the the in radiation ionising gene to expression exposure diet, and sedentarism, respective the of roles ageing, ing importance and 4. to allow real-time assessment of energy balance and and balance assessment real-time of energy to allow are needed: etc.).studies These i) developto systems Diabetes the treatmentthe of obesity. in exercise lack of the effects training understand exercise ii) physiologists: moreand to the better; the of dogma it programmedupon classical is so far the re-evaluation, needs as medicine ground space in physical exercisethe in for used countermeasures that time i) cues for first the interesting to suggest provides This long term. the even in not stimulated, is intake loss energy because tomass body leads whenin spontaneous deficient activity,physical by physical exercise. Too much physical exercise, induced response unbalance in to energy balance energy the allows that buffer the is and intake energy more than far is important NEAC Indeed, balance. for physical activities)ous energy critical is (i.e. spontane expenditure energy activity daily the The “non-exercisecomponent”(NEAC) activity of period past the of Achievements medicine. ground in on investment of return good potential with tion, spaceexperimenta GBRfeasible justifies and in not ethically is It food profiles. modified as such processes development and of preventive measures ageing of study the in interesting highly is tion behaviours. eating in changes macro-nutrients;of and micro- iv) and to assess requirements iii) to determine food allotments; of proper countermeasures; ii)determine to efficacy the current scientific and societal debate and societal regard scientific current the

Food profile and changes deeply influence the influence deeply andchanges Food profile These observations provide important data in data These observations provideimportant status. petence, response inflammatory to and stress com immune homeostasis, metabolic body’s the modulates turn in microbiota,gut which Chronic exposure of humans to ionising radia to ionising of humans exposure Chronic , Am. J. Physiol J. Am. ., ., JCE&M , Progr. Lip. Res Progr. ., ., ., ., ------osteoporosis). peroxidation) and tissue atrophy (e.g. sarcopenia, DN (e.g. alterations cell on focused T R N space flights. developments relevant for ground medicine and countermeasure to relation in particular in Maintain European leadership in bed rest studies, R N Futu eases. - related dis sedentarity the and intoageing insights to sodium. between-subject variability the cated in been impli has and diets sodium response to high acids. fatty sulfuric bone due of oxidation and to degradation the thesis atrophy. muscle negative, triggers fat metabolism. resistance and role atrophy muscle in insulin and (lowgrade), inflammation playwhich of both a gene developmentand expression the in of obesity. respective the role ofregarding sedentarity, diet debate current the in provides data important overweight obesity. observedfeatures and in This Blanc) S. (Credit: ameal of ingestion the Figure 11: est a new generation of countermeasures countermeasures of generation anew est ecomme ecomme ut ut Space sciences provide mechanistic and original Space original sciences and provide mechanistic in plays amajor sodium role storing Skin in Protein supplementation protein syn stimulates either too positive or too unbalance, Energy oxidative and stress triggers Physical inactivity reproduces metabolic the Physical inactivity ri ri re t t following expenditure energy and oxidation substrate assess to measurements calorimetry indirect undergoing subject rest Bed io io priori n a n a nd nd nd M nd nd M nd a a t t t io io ies n 2: n 1: e e t t a abolism abolism nd recomme A damage, lipid lipid A damage, nd a t io n s - - changes in the gut microbiota. and compounds) phenolic acids, fatty (e.g. ionising radiation, modifications of foodprofiles T R N space. space. needed science of the to in improve quality the infrastructure technological additional and bilities; related and facilities/capa ISS of existing summary (i.e. to either introduce to or apply spaceflight); in a contemplatedevant/newer or being technologies) relapproaches place (including either in currently and technological ofered: range scientific a wide overview/supportingthe provided materials cov Given theareas, the subject breadth of spaceflights. long-duration on health/welfare astronaut-related facilitating support systems life and ano-sensing), (mech respond gravisensing to gravity; cells single how/why understanding: technical and scientific broad,but topics very need that much improved provided) main, three addressed summaries thus (presentation/ sub-disciplines biology molecular and The cellular well-being. and astronaut health to studies from single-cell ranging systems ing liv forms of all area impacts upon scientific this science level.However, fundamental stood at the poorly quite under organisms) still are multicellular systems cells, (single living on gravity of effects The Introduction 3.3.1 Cell and molecular biology 3.3 est the interactions between the exposure to to exposure the between interactions the est ecomme ut Biology and Radiation Radiation and Biology ri t io n a nd nd M nd a t io n 3: e t abolism ------27 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 28 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Figure 12: anonome”. approachconsidered This being was mech –the machinery biological and mechanics, role the of force, mechanonome: the understanding up One broad emphasis “Lighting was future. the requirements biology, for technological lar the and and molecu in cell areas scientific pertinent address to capabilities and technologies existing addressing and/or were devoted utilising largely to broadly andprovided slides overview materials visual The period past the of Assessment worldwide. studied being ground-based systems compare contrast with and how space and processes these in ation damage, responses, radi immune impaired loss, muscle and bone of factors affecting improved understanding relevance toinclude ground-based research. These The has several areas of space-flight environment programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space environment. science best achieve spaceflight the possible the in to develop and Lab, a rodent (mouse) to facility plea to Mechanics made develop was aEuropean A approaches opportunities. these associated with space/microgravity innovative environment, and sider the faster, in cheaper simpler and studies upon needstudy. focused the issues to con Other beapplied to can their that technologies the and mechano-adaptation, in results ultimately this how mechanoperception, and mechanobiology on A major emphasis in this discipline was placed was discipline A major this emphasis in Astronaut Frank De Winne works in the Microgravity Science Glovebox on the ISS (Credits: NASA/ESA) (Credits: ISS the on Glovebox Science Microgravity the in works Winne De Frank Astronaut - - - -

questions included, but were to:questions included, how not limited Specific umbrella. this under came research also forms of adaptation/responses. “-omics”and All processes associated signalling the including mechano-adaptation, to mechano-transduction to mechano-perception from cell to holistically, fuges; live cell imaging; root hair microtubules in in microtubules root hair imaging; live cell fuges; centri in cells forces; of local endothelial study cell measuring copy for work biological centrifuges; in application of atomic bone force cells; study micros- to tweezers of optical use sidered included: overall space-flight. long-duration on astronauts for countermeasures on studies helpRodent work facilitate also would briefly rationalised. responses space also was in reduced and immunological damage radiation osteopenia/osteoporosis,induced atrophy, muscle of space- ofapply terms studies in to astronauts, information would this work.which in The way (rodent) need the forloss and more mammalian radiation? by cosmic to affected weightlessness?; how cells are perceive cells g single do opportunities to carry out research using this and and this out research using to carry opportunities and groundforstudies centrifuge large The KUBIK. included briefly these Bioboxprovided:and also was occurs). ageing as (cells become stiffer cells epithelial foreskin human in Arabidopsis C. elegans C. Some of the technologies being applied/con being Some technologies of the topics bone as such with dealt largely areas Other An overview of existing facilities/capabilities overview of existing An ; kinesis and molecular motors; calcium molecular and ; kinesis muscle; space and ageing; primary primary spaceageing; muscle; and ?; how do single cells adapt cells ?; how single do - - with these cells resulted in 235 resulted in proteins different cells these with microgravity Simulated function. left and ventricle tropism, muscle fat deposition bone mineralisation, may have on effects this and downstream gravity flights. on parabolic rapidly occurred also ECs pathwayfactor secretion activation of signal and growth in Changes to Earth. astronauts on return problems for for cardiovascular haps accounting formation, per wall tube resultedin microgravity expression affected. patterns genes their having microgravity, 1599 in impaired with also tion was mechanotransduction. and mechanosensing cell in to found beimportant was NO addition, noted.In expression being changes gene various with microgravity in impaired was osteoblast differentiation that proteins, and matrix involved various microgravity in differentiation tion proteomics. and microarrays including technologies ‘omics’ various used and lines, cell bacterial and mal progress ani achievements and were with largely vessel bioreactor/high ratio vessel. aspect wall cell rotating and machines; random positioning clinostats, yeast; microbiology/bacteria/ research; biology/rodentwere molecular and provided: cell related ten years in areas last the of publications in Lists programme. ELIPS the associated with partly some laterprogress addressed scientific ofthat the Subsequent provided was documentation addressed. and that be were could being questions scientific of a brief overview given conceptual types to the on technologies/equipment/facilities, only with The above presentation focused materials largely Achievements entities. other and Galactic XCOR, Virgin with arise also might space activities for new Opportunities cheaperand experiments. of faster, a need simpler, expressed to also think was forreader example). (TX) USA (Nanoracks, There capabilities/equipment,limited a microplate as such ments commercially, there access and to was some possiblewas to pay 20,000 tosome euros fly experi fromto commercial learn entities; for it example, available. capabilities There unique telemetry were key recommendationthe sub-discipline. of the being latter the with amousefacility, obtaining as well as Lab, Mechanics to Cell develop aEuropean There a perceived was facility. of centrifuge the need atour including described, were also facilities other Thyroid cells were found to be affected in micro in wereThyroidaffected found to be cells (ECs) simulated cells in of endothelial Studies Bone marrow (mesenchymal) prolifera stem cell demonstra of stories success Examples included: of scientific (highlights) areas various The thereindicated was much also sub-discipline The that osteoblast (or that vitro in precursor) cellular ------ism. Changes in virulence, metabolism, growth growth metabolism, virulence, in Changes ism. (reduced), cell wall morphology, cell content, sexual (reduced), content, morphology, sexual cell wall cell ( yeast bacteria and environmentgravity on particular receptor. this of expression mice) responses the that reduced to microgravity It (using found was rats target. and molecular ine ryanod the affect bloodwhether pressure changes were sensitive forces cells to gravitational these and investigated were Areas whether astronauts. with of blood volumeredistribution blood pressure and protein and noted. expressiontation, being fragmen DNA mRNA, on effects with programme, vation of (5-LOX) 5-lipoxygenase apoptotic the in involved system immune the acti associated with studies Other understood. not well still is occurs However, altered. being how immunosuppression structure cytoskeletal response, and monocyte microgravity, lowered with T-cell lower activation, roid cells. first thesewith noted 37 thy of for affected, being cal stresses during launching; multi-passage launching; during stresses cal ofeffects mechani minimise to on flatsurfaces grow and them tocells frozen thaw etc.); facility samples (fromcells, larvae, plants, centrifugal and microgravity exposed to in cells fluorescent signals dynamic to measure available: bemade ability could capabilities following the if substantially alleviated endeavours be could scientific worldwide. This relative restricted, to quite non-space-currently are ISS on capabilities and technical scientific The bottlenecks and Troubleshooting publications. reported the of a subset in acknowledged only was ESA as studies, these of many in had ESA role what cells. plant involved apparently references bibliographical the of None regulator, Hqf aglobal that was cells Salmonella typhimurium using finding important One yeast investigations. and ofnumber bacterial asmaller with studies, were mammalian and largely ‘-omics’ Most technologies various targeted of these publications. biology molecular and made) cell in (and importance the progress provided highlighting questions. approach biology a systems needed is to resolve such that consensus the with not understood, are yet well weretion noted. However, reasons underlying the reproduction, gene protein and expression/produc vascular smooth muscles to better understand understand to muscles better smooth vascular Another highlight was the effects of the microthe of effects the was highlight Another Cellular studies were concluded studies on isolated Cellular in system wereimmune studied the on Effects It was, however, difficult toprecisely ascertain A somewhat extensive bibliography also was S. cerevisiae S. ) as a eukaryotic model organ model a eukaryotic ) as , was identified. identified. , was ------

29 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 30 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) a priority. made be should examples) for above Bottlenecks” equipment and facilities (see “ for need the of rationale and statements Clear effects. hyper-gravity and micro- simulated of that (mainstream science) research/development and development; and (ii) those involving ground-based research/ space-flight for need absolute an with distinguishing: (i) activitiesand approaches clearly by justified and articulated better much Scientific pursuit inthese areas could be C DN transcriptomics, utilise would approach biology for Thethreshold mechanosensing. systems the study/ascertain to tools of development and stages; age and development difference at animals gene regulation induced by microgravity in and mechanotransduction in cells and organs; molecules; signalling cascades; mechanosensing single and cells single of studies include: could T set-up. be should endeavours related and biology cell in processes T C R R Futu to beaddressed. questions remaining/needing vision/large progress the and had been made, that scientific on the focusing rather than emphasised, Technological equipment and needs were mainly Criticisms based science activities and instrumentation. ground- with up keep platforms other and ISS on modern science cannot be done until the capabilities current studies. absence limited the of which working ISS, on the of equipmentlist needed to conduct ground-break providedalso extensive a very sub-discipline This RT-PCR;eter; PCR; atomic force and microscope. microscope; chromatograph; gas spectrom mass confocal/fluorescent as: such on ISS, capabilities instrumentation/ from benefit better thus could researchersbiology and molecular The cell ISS. on capabilities greenhouse large and cells; living in ion currents follow to tools electrophysiological of geneanalysis expression; in-flight cell-culturing; opical team(s) to study systems biology, biology, systems study to team(s) opical ecomme ecomme a ell a ell A microarrays, proteomics, and other ‘-omics’. T he main point to be made is that the best /most /most best the that is made be to point main he re nd M nd M nd priori nd nd olec olec a a t t t io io ies u u n 2: n 1: opics for investigation investigation for opics B lar B lar a nd recomme iolo iolo T roubleshooting and gy gy nd a t io n s - - uli such as light, oxygen pressure gravity, oxygen and and light, as such uli stim respect to external with water the column in gracilis Euglena flagellate unicellular For the example, light. and to gravity responding and to sensing challenges impose tissues cialised and spe lack of and differentiated size small their for microbes where both particular in true holds This context of the space in flight. to understand processes essential are phototaxis and Gravitaxis Introduction in microbes 3.3.2 times. access late on improving research; cancer and developtissues organs, such artificial as vessels, data sharing facilities for tissue engineering to and bank data etc.); sequencing, modification, transcriptomics, post-translational protein centre, (imaging platforms broadband and level consideredfurther include: accessing high- be should that priority high of areas Other C changes in gravity for biotechnological applications. applications. biotechnological for gravity in changes protein respondof products that genes their and to identification the mainly research is ground on the this use of The practical be used. could based on algae conceivable systems that it certainly is missions, exploration For long-duration aspects. biofuel or water space, either for treatment in nutritional, ties communi of algal culturing the research in found is relevance of this main the side, practical On the programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space ming direction. swim activatedare upon from deviation avertical mechano-sensitiveresearchers channels which in in However, drag). shape medium and a mechanism cell on (depending mechanisms physicochemical bedue to only might negative effect gravitational a lot of research on Paramecium fact, In system. sensing specialised internal any sess it even and microbes, is debated microbes if pos processunicellular of the in understanding nistic gracilis photoavoidance mediates that nylyl cyclase E. in a blue-light-activated processes,on e.g. these ade information of body molecular asubstantial quite gracilis on E. response. Studies tactic negative and gravitational apositive light exhibits R ecomme a ell E. gracilis E. For gravitaxis, there is a large gap in the mecha the gap there in a large is For gravitaxis, Gravitactic and phototactic responses responses phototactic and Gravitactic has earlier been identified. earlier has nd M nd nd has been proposed by ELIPS-supported ELIPS-supported by proposed been has olec a t io u n 3: B lar iolo gy indicates that the the that indicates have provided provided have orients itself orients itself ------data have been collected on the ground. havedata ground. on the been collected their all because case notshould berelevant this in numberof replications; however, limited the that be publications would impact factor for high iting It mentioned is alim that journals. ranked higher not are published in results the that it surprising is relevant, and exciting are most results ofthat the Despite years fact to beground-based. past the the most found work of the mittee performed over Howeverthe com flights. rockets parabolic and Euglena Criticisms direction. ponents moving the to alter activates down-stream com turn in which cAMP, molecule signalling production secondary of the enhanced in results and adenylyl cyclase vate an is believed to acti The activation ofCaM.2 CaM.2. concentration stimulates calcium that intracellular increased an in resulting channels sensitive TRP ions activated mediated byof the mechano- calcium influx basedon the gracilis responsegravitactic E. in have These theresults forledmodel to a working involved gravitacticthe response. in differentially genes were calmodulin the that display vincingly the conauthors could Thus, isogenes. calmoduline gravitational response, not observed for other the aloss of in resulted of CaM.2 where inhibition the proteins, CaM.1–CaM.5, ofcorresponding the thesis biosyn the analysis, components. afunctional In signalling calcium-dependent are which dulins, DNA sequences calmo of identified five they Secondly, abolished. was mutantdown gravitaxis involvedare graviperception, knock- in the in since (genethese knock-down)channels that confirms interference clonedwas sequenced. RNA and protein channel receptor family (TRP) potential in signalling and involved sensing gravitational in the authorsgenes the identified publications, two In on gravitaxis. studies ground-based molecular subsequently for been has used moresystem recent movementWinTrack2000the The of cells. many tracking for simultaneous sophisticated software movementof cell gravitactic combination in with studies position, enabling orientedis a vertical in mounted microscope cuvette the so that izontally Microsc 1:5).Imaging is systemon a based hor The (WinTrack2000; field gravitational the in cells GIT moving forers tracking developed amethodology involved programme, research this on in Early Achievements period past the of Assessment E. gracilis E. cultures have flown on both sounding sounding on both have flown cultures . First, the gene encoding a transient gene the encoding . First, ------Gra forfuture. be made the couple specific ofrecommendations general and can a programme, progress the current on the in Based Futu T Gra embedded in the investigations performed. and this methodology should then rapidly be organism, this in made be could knock-outs gene proper future, near the in that expected be to is It (R technology knock-down gene a transient T genes. specific of are essential for proving the functional importance Microbes AO calls in the future for space research. research. space for future the in AO calls fast-track for avenue agood be and systems algal unicellular other on studies gravitational of kinds similar for allow would space in system croscopy mi this Having flights. space for used and adopted be also should It utilise. to researchers other for open be should and projects) relevant space for for ground-based research in general (at least facility open an become should responses tic T Gra signalling/sensing mutants. specific and wild-type in response phototaxis the investigate and space to go to is proven experimentally be can questions these way only T responses. light and gravitactical the between encompass signalling interactions – in this case to try should model the addition, In group. the into and bring a wider community interdisciplinary hypothesis working the of modelling interesting for allow would this particular, In gravitaxis. to approach biology asystems provide would Bringing modellers/theoreticians into the project Gra gravitaxis. on model new functional information to the current working genetic manipulation and would potentially bring to amenable are systems fungal these addition, In light. and gravity both to respond and detect can would be filamentous fungi, where severalspecies evolutionary distant organisms. A suggestion and relevant other two or one involve to extended T Microbes Microbes Microbes he genetic manipulations performed in gracilis E. he microscopy system for studies on gravitac on studies for system microscopy he Euglena in studies gravitaxis he v v v v re i i i i t t t t ac ac ac ac priori t t t t R R R R a ic a ic a ic a ic ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme nd P nd nd P nd P nd P nd t ies his is currently performed by by performed currently is his a t ho t ho t ho t ho nd recomme nd nd nd nd ot ot ot ot a a a a t t t t ac ac ac ac io io io io n 1: t n 4: n 3: n 2: t t t R ic R ic R ic R ic should be espo espo espo espo nd a t n n n n io N i ses i ses i ses i ses Ai). Ai). n - s he he n n n n -

31 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 32 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) presented acomprehensive to is obtain understanding etc.). behaviour on effect cell signalling, (division, beeneton, has shown microgravity to have a direct a cytoskel possessing those especially cells, eukaryotic conditions (1 normal under occurs which fromthat responseobserved differs biological that gives to 4) rise ultimately of an which ment; sum the environ chemical to amodified 3) cell the exposes consequently that away towards and cell, ing from the by-products of nutrientsmetabolic transfer and mov 2) in reduced resulting extracellular trigger’), ‘gravity its environment (the to microgravity upon exposure and alteredcell on physical the force an with acting by 1)of eventscascade may beginning be summarised proposed the gravity-driven determined, been fully of onaction prokaryotesmicrogravity have not yet of mechanisms exact the ment behaviour. and While develop growth, microbial role plays gravity in that of the lead to aclearer understanding behaviour will to be involved genesof aparticular the known with on regulation genetic studies conjunction with in antibiotic etc.) (e.g. production, resistance, biofilm beindirect. behaviourcan and growth microbial microgravity, in in observed changes the that suggests This nois convection, diffusion. only there that simply fact due to the cell the surrounding theenvironment on effect a direct has microgravity that It clear is however, understood. not are yet fully responses, biological observed forthe responsible behaviour. and The mechanisms growth microbial or deformation (weight). of displacement (motion) its mass: a function and/ as an object on produce effects can two gravity that ofparameters interest to study. benoted It should and/ormicrogravity were cosmic radiation main the space the capsule, Within clinorotation. via gravity selected parametersof outer micro space, as such to designed simulate laboratory facilities terrestrial space have been complemented also using by studies protective in atmosphere.side Earth’s Experiments aconsequence as out incurred of being exposure lessness (microgravity) increased radiation the and theare spacecraft stateorbiting ofan near-weight factorsexperienced physical boardon influential two most Theto selected conditions of situ. space in orbit forms’ responses (LEO) life the toEarth study into life low terrestrial spacecrafttransporting for late 1950s, the Since developed has space technology Introduction Microbiology 3.3.3 indicated that microgravity has an influence on influence an has microgravity that indicated The main objective of the ELIPS investigations ELIPS objectivethe of main The on behaviour microbial focused Future studies of to have date investigations majority The g ). For bigger For). bigger ------

ity has the potential to be of great importance for the for to beof the great potential the importance has ity generated knowledge micrograv the under addition, appropriate. In highly operation space certainly is in in mechanisms molecular to understand organism amodel as cerevisiae respect choice the of S. this In networks. metabolic and on regulatory studies ogy position biol for aunique puts systems it in studies, provided organism, biochemical genetic by and both this information on functional of base immense The etc. activation, transcriptional repair, signalling, biology, replication, DNA cell e.g. basic questions in of array general for awide organism key model the cerevisiae The Saccharomyces yeast microbiology to programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space general. in on life has microgravity effects of the have understanding on impact our an yeast will in microgravity in changes metabolic and regulatory of both understanding an addition, In hosts. colonise to or nutrients for forage to yeast, consideredis like for to be ameans non-motile cells, media on solid Invasive microbes. in growth tures struc space formation on cell in the of organised stresses various and of gravity importance of the and small invertebrates (Credits: ESA -D. Ducros) ESA (Credits: invertebrates small and plants small cultures, tissue cells, micro-organisms, on experiments Figure 13: applications. of fermentation any these in large-scale in to changes impose expected is density itshigh and production bread), beer of and biofuel, maceuticals, applications (e.g. heterologous production of phar biotechnological various in extensively used yeast is Today,ferent ground. on the compared to cultures fermentations space dif be quite would in large-scale reason, that it to space. For is beexpected in this use relevant is that of for aspect yeast its growth practical non-stirred fermentations,a is in sink them makes basic science. in yeast community vast The relatively high density of yeast cells, which which of cells, density yeast The high relatively The Biolab is a facility designed to support biological biological support to designed afacility is Biolab The has developed has into - - - - - journals with high impact, which so far has not has so far which impact, high with journals to appear in potential research the has this tion, addi In impact. description growth of the detailed have surely would providedsampling amuch more Biocontainer. the More with time-points frequent space weredistinct at in two images taken two Only points. of number time at alimited betaken only photographymanual therefore and could images resolution photographyHigh possible only with was Criticisms study. microbial of space-related kind any encouraged in be highly most relevant the control should and certainly is 1 of use the stressed that it also was committee, to the presentation the control aground in During sample. recorded followed the was and mimicked profile was conclusions.in The spacetemperature to false ing implement a proper control, notdo that lead fully spacethere agreat are in of number experiments and issue of use a properis trivial not a control. This gene. FLO1 the information on groupThe providedhas functional (FLOgenes). flocculins proteins called wall cell cific of spe mediated are by interactions aclass cell–cell The suspended. are they which in medium from the rapidly sediment clumpsand adherein yeast cells phenomenon This thatlation. the fact is based on floccu called is which toadhere yeastother cells, Σ1278b showed reduced strain invasive growth. microgravity, the under Interestingly, spreading. rate, colony invasive growth growth, e.g. yeast, in on growth impact an has what microgravity extent investigateused to been system to has This takens. to (manually) be high-resolution images allow and space in growth to follow Biocontainer the called mutants. deletion available genome-wide the of geneusing collection space in survival and for growth of importance have been recently genes conducted also to identify space (to in gene regulation bepublished). Studies DNA microarrays for using analysis transcriptomic compared to respiration. The follow-upis a study degree higher of fermentation to a leading flight space during in metabolism ashift reports which proteomics been published, has study initial ity. An micrograv yeast under in physiological changes the transcriptomics)ics, to provide of picture a global (proteom technologies -omics new incorporated research microbiology has that A major is asset Achievements period past the of Assessment Researchers have developed anovel also system Publications on these studies have the studies on addressed these Publications aremarkable possesses to capacity cerevisiae S. g control space now has in been which adopted, ------responses to microgravity. various to background genetic the from impact the on information important give and highlight will which utilised, be should studies functional in T M space. in interesting high-resolution studies in cell biology for avenues new many up open certainly would system imaging online and microscopy resolution T time. real in production, localisation and degradationstudies collection of G acomplete is yeast in resource important An conditions. microgravity under time real in cells in processes dynamic following for tools includes development future important Another M systems. complex more not only for microorganisms but also for higher, important development that could be implemented an is data -omics of Automation available. information background of amount great the on based developments, of types these for model raw agood provide context this in would yeast and studies, yeast for suited well is approach chip forparticular -omics related data. T automation,laboratory which is a challenge in further to linked be should Investigations M close links to theoreticians/modellers. require will and future the in challenge amajor be will perspective in changes regulator recorded the Setting space. in generated being is that data genome-wide vast the for valid particularly be incorporated into the investigations. T should aspect biology systems stronger A much M Futu microgravity. to of responses microbial aspects biology systems the More case. been the emphasis be given should to where in the universe, and what is the future of life of life future what the is and universe, where the in else evolve, exist and life does begin how life does have ways been various asked for in generations: that questions basic three addresses Astrobiology Introduction 3.3.4 he completely sequenced clean lineages of yeast yeast of lineages clean sequenced completely he icrobiolo icrobiolo icrobiolo icrobiolo re Astrobiology priori he development of this kind of high- of kind this of development he gy R gy Recomme gy Recomme gy Recomme FP-tagged proteins, enabling t ies ecomme a nd recomme nd nd nd nd a a a a t t t t ion 4: io io io he lab-on-a- n 3: n 2: n 1: nd a his is t io n s

- 33 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 34 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Figure 14: space environment aboard spacecraft BioPan, (e.g. the research in be answered by conducting only can beyond? and These questions on Earth of life future what the is and universe, the elsewherein exist Two major life does questions are, of astrobiology experiments to ground coupled Space experiments astrobiology to programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space future? the in and biosphere life today affect Earth’s the in changes planets? How bebetween transferred life will Can mechanisms? protection evolve radiation life did biosphere? the and life of How terrestrial limits environmental what the are including: to ELIPS, relevant specific questions particularly into smaller cosmic phenomena. and planetary biological, most comprehensive of inclusive and understanding compels one of astrobiology tocharacter achieve the The broadinterdisciplinary relatedand disciplines. technologies, exploration space science, information astrophysics, astronomy, science, planetary istry, geochem geology, climatology, biology, ecology, approach combines that molecular disciplinary interan require space. These studies in and Earth on both challenges, to adapt to future life of Earth potential of the studies and evolutionearly of life, and investigationsthe field origins of and ratory System, labo beyond Solar and our within for life broad is encompasses search astrobiology and the of beyond? and discipline the Accordingly, on Earth These three broad questions can be sub-divided three broadsub-divided be These can questions Installation of Biopan on the exterior of the Foton re-entry capsule (Credits: ESA - S. Corvaja 2007) Corvaja -S. ESA (Credits: capsule re-entry Foton the of exterior the on Biopan of Installation

- - - studies on the effects of different gravity regimes different gravityregimes of effects on the studies by addressed questions being are These Earth? to live beyond humans be developed allow that habitats more can specifically, and, beyond Earth, fate of what systems the is biological include, ogy astrobiol in questions important Additional potentialApplication desiccationof and damage. radiation genetic basis the into give data insights Such of life. physiological and of limits biochemical the standing under to abetter provideexperiments leading data ments coupled control ground simulation and with orbit For or beyond. space example, experi Earth lowsend into space,on whether them platforms in to is environments convincingly space planetary and in of organisms survival way the to only study the Therefore, from space data missions. interpreting advance for of aspacebetter in and mission data preliminary forare valuable obtaining tion studies simula Earth-based on Earth. chambers simulation by gravity) beduplicated and tion accurately cannot respect (especially to radia with Earth’s other than environmentsspace environment planetary and the that It clear be made should Earth’s. than other 14) Figure shown in the quest for human habitation beyond Earth, data data habitation quest forthe human beyond Earth, (e.g. bioregenerativeEarth support systems). life In able habitable beyond environments for humans develop and sustain to design beused can studies habitable from these data environments depend, upon foundation form which the microorganisms Because systems. model as microorganisms using desiccation and radiation, microgravity), (including and in planetary environments planetary in and ------eukarya). The astrochemistry experiments experiments revealed astrochemistry The eukarya). spaceto the environment (e.g. archaea, bacteria, exposure survive can that communities and isms of organ kinds on the knowledge expanded thus space to the environment exposed and organisms of have types numbers and the expanded facilities 15 (shown Figure in EXPOSE The BioPan experiments. and EXPOSE the during found to space exposed conditions were microorganisms in of damage radiation into mechanisms new insights For example, of life. for origin the to beimportant thought medium interstellar the in found molecules organic on and microorganisms, on environment spacethe simulated of researchbased effects on the ground- been substantial therealso has missions these with association In ISS. platforms outside the aboard flights and R E EXPOSE the as as well flight aBioPan few years including past the cesses during had several suc has astrobiology programme The Achievements 2012). (10-12 community user January ELIPS from the presentedview workshop representatives at the with over report the relevant was programme for this ELIPS the informationsource on of The primary period past the of Assessment biocementation, etc.). (e.g. bio-mining, be necessary rigors space of to the environment will functions havethat useful been engineered to perform certain organisms exposing experiments from astrobiology ESA) (Credit: space of environment Figure 15: The Expose-R facility, attached to the outside of the ISS, is loaded with a variety of biological samples being exposed to the harsh harsh the to exposed being samples biological of avariety with loaded is ISS, the of outside the to attached facility, Expose-R The ) and BioPan BioPan and ) - - - the complex chemistry that can occur in the space the in occur can that complexthe chemistry for studies on morefor complex studies systems. new conceptresearch this in calling reflect should programme community?).bial AOs ELIPS the in micro a through nutrient flow affect altered gravity how and of community, does amicrobial dynamics System on population Solar of body the on another thatexperienced be the would effect ofradiation what the is questions as (for such asking example, abroader to take approachnity its experiments in for commu Itthe time is base. knowledge to our little add orbit will low Earth in experiments sure simple expo orbit. Additional low in Earth life of origin for the to beimportant thought pounds com organic and biomolecules, on microbes, experiments of space exposure type same of the conducted has much community astrobiology The Criticisms course. lecture astrobiology astrobiology, development the an and of ABCNet, anetwork of 19 nations involved EANA, in forming in instrumental Scienceswas programme Life ESA the addition, In Systemsions bodies. to Solar other protection- for mis for planetary standards and ies helped lead development to the of new protocols Astrobiology and of issue the ing upcom an to are be publishedin experiments these the most of The recentresults ofof life. origin the for important production thought the of molecules for intomechanisms insight environment, providing International Journal of Astrobiology of Astrobiology Journal International . Data from stud . Data of anumber these ------35 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 36 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) duplication of experiments. develop common and prevent instrumentation, experiences, common from learn to microbiology, physiology/ as such domains ELIPS other with Implement mechanisms to allow interaction A them. use to support the as well as facilities ground-based to access Improve A implementation. of time the to acceptance proposal of time new astrobiology research facilities from the to access and of development the Accelerate A research. bodiesplanetary for ground- and space-based in environment the interplanetary and on other D A radiation environments. interplanetary realistic more in experiments for allow to orbit D A Cubesats). (e.g. orbit situ in of and outside spacecraft. D inside both facilities exposure orbital new develop to continue experience, current and past on Based the capture of sunlight to power photosynthesis; of capture sunlight the awayto align/orientate to themselvesin optimise for example, woody plants, branchescanopy and in photosynthetic the of ability orientation/tropisms; development, of: root terms notably shoot and in and growth plant to influence known Gravity is Introduction 3.3.5 A following. the include ommendations rec priority. Additional high become extremely an should environments for life of planetary other subsurface and exploration surface of the arise, opportunities mission When spacecraft. returnable non- space and aboard returnable interplanetary in especially ments spacecraft, outside inside and orbit go beyond toshould conduct low experi Earth priority, community astrobiology the a high As Futu st st st st st st evelop facilities that mimic found temperatures evelop access to space beyond low Earth Earth low beyond space to access evelop robiolo robiolo robiolo robiolo robiolo robiolo re Plant biology recomme monitoring of microbial growth in Earth gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme nd a t io evelop systems capable n nd nd nd nd nd nd s a a a a a a t t t t t t ion 6: ion 5: ion 4: ion 3: ion 2: ion 1: - - the ability oftrees to woody attempt stems in to ability the Earth. Earth. grown are on when plants processes occur the that phototropism, to understand thus for and example, with components as the such cascades, of these tify have to thus investigations Such iden potential the System Cultivation (EMCS) shown in Modular European the as such vector, facilities in absence the gravity of the in be studied can cades cas associated signalling other tropisms their and gravitropic of the provide and uncoupling input, an microgravity in development. on plants Studies growth/ during occur do and can that changes dynamic the and plants, growing types/organs in the differentphysiological fatescell help define of tropisms Earth experienced plant on The various programme ELIPS the of value and relevance Space canopy. photosynthetic the of enlargement via capture energy of sunlight range breadth branchesoverall and the to extend allows which entations alignment, outside of vertical the forwood) branches to adoptori also different and of reaction support (so-called tissues of specialised production through alignment avertical maintain (Credit: ESA/NASA) (Credit: ISS the on installed payload biology gravitational ESA Figure 16: agriculture. tainable removal of toxic- components, sus recycling, and air uptake/oxygen dioxide carbon water release, and bioremediation, include of benefit areas Potential ronment research ramifications. have Earth-based long-duration missions) a closed-loop grown in envi in (e.g. plants asource of foodstuffs as fresh using In addition, life support systems in space in support systems life addition, In The European Modular Cultivation System (EMCS) is an an is (EMCS) System Cultivation Modular European The Figure 16 Figure - - - - . in microgravity, as well as waiving and coiling of coiling and waiving as microgravity, well in as on proteomic effects disruption; Ca profiles and displacementamyloplast gravity on of effects ity; reverse the and microgravon circumnutation in increased of effects observations on amplifying 0.001 was gravisensing acceleration threshold the perceived that in lishing breeding. plant able forsustain potential as its briefly mentionedas well also was MELISSA system support gravity.life The speciesoxygen (ROS) micro simulated in increases reactive and attenuation, cycle cell transport; polar proliferation; andauxin cell differentiation cell atic meristem response aunique forhaving hypocotyls; receptors (phytochromes); microgravity in red light (phototropins)growth versus red far-red and light stem directing blue light model; ligand-receptor topics ahydrostatic pressurea included: model; Other pathways. signalling inositol-3 phosphate in were as briefly was mentioned, stemplant bending in process. Auxins transduction signal the triggers this that given, and plasma membranethe also was in located receptor molecules membrane-bound contactmembranes roots with of in statolith tial of poten the Some discussion channels. calcium and cytoskeleton/actin cytoskeleton the involving cascades signalling gravitropism, downstream and sensing/responses gravity for in rootstatoliths Topics roles the included granules/ of starch cascades. abovepisms signalling associated and tro various the generalsense, avery in addressed, the plant biology aspects of overview The main Achievements forfuture. needs the the overand five ground-based last studies the years, flight- ceived and both in major advances scientific provided was documentation Later covering per ISS. on the experiments of conducting challenges (the speciesplant done).to first havethis whose genomeArabidopsis, sequenced was 2000 in the form”. plant, model on The emphasis mainly was be removed “pure in bestudied tropisms and could could where influence gravitational of the life tory - his the in time first the was out this that pointing microgravity,in from benefit and learn by studying what The presentationwe breeding. could outlined plant sustainable and stress; phototropism); abiotic (including tropisms other gravitropism; areas: four upon mainly focused and able committee, to the covered by apresentation report avail made and environment/microgravity spaceflight of the was effects the to as it pertains The field ofplant biology period past the of Assessment The main achievements perceived main The were:estab subsequently TTs described Discussions the and g ; seed-to-seed experiments/ g ------and expectations of the 21 the of expectations and standards the to up brought be to need Facilities P investigator programme could also help. Ayoung experimentation. space in involved regularly not are who biology plant in scientists TT via N P aspects of gravitropic responses, including how all to extended be should programmes Research P ventilation, gas composition). of plant growth/development ( better controlled environments for various aspects systems to detect/manage contamination in flight; zones; root and aerial of monitoring time real (nutrient, water, oxygen and carbon dioxide) for capabilities; sensors equipment and analytical imaging and microscopies other and confocal Additionally, facilities and equipment on the ISS are equipmentare and ISS on the facilities Additionally, lower factor. with impact journals and specialised Plant as such Physiology Somevariable. were reasonably in good journals, papers of the published seemed quality potential the execution, and and phenomenological design in were and aspect lacked more a hypothesis-driven facilities/capabilities. apparentlyity Some studies may not havestudies absolutely required micrograv In some cases, level. scientific international highest from science ageneral plant perspective, very at the overdepiction five of activities last not, was the years the specialised, and narrowly focused very being areas scientific/technical to the sympathetic While Criticisms not occur. did studies questions about these what if development of hardware; too much paperwork; and AOs too slow between delays experiments; and were bottlenecks consideredMain to be too long bottlenecks and Troubleshooting to increased levels of ROS. ing lead stress gravitational weightlessness; in inhibited partially transport polar auxin growth; cell and tion prolifera cell of uncoupling included noteworthy deemed studies Ground-based roots. Arabidopsis Futu investigation. under areas technical scientific/ the into appears coming to bealack of “new blood” biology/plant molecular plant biology. also There science/ plant in not for studies onday modern par a need to have R have to a need la la la ew blood must be brought into the field, either either field, the into brought be must blood ew nt B nt nt B nt nt B nt re s and/or by engaging more broadly the the broadly more engaging by s and/or priori iolo iolo iolo gy R gy R gy R t T ies -PCRs; use of G of use -PCRs; ecomme ecomme ecomme a nd recomme , but more often in werevery st century. T century. nd nd nd T , radiation, airflow; a a a t t t FPs in flight; flight; in FPs io io io n 2: n 1: n 3: nd here is is here a t io n s - - - 37 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 38 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) and patterns of patterns geneand expression developing in development morphological insects, amphibians, in in development physiological amphibians, and fish development on morphological of microgravity in effect the assessed has programme ELIPS the under report on the biology). plant in (developmentalplants reviewed is plants in biology species rather than animal opmental in biology develon was material this of The focus committee. presentation availablereports made to the and on based the periodwas past ofAssessment the Assessment of past period insights. to mechanistic deliver potential the ments has on microgravity developmental in biology from experi gained knowledge areas, other in as Thus, even onsystems. memory function, pocampal hip on influence and/or vestibular mechanisms, the orientation spatial control, motor of development the as such mechanisms nervous on central other have Italso amore could system. profound influence theopment as vestibular such of features specific thedevel influence can microgravity evidence that there is and understood, not well is ogenesis, very of embry stages early very the during particularly developmentthat environment, by the modulated is development, way the animal space. Regarding in sources food sustainable producing for example for space exploration, for human insights of providing benefit added developmentalplant an has biology Understanding animals. and plants of both studies performed through research being biology is mental develop fundamental programme, Under ELIPS the programme ELIPS of value and relevance Space and morphogenesis the embryo. differentiation of in results gene expression, ultimately regulate that that of proteins pathways and inhibition activation and from spontaneous formation pattern the is arising to reproduce. Akey process involved development in long order enough to tobe in survive for organisms Development arobust has process, and generally is Introduction 3.3.6 Developmental biology are also needed. at More present. hypothesis-driven approaches missing be to seem these example); for branching, and realignment (stem forms plant woody in effects gravitropic of aspects broader study to T hypergravity. on needed are emphases Other respond. types cell different During the past five past the work years, out carried During here is also a need aneed also is here ------coming of announcement flightopportunity. juvenile stages should be implemented in each the to up embryonic the from animals of use the or age-related A sensitivities. clear decision about principles of development such as critical periods general for search the in included be could juveniles and larvae embryos, also whether or etc.) cellular level eggs, myocytes, (fertilised stem cells, the to restricted be should biology developmental animal in studies whether of question the about adiscussion initiate to crucial is It De bear. to brought be can that technologies best the are what of T focused specifically ondevelopmental biology. aTT of formation the through implemented be now.T until up research microgravity in involved been not have who science of forefront the at groups productive and relevant to participation the of abroadening be should there Additionally, morphogenesis. as such effects larger-scale to linked be will level molecular to carefully consider how information at the and development, of process the into insight microgravity will offer a detailed mechanistic in experiments how establish to important is It plants. and animals of biology developmental for how understanding gravity influences review and of prioritisation research objectives aclear encourage to be should discipline Overall, an urgent for priority this sub- De Futu judge. to difficult was quality scientific overall the but so others are not and yet published, journals, have Some data peer-reviewed been publishedin ful. behelp genetics would and biology molecular as such perhaps one otherareas area where with consolidation developmental and is biology committee, expert ESF to notthe was clear always studies of these direction However, systems. neuronal scientific overall the fordevelopment the gravity of sensory, motor, and age- (and/or developmental-) to related sensitivity general question of the there whether an is answer by tadpoles. of tails shedding the and system thedevelopment include theeffects of vestibular For and/or these example, quent function. structure absence have ofonsubse can influence gravity an development where during the periods be critical havetherethat studies mayshown These insects. here should also be a coordinated consideration consideration acoordinated be also should here v v Overall, the focus of these experiments was to was experiments of these focus the Overall, elopme elopme re priori nt nt al al t ies B B iolo iolo a nd recomme gy R gy R ecomme ecomme his could could his nd nd nd a t a a io t t ion 2: ion 1: n s - - for Heavy Ion Research GmbH) Research Ion Heavy for Figure 17: respiratory diseases. and digestive cardiovascular, interferenceand with induction cataract dysfunction, immune system, thenervous central to damage including identified prevented have been intake by antioxidant also bepartly space can that in of on humans radiation late effects biological and Some immediate other remain. major for uncertainties risk which and for tohazard missions Mars long-duration manned appears to beamajor which risk, health cancer as CGRof such effects late biological the estimating for true is particularly This countermeasures. tion protec appropriate defining and assessment risk magnetospherethe a requirementstrong is for (CGR) space exploration outside missions during radiation to cosmic galactic exposure human with associated effects thestochastic of delineation The Introduction 3.3.7 Biological effects of radiation within an AO. specified be can research of strands coherent that so identified be should neuroscience) biology, plant (e.g. programmes other with synergy been identifiedand prioritised, areas having Once the important research questions have De v elopme The GSI facility in Darmstadt, Germany operates a unique, large-scale accelerator for heavy Ions (Copyright: GSI Helmholtz Centre Centre Helmholtz GSI (Copyright: Ions heavy for accelerator large-scale aunique, operates Germany Darmstadt, in facility GSI The nt al B iolo gy R ecomme nd a t ion 3: - Unresolved following: the include key issues One of the key, pertinent radiation biology findings, One of key, the findings, biology radiation pertinent Assessment of past period of space effects biological radiation. and molecular of devoted investigations based determination to the and space- Earth- both above) justifies discussed fully for crewrisks members of exploration space (as missions assessment The fornecessity better of several health Relevance for space exploration missions The • and (projectiles radiation Therole of secondary • The • 17) ( ground-based accelerator facilities through programme ELIPS the recently within obtained The • , demonstrates relatively the low effectiveness signalling. cellular DNA and repair including molecules, to bio processingofbiological damage radiation apossible threshold. with radiation response biological to quadratic lowvs. dosesof components. shielding of ions heavy action with etc.) generated space the vessel inter by inside the electrons, protons, neutrons, fragments, target sub-discipline). dosimetry radiation the tion with componentsdeleterious of CGR (in closecoopera possible still biological highly interference effect debated

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39 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 40 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) to in participate joint projects by combining N biology research at laboratory Brookhaven N R B when space experiments are concerned. particularly communities, system nervous central and cardiovascular immune, the with aspects proposals should also include interdisciplinary proposal for future flightFuture opportunities. research broader build and programme ELIPS present the in missing still are that investigations biology radiation in involved groups research T groups/disciplines). few a to restricted be to appears currently (it biology from the broad, field interdisciplinary ofradiation TT existing the of expertise the enlarge to made be should Efforts R B R cancers. andoccurrence of secondary side-radiation effects, against protection minimisation and lethality, of heavy-ion-induced mechanisms including aspects applied and fundamental on both entated studies ori medically with of synergy there a possibility is resistant to X- or gamma-ray therapy. Therefore, ment of several cancers(hadrontherapy) are that treatthe increaseduse in of an ionsThere heavy is benefitsEarth and applications ronment factors amicrogravity. such contribution space of other ions heavy envi among the science order assess sub-groups in to better amore in issues concerted concerned way with life Therethese pathologies. is astrong need to address respiratory and digestive cardiovascular, several of occurrence and dysfunction of immune possibilities there also are risk, to cancer addition In missions. long-term space during concern forhealth humans been mentionedIt CGR already amajor has that is Trans-disciplinary aspects used. bemostly will facilities ground this, For effects. tohereditary exert and tumours solid of ions heavy to induce ability the including tion, radia onand severalCGRof latesecondary effects information missing atprojects gaining aimed are research Germany. Forthcoming at Darmstadt, platform research GSI at the centre by ELIPS the provided accelerator the facilities achieved using was This of ions heavy leukaemia. to induce iolo iolo ecomme ecomme ecomme ational Laboratory and efforts should be made made be should efforts and Laboratory ational radiation space adedicated developed has ASA g g E ical E ical nd nd nd a a a ffec ffec t t t io io io s by welcoming new experts in in experts new welcoming s by n 2: n 1: n t t s R s of R s of his should attract active active attract should his a a d d ia ia t t io io n n - - - - impact factor.impact high a with journals in articles review and findings research of publication of policy successful be encouraged. T should biology radiation space to dedicated asymposium example, for having, by meetings the annual or international radiation research as such events scientific major in Participation R B board. on required are sources radiation and cellular damage. For this purpose, animal facilities the biochemical processing of radiation-induced on microgravity of effect the investigate further ISS for performing experiments on animals to T R B created. been has laboratory abiology where (France) G at facilitated be should accelerators ion on emphasis with facilities research ground-based to Access R B (cancer).late effects biological consequences, in particularly terms of effects of C of effects enable a better understanding of molecular computational modelling and simulations to T R B International Space series. (WRMISS) Station annual Workshop on Radiation Monitoring for the the as such biology radiation space in involved joint international workshops with scientists One may also recommend continuing to organise genome. the on radiation of effects damaging complementary expertise for assessing the here is a need to implement equipment on the the on equipment implement to aneed is here here is also a need to further develop develop further to aneed also is here iolo iolo iolo iolo ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme SI with a possible extension to G to extension apossible with SI g g g g E ical E ical E ical E ical nd nd nd nd G R on key cellular molecules and the the and molecules keycellular R on a a a a ffec ffec ffec ffec t t t t io io ion 4: io his also concerns the already n 6: n 5: n 3: t t t t R s of R s of R s of R s of a a a a d d d d ia ia ia ia t t t t io io io io A n n n n N IL at Caen Caen at IL type instruments, thermoluminescent detectors and detectors and thermoluminescent instruments, type onsilicon- based microdosimetry, systems including of several passive design on physical the detectors decade last the Major progress beenduring made has developments future and achievements Recent (Moon,term missions Mars) devoted to exploration. of long- for estimation risk level essential organ is at the dose exposure of individual determination events the and particle of solar forecasting accurate with together measurement modelling, and through Assessment ofspace environment the radiation Relevance for space exploration missions operation. and for planning mission mandatory below predefinedlimits, acceptablerisk be kept will explorationmissions during fields tion to radia exposure neededis human to that ensure dose received radiation of the This organs. by inner estimation to is comeadetailed achieved, up with been complementary approaches, partly has that these of aim reactive species. main The oxygen for radiation-induced scavenging lowto the ability However,countermeasure. due limited is itsvalue a as compounds requires ofinvestigation dietary also of radiation effects biological deleterious protection against Individual “bremsstrahlung”. and electrons protons, neutrons, with together fragments target of and consists projectiles which radiation, secondary generationthe of harmful reduce level to CGR the minimise of and exposure tissues. human and materials shielding with radiation sideration of interaction primary the development into con take that codes of transport improvements the and space weather in forecasting is complemented This available. are models by eral sev currently for and assessment, risk mandatory is component radiation each space the environment in fluence together with rates). particles the Modelling andof fieldenergy radiation parameters ing (type quantify and of delineating aim the with ELIPS, laboratories several European through and USA the extensiveinvolving cooperative Japan, efforts have been implemented through onISS board the exploration passive Several missions. detectors etary interplan (CGR) during radiation secondary and radiation to cosmic galactic exposure human with associated risks the required estimate to correctly assessmentandarethe spacecraft dose equivalent of of inside radiation physicalAccurate dosimetry Introduction 3.3.8 development to of passive active shielding and Another major field involvesAnother of research the Radiation dosimetry - - - - - of the interaction of high energetic parti heavy of interaction of high the the effects of delineation partial allows This tions. or involve Monte calcula deterministic based Carlo are either that codes transport three-dimensional of theone-design and cooperative or tional efforts interna have through years past the beenin made space components radiation for models individual Weather Working Team. Space ESA the with association in study design ESA an through discussion under currently instruments implementation from the expected are information reliable more providing at aimed developments events (SPE). emphasisparticle on solar an Future space weather, forecasting and for describing with available. also is activities” “extravehicular doses receivedradiation by astronauts during assessment real-time of allows that instrument) A semi-activeseveral devices. detector (ALTEA by ponentsbe monitored can discriminated and Free space com radiation Roscosmos JAXA. and and NASA active cooperation with through ISS have that ionisation chambers been tested on the ties also have also on several astrong impact terrestrial ties activi These flight. during to radiation exposure crew aircraft associated with risks term health haveassessmenttheimpact on of long- abeneficial on spacedosimetry activities radiation Scientific benefitsEarth and applications lateeffects. biological and ation of immediate thedeline and effectivenessbiological of particles components) forassessment biologists of the and of radiation (detection modelling and dosimetry physicists of mostly involving for aspects various integratedan spacecraftside approach the requires riskand The evaluation of onboard out radiation Trans-disciplinary aspects more risk. ing efficient radiation against protection aim of the provid with materials efficientshielding development progressthe in of novel more and currently are SPE Experiments situations. during organs human in dose distribution determined has on ISS board the phantom MATORSKA human the use theof Also, relative effectiveness. biological including parameters radiation several of sideration This con requires fulfilled. been partly so far has amajor that spacecraft, objective the within tion radia secondary and to GCR exposure organ inner have contributed of individual determination to the assessed. to be remain effects biological events generation whose and radiation of secondary of terms excitation in materials shielding with cles the availability of several observation platforms availability the Significant advances in the development the advances in of Significant with achievement deals important Another All of the previously addressed achievements previously of addressed the All ------41 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 42 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) radiation and individual dose in inner organs. of effectiveness biological the of delineation radiation biology community, allowing a better the with cooperation strengthens and includes that taken be should approach integrated A more R modelling. radiation and codes transport improved of development the and events solar of forecasting better for made be to have efforts additional Also, G at ESA by provided facilities accelerator ion ground-based to access and ISS the board on require implementation of additional instruments T exposure. dose of assessment better a for calibration real-time involve should that components radiation of detection real-time and detectors individual of development the concerns missions and extravehicular T activities. forhumans, exploration particularly long-duration to risk radiation lowering for necessary shelters shielding materials together for temporary active and passive of development the on focus should efforts Future leader. amajor as Europe broad international scientific community, with a involving achievements major had have and haveradiation dosimetry matured gradually space of domain the in activities Research R R therapy. hadron emphasis therapy on radiation ofand with cancers medicine nuclear weather forecasting, incidents, nuclearpower and plant exposure for occupational systems protection radiation devices, navigation and telecommunications instruments, irradiated of components electronic including applications ecomme a a d d ia ia t t io io n Dosime n Dosime nd a t io n t t s r r

y R y R ecomme ecomme nd nd his would would his a a his also t t io io n 2: n 1: SI. SI. preparatory ground experiments must be justified justified be must experiments ground preparatory T latter. the to indispensable so be would former the why and research, based how space-borne research related to ground- clear entirely not was it projects, several In R Ov should be examined with scrutiny. simulation or ground-based model systems, computer as such posed, questions scientific possible alternative routes to answering the funded, are systems’ ‘model involving experiments convincing or was even poor. In particular, before experiments in microgravity was not entirely performing for justification the projects, many In R Ov emphasis . to merit enough particular quently were which overarching issues encountered fre afew here list we report, of shall the part of this subsections appropriatelythe are which in detailed improvementtial and for many identified projects there were several recommendations for poten widespreadWhile over of fields many research. proposed being are experiments the and tunities, oppor research for groups flight competing are Many beevaded ground. study, on the cannot and under system on the impact adisturbing has gravity cases, many In toest physical sciences experiments. of are inter greatover potential scales, long time particularly conditions, microgravity general, In Programme Physicalfor Sciences the 4.1 l l l Physical Sciences 4. ecomme ecomme erarchi erarchi Overarching Recommendations nd nd ng P ng ng P ng a a t t io io h h n 2: n 1: y y S sical S sical cie cie he need for (many) (many) for need he n n ces ces - - - - priority. highest the given be should programme ELIPS the of continuation therefore and ELIPS, of portfolio experiments found in the physical sciences outstanding truly some are there that noted be N funds individually. more given and funded, be should projects fewer that appears it general, In process. review the in improvement for room some reflects projects T Ov financial contribution toproject funding. asubstantial providing by is interest such prove T application. the of relevance the underpin to order in consideration under experiment very the of T frame. time what in and respect, what in results, the from benefit to expected is application what exactly explicit and clear very made be should it projects, as a justification formicrogravity research Wherever industrial applications are put forward R Ov numerical simulations instead. doing of possibilities well-developed the consider to and what, for amodel as proposed being is what at look acloser encourage strongly we used, being is system’ ‘model term the wherever in future proposals and In activities. particular, R he varying degree of scientific quality of the the of quality scientific of degree varying he he best and most obvious way for industry to to industry for way obvious most and best he ecomme ecomme otwithstanding the points made above, it should should it above, made points the otwithstanding erarchi erarchi here should be a proven industrial interest interest industrial aproven be should here nd nd ng P ng ng P ng a a t t ion 4: io h h n 3: y y S sical S sical cie cie n n ces ces 43 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 44 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) operated on the ISS. The ACES payload is attached to the Columbus Lab (Credit: ESA) (Credit: Lab Columbus the to attached is payload ACES The clocks ISS. the atomic on of operated generation anew on based experiment physics afundamental is Space) in Ensemble Clock (Atomic ACES The 18: Figure (Figure 18) (Figure ACES mission the in clocks the as such aclock, sensor is the If on available Earth. from that potential gravitational due to a different coordinate frame its location in sensor operated is space–time the a different in ways. First, exploit several accesstodistinct space in gravitometers, etc.). Cold atom space experiments gyroscopes, clocks, atomic (e.g. interferometry atom sensors basedon cold oftred quantum use on the physics (FP) cen is programme fundamental of the componentthriving and At present, a significant Quantum-atomic sensors have areas been investigated. following of laboratory require accessto space. The the that verse?) experiments beansweredthrough only can uni of the view our in mass gravity? we missing Are and complete of theories generalrelativity our are constant? How and of really accurate Nature stants fabric of (e.g. Nature con the are underlying the questions about compelling and fundamental Many fundamental physics missions 4.2.1 Physics Atmospheric 4.2 Fundamental Physics and Cold atom sensors and related related and sensors atom Cold , then by comparison, then to - - - company MuQuans. company the the formation exemplified by start-up as of gies produces economic benefitvia spin-off technolo also FP in Research synchronisation. and dination haveclocks coor time relevance to GPSglobal and geodesy, and atomic the relevance to gravimetry For atom the example, interferometers haveEarth. on spacefor exploration both for and humankind impact projectsofpotential these have significant many knowledge, of fundamental impact generating Beyondthe journals. and technical scientific leading regarded papers published in highly in tive, resulting It been produc has of quality. is excellent portfolio ontems Earth. new space-ready- sys benefits to and technologies research, fundamental enabling sensor itself, the of precision the improving both accuracy and cally laboratory, dramati Earth-based an in than times be observed sensors longer for can the far in used acceleration of gravity,terrestrial-scale atoms the absence the of the in Second, betested. can tivity of rela of predictions Einstein’s and be made theory can for ofments, red example, gravitational shifts measure accurate fantastically clocks, terrestrial is compelling – the research goals cannot be cannot research –the goals compelling is To component work date this ELIPS of in the Consistently the argument for accessto space argument the Consistently ------fundamental science motivation of the project. the of motivation science fundamental have significant terrestrial impact beyondthe beyond possible anything without ACES that will global time-keeping network with capabilities T possible. as precision time-keeping laboratories worldwide many as of participation the engage should T R R C R for physics astrophysics for observatories. and particle laboratory as a ISS of effective utilisation particularly examples are of spectrometer: a experiments such magnetic ofAMS-02 the ofclass the experiment, ume vol alarge is JEM-EUSO experiment. JEM-EUSO the motivationis the of This range. energy highest to observationsthe to beextended allowing ground, from the than larger ordersabout two of magnitude atmosphere be monitored can which from space is tion fromstep. space next The the is volume of observation. for terrestrial limit sensitivity at the Unfortunately, cut-off the Planck scale. the is just physics and gravity at to theoriesoftance quantum impor microwave of issues significant background, ofinteraction ray cosmic cosmic protons the with cut-off cut-off.This GZK the isrelated the with to havetions identified feature revealedimportant an fluorescenceThese and observa fromground. the particles to measure Argentina in observatory Auger Pierre the telescope in large the observed using have cascades of these been Signatures altitudes. ray cosmic created the to detect cascades at high atmosphere a“converter” as Earth’s the use and (10 scale energy est high theand at energy with steeply falls ray flux its composition. and Cosmic cosmic ray spectrum high-energy of the understanding the is aspects FP. in One most of activity fascinating the a vital ofremains cosmic radiation charged study rays, the discovery of cosmic the One yearsafter hundred U development. hardware and ing in proof-of-principle effective particularly test also but are results, generate notthat only fundamental activities aircraft, towersdrop flight parabolic and as such broad low facilities of gravity European use etc.) have ICE, (e.g. made programme QUANTUS, components of research European supported the in important addition, accomplished In it. without o best meet the mission goals of ACES, ESA ESA ACES, of goals mission the meet o best ecomme ela ecomme ol ltra high-energy cosmic rays In order to extend these measurements, observa measurements, these extend to order In d At t e d Fund S om nd nd his in turn will create a unique a unique create will turn in his a a e t t n ame io io a sors n 1: n 18 s nt eV or more) to it necessary is al nd P h y sics Missio n s

------potential economic impact of space flight. the increase and spin-offs technological foster will it but readiness, flight and efficiency increase T industry. with cooperation in and ESA, of outside sources funding various between projects, physics fundamental ESA R& that imperative is It example. excellent an is R& significant are very technologically demanding and require Fundamental physics experiments in general R R C decade. this of half second the by deployment possible for project this support to continue should It frontier. this at leadership retain to collaborations and projects plan should ESA field. this in progress important of example excellent an T observatories. large possible energies demands access to space using highest the at particles of physics Fundamental R R C E the with other agencies both inside and outside T directorates. ESA across reaches that a strategy with starting ESA, within developed be should technology and space-clock interferometery atom of use for strategy A long-term R R C spatial coveragespatial of related does phenomena. ASIM unprecedented provides and research thunderstorm to advance atmosphere–space and opportunity an excellent offers reduced the nevertheless, fitstill had to be cut back; of funds, lack of mobilisation fit, due to have missions ASIM yet The to be flown. respective their development although to date, have ICAPS undergone significant and ASIM physics. Both toevance environment climate and project given encompasses ICAPS itsrel the also review. review This ELIPS last the research during physics of fundamental interest in major fields project), ASIM the as onethree identified was of of atmosphere–space (in interactions particular, physics, covering researchEnvironmental the area 4.2.2 he planning should also be done in cooperation cooperation in done be also should planning he ecomme ela ecomme ela ecomme ela ol ol ol D d At d At d At investment be coordinated between U. t t t Atmosphere observations Atmosphere e e e d Fund d Fund d Fund S om S om S om nd nd nd investment. T D investment. a a a e e e t t t n n n ame ame ame ion 4: io io a sors a sors a sors n 3: n 2: nt nt nt he JEM-E he al al al nd nd nd P P P h h h y y y he SOC project project SOC he his will not only only not will his sics sics sics U SO experiment is is experiment SO Missio Missio Missio

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- 45 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 46 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) and drought under other scenarios. scenarios. other under drought and scenarios under certain to flooding leading tion, toon adichotomous effect precipitacontributing with along warming gas-induced global greenhouse aerosol cloud and layers haze role play in a vital that research in relevant to Earth-based potentially on (a system system. climate gravity-driven) Earth knowledgethe of our in terms of advancing tified aerosol-cloud need- the jus to bebetter experiments evolution. However, and aerosol dynamics some of alters absence the of gravity,in significantly which (climate)-related Earth cosmic and research topics research relevant cloud to both particle solid and liquid and for aerosol, dust, extensive opportunities offers chamber experimental posed multipurpose non-spaceand The pro conditions. zero-gravity components laboratory instrument in testing and ESA–ELIPS. few,any,although if outputs entific acknowledge are publications presented scientific Many sci as unclear. is ELIPS within onprogress scientific ing objectives. The report to meet most original of the be sufficient at areduced still should that capacity distribution. sourcesNOx and resolution on upperspatial database atmosphere provide ahigh will ASIM gas. agreenhouse is which atmosphere the in asource are of NOx, discharges or electrical lightning atmosphere. addition, In the in currents electrical and of charge standing basic under our advancing as well as interactions aerosol–cloud–precipitation–climate pinning observations under ground-based in-situ and complement to observations top-of-atmosphere provide can programme ASIM The pollution. air by be influenced atmospheric aerosolandsurface can of which atmospheric both and tion stability, convec by surface driven are clouds, thunderstorm observation capabilities. Earth ISS’s of the be agood demonstration will mate AO, ASIM the separate from ESA’s resolution.spatial Although cli the low benefit, orbit important high provides very asecond equally As and satellites. geostationary or orbiting comparison to polar observations in atmospheric resolution high conduct to ability the coverage. ral andfrom tempobenefits low spatial orbithigh and microgravitybut conditions, require not specifically sub-component instrument development.sub-component instrument The despite good made progressschedule, having in The ICAPS science projectThe developing been has ICAPS Convective clouds, manifesting themselves into Convective manifesting clouds, fromtheISS’s it low benefits giving orbit, ASIM The ICAPS instrument seems to be behind seemsto be behind instrument ICAPS The aerosol-cloudThe component is of ICAPS albeit fit seems to ASIM finalised haveThe been ------wherever involved. acknowledged clearly be should ELIPS and/or ESA D R At elaborated and justified. better be to needs research, space-borne the of translation practical of terms in particularly link, direct the programme, ICAPS the in research Earth-based to relevance broad is there While R At development. or updated, while not altering the installation which of the experiments need to be fine-tuned evaluate to objectives scientific specific of review a from benefit potentially could programmes the G avoided. be should and objectives research severely hamper the advancement of scientific Further delays in experimental development T R At R space processes space and research. eration component most is relevant to of ICAPS zero- under evolution dust of cosmic quantification the turbing per thus agglomerates, for large rapidly increasing with removal removal, rates on particle influences Gravity provides clouds. in oneticles ofmajor the par of cycle these nucleation life the and ice particle on cloud droplet experiments activation, with along aerosol and coagulation, agglomeration cosmic dust experiments relevant to long both sufficiently duct beacknowledged. should financial, directly contribution, evenif not ELIPS The ESA–ELIPS. few,any,if although outputs acknowledge scientific are publications presented scientific many as Again, good progress very aerosol on the system. injection aerosols. Thereanthropogenic appears to have been mixed samples of quantitative internally and known to generating relating those are as immense are nucleation, to cloud droplet ice ing and particle relat those particularly challenges, experimental he planned programmes should be completed. ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme issemination of results needs to be improved. improved. be to needs results of issemination iven the development time that has elapsed, elapsed, has that time development the iven mosphere mosphere mosphere ICAPS requires zero-gravity conditions to con requires zero-gravity ICAPS nd nd nd nd g conditions. The cosmic dust agglom dust The cosmic conditions. a a a a O O O t t t t bser bser bser io io io io n 3: n 2: n 1: n s v v v a a a t t t io io io n n n s s s

- - - - - Europhysics Letters 85, 4(2009)) al., et Ivlev Letters 85, b) from insert Europhysics (see separation phase to later and (2009)) lane Rev. to Lett. 102, 085003 Phys. al., leading et first Sütterlin from a) particles, insert bigger (see of cloud formation stable a into side left the from penetrating particles of coded) (colour trajectories shows figure The Figure 20: phase gas–liquid include on ISS so far obtained conditions. microgravity without settle would whereas they plasma, gaseous dilute in float visible light, observable with directly are which micrometre-sizedCharged particles, Complex plasmas be sidemust effects avoided. these detail, ied in are to latter be stud the processes. If crystallisation 19)(Figure suspensions mentation convection and colloidal in sedi Similarly, analysed. been successfully already have gases real and gases ferences granular between dif Specific sedimentation. without be studied can fluids granular in transitions phase and Clustering due to gravity. side effects disturbing without be investigated can on ground, settings many in role plays asubstantial also which particles, of dust of behaviour impact ensembles the conditions, these Under accretion and discs. mation of planetesimals for the for understanding essential is zero gravity in of behaviour grains collective the into insight Deep SO the and grains Space plasmas. in particles “dust” defined well and solutions, space, colloidal in grains with deal The “soft projectsmatter” labelled 4.2.3 Soft matter Soft ISS. Station Space International the on laboratory Plus PK-3 the with plasmas complex in observed processes Generic have and aon strong impact aggregation

Experimental observations observations Experimental D I colloid experiment I colloid - - - -

the gravitational field on Earth. Parabolic flights flights Parabolic Earth. field on gravitational the in arrestedis evenor drastically differs which size experiments. future in sheets expected are like structures plex spatial More com electro-rheological fluids. in occurring those to of processesanalysis similar the allows This presence fields. the electric of applied alternating phase in formation the separation of and astring ESA/NASA) (Credit: Glovebox Science Microgravity the into experiment SODI-Colloid Figure 19: programme. Publications presented are Publications sofar programme. ferentresearch ELIPS of softsections matter the dif the relevantin the posed questions scientific to answer essential are ISS on the experiments and study of the dynamics of particles of micrometre of particles dynamics of the study Common to all of these experiments is the is experiments of these Common to all Japanese astronaut Satoshi Furukawa installing the the installing Furukawa Satoshi astronaut Japanese - -

47 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 48 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) called model systems are being investigated. simulation. T means of ground-based experiments or computer by answered be cannot which flown) experiments corresponding (and posed are questions scientific G S be examined. should flow shear inducing of possibility the for, and looked be plasmas, more complex spatial structures should electro-rheological to devoted experiments the In S community. physics broader the for importance potential of T conditions. microgravity under continued be should larger and size micrometre of particles containing systems of Studies S R asked. tions ques- scientific the viable alternative for answering not is a to buoyancy bematching sure taken make for themselves. to be studied interesting are which plasmas, ena in maylatter The not apply for more complex phenom order beperformed its relevance.should in to assess alternative more economical and high-performing computer apotentially as with simulation parisons phenomena condensedtransport matter, in com for microscopic systems model as microgravity of complex use the in when plasmas considering number. particle and However, accuracy sufficient (if impossible)not difficult are with simulate to shaped grains, for irregularly particular in aspects, some computer as important with simulations, bereplaced cannot experiments the Furthermore, not is feasible. matching buoyancy that it clear is beavoided cannot For by means. space other grains, unwantedside complexand the effects –if plasmas – space of grains systems types for both compelling cold plasmastudies. concept resultedfromplasma healthcare the which ina novel spin-off,resulting been significant has benoted there that bereached. Italso should can period for coming proposals the the set in goals the obtained, on previous and results ence gained experi onrated the Based from to good excellent. of of of ecomme reat care should be taken that only those those only that taken be should care reat The argument for access to zero gravity is thus for argument access zerois to gravity The For colloid suspension experiments, care must caremust For suspension colloid experiments, t M t M t M a a a tt tt tt nd R er R er R er he latter applies specificallyif so- a t ecomme io ecomme ecomme n s nd nd nd a a a t t t io io io he results are are results he n 3: n 2: n 1: - - - multiphase and especially heterogeneous media, especially and multiphase in multicomponent, dynamics flows, free-surface processes of as such numerousstudy hydrodynamic convection,by gravitational experimental abetter caused instabilities and flows nation of secondary effect. where conditions, convection dominant be the can Earth coefficients under only have been measured mentation convection and absent. are Transport where conditions microgravity buoyancy, sedi under systems of behaviour these hydrodynamic the more and, coefficients understand generally, to to have transport preciseessary of their knowledge ofpredictions physical these phenomena, it nec is order In to accurate make so forth. and processing, material recovery, oil growth, example in crystal applications,for technological and industrial tant impor has mixtures their and liquids properties in transport of understanding The experience. ryday eve and technology nature, are ubiquitous in Fluids 4.3.1 4.3 occur at interfaces. These theoretical studies com theoreticalstudies These at interfaces. occur may reactions which chemical between coupling the due to instabilities formation hydrodynamical and convection. tion-induced of vibra importance order the in to assess studied models haveTheoretical been experiments. flight or by parabolic prior flight, to the simulations cal either by numeri on-boardof these perturbations, role the project involved teams to clarify the this in g vibrationsby space of the the station(the so called alteredmicrogravity be environment the can of efits one ben to needs exercise the because care special question. in measurement phenomena of better the cases, many enables, in of which enlargement possibility the is space. Oneof parameter advantageof microgravity regions to investigations certain the restrict would resolution). Moreover, spatial and poral scale-down in measurement technology increased(tem effort necessitates an length). But miniaturisation such buoyant convection while with scales length with flowscales (e.g.tem thermo-capillary much smaller one have - would sys the to make Earth, on effects buoyancy and sedimentation to eliminate like one If would combustion. including reactions, cal condensation), of flows influence on and chemi boiling, processes transition phase (crystallisation, -jitters).has been dedicated by effort Significant The ISS makes possible, thanks to theelimi to thanks possible, makes ISS The Other important studies have on studies pattern focused important Other properties ISS on the transport measuring When Fluid Physics Fluid dynamics ------are required. and frequencies and good temperature control amplitude of range large a with fluids for devices vibration view, of point technical the From F missions. and AOs of timing the synchronisation and a time shorter lapse between better be should there remark, ageneral As ISS. the on capabilities zipping and downloading improved from benefit greatly would Experiments F Figure 21: R to reach system steady state conditions).cular vas- not are human the microgravity sufficient for good. very is lications ofpub quality The diseases. bloodoverall flowand delivery, drug targeted technologies, lab-on-chip as context such of the areas level, in technological the and level of abranch at mental biocomplex as fluids, funda at the both essential is motion dynamics and subject of considerable their interest. Understanding are flow under a red and capsules blood cells cles, vesi rates. Finally, heat/massin or mixing transfer thechanges of lead to aquantification experiments microgravity ground-basedplemented and through conducted in parabolic flights show that20s of flights parabolic conducted in space long stays (experiments in during culation bloodbecause ofcir for its implications human l l ecomme ui ui Microgravity is an issue of issue major an importance is Microgravity d D d D The boiling experiment facility installed inside the microgravity science glovebox on-board the ISS (Credit: NASA) (Credit: ISS the on-board glovebox science microgravity the inside installed facility experiment boiling The yn yn amics amics nd a t io R R n ecomme ecomme s

nd nd a a t t io io n 2: n 1:

- - - - which are not sharp but diffuse. interfaces the of representation the is models T dynamics, and stochastic rotation dynamics. Boltzmann simulations,lattice dissipative particle T level. fundamental more a at processes several model can one where methods other to etc., equations, diffusion Stokes, equations such differential ason N partial techniques, which are so far essentially based theoreticians should consider extending their hand, at problem the to relevant Whenever etc.). The ELIPS programme and the ISS Boiling Boiling theISS and programme etc.).ELIPS The power heat plants exchangers, engines, and tronics spacefor and applications ground (cooling of elec relevance heat when devices considering transfer application area of significant has research This processesfluids. about transfer in heat mass and codes) numerical benchmark and models oretical (and the to validate understanding topic to is gain research disciplinary The objectivegeneral this of 4.3.2 F sion and evaporation play during nucleate boiling sion evaporation nucleate and boiling play during ten roles What surface? surface do of heating the properties the about in variations the What transfer: involved bubble of in heat formationaresult as complexities into the studies perform challenging to enablecommunity context scientific and the 21) (Figure Facility Experiment l he advantage of these models over macroscopic macroscopic over models these of advantage he ui d D Phase change and heat transfer yn amics R ecomme hese methods include include methods hese nd are central in this this in central are a t io n 3: avier-

- - - 49 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 50 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) convection is really crucial. phenomena where the elimination of buoyancy and T R P in journals with high impact factor. publishing by and appropriate wherever ELIPS and to the scientific community, acknowledging ESA should be better disseminated and made available ELIPS of context the in obtained data and Results R P R necessary. ments thus are experi microgravity Some simulation. numerical too complex far is and to rely on theory of boiling aspects environment.of many determination The economylead to positive global on the and impacts to the potential has technology incooling efficiency science Improved level. on afundamental insights deeper providing thus processes of boiling, mentary ele various investigate separately the can scientists Visualisations • Demonstration • Investigation • Improved • Investigation • Quantitative • reliable computer precluding level, thus simulations. arenot even understood oncontact a basic lines, problem the as such liquid of moving key aspects, Several equilibrium. fromof thermal interest far are ofby systems computers means the that fact the is questions these tion? Amajor obstacle to tackling convectionwhen and buoyancy equa the not are in he research effort should focus on specific specific on focus should effort research he C hase C hase ecomme ecomme ecomme fer around an isolated bubble in pool boiling, isolated bubblefer an around pool boiling, in in face-tension-driven turbulence interfacial of buoyancy. buoyancy. of layers, influence any without evaporating liquid of buoyancy. influence any without bility, for surface-tension-driveninsta fields velocity have that Areas been investigated include: By controlling for gravity while on the ISS ISS on the for while gravity By controlling compensation. gravity magnetic under (dry-out) point liquid–vapour the critical near 3-phase length. contact line with correlation of heat coefficient transfer grooves) to main orthogonal for heat pipes and (microgrooves structures of advanced capillary microgravity. in transfer coefficients heat affects transfer, heat which boiling pool in field trostatic micro-region contact the line. the near including ha ha nd nd nd ng ng a a a knowledge e a e a t t t analysis of io io io of of nd H nd nd H nd n 2: n 1: n the of s the the

the important ea ea of occurrence dynamics of t Tra t Tra enhanced surface heat n n effects sfer sfer and temperature of of performance boiling mass purely of an trans crisis elec sur and ------

scientifically well justified. is it as far as maintained, be should facilities experiment ISS and microgravity to Access is taken to prevent taken is It therefore is sedimentation. great care unless to phase-separate gravity under tend emulsions as suspensionswell as Colloidal materials. conventional for than fluids complex gravity matters considerably plexmore fluids, for tions. applica for of number avast industrial importance properties ofis complex of utmost dynamic fluids and the static of understanding deep a simple fluids, than life to everyday much are tems more significant - sys these Since emulsion. an dropletsin liquid the spheres poly-ions and suspension, or of a colloidal polymer charged bubbles the ofor froth, foam surfactant-laden the of melt, apolymer molecules rather complex chain-like beit by the themselves, microscopic already the are of which constituents as soft may Complexmaterials, defined be fluids 4.3.3 P effort along the quite successful lines pursued so far: so pursued lines thesuccessful quite along effort forpromising acontinued research microgravity twoappear which issues very shop, key identified Noordwijk the work during detailed as programme, come. for years to many research opportunities gravity therefore for eager micro remain generalwill in by computer Complex research fluids simulations. neither by nortackled ground-based experiments be successfully can open questions which damental thus a considerableThere fun of remains number interfaces. ofliquid and flow advection to moving the etc.)and coupling diffusion, solute, micellar and micelles between exchange surfaces, along and in several media (surfactant diffusion esses coupled many procthe molecular-scale transport obstacles arehere two main The puter simulations. interest are of too complexfar fluids to on rely com matter. into the physical insight ing not for if inevitable, deepen appear instrumental, experiments microgravity possible, and readily not is there some are where cases this stabilisation, osmotic and surfactants, suitable matching, ancy circumventby appropriate effects can gravity buoy one cases many in Although research opportunities. microgravityrow first forwhen the applying in complex have that always fluids been unsurprising R C hase ecomme Due to the mere to Due the of constituents of com size the It should also bementioned most complexIt also that should A review of past activities within the ELIPS ELIPS the within A review of activities past Complex fluids ha nd ng a e a t io nd H nd n 3: ea t Tra n sfer ------important. be will microgravity of necessity the on eye critical a context, this In publication. level high promote to order in funding, for considered be projects quality It is recommended that only the high scientific C space research community. matter complex the in priority high given be should potential for process innovations, this research enormous an bear still and future the of materials super- the among are foams metal Since other. each fertilise to expected furthermore are projects T therein. additives of role the and foams metal of physics the on and foams aqueous purely of dynamics on particular in systems, foam on research fundamental to given is priority projects, fluids complex the within that recommended is It C R impossible. entirely are emulsion-based systems model foams, rheology. interface and For transport metal factant on not impact sur the even mentioning liquid, (compressible)of the (incompressible) an with gas the by replacement affected properties strongly are most dynamic instead, emulsions investigated using may be foams geometry-related questionsregarding some While impossible is for foams. matching buoyancy as ground-based experiments, in foams b) a) ecomme omple omple

Homogeneous metal foams could be created, and be created,Homogeneous could and foams metal It could be shown that under microgravity foams foams microgravity under beshownIt that could There is no way to conduct similar studies on studies Thereis no way to conduct similar assessed. breakdown be clearly could The agentsuccess. rolethe for of blowing foam unprecedented with lescence bestudied could and coa drainage the on additives of effect the involved. fluids Newtonian purely with and fields, flow to surfactant coupling absence the elasticity, of interface in drainage foam processes to like study possibility up the counter-intuitive)glance at opens first finding important This (and be generated stabilised. and could phase of fluid pure water the as consisting x F x F nd l l ui ui a t d d io s s R R n ecomme ecomme s

nd nd a a t t io io n 2: n 1: hese hese - - alloy from the heating device. This leads to a limited limited to a leads This device. heating from the alloy reactive separates the molten skull asolid so that water-cooled by using furnaces, induction on Earth reduced is Contamination walls. furnace the with where not are by contactditions contaminated they bemeltedcon under can where reactive very alloys are: processing, These and melting (i) Containerless contributions understanding. to our significant where areas two low research able is gravity to make phenomena. nucleation transport and understand order in environmentto microgravity essential are andlack of convectionthe in purity higher The may conveniently aggregation zeolite be studied. of stages first from the solutions and crystallisation proteinphenomena. Similarly, solidification driven andsurface-tension- ofinvestigations diffusion thorough for allows hydrostaticand pressure. This absence semiconductors the and of in convection alloys metallic molten metals, or solidifying liquid of studying possibility the in lies essentially tion and crystallisa field the of researchmetallurgy in The relevance of space-researchmicrogravity or 4.4 to take place in two steps and, second, the transport transport the second, steps and, two toplace take in nucleation seems crystal first, experiments: ground with respect to differences main two highlighted have microgravity in teins), experiments growth (such pro as crystals of molecular case the In growth Crystal communities. both to bebeneficial ultimately would (ii), to areas (iii) pertaining (iv) and experiments the some integration between that and coordination however, It border evident, is the sets areas. of the actually investigation under systems of the librium from equi distance The out ofonly equilibrium. phenomena may solidification occur by nature and (i)–(iii) forareas the crystallisation true all as ticular par in is correlatedThis overlap and significantly. provided, it be noted are strongly should they that is aseparate areas description four of these lowing fol (iv) the in thermophysical Although properties. solidification, out-of-equilibrium (iii) solidification, (ii)covered (i) growth, turn: directional in crystal be will which be grouped headings, four can under frame ELIPS the outresearch been in has carried thus be obtained. processes can andfication casting by gravity. needed Data to develop for solidi models not is shape influenced metal adopted liquid by the where tension wettability, the and surface as such properties of fundamental (ii) Measurements castings. of superheatamount to problems thus filling and in In the case of liquid metals and alloys there are alloys and metals of liquid case the In The areas where metallurgical and crystallisation and crystallisation areaswhere The metallurgical Metallurgy and Crystallisation Crystallisation and Metallurgy ------

51 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 52 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) ena were first observed in space-grown crystals ena werein space-grownobserved first crystals phenom Dewetting silicon. of multi-crystalline crystallisation directional during incorporation) formation and ductors, of precipitates (and their of compound semicon crystallisation directional during effects of investigation dewetting directions: followed two essentially growth conductor crystal on semi activity The crystals. of the morphology and structure for path controlling a technological to developand description of crystallisation zeolite requested is orderon board ISS in to have areliable work cient conclusions to further sound draw and insuffi observations so are far experimental the However, blocks. building of the self-organisation plays initial gravity abig role the that in suggested experiments of case zeolites, the In ground. the be pursued on may nowexperiments successfully the so that standpoint, apractical and a theoretical from both numerous, are spaceof the experiments effects space of the environment.fallout The ditions con diffusive the at emulating processes aim which paved They the way growth. ground-basedand to nucleation controlthat crystal macromolecular mechanisms transport of the understanding to the were Spaceconditions. experiments essential indeed ground-based processes to seek diffusive to emulate fordirection the showing identification, structure protein and studies crystallographic accurate very allows way, turn this in in which be obtained can perfection of higher Crystals crystal. growing the formation of a zone depleted around of impurities absence the of in convectionmechanisms lead to Fiederle) Michael (Credit: (right) Earth the on grown crystal the than distribution mission) uniform satellite M3 more Foton and ahigher (left, have space in grown crystals two The CdTe crystals. diameter) (25mm bulk of maps Resistivity 22: Figure - - - - - more than 15more here are and years ago than exploited to improve the crystallographic quality of technologi quality improve crystallographic the coarsening, of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition, transition, columnar-to-equiaxed ofthe coarsening, 23) formation of (Figure dendrite standing adeeper under area include this in highlights 2012.The during to begin planned is experiments so far. Anew series of experiments microgravity ground on based is mostly The activity reported (close to equilibrium) Directional solidification biology. work structural in future facilitate will method above, this that it expected is mentioned already As for experiments. used ground now is and microgravity tested in successfully was which facility anew crystallisation in resulted also project the Furthermore on proteinsexperiments. on based ground essentially level, was of ahigh semiconductor the although activity, experiments, on extent based spacework large to a was nificant of case proteins most the sig the in projects: whilst the It between however is to differentiate necessary papers. producedfar a good numberof high-quality has so and profile scientific of ahigh altogether is research growth crystal ELIPS The knowledge. tal to provide expected are MC-silicon new fundamen of nor crystallisation experiments neither dewetting It to be has stressed that facilities. of ISS current temperature (>1400 capability °C),the exceeding melting not been high attempted due to the so far in space has Si GeSi). of growth multicrystalline The (for CdZnTe instance crystals important and cally

and and - - - - X-ray apparatus, allowing in-situ real-time moni in-situreal-time X-ray allowing apparatus, New experiments. microgravity truly with deal tions pointed out presenter, by the also afew publica only As to experiments. “preparatory” ground ascribed level but it toput beessentially high has of is avery the scientific out solidification ofcase directional the in section, growth noted forcrystal already the As processes. solidification advanced terrestrial help This should develop to motion. fluid the and alloys solidified of the microstructure the between it may become acorrelation possible to establish to control/drive way, melt the convection. this In fields) magnetic fields (typically external applying in point consists composites. Afurther eventually and alloys TiAl nickel superalloys, as such key materials temperatures up to 1500 order in to °C investigate of range area to increasethe there aneed this is in of case semiconductors, the in improved As alloys. mately helpprocesses to fordevelop solidification ulti convection.should absencethe of This natural different in rates at solidified alloys formation in of pattern/microstructure a deeper understanding at aim Future research will simulation. numerical and of advanced modelling dation/benchmarking vali the and alloys, ternary and binary in structures observation ofthe orientation-dependent laminar Team) XRMON Nguyen-Thi, H. of : (Courtesy V=16 µm/s). velocity growth G=15 (measured °C/mm gradient thermal 0.15 at applied down under °C/s cooled alloy Cu wt% –20 Al system. ametallic in diffusion under transport growth dendritic of (13/02/2012) flight rocket sounding MAXUS12 during imaging radiography X-ray by observation situ in First Figure 23: microgravity. in suppressed is earth, on solidification upward in frequent buoyancy, to due fragments dendrite of Floating - - - - - of phases – especially enabling minority phases to phases minority enabling of –especially phases dispersion uniform allowed also has eliminated is thatgravity-driven rates. segregation Thefact ing underof a cool range solidification formed during microstructures the influencing in playing is ity theinto thatgrav role insight given significant gravity. research hasvection under Hence this by con influenced also is velocity growth dendrite gravity-driven by convection.influenced Similarly, arestrongly solidification during selection phase and grain-refinement, of extent undercooling, the (ormicrogravity reduced gravity) shown that has Work beformed. can phous solids out under carried rates rapidto where the homogeneous cooling amor lead of to a range cooling-rate-dependent structures) phases solid and liquid components various the in (where ingots of large solubilities in different the rates found slow from the cooling beobtained can of structures range awide that It well-established is Out-of-equilibrium solidification solidification. tional on direc activity side accomplishment ELIPS of the important an is this ISS, on the space experiments implementable not readily in Although parallel. in developed was processing, of solidification toring (Courtesy M. Rappaz, METCOMP Team) METCOMP Rappaz, M. (Courtesy preparation. under are samples bulk in diffusion under experiments agrain.Microgravity asingle shows b) tube. capillary in a µm/s 0.58 at V= solidified alloy Sn wt% Cu-21 in ahead) (b temperature” peritectic “across blamellae and a) Figure 24: Longitudinal section showing cooperative growth of a of growth cooperative showing section Longitudinal Tomography at TOMCAT synchrotron beamline beamline TOMCAT synchrotron at Tomography

- - - - - 53 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 54 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Figure 26: Figure 25: of scatter between measurements showing Viscosity flights. were parabolic from different obtained 1% of ascatter less than Measurements showing rockets. or sounding flights ried parabolic out in have bronzes, Si–Ge been car Ti-aluminides, Ti6Al4V, steels, tension Ni-based in superalloys, surface and Measurements of density ured. meas be to properties fundamental some noted As above, allows containerless melting Thermophysical properties isolated. is undercooling gravity on of influence the so that liquids from verification of solids of permit models and growth of anomalous origin the order to clarify in planned is alloys, Al–Ni undercooled Al-rich in work growth on Further dendrite be obtained. Fringe images Temperature and fields during levitation of a steel drop (Courtesy of Dr. R. Wunderlich, Ulm) Dr.R. Wunderlich, of (Courtesy drop steel of a levitation during fields and Temperature Concentration fields determination for thermodiffusion (Courtesy of Prof. V Shevtsova, Brussels) Shevtsova, V Prof. of (Courtesy thermodiffusion for determination fields Concentration Phase image - - and droplet growth in the liquid state. state. liquid the in droplet growth and development is as demixing of for a model liquid planned, is ISS in conductivities thermal/electrical and heat, specific energies, interfacial liquid–liquid erless measurements tension, of viscosity, surface Future work more involving alloys. precise contain of cast microstructure the to model software in used and and modelled bequantified can beforeity this work micrograv required is under out further and been carried has alloys Al-based of on solidification Ground-based work ISS. toin bemeasured planned is and been measured also has alloys Cu–Co in ing noted as below.of viscosity extent The demix of reasonable with values of Ti aluminides casting of tilt- improved allowed out has and modelling been carried has modelling Relevant CuNi. and about 12% 25% and for have Fe, been obtained also

Z. mm 0 2 4 0 Concentration field 2 Soret anddiffusion coefficients 4 X. mm 6 8 1 0 0,495 0,5 0,505 - - - the costs. the of part asignificant bear should advances those companies which or can benefit entities from well-established materials. Alternatively, the improving at aimed those over priority have should Experiments aimed at obtaining novel materials R M science/solidification. ofarea materials the in experiments future when reviewing following production). consider should the Consequently ESA not space-based possible to establish practically is space, it in when crystallised better really are als applications (evento terrestrial materi those if benefits theexpected by justified ments hardly are so on) and space experi costly the several alloys, CdZnTe, GeSi, Si, (multicrystalline cases many In order in to beprofitably microgravity out. carried opment few projects require there very are which From devel point of of pure the view materials work reliable physical parameters. with simulation support the and of results dissemination avoid widest the secure duplication of experiments, order in to growers metallurgists, and of crystal ties accessible communi to the adatabase, in results all of collecting initiative the take should ESA Further, involvement.corroborated industrial by adirect possibly and application-driven be should ments However, experi of priorities for list future the frame. ELIPS the within be maintained should makesand sense activity This fication processes. of solidi modelling and simulation for numerical etc.) order required are in to provide correct inputs surfacetension, coefficients of solutes, diffusion urement fluids of in physical(viscosity, constants substances. preciseextent, different - meas this To behaviour of and crystallisation solidification the investigate to predict and means powerful are modelling numerical and simulation hand, other On the future. the in limited bequite ments will frommicrogravityprocessesexperi solidification and crystallisation of understanding fundamental It advances may that knowledge. in be expected new fundamental nor substantially add throughs not however did programme, provide break real ELIPS last the out within carried those including thefew last years, of experiments The basis. retical phenomena development to the and of theo asound of basic contributed understanding to the stantially sub microgravity in experiments crystallisation Early consolidated. are well solidification and tion crystallisa growth, of theories Modern crystal R ecomme ecomme e t all u r nd nd gy a a a t t nd C nd io io n 1: n s r y s t allisa t io n ------ground research. long-lasting for alibi an as taken be “microgravity” T proposals. the in justified and foreseen be should ratio correct space experiments. Strong deviations from a execute and plan to required that with comparable be should work terrestrial for investment time the experiments has to be clearly stated. N T R M projects. future judging when considered be to parameter only (fundamental knowledge or novel materials) is the T projects. new for motivation asufficient be to considered be cannot investment, substantial with decades over etc.),microscopes, spectrometers established T R M conceptually new field. to a way the pave and/or field agiven in knowledge of body the to add considerably results expected the if only justified are research space of costs T experiments. ground to respect with from experiments carried out in microgravity expected knowledge in breakthrough the about statement aclear contain should project each research, fundamental purely of case the In R M of ground-based work. theschedule with orderin in to fit experiments such approach reserved for being requirethis would time concept between experiment, and timescales the view of In the programme. of part up asignificant ground-based that research make would it likely is a such In project the costs. of part asignificant fund is prepared to industry that so defined, are clearly and benefit whereapplication potential material the or other alloy where required are for data aspecific out work be ones should microgravity under carry to projectsments be that together would funded above the Perhaps brings com which model the he number of the expected preparatory ground ground preparatory expected the of number he he planned use of existing facilities (furnaces, (furnaces, facilities existing of use planned he ecomme ecomme ecomme e e e t t t all all all u u u r r r nd nd nd gy a gy a gy a a a a he expected scientific output output scientific expected he t t t nd C nd nd C nd nd C nd his in order to avoid the word word the avoid to order in his ion 4: io io n 3: n 2: r r r y y y s s s t t t allisa allisa allisa t t t io io io n n n he high high he ormally, - 55 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 56 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 2. 1. points. following the in to conveywishes summarised are committee expert the that messages concluding of review impact process, the the the to optimise In order specific recommendations for and each. space relevance priorities provided and future achievements regard and tosciences their with physical and life the in relevant sub-disciplines reviews of thorough made also committee expert The report. havewhich this been given throughout of anumber recommendations, up came with and implementationmerit scientific and its structure, including programme of the aspects reviewed all it make even and stronger, panel future the the development in promote successful of ELIPS the to society, therefore and To be continued. should as well community scientific to the importance greatand of are top-levelwhich quality scientific of hostsanumber exceptional experiments ELIPS thatagrees wholeheartedly committee expert The l l l Concluding Remarks 5.

Industrial interest to bedemonstrated has by the Industrial timeliness of projects. of timeliness the to assess be initiated assessments should to thesedelays reduce someefforts re- periodic implementation, besides a project its actual and start-ups. and companies R&D way small same as the in be considered cannot companies industrial large it that acknowledged is context, this In selected. whether or not a project assessing in used ria is crite two only be the should support, industrial of extent the science, of and the quality the als, implementation. experiment Forin propos such - financial) support provideor (in-kind significant to commitment the actors through industrial In view of the long delays between acceptance of longof delays between view the In - dations outlined in the report will lead to the report will the in outlined dations recommen the and guidelines these Following 3. feedback content on report. the of this welcome for ask official and will committee the addition, In issue. be implemented this to address improved an should with feedback from ESA system combined evaluation afuture or programme in the monitoring in membership committee in continuity new approach review exercise, some adopted this in 2000, 2004 2008) and were the actedupon. With exercises evaluation (in bymendations made earlier recom noted panel not the that all Additionally, into sciencemicrogravity. in insights discoveries and new efficient and as possible,productive bringing as is of phase ELIPS next the that tation to ensure be considered for implemen also should thoroughly report this in The cess. recommendations outlined and suc overall greatest the ensure scientific return to delays to avoid betaken should care unnecessary but great begiven ample funds, studies these should for case microgravity. Not only a compelling with projects excellent scientifically of implementation

There should be increased publicity of new fund increasedof There benew should publicity thus breaking the seemingly closed-loop system. seemingly the breaking thus programme, bebrought into the can ideas and AOs, newand scientists so that opportunities ing - - - - - which are of top-level scientific quality andgreat of of are top-levelwhich quality scientific of anumber hosts experiments exceptional ELIPS that agrees wholeheartedly committee expert The announcements. research international dedicated to large-scale from continuous calls ranging nities, of research opportu a variety has also programme The platforms. and of facilities a variety utilises and physics, physiology to fundamental human ning span Itbeyond. disciplines, covers scientific many across to scientists and Europe opportunities research providing programme research hensive compre wide isranging, a programme ELIPS The landscape scientific broader the in ELIPS 6.1.1 Recommendations and and Structural Issues Programmatic Overarching 6.1 members. committee expert the among have been developed represent and aconsensus recommendations even tance better, following the space science. To of impor aprogramme such make successresearch to of the European in fundamental and high-level of programme great value scientific a as recognised is ELIPS presented.are Overall, physical sciences and recommendations life and in reviews domain-specific Additionally, of ELIPS. providesand recommendations phase for next the value, scientific and aspects programmatic ture, of struc terms its overall in programme ELIPS the assessmentthereport presents This of Programme. ESA’s of evaluation independent scientific an ELIPS tosioned provide Space Agency European by the - Science commis European was The Foundation l l l Recommendations and of Findings Summary 6.

- - - - - research. of areas promising to such it open and programme by the offered platforms and conditions the from marginally, even benefit, potentially could ELIPS) of coverage traditional the beyond (going challenges scientific current which to survey important is It well to society, and therefore should be continued. be should therefore and to society, well as community scientific to the importance great of and quality scientific top-level of are which experiments exceptional of anumber hosts programme ELIPS The Ov society, therefore and becontinued. should to as well community scientific to the importance mainstream scientificdisciplines. appear to evolve the it pace in as does same at the fore scopedoes not scientific experiments of the there and teams, and involve individuals same the to had atendency has However, community this acoherent community. user maintain upset and to managed has programme the experimentation posed by space Despite numerous the challenges Reaching out to a Broader Scientific Community P community. scientific the broaderas by recognised challenges, scientific more to needs key address current of the gramme However, pro societal. and ELIPS it the felt is that scientific both numerous contemporary challenges, to help means the address has ELIPS conditions, experimental unique providing and Exploiting Earth on Performed Research Mainstream to Research Space Linking ro erarchi g ramma

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upon recent knowledge on related domains. related on knowledge recent upon based approach, hypothesis-driven and mechanistic amore following modelled be and processes, desensitising bone to post-loading avoid designed be also should programmes Exercise loading. derived gravity- and to muscle-derived related adaptation structural of components the dissecting towards directed be should studies Future characterised. well not are subject aspecific in to exercise response and to microgravity adaptation of mechanisms The R Ex Exercise, Muscle/Bone schedules. testing human the into built formally is testing, to starting prior training, for opportunity and time of provision adequate that by ensuring overcome be only can It plans. research best the even undermines and performance, on research previous most in problem amajor been has This interpret). to impossible changes making phase, testing the during occurring improvement further no with tasks, (i.e. well-learned conditions simulation ground or ISS the in behaviour state’ ‘steady on environment space the of effects to study able being on depend directions new suggested the to methodology, As B microgravity. to adaptation of patterns common and mechanisms compensatory underlying for search the in physiology, exercise and cardiovascular and neuroscience by addressed those and questions psychological between link astrong to create important is it context this In state. physiological on-going person’s the also but measures, interpersonal and behavioural only not including members, crew individual for capability monitoring integrated an implement and to develop need the is requirement core important An processes. interaction group of in terms only than rather flexibility, skill and cognition crew of dynamics the with concern a including tasks, mission-related out carry who operators of teams as crews to study aneed is There B automation. and equipment complex with crew of interaction of problems stress; under members crew for support and monitoring maintenance; performance and skill neglected: have been that topics important to address need the promoting required, is guidance R R eha eha ecomme ecomme ecomme ercise v v io io u u , Mu r r nd nd nd a a a a a nd P nd P a scle t t t io io io n 1: n 3: n 2: erforma erforma nd B nd o n nce nce e interface is of current interest for the understanding understanding the for interest current of is interface However, muscle–bone the programme. ELIPS the under explored been yet have not system neuronal by the state operational its of role modulatory the and factors, constitutive endocrine and autocrine paracrine, its of alterations by the talk cross muscle–bone of microgravity under dysfunction potential The Ex feasible. is effect bone a although HDBR, and flights space duration long during atrophy muscle counteracting in value limited of be would only” “vibration that argued also is It used. protocols the of heterogeneity the and effects, clinical and action of mechanism the including covered be should that gaps knowledge are there programme, ELIPS the in use wide its Despite bone. on effect anabolic potential its of because particular in scrutiny, experimental under still is studies analogue flight and flight space during wasting muscle and bone counteracting in exercise vibration of efficiency The R Ex comparisons. and interpretation appropriate data, reliable ensure to means standardised using reported be should adaptations and responses exercise studies, exercise animal-based for outlined recently As programme. ELIPS the within enforced be should experiments exercise human-based for standards Gold R Ex investigated. further be should factors These studies. rest bed and flights space of 20 years than more despite unknown still are recovery, of lack the individuals some in and recovery, post-flight of rates individual influence that factors the acknowledged, consistently have been atrophy muscle and loss bone analogue-related space- and spaceflight in variability the Whereas R Ex considered. be should injury cord spinal and responses adaptive muscle and bone the of modification targeted with Ko mice as such models clinical and experimental other but suspension, tail and HDBR i.e. models, to two restricted mainly are analogues ground-based of consideration and design The R Ex R ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ercise ercise ercise ercise ercise , Mu , Mu , Mu , Mu , Mu nd nd nd nd nd a a a a a a scle a scle a scle a scle a scle t t t t t io io ion 4: io io n 6: n 5: n 3: n 2: nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd nd B nd o o o o o n n n n n e e e e e 61 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 62 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) metabolism in microgravity. osteocyte of investigation adequate for essential are byand ESA funded been have already direction this in Projects exploited. fully to be arrangement 3D complex require functions remodelling bone since implemented further be should models These scaffolds. 3D in cytes osteo into to differentiate induced be can osteoblasts human primary that assumption the on programme) (MEDES–ERISTO developed to be going are cells bone of models culture 3D functions. their all displaying vitro in available models few the and accessibility ficult dif to their due challenges major present they matrix, mineralised the throughout embedded are osteocytes Since metabolism. muscle possibly and mineral of regulators and factors of production and control, cular vas sensing, repair, oxygen microdamage processes, mechanotransduction homeostasis, calcium plasma and equilibrium acid–base in mechanisms correction error long-term and to short- contribution remodelling, bone of control the involving functions of a plethora with syncitium functional amatrix-integrated tuting consti cells bone master the are they as developed, further be should models osteocyte primary Human with the instrumentation available on the ISS European European ISS the on available instrumentation the with combined area this in innovation more for scope is there and monitoring), pressure blood (e.g. ambulatory the problem of developing lightweight instrumentation extent to some have addressed projects Recent MRI. as such modalities imaging detailed of use the prevent that upload on of restrictions because constrained is ty microgravi prolonged in work Experimental time. crew and instrumentation are physiology cardiopulmonary involving experiments for bottlenecks main two The R Ex responses. adaptive muscle and bone the of perspective wider a enable would regimens nutrition and exercise physical specific under system cross-talk muscle bone– the of state functional the to assess approach asystematic but required, effort interdisciplinary the of view in challenging be would interactions nutrition–muscle–bone to include studies Extending R R C Cardiovascular and Systems Pulmonary Ex bone. and muscle between interaction developmental and functional the into insights new provide might topic this on afocus and metabolism, muscle and bone of ecomme ecomme ecomme ar ercise ercise d io v asc , Mu , Mu nd nd nd u a a a a scle a scle a lar t t t io io io n 8: n 1: n 7: nd Pu nd nd B nd nd B nd o o lmo n n e e n ar y Sy s t ems - - - - - human spaceflightor parabolic flight. from recordings using evaluated and parameterised to be model of type this enable would sharing Data off. switched be can and aparameter is gravity model, a in because experiments microgravity complement can approach This generated. and tested both be to hypotheses enable models predictive because tools research used widely becoming are physiology human of models Integrative modelling. physiological including communities to other projects previous from recordings the up open would sharing data Effective facility (http://www.physionet.org/physiobank/). 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microgravity. to responses to various background genetic the from impact the on information important give and highlight will which utilised, be should studies functional in yeast of lineages clean sequenced completely The M space. in biology cell in studies high-resolution interesting for avenues new many up open certainly would system imaging online and microscopy high-resolution of kind this of development The time. real in studies tion degrada and localisation production, enabling teins, pro GFP-tagged of collection acomplete is yeast in resource important An conditions. microgravity under time real in cells in processes dynamic following for tools includes development future important Another M systems. complex higher, more for also but microorganisms for only not implemented be could that development important an is data -omics of Automation available. information background of amount great the on based developments, of types these for model raw agood provide context this in would yeast and studies, yeast for suited well is approach lab-on-a-chip The data. related -omics for particular in achallenge is which automation, laboratory to further linked be should Investigations M modellers. to theoreticians/ links close require will and future the in challenge amajor be will perspective in changes regulator recorded the Setting space. in generated being is that data genome-wide vast the for valid particularly is This investigations. the into incorporated be should aspect biology systems stronger A much radiation environments. interplanetary realistic more in experiments for allow to orbit Earth low beyond to space access Develop A Cubesats). situ in of capable systems Develop spacecraft. outside and inside both facilities exposure orbital new develop to continue experience, current and past on Based M Microbiology A Astrobiology st st icrobiolo icrobiolo icrobiolo icrobiolo monitoring of microbial growth in Earth orbit (e.g. orbit Earth in growth microbial of monitoring robiolo robiolo gy R gy R gy R gy Recomme gy Recomme gy Recomme

ecomme ecomme ecomme nd nd nd nd nd nd a a a a a a t t t t t t ion 2: ion 1: ion 4: io io io n 3: n 2: n 1: - - experiments. of duplication prevent and instrumentation, common develop experiences, common from to learn physiology/microbiology, as such domains ELIPS other with interaction to allow mechanisms Implement A them. to use support the as well as facilities to ground-based access Improve expectations of the 21 the of expectations and standards to the up brought to be need Facilities A implementation. of time to the acceptance proposal of time the from facilities research astrobiology new of access and development the Accelerate driven approaches are also needed. needed. also are approaches driven hypothesis- More present. at missing to be seem these example); for branching, and realignment (stem forms plant woody in effects gravitropic of aspects broader to study aneed also is There hypergravity. on needed are emphases Other respond. types cell different how including responses, gravitropic of aspects to all extended be should programmes Research P help. also could programme investigator Ayoung experimentation. space in involved regularly not are who biology plant in scientists the broadly more by engaging TTs and/or via either field, the into brought be must blood New A research. space-based and ground- for bodies planetary other on and environment interplanetary the in found temperatures mimic that facilities Develop P composition). gas ventilation, airflow; (T, radiation, growth/development plant of aspects various for environments controlled better flight; in contamination to detect/manage systems zones; root and aerial of monitoring time real for dioxide) carbon water, and oxygen (nutrient, equipment analytical and sensors capabilities; imaging and microscopies other and confocal flight; in GFPs of have RT-PCRs; use P Plant Biology A la la la st st st st robiolo robiolo robiolo robiolo nt B nt nt B nt nt B nt iolo iolo iolo gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R gy R ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme st century. There is a need to aneed is There century. nd nd nd nd nd nd nd a a a a a a a t t t t t t t ion 6: ion 5: ion 4: ion 3: io io io n 2: n 3: n 1: space experiments are concerned. are experiments space when particularly communities, system nervous central and cardiovascular immune, the with aspects plinary interdisci include also should proposals Future ties. opportuni flight future for proposals research broader build and programme ELIPS present the in missing still are that investigations biology radiation in involved groups research active attract should This disciplines). to afewgroups/ restricted to be appears currently (it biology radiation of field interdisciplinary broad, the from in experts new TTs by welcoming existing the of expertise the to enlarge made be should Efforts search can be specified within an AO. within specified be can search re of strands coherent that so identified be should neuroscience) biology, (e.g. plant programmes other with synergy having areas prioritised, and identified have been questions research important the Once R De ofannouncement flight opportunity. coming each in implemented be should stages juvenile to the up embryonic the from animals of use the about decision Aclear sensitivities. age-related or periods critical as such development of principles general for search the in included be could juveniles and larvae embryos, also etc.) whether or cells, stem myocytes, eggs, (fertilised level cellular to the restricted be should biology developmental animal in studies whether of question the about adiscussion to initiate crucial is It De D B of Radiation Biological Effects De to bear. brought be can that technologies best the are what of consideration acoordinated be also should focusedTT specifically on developmental biology.There a of formation the through implemented be could This now. until up research microgravity in involved been not have who science of forefront the at groups productive and to relevant participation the of awidening be should there Additionally, morphogenesis. as such effects to larger-scale linked be will level molecular the at tion informa how consider to carefully and development, of process the into insight mechanistic adetailed offer will microgravity in experiments how to establish important is It plants. and animals of biology developmental ences influ gravity how understanding for objectives research of prioritisation and review aclear to encourage be should sub-discipline this for priority urgent an Overall, iolo ecomme evelopmental Biology v v v elopme elopme elopme g E ical nd nt nt nt a ffec t al al al io B B B n 1: iolo iolo iolo t R s of

gy R gy R gy R a d ecomme ecomme ecomme ia t io n nd nd nd a a a t t t ion 2: ion 3: ion 1: - - - - - 65 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 66 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) and review articles in journals with a high impact factor. impact ahigh with journals in articles review and findings research of publication of policy successful ready al the concerns also This encouraged. be should biology radiation to space dedicated asymposium example, for by having, meetings research radiation international or annual the as such events scientific major in Participation R B board. on required are sources radiation and facilities animal purpose, this For damage. cellular radiation-induced of processing biochemical the on microgravity of effect the investigate further to animals on experiments performing for ISS the on equipment to implement aneed is There R B created. been has laboratory abiology where (France) Caen at to GANIL extension apossible with GSI at facilitated be should accelerators ion on emphasis with facilities research to ground-based Access R B (cancer). effects late of terms in particularly consequences, biological the and molecules cellular key on CGR of effects molecular of understanding abetter to enable simulations and modelling computational develop to further aneed also is There R active shielding materials together for temporary shel temporary for together materials shielding active and passive of development the on focus should forts ef Future leader. amajor as Europe with community, scientific international abroad involving achievements major have had and gradually have matured dosimetry radiation space of domain the in activities Research B series. (WRMISS) Station Space International the for Monitoring Radiation on Workshop annual the as such biology radiation space in involved scientists with workshops international joint to organise continuing recommend also may One genome. the on radiation of effects damaging the assessing for expertise complementary by combining projects joint in to participate made be should efforts and Laboratory National Brookhaven at laboratory research biology radiation space adedicated developed has NASA R R Radiation D B iolo iolo iolo iolo iolo ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme a d ia t g g g g g io E ical E ical E ical E ical E ical n Dosime nd nd nd nd nd osimetry a a a a a ffec ffec ffec ffec ffec t t t t t io io ion 4: io io n 6: n 5: n 3: n 2: t t t t t t R s of R s of R s of R s of R s of r y R ecomme a a a a a d d d d d ia ia ia ia ia t t t t t io io io io io nd n n n n n a t io n 1: - - -

and individual dose in inner organs. organs. inner in dose individual and radiation of effectiveness biological the of delineation abetter allowing community, biology radiation the with cooperation strengthens and includes that taken be should approach integrated A more simulations instead. instead. simulations numerical doing of possibilities well-developed the to consider and what, for amodel as proposed being is what at look acloser encourage we strongly used, being is system’ ‘model term the wherever particular, In activities. and proposals future in justified be must experiments ground preparatory (many) for need The latter. to the indispensable so be would former the why and research, to ground-based related research borne space- how clear entirely not was it projects, several In Ov scrutiny. with examined be should systems, model ground-based or simulation computer as such posed, questions scientific the to answering routes alternative possible funded, are systems’ ‘model involving experiments before poor. even particular, was In or convincing, entirely not was microgravity of justification the projects, many In R 6.3.1 Overarching physical sciences issues 6.3.1 Physical6.3 Sciences R modelling. radiation and codes transport improved of development the and events solar of ing forecast better for made have to be efforts additional Also, GSI. byat ESA provided facilities accelerator ion to ground-based access and ISS the board on ments instru additional of implementation require would This exposure. dose of assessment abetter for calibration involve real-time should that components radiation of detection real-time and detectors individual of opment devel the concerns also This activities. extravehicular and missions exploration long-duration for particularly to humans, risk radiation lowering for necessary ters R Ov forphysicaltions sciences the emerge. recommenda overarching several sub-disciplines, the of evaluation specific priority. Through highest begiven should programme the ation ELIPS of the therefore and continu of ELIPS, sciences portfolio physical the in found experiments outstanding truly it be emphasised should there some are that Overall, ecomme ecomme a erarchi erarchi d ia t io n Dosime nd nd ng P ng ng P ng a a t t io io h h n 2: n 1: y y S sical S sical t r y R ecomme cie cie n n ces ces nd a t io n 2: - - - - - and outside the EU. the outside and inside both agencies other with cooperation in done be also should planning The directorates. ESA across reaches that astrategy with starting ESA, within technology andshould space-clock be developed interferometery atom of use for strategy A long-term R R C project. the of motivation science fundamental the beyond impact terrestrial have significant will ACES that without possible anything beyond capabilities with network time-keeping global aunique create will turn in This possible. as world-wide laboratories keeping time- precision many as of participation the engage should ACES,ESA of goals mission the To meet best should be funded, and given more funds individually. funds more given and funded, be should projects fewer that appears it general, In process. review the in improvement for room some reflects projects the of quality scientific of degree varying The R R Ov funding. project to contribution financial asubstantial by providing is est inter to such prove industry way for obvious most and best The relevance. application the to underpin order in consideration under experiment very the of interest trial indus aproven be should There frame. time what in and respect, what in results, the from to benefit expected is application what exactly explicit and clear very made be should it projects, research microgravity for justification a as forward put are applications industrial Wherever R C and Related Fundamental Physics Missions Sensors Atom Cold recommendationsand have for each. been defined haveciplines priorities future been reviewed specific and - sub-dis Space relevance achievements and ELIPS of the 6.3.2 R Ov ecomme ela ecomme ecomme ela ecomme ol ol erarchi erarchi d At d At t t Physical sciences sub-disciplines e e d Fund d Fund S om S om nd nd nd nd ng P ng ng P ng a a a a e e t t t t n n ame ame io io ion 4: io a sors a sors h h n 2: n 1: n 3: y y S sical S sical nt nt al al nd nd P P h h cie cie y y sics sics n n ces ces Missio Missio n n s s

- - economic impact of space flight. space of impact economic potential the increase and spin-offs technological foster will it but readiness, flight and efficiency increase only not will This industry. with cooperation in and ESA, of outside sources funding various between projects, physics fundamental ESA between coordinated be investment R&D that imperative is It example. excellent an is project SOC The investment. R&D significant require and demanding technologically very are general in experiments physics Fundamental R R C decade. this of half second by the deployment possible for project this to support continue should It frontier. this at leadership to retain collaborations and projects plan should ESA field. this in progress important of example excellent an is experiment JEM–EUSO The observatories. large using to space access demands energies possible highest the at particles of physics Fundamental wherever involved. involved. wherever acknowledged clearly be should ELIPS and/or ESA improved. to be needs results of Dissemination R R At justified. and elaborated better to be needs research, space-borne the of translation practical of terms in particularly link, direct the programme, ICAPS the in research to Earth-based relevance broad is there While R R At development. installation the altering not while updated, or tuned fine- to be need experiments the of which to evaluate objectives scientific specific of review a from benefit potentially could programmes the elapsed, has that time development the Given avoided. be should and objectives research scientific of advancement the per ham severely development experimental in delays ther Fur completed. be should programmes planned The C R At Atmosphere Observations ecomme ela ecomme ecomme ela ecomme ecomme ol ol mosphere mosphere mosphere d At d At t t e e d Fund d Fund S om S om nd nd nd nd nd a a a a a e e O O O t t t t t n n ame ame bser bser bser ion 4: io io io io a sors a sors n 3: n 3: n 2: n 1: nt nt v v v al al a a a t t t nd nd P P io io io h h n n n y y s s s sics sics

Missio Missio n n s s

- - 67 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 68 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) of the interfaces which are not sharp but diffuse. but sharp not are which interfaces the of representation the is models macroscopic over models these of advantage The dynamics. rotation stochastic and dynamics, particle dissipative simulations, Boltzmann lattice include methods These level. fundamental amore at processes several model can one where methods etc., to other equations diffusion Stokes, Navier– as such equations differential partial on based essentially far so are which techniques, their extending consider should theoreticians hand, at problem to the relevant Whenever F required. are control temperature good and frequencies and amplitude of range large a with fluids for devices view, of vibration point technical the From being investigated. being are systems model so-called if specifically applies latter The simulation. computer or experiments based ground- of means by answered be cannot which flown) experiments corresponding (and posed are questions scientific those only that taken be should care Great S examined. be should flow shear inducing of for, possibility the looked and be should structures spatial complex more plasmas, to electro-rheological devoted experiments the In F missions. and AOs of timing the between lapse time ashorter and synchronisation better be should there remark, general a As ISS. the on capabilities zipping and downloading improved from benefit greatly would Experiments S community. physics broader the for importance potential of are results The conditions. microgravity under continued be should larger and size micrometre of particles containing systems of Studies F Fluid D S Plasmas Complex and Physics Colloid D Matter: Soft l l l of of of ui ui ui t M t M t M d D d D d D ynamics a a a yn yn yn tt tt tt amics amics amics R er R er R er Particles, ust ecomme ecomme ecomme R R R ecomme ecomme ecomme nd nd nd a a a nd nd nd t t t io io io a a a t t t n 3: n 2: n 1: io io io n 3: n 2: n 1: the necessity of microgravity will be important. be will microgravity of necessity the eye on acritical context, this In publication. level high to promote order in funding, for considered be projects quality scientific high the only that recommended is It justified. well scientifically is it as far as maintained, be should facilities experiment ISS and to microgravity Access C community. research space matter complex the in priority high given be should research this innovations, process for potential enormous an bear still and future the of super-materials the among are foams metal other. Since each to fertilise expected furthermore are projects These therein. additives of role the and foams metal of physics the on and foams aqueous purely of dynamics on particular in systems, foam on research to fundamental given is priority projects, fluids complex the within that recommended is It P crucial. really is convection and buoyancy of elimination the where phenomena specific on focus should effort research The R P factor. impact high with journals in by publishing and appropriate wherever ELIPS and ESA acknowledging community, scientific to the available made and disseminated better be should ELIPS of context the in obtained data and Results R Foams, Emulsions, G Complex Fluids: P Phase Change and Heat T C R C hase C hase C hase ecomme ecomme ecomme omple omple x F x F ha ha ha nd nd nd ng ng ng l l ui ui a a a e a e a e a t t t d d io io io s s

R R nd H nd nd H nd nd H nd n 3: n 2: n 1: ecomme ecomme ranular Materials ea ea ea t Tra t Tra t Tra ransfer nd nd n n n a a sfer sfer sfer t t io io n 2: n 1: taken as alibi for long-lasting ground research. research. ground long-lasting for alibi as taken to be “microgravity” word to the avoid order in is This proposals. the in justified and foreseen be should ratio acorrect from deviations Strong experiments. space execute and to plan required that with comparable be should work terrestrial for investment time the Normally, stated. clearly to be has experiments ground preparatory expected the of number The R M projects. future judging when considered to be parameter only the is materials) novel or edge knowl (fundamental output scientific expected The projects. new for motivation asufficient to be sidered con be cannot investment, substantial with decades over etc.), established spectrometers, microscopes, (furnaces, facilities existing already of use planned The R M field. new ally pave conceptu way the to a and/or field agiven in edge knowl of body to the add considerably results expected the if only justified are research space of costs high The experiments. to ground respect with microgravity in out carried experiments from expected knowledge in breakthrough the about statement aclear contain should project each research, fundamental purely of case the In R M costs. the of part asignificant bear should advances those from benefit can which entities or companies the Alternatively, materials. established well- improving at aimed those over have priority should materials novel obtaining at aimed Experiments R M and Crystallisation Metallurgy Material Science: ecomme ecomme ecomme ecomme e e e e t t t t all all all all u u u u r r r r nd nd nd nd gy a gy a gy a gy a a a a a t t t t nd C nd nd C nd nd C nd nd C nd ion 4: io io io

n 3: n 2: n 1: r r r r y y y y s s s s t t t t allisa allisa allisa allisa t t t t io io io io n n n n - - - - 69 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS)

Annexes

(since 2012). for Evaluation the of Committee Research National Physics (sinceAstroparticle 2009); Member of the on Committee National President INFN of the of Board Directors (2004–2007); INAF of the Directorate (2001– INFN National 2007); Member member and of Section the INFN of Perugia the Group 2001);Science Advisory (JSSAG; Director Group (1999–2001); Member of Joint the Space Physics Fundamental Member Advisory of ESA the Milano (1998–2002);IFC of Council Scientific the Committee (1997–1999); Scientific ASI Member of (Trento) of IRST Council (1995); Member of the ofScientific the years; Member for six of INFN Committee Scientific First the in Coordinator 2006). memberships Scientific include: Committee (Trento 1999, 2003, Washington Beijing 2002, Elba to space science to advanced and technologies of several workshops organiser and devoted nals, jour scientific papers international publishedin author May is 420 of more 2011. He in than ISS in June deployed 1998 and 91the flight Shuttle on theSTS- during flown Space successfully Station, physics approved experiment International on the particle alarge experiment, person forAMS the spokes he deputy is - Additionally, conditions. space in to beused devices and oftion materials Materials),on Spacial devoted characterisa to the Radiation of (Laboratory of Effects for the Study the physics 1994, research.In tal he SERMS founded space-based ground- and in to fundamen beused frontier field ofthe anddetectors in technologies 1990s, of the beginning activethe since Perugia, in of rays.cosmic founder aresearch He the group is in matter dark and for search antimatter and ics, electroweak phys interaction strong interactions, - including: interactions, physics fundamental and field experimental of the in collaborations national (2000). He worked has for over inter years in 20 honorisLaurea University causa of Bucharest (sinceUniversity, 1992). of Engineering Faculty Perugia of the Faculty Physics Engineering at the (1979),Pisa of General Chair the currently is and degree di Normale at Laurea Scuola his obtained TrentoProfessor born in was Battiston 1956, in Professor Roberto Battiston Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert - - - - During his career, Dr Belouettar has collaborated has career, his Belouettar Dr During emphasis structures. and on advanced materials an with temporal scales, and of spatial range wide on a engineered, and natural both systems, linear complex understand non- and totools describe efficient of and simulation dation reliable models research work development the includes vali and Tudor Henri Public engineer. His R&D asenior as group Centre of Recherche the de Simulation and Modelling joined the 2001,In Belouettar Dr 1997. in university diploma same from PhD the his field of He the obtained computational mechanics. 1993in where he conductedin scientific research France University joined the of Lorraine, Belouettar Diploma 1992. in Dr Engineering his receiving als, of materi mechanics and engineering civil studied He Centre Luxembourg. the Recherche de Public, at research team Simulation and Modelling the Belouettar Dr D which is published by the Optical Society of America. Society Optical published by is the which aTopical selectedwas as for Optics Letters Editor 2007. in of America Society 2004 In Optical he the 2004, Fellow of and in Physical Society American Professor Bigelow elected Fellow of was the Brazil. Orsay, France University at the and of in Sao Paulo in d’Optique France, Institude the Paris, Brossel in groups Laboratoire at the Kastler- cooling laser the invited researcher he an served has as Programme, in PhysicsWorking Microgravity Group NASA the in Physics Discipline Fundamental of the Chair the is astronomyand (since 2007). July Professor Bigelow physics department of the chair of and and Optics he presently position the holds of Professor of Physics Bigelow joined University Rochester 1992, in where worked Laboratoire the Kastler-Brossel. in Professor France where Paris, he Superieure in Normale Ecole 1991. 1991, in remained until Early he moved to the Laboratories,Technicalwhere of staff AT&The Bell physics University. from Cornell He joined the then Professor Bigelow received (1989) PhD and MS his in Professor N 70 journals. papers international in University He published about has of Strasbourg. Science France) from the degree in Engineering in academic (highest 2010 habilitation his he obtained projects topics. on European these In and national headed many successfully and Mittal Arcelor and EADS, us such industries world leading with r Salim Belouettar icholas Bigelow

and Scientist aSenior is Head of - -

73 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 74 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Research, UK, “ UK, Research, “ Universityfrom the of at Manitoba Winnipeg, received “ several awards including Photobiology and of Photochemistry in-Chief y Technolog Research Radiation recentlyhas been appointed of Editor Associate Biology Radiation of Low-Dose International Research, Biology, International Journal of Radiation Research Mutation Medicine and (until 2009), Biology Radical Free Toxicologyin (until 2009), Research Free Radical Research Chemical board of several journals: rial 61.is He a member is been has and of edito the factor about 70 and “h” book chapters.journals His peer-reviewed to contributions original 480 than co-author of 550 of more publications consisting Hephoto-induced author to is DNA. or damage of oxidatively generated biochemistry and and istry chem of the aspects various with deal that activities He involved is research Director in at CEA. Research “ of Laboratory the the head of Sherbrooke, being after Canada Professor, Adjunct and University of Sherbrooke, CEA/Grenoble Commission, Energy Atomic the Professor Adviser at French Scientific is Cadet improvises. Balanus genomics barnacle of the iii) functional and of yeasts, profiling phenotypic forgies large-scale response, ii) phenomics –developing methodolo involved of mechanisms yeast stress the the study in research interests of Professor Blomberg i) include: post-docs. and Current ofstudents PhD of amix research group of ten members around composed a runs and journals international publications in 65 primary He currently has Bioinformatics. and Genomics in tor School ofResearch National the 2001 2008 and Professor Blomberg direc was Between Genomics. Professoras Functional in He now aposition holds of Wollongong, Australia. Brown, Universitylaboratory of Professor Duncan Yeast in Chair: Life Sciences Cadet, Jean Professor and Osmotolerance “Osmoregulation thesis the with 1988 in biology University at the of Gothenburg Professor Blomberg micro completed in PhD his Professor Anders Blomberg Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert Weiss Medal ”. During his PhD he the PhD spent in ayear his ”. During , and since 2009 since Editor-, and he been the has ” from the Association for Radiation for Radiation Association ” from the Grand Prix Scientifique Prix Grand Lésions des Acides Nucléiques Acides des Lésions , Journal of Biochemical Journal and Indian Journal of Radiation of Radiation Journal Indian Armes Lecturer ” from CEA, ” from CEA, . He has ” and ” and . He He . ” - - - - - ,

by electrical anarchy rather than control of rather anarchy than normal by electrical characterised is and death, ofcardiac sudden cases is VF responsible (VF). for many fibrillation tricular ven called disorder electrical patients at of risk an recorded of signals from study work adetailed was upon Newcastle Tyne.his in of focus Themain worked from 1990 to 1998 Freeman at the Hospital physics, he medical in applied physics,in and PhD BSc a UK. Following Universitythe in of Sheffield Computer in Reader is Science at Clayton Dr the D ofby French Universities the Research. Minister and duMérite” National l’Ordre de moted to “Chevalier Frenchthe Academy of He Sciences. been pro has “ the and ogy received “ the for Photobiology. Society European the He also has “ the and Photobiology “ and proceedings on crystal growth and materials materials and growth on crystal proceedings and book chapters. books different and edited He has co-authored about 190 patentsnine papers, scientific authored/ has Fornari Professor semiconductors. of compound characterisation and on growth where he Council led research different projects Research National ofItalian the (IMEM) Materials Magnetic and for Electronic Institute at the entist worked aresearch years for as sci 20 more than 1980.graduated in he has Before to Berlin moving physics University at Italy, the of where Parma, he (joint employment). Berlin in (IKZ) He studied Growth for Crystal Institute Leibniz of the director and Humboldt of University the Berlin Department Professor presently Fornari is Professor Physics at the Professor Roberto Fornari physics journals. non-linear and physiological, ical, clin provide. in tools these He widely published has physiology that intohuman insights to the through and computing, performance of high use to the of computer computational and imaging, models applications interests now clinical from the range current VF. His during activity of electrical models Universitythe to develop of Leeds computational Foundation enabled Fellowship Heart amove to British 1998 in Foundation, and Heart afurther by British from Fellowships the work funded was pacemaker. heart’s by This the natural rhythm heart Life Sciences Rapporteur: Research Award r Richard Clayton, Médaille Berthelot Prix Charles Dhéré Charles Prix ” from the American Society for Society ” American from the

Medal for Excellence for Medal ” in chemistry from chemistry ” in ” in chemical biol chemical ” in ” from - - - - - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and the the Factors and Human Ergonomics Society and at Work. of Human Study US of He the afellow is for the Chair Alon Yigal held the and Engineering Factors Human and Psychology Cognitive Professor Gopher aProfessor is of Emeritus Professor D journals. international in papers 120 published more has University and than Munich Technical the and He teaches LMU. LMU atthe the Graduate forthe School Neurosciences Systemic at Munich),Board a memberof and of Scientific the CoTeSys of cluster excellence ofBoard the (TU Disorders, amember Extended of the Balance and Treatment Oculomotor Vertigo, for and Center of Board Directors the Integrated of Research the Computational amember Neuroscience of Munich, Center for investigator Bernstein atprincipal the member and He founding is resonance imaging. magnetic functional physiology and behavioural over psychophysics to modelling probabilistic and reach from computationalmethods neuroscience andHis interaction. flow human–robot processing, optic cortical movements disease, and health in motor system, control of vestibular head eyethe and orientation navigation, spatial and human include neurophysiology. research interests His clinical and neurology Germany) experimental degree in in academic (highest habilitation 2005 his he obtained Orbiter Projects 604 DSO Medical 614. and In Duration Extended NASA the and campaigns, EUROMIR’94the flight several parabolic mission, pated MIR’92 co-investigator the as in and mission He partici from CNRS. the fellowship postdoctoral a with France de Paris l’Action Collège de in at the Laboratoirethe Physiologie de Perception la de et for Physiology. Behavioral Institute He joined then 1992 in Max-Planck- of the afellow as engineering in University received and Munich Dr-Ing his degree Technical at the engineering electrical studied He München (LMU). Maximilians-Universität Centre Ludwig- forat the Sensorimotor Research Glasauer Dr Dr Stefan G (IOCG) 2010–13. Growth for triennium the Crystal for President Organisation International of the Materials Advanced and tronics Growth Crystal J. board of member is science, and editorial of the Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert is aseniorresearcheris and lasauer aniel G , Cryst. Res. Technol Res. Cryst. opher . He elected was ., ., Head of the Head of the J. Optoelec J. - -

medical systems, safety at work, development and safety systems, medical applications of aviation todesign their the systems, and of complex skills, training workload, mental measurement of attention limitations, of human Professor Gopher’s study on the research focuses Force FactorsHead Human Air (1970–1979). of the (1966–1970), and Division Scientist Senior and Personnel head Unitthe ofResearch in the acting he aseniorand scientist was time which during theDefenceIsrael in 12 Forces, years serving after 1979, Management in and Engineering Industrial Professor Gopher Technion joined the of Faculty Performance. Human Processes and Cognitive Center for Research Wertheimer Minerva Max University, joint Technion-Haifa the University Professor Koriat with together Asher from Haifa 1996 research centre. In he established, ciplinary - interdis an Engineering, Work Human and Safety Center Research of The for director he been the has 1980 Since Ergonomics Association. International ate student, postdoc and visiting professor visiting at and the postdoc ate student, (Privatdozent) physics. He in been agradu has rer.Dr 1970 nat. (PhD) Erlangen, in habilitation (master) physics, in 1967, a promotion with to Germany,of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1964 Diploma physics and mathematics University at the studied 1940Born Germany, Hof/Saale, Bavaria, in Hess Dr Professor D term 2006/7. forwinter the VI Paris he appointed was Professeur Invité at as Université Professor Further, University at the of Göttingen. Adjunct appointment an as additional had an has 2005, Since he Gottingen. Self-Organisation, and for Dynamics Planck Institute Max at the a director from 2003. 2003, 1999 Since he been has Ulm until professor University at the of afull became then from 1999. 1996 Berlin, until He Interfaces, and pendent research group for MPI atColloids the 1994 in of head Konstanz the inde was of and an 1990. He completedUniversity at the habilitation his (USA), in Jose, California San CenterResearch in 1989. in IBM at stay the was postdoctoral Mainz His received physics in University a PhD from the of physicist. He aGerman is Professor Herminghaus Sciences Physical Rapporteur: Professor Stephan Herminghaus, skills. complex for platforms training multimodal reality virtual and trainers cognitive r Siegfried Hess

- - 75 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 76 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) IMMORTAL, on driving testing and certification, certification, and testing on driving IMMORTAL, FP5 the project, and performance, onstress human of aconcertedof on effects action part as FP3 in automation. He coordinated aresearch network adaptive and maintenance relevant research on skill Group, conducted has of and aprogramme space- Planning Studies Group Simulation Human and a member LTPO of the Advisory Space Psychology worked over ESA a 25-year extensively with period as Space He Operations. has Extended Performance in Topical ESA of the Team on assessment of Human member of ESA’s Coordinator peer and review panel five is books. He a or edited written and articles UK.has Hepublished overSheffield, 150 research University atof the Psychology Department of the in Factors Engineering Human Cognitive and Professor Professor Hockey Emeritus of is Professor Bob Hockey flow plastic of and metals. friction to solid as well as electro-rheological fluids, and magneto- uids, liq polymeric liquid crystals, complexand fluids, simple plasmas, gases, properties of molecular rial applicationscomputer mate to the simulations, (NEMD) dynamics molecular non-equilibrium and physics of foundations statistical the with dealing Over 250from countries. 20 publications, scientific 100 more scientists to than joint with publications leading Collaborations research proposals. national inter of for and evaluation national the committees Science Foundation (DFG), German the member of friction processes of andelementary sotropic fluids collaborative of the research projects ani chairman (DPG),Physics Physical Society German of the Statistical and Dynamics ofsection the chairman of Physics Faculty ofTUB, at the the Physics, Dean as for Theoretical Head as Institute Served of the US. Barbara, at Santa Universityat the of California Universityand National Canberra in Australian Grenoble, (ILL) in France;Laue-Langevin at the Boulder, Colorado in at Institute US; the NIST) now (NBS, sor Bureau National at of the Standards profes - visiting Guest and scientist (TUB). Berlin Theoretical Physicsthe of University Technical for professor) Institute the at (C4, full Professor from and 1984 physics Erlangen, cal to in 2007, a (C3, associateprofessor tenure) with for theoreti From Leiden. in 1978 to 1984 he aProfessor was Toronto, Holland; Leiden, again and Canada, USA; Minnesota, Universities Minneapolis, in Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert - - - - -

Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy National Scotland’s of Edinburgh, Society Fellow Royal of elected to the Corresponding being received numerous forms of recognition including at State Washington University.Chemistry, He has Professor of Director, Biological and Institute positions holds of Regents currently Lewis Dr D state. group task Panel on operator functional of NATO (RTO) Factors Human Medicine and Complexand Task member and Performance, NATOof the ARWon Operator State Functional Systems Research). He Director Centre was for Rail (National UK Research of Rail ber council of the a mem is and Committee, Review Nuclear Safety of UK Naval and Medicine tors Institute to issues the fac human and performance on human a consultant project space exploration. He on actedas human has FP6 THESEUS of cluster the systems machine human and coordinator is ofand psychology the he received ICI NATO/SRC and to scholarships (Glasgow) University where and Columbia, of British University from degrees the PhD of Strathclyde and specialisations) BSc receiving biochemistry product/organic (natural chemistry/ chemistry in trained initially was Lewis Dr Unitedthe Kingdom. and Thailand, France, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, China, Brazil, Canada, US, the positions in demic laboratory personnel now fromand his hold aca excess papersandof scientific in 220 patents, lished etoposide. and He podophyllotoxin pub as such has planta in ple of phenolic control coupling over radical–radical exam first proteins, the discovered “dirigent” the laboratory His biosynthesis. phenol allylpropenyl and formation/lignan wall emphasis on lignin/cell an pathways, plant biochemical with ing/modifying discovering/study in research largely interestsare current Lewis’ Dr worldwide. boards advisory tific scien and review grant panels, international and federal boards, editorial onserves several scientific of Editor he Regional is ties, responsibili board editorial Among organisations. professional other and Society Chemical American responsibilities/offices other as the well as with (PSNA), America of North Society Phytochemical (ASGSB) Space President,and Biology and of Gravitational Society President American of the as such learned societies, various positionsship in He held leader has many of ScienceLetters. and r N orman G orman , and which led compounds to which anticancer , and . Lewis Phytochemistry . He also . He also ------and supervised about 100 supervised students. and PhD 250 on books electron microscopy publications; two He authored has over Australia. in research activity (iv)programme. Metals for Board Light Research (iii) materials CSIRO for to assess Panel materials. committee to (ii) Japan. technical COST European (i)committees: Mission level Member DTI of High amember of several international also is Loretto Professor University at Huazhong (China). Professor 2006 he in Honorary became and of Metals Institute of Sciences). 2003 he In electedJapan to was the award Lee (2001, AcademyHsun –Chinese IMR science (2000), materials and transfer to technology Sciences), Empire Order for British ofservices the Professorship (2000, at IMR Academy of Chinese (1988,Medal London), of Metals Honorary Institute work for elegant Prize (1978), Gilchrist Sydney the (1972, Society Metal the University of Birmingham), (1961,Syme Medal doctorate science Australia), in theDavid including distinctions scientific and als Professor been awarded has Loretto med many of Universityand Rolls-Royce Technology Centre. Materials Centre in Research Interdisciplinary professor, of the director and head of department, lecturer, as worked of Birmingham university at the 1966 Between 2001, and Professor Loretto Australia. (CSIRO) Organisation Melbourne, Research in Industrial and Scientific Commonwealth at the 1955Between 1966, and Officer he Research was B Met (Hons) University from the of Sheffield. 1955, In he GraduatedUniversity of Birmingham. Professor Professor the Emeritus is Loretto in Sciences Physical Chair: Professor Michael H. Loretto, Eisig-Tode Katie and M. Arthur the Foundation. HargroveAnita and and G. Thomas Foundation, from as well as of Agriculture, US Department Science National Foundation, of Health, Institutes National Aeronautics Space Administration, and of Energy, byUSNational ported Department the Tech. been sup researchVirginia largely has His Professor of Associate Canada), as at and Institute Paper and Research (Pulp at PAPRICAN Leader previously held Group positions as also has Lewis (Canada)a NRC position.Dr Associate Research (Canada) up post-doctoral prior support, to taking NRC Universityat the through of Cambridge B12 biosynthesis Battersby on Vitamin (Sir) R. Alan He worked next Professor studies. with support his Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert

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and their environment using bioreactor environment Dr using their and systems. organisms other interactwith organisms modified how genetically interest understanding is ticular environment. par Of microbes their between and relationship the understanding for systems actor developed He and designed has bioreAntarctica. Valleys of Dry the in lakes of bottoms the to the Andes of mountaintops from the the him taken has research His context. evolve and aplanetary in arise can life which in limits environmental definitive research for search projects the the his is together biodiversity.ties and try, that thread The common physiology, biogeochemis ecology, encompassing of research Colorado broad, is His at Boulder. University from the ecology microbial in aPhD has He US. View, CA, Mountain CenterResearch in Ames NASA Institute at Research Environmental Bay Area the aseniorresearchis scientist with ecologist/astrobiologist, microbial Mancinelli, Dr D and has ah-index has ofand 40. He joint served editor as Physics interactions aerosol–cloud–climate and 160 papers (fivein Nature He publishedmore has than Pollution Studies. Air Galway’s and Centre forDirector of Climate NUI Professor ProfessorO’Dowd is of Physics and O’ Colin Professor conferences. international five more than organised has and research journals international in international 130 in papersresearch scientific than He author is of more Mallorca. de Palma of Madrid, professor Universities the Nucleare in visiting and Fisica di Nazionale research at associate Istituto Evans University at He the Robert ofwas Bristol. University atMarch the of of Oxford Professor and He aof postdoc was Laude. Professor H. Norman Cum Summa physics in with aPhD obtained and Physicsin University from the Rome Sapienza la in Universityat Italy. the of He Camerino, graduated ofPhysics Technologies School Sciences and the in Matter Condensed of Professor is Marconi Professor Professor U Academy Explorers of Club. the Sciences and aFellow is California of the E).and Mancinelli Dr R O/OREOS) and (e.g.GeneSat, ISS EXPOSE and (e.g. BioPan, on satellites microbes both ments with experi or co-investigator on several space flight investigator been eitheraprincipal has Mancinelli r Rocco Mancinelli mberto Marinimberto Bettolo Marconi D owd / Science ) in Atmospheric Atmospheric in ) - - - -

77 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 78 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) networks, including aFP6 Network of Excellence including networks, severalEU-funded coordinated has and agencies, funding international fromand national grants ous been awarded has Pardi years Dr numer 20 last the Blood, of leukocyte extravasation ( extravasation leukocyte of steps various of coordination the to the crucial is integrins by and chemokines concurrent signalling cooperativeconcerns demonstration that the and 2008, Med., Exp. ( lesions precancerous ( control to the of geneleading expression programs signals integrin-generated in novel intermediates level functional genetic at and the characterised fully 1987, ( endothelium microvascular primary with subsets sive leukocyte of interactions various involved molecules adhe and subsets the in cell the characterise to first the among was and interactions, cell pioneered field the of leukocyte–endothelial 1985 Between 1988 and Engleman. G. Pardi Dr E. group the ledUniversity in by of School Medicine, of Pathology, Department Stanford to the fellow respectively. 1985 In he moved apost-doctoral as 1980 in 1983, and University at the ofmology Milan pneu in Degree Specialty and MD his He obtained pathogenesis of the cancer. in and system immune pathophysiology the of adhesive in interactions the theof study career todevoted scientific his biology, has of and integrin field the in tigator inves recognised - internationally an is Pardi Dr D Precipitation. and on Clouds offico Commission International memberthe of Meteorology Atmospheric and Scienceex- is and of Association International of the tive committee Atmospheric amember Aerosols, is execu of the on Nucleation Committee and International the of co-chair term as a third serving is currently and research M€aged 20 around projects to date worth Meteorological Royal Society.the He man has of Physics Fellow is ofFellow Institute and of the Science University by the of Manchester, elected Academy, Irish Royal the awarded Doctorate of Award for aerosol research, elected Member of research, he been awarded has Smoluchowski the ( of Research Geophysical Journal of the in-chief Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert Nature Atmospheres r Ruggero Pardi r Ruggero 79 2009, 2009, : 1679).and group Pardi’s Dr identified has ,

2000, 2000, 113 ) for seven years. In recognition of recognition ) foris seven In years. : 1699 : 404 205 : 617) in dysregulated are that 2009, 2009, Cell Sci., ; J. : 465) most recent His work Oncogene Blood, Blood, ,

2008, 2009 J. Clin. Invest. Clin. J.

122 27 , 114 : 2401 : : 268). In : 1073 : ; J. ; J. - - - - - ; ,

became professorbecame divi of up set nutrition the and Europe, to he 1980s. the Canada)returning in After groupthe of Jeejeebhoy Professor N. K. (Toronto, nutrition in ogy, Professor clinical Pichard studied gastroenterol in and medicine inner in A specialist Pichard Claude Professor 15 last the years. in ings aspeakerinvited to as over 25 meet international 600. factor exceeding impact He been has a global peer-reviewed international in tions with journals, he authoredhas Overall, over 80 publica Raffaele. San Institute Scientific of the Diseases Infectious Division Transplantationthe of Immunology, and University. of 2008 he named In Chairman was Raffaele of San Medicine ofSchool Molecular 2003 Graduate of to the 2007 he Dean served as migration. From cell on inflammatory focusing associated countries, EU and from eight institutes composed of www.main-noe.org) 16 (MAIN: postdoc the Orthopaedics Department of the San San of the Department Orthopaedics the postdoc University ofas he which joined Naples,a after (1980) traumatology and orthopaedics in at the (1977) medicine in honours with specialised and honours graduated Rubinacci with Dr diseases. for osteoporosis bone mineral metabolic and and service bone aclinical pathophysiology in with ity combines that research activ unit a translational Milan, Institute, Scientific Raffaele Unit San of the of Bone charge Metabolism the in is Rubinacci Dr D director. course Committee Practice Clinical and rently ESPEN’s Educational 2006cur is and until (ESPEN) Metabolism and Nutrition for Clinical Society European of the man He chair was societies. academic international and Professorgresses. European 24 Pichard active is in con international or national 350 in conferences he presented and has PubMed, enced in more than 200 refer are more of which than 380 articles, Professor Pichardpublishedmorehealth. has than economy biometricsposition the and measures, of application the of com body diseases, chronic and relation catabolism the between growth, cell cancer of modulation nutritional the are which among research group involved is areas several thematic in His dietetics. and sciences medicine, of schools he teaches in activities, clinical Besides Hospital. nutrition of Geneva’ssion of clinical University r Alessandro Rubinacci ------pathophysiology of bone and mineral metabolism. mineral of bone and pathophysiology the to contributions innovative constitute papers, reported100 in results, full Research validation. and bone and marker developmentosteoblast functions of regulation endocrine the ion organ, exchange an osteoporosis pathogenesis treatment, bone and as interestincludes development. scientific His drug for trials clinical international to contributed has Science Working Group (2004 of ESA to 2006). He a member was and of Life the awards studies for his He obtained has for collaborative studies. Amherst, University, Massachussetts and Woods Hole, MA, Laboratory, Biological researcher Marine atiting the (1993Milan to present).- been avis has Rubinacci Dr Institute, Scientific Raffaele Researcher atSan the Senior and Researcher He established became (1984–1986). Belgium, Leuven, of University Catholic of the Department Biochemistry the in and USA, Philadelphia, of Pennsylvania, University Department, of Orthopaedics the research (1983) fellow McKay the Laboratory in Italy. was HeMilan, Institute, Scientific Raffaele Annex 1: CommitteeComposition Expert 79 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 80 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Bryson, • Raggio, • De • Olsson-Francis, • Olsson-Francis, • De • Horneck, • Cockell • Onofri, • Rabbow, • Astrobiology Life Sciences reference. for havelists been provided assembledare and below over These programme ten years. past the ELIPS support from the to performed investigations with were asked of publications related to compile alist community user Representatives fromELIPS the over ten years past the programme ELIPS the Annex 2: through produced List of publications some 48 ISS. menton the on EXPOSR-R 11 to spaceAstrobiology vive conditions. exposure Icarus experiments. lithopanspermia of the – results to outer exposed bacteria spaceand conditions Methods Microbiological environments.J. extraterrestrial in survival microbial for studying methods Experimental 76 Microbiol. Environ orbit. Appl. to lowsure Earth expo using community microbial rock-dwelling coastal a from cyanobacteria extreme-tolerant 10 conditions: Alaboratory study.like Astrobiology Mars- under of lichens activity photosynthetic Rev Biol. Mol. Microbiol. Journal ISME outer pressurestion Earth. space on in early and Orbit: selec microbial low548 in Earth days in MycologyStudies conditions. space Martian to and simulated communities cryptoendolithic and black fungi Biosph Evol. Life Origins Space Station –from proposal to flight. International on the facility exposure biological : 281–292. : : 215–227. : : 2115–2121. : 1980–1996. : la Vera, Torre,

208

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G. : 735–748. : (2011). Whole lichen thalli sur (2011). al. et thalli lichen Whole (2008). Resistance of Antarctic (2008). of Antarctic al. et Resistance (2010). al. et and potential Survival et al. (2009). astro al. et –an EXPOSE R.

Exposure of phototrophs Exposure to al. et (2010). al. et microbiology. Space (2011). al. et experi The ORGAN

5 : 1671–1682. : (2010). al. et of lichens Survival K. . 39 (2011). al. et of Isolation novel K.,

: 581–598.: 61 : 99–109.: Cockell,

. 80 74 : 1–13. 1–13. : : 121–156. : Adv Space Res Adv Space C.S. (2010). - - - - - .

Sandal, • Kanki, • Kanas, • Kanas, • Kanas, • Hockey, • Behaviour and Performance Sandal, • Sandal, • Palinkas, • Sandal, • degradation in complex tasks complex in degradation performance of human prediction and assessment O. (eds.) (2003). state: the functional Operator Journal of the British of the British space and formance safety. Journal Y. &Whitely, (2009). G.M. Sandal, Team per environments. low crewmember autonomy space simulation in versus High (2010). al. et Weiss, J., Boyd, D.S. Medicine missions. space Shuttle/Mir personnel ground during and crews involving issues cultural and Interpersonal Kluwer. Netherlands: (2nd ed.). psychiatry Dordrecht, The and ogy Astronautica y Bio/Technolog ments. space and environ polar in challenges Human aastro.2011.02.007. Astronautica a105 in study.ity space days simulation Acta (2011). crew Personal and compatibil values Environmentaland Medicine from SFINCSS’99. tion; Results Space Station simula International an during 371 expeditions. of polar effects Interplanetary Society Acta Space Agency. European Acta the in sonnel of co-working of per ground determinants (9607): 153–63. 153–63. (9607): N., N., Reviews in Environmental Science and and Science Environmental in Reviews N. G.M., G.M. B., G.M., G.M.

G. 7 L.

Aviation Space and Environmental Environmental and Space Aviation & Salnitskiy, : A11–A16.

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. 65 Manzey, (2004). Bye, 69: 141–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.act Suedfeld, & Leon, Acta Astronautica J., 5 : 1520–1569. : : 281–296. 281–296. : Manzey, Gaillard, S., H.H. D., G. V., Harris, , Culture D. 62

Bessone, P. & Grund, & : 273–281. : (2008). (2008). D. Palinkas, van A. . Amsterdam: IOS. . Amsterdam:

75 M.A., (2009). and W. (1): 44–51. (1): de Aviation, Space Space Aviation, E.

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L. Parke, & Cultural (2006). tension Burov, F.J.R.

T., B. ------

Durante, • Newhauser, • Maalouf, • Carpenter, • Durante, • Durante, • Durante, • Jakob, • Durante, • Durante, • Spillantini, • Cucinotta, • Biological Effectsof Radiation over ten years past the programme ELIPS the Annex 2: through produced List of publications some Ritter, • Space radiation research in Europe: flight Space Europe: research flight radiation in Z. Z. forcountermeasures space risk. radiation Mod. Phys. Mod. protection of spacebasis radiation travel. in Rev. 448. radiotherapy. modern after of risk second the malignancies Assessing review. outcomes. history,advances and Ageneral cells: of space effects on Biological radiation human Moon Planets forinvestigations ESA’slander. Earth lunar first W.T. D. &Pike, Linnarson, (2010).Life sciences Biophys Environ. Radiat. ground-based and studies. experiments Res Mutat. aberrations: chromosomal induced areview. to Mars. missions in risk radiation on the propulsion technology Oncol Clin. oncology. radiation in Rev. Nat. particles 3177. motion of radiation-induced DNA double-strand break (2009). G. Scholz, microscopy Liveanalysis cell Phys Med. Cancer Rev. Nat. space exploration. ion human carcinogenesisand 42 sions: Radiat. passive Meas. active and methods. - mis forfrom interplanetary radiation cosmic Shurshakov, V., (2007). &Sorbi, M. Shielding Oncol. Lancet cations for space exploration beings. by human rays: cosmic impli to galactic fromrisk exposure Mueller-Mellin, R., Reitz, G., Rossi, L., L., Rossi, G., Reitz, R., Mueller-Mellin, : 14–23. : . 7 B., J. Radiat. Res Radiat. J. USA Sci. Acad. Natl. . Proc. S. : 37–43. : M. M. M. M., M., M. . M. Splinter, & .

18 83 F.A. 701 & J.D., P., &

: 244–252. : & : 1245–1281. Durante, (2008). & 107 7 W.D. Durante, Reitz, Bruno, : 38–46.: : 431–435. : Cucinotta, Cucinotta, & Loeffler, Casolino, . 8 : 11–23. : 49 : 465–472. : Angerer, Durante, Eur. J Phys. J., : 295–302. : . G. & C. Physical 52 Durante, Nat. Rev. Cancer Rev. Nat. M. M. 126–146. & (2010). Durante, J.S. Angerer, F.A. F.A. & (2010). M., M. O., (2010). Foray, and Impact . M. (2006). (2011) (2008). D60 Durante, Durante, & biomedical M. Heavy-ion 106 O. : 215–218. N. Taucher- Charged

of Physical 11: : 3172– : Cancer (2011). (2010). Heavy (2011). rocket 438– M., M., -

Blottner, • Rittweger, • Mulder, • Rittweger, • Bone, andExercise Muscle Moriggi, • Rittweger, • Rittweger, • Rittweger, • 337. Physiol. J. Suspension. Lower Limb TibiaDays of 24 Unilateral Epiphysis during (2006).M. Distal fromHuman the Bone Loss &Narici, M.J. Rennie, R., Lea, D.C., Wilks, M., termeasure. of a coun influence bed rest the horizontal and 8weeks of followed during extensors of knee (2006). activation and A. size Haan, de Strength, Felsenberg, D. J., & Rittweger, M.I., Paalman, LTBR study. Bone from the tive exercise Results Pamidronate: and resis- flywheel of bedeffects days’ rest the and (2005). Muscle atrophy bone and 90 loss after Tesch, B., P. Alkner., H., &Felsenberg, D. Proteomics proteindysregulation. muscle on human Effects 46 resistive vibration exercise.alternating Bone bed 56 rest of days by strict side- loss during D.& Felsenberg, (2010). Prevention of bone H. D.F., Stegeman, Schiessl, A., Haan, de H., U.,F., Dimeo, Schubert, Gast, B., Buehring, E., 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.001. Bone compartment. cortical the from predominantly 35 lower the of days bedin leg restduring is (2009). M. &Narici, Mekjavic, I.G. Bone loss O., Eiken, R., Pisot, Biolo, G., M., Cirillo, N.G., 44 LTBR from the study.bed rest: Results Bone of atrophy muscle bone and loss from 90 days studies. exercise –five countermeasure of bedyears rest (NO) Oxide Nitric biomarker,ditioning, and & Schoser, (2006). B.G. decon muscle Skeletal D. Felsenberg, J., H.-C., Gunga, J., Rittweger, G., without vibration exercise vibration countermeasures: without C. (2010).Gelfi, and Long term bedwith rest P. Felsenberg, Cerretelli, D., J., & Rittweger, Blottner, D., M., Salanova, G., Bonifacio, D., (1):137–147. DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.051. (1):137–147. DOI: (2): 19022418. PMID: 214–224.

44

J. Gravit. Physiol Gravit. J. E.R., D., (4): 612–618 19168165; PMID DOI: M., J., J.,

J., J. 10 J., Physiol. Eur. Appl. J. Püttmann, Winwood, & Beller, Simunic, : 3756–3774. 20957755. PMID:

Frost, Vasso, Stegeman, Felsenberg,

36 G., H., (6): 1019–1029. M., B., Armbrecht, K., B., Schiessl,

. Bilancio, D.F., Fania, 13 Salanova, Seynnes, D. (2): 49–58. (2009).

Gerrits, 97 C., H., G., (6): 706–715. (6):

G., O., 577 Capitanio, M., Ohshima, De Recovery

Mulder, de (1): 331– (1): K.H.L., Schiffl, Santo, Boer, - -

81 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 82 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Petersen, • Prisk, • Peterson, • Norsk, • Kerckx, • Karlsson, • Karlsson, • Hemmingsson, • Eckberg, • Physiology Cardiopulmonary Belavy, • Agostini, • over ten years past the programme ELIPS the Annex 2: through produced List of publications some Med Med Aerosol 47 (2006). Vasorelaxation space. Hypertension in N.J. &Christensen, A. Gabrielsen, B., Pump, M., 106 humans. humans. in acute weightlessness output during cardiac Norsk,&, P. (2011). of in increase Mechanisms J. Physiol. J. bysis adouble-tracer approach. single-biopsy and synthe glutathione muscle on human incactivity &Biolo, (2010). G. M. Narici, L., Gorza, of Effects R., Pisot, Mekjavic, I., M., Jurdana, S., Mazzucco, J. Appl. Physiol. Appl. J. adults. healthy production in heterogeneitytribution oxide airway of nitric 107 oxide nitric exhaled increases hypergravity decreases and Microgravity D. (2009). Linnarsson, and T.E. Hemmingsson, Neurobiol. Physiol. Respir. activity. vehicular extra actual and simulated oxide with nitric Venous exhaled and emboli gas T.D. (2009). Hemmingsson, & Linnarsson, M., JAppl Physiol. oxide. nitric (2011). ambient of Effects pressure on pulmonary Van Y. L.E. Kerckx, Muylem, &Gustafsson, A., 7): 1;588(Pt 1129–38. J Physiol. in space. baroreflex mechanisms vagal Human 1304–1314. 21799122. PMID: Brown, T.E., Taylor, (2010).Brown, T.E., Goble, R. J.A., periphery is increasedperiphery is by reduced-density. J (2008). lung Aerosol human the deposition in after 21-day bed-rest. Physiol after Appl. J. persist morphology 5mo disc intervertebral &Felsenberg, J. D. (2011).Zange, in Changes Frings-Meuthen, P., J., Heer, Ritttweger, M., (1):69–73. Epub 2005 Nov 21. : 1421–1437. : (6): 1832–1839. . 26 G.K. P., Y. : 415–438. : D.L., Physiol. Appl. J.

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89 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 90 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) Measurements • Nucleation • Nucleation • Containerless • Effects • Phase • Short-range • Demixing • Computer • Containerless • D.M. • Out-of-Equilibrium Solidification Garrabos, • over ten years past the programme ELIPS the Annex 2: through produced List of publications some Ordering • Melts. Wiley-VCH;Melts. ISBN: 978-3-527-33122-2. Acta Astronautica point. vapor–liquid the critical near crisis ing (2010). Transparent heater boil of for the study Nikolayev, V., B. Pont, &Zappoli, G. S., Barde, Köln, Germany.Köln, TuftsMatson, University, US. Medford, Dresden,Germany. werkstoffforschung und Festkörper- für Shuleshova, Institut Löser, Olga Wolfgang undercooled able melts. in phases Japan. Sagamihara, Science, of Space astronautical and Institute The Ozawa, 25 S. mdrop-tube. using als State University, Russia. Udmurt Izhevsk, Belgium, Leuven, Universitat, Katholike Krivilyov,J. rapidM. Fransaer, solidification. competitive nucleation on in phase selection Hungary. Budapest, Optics, and State Research for Solid Institute Tóth, Tegze, T. G. Granasy, Research Pusztai, L. nucleation. G.I. heterogeneous and ous crystal UK. Cambridge, of Cambridge, University and USA, University, MI, Louis, St. Greer, F. L. K. Washington melts. Kelton, A. Germany. Space, DLR Köln, in Physics of Materials Institute Holland-Moritz, Germany.Physics Space, DLR Köln, in of Materials Kolbe, Institute gap. M. miscibility USA. MA, Amherst, of Massachusetts, W. R. Hyers, University ofprocessing materials. Germany. Köln, Space, DLR, in Physics of Materials Herlach, Institute D. M. lets. Solidification of Containerless Undercooled Containerless of Solidification Institute of Materials Physics of Space, DLR Materials in Institute T.undercooled of melts metals. Volkmann, Herlach

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Atomistic • Mesoscopic • Modelling • Influence • Measurements • Containerless • Quantitative • Properties • Multiscale • Particle-based • solidifica mulitphase invariant Univariant and • Ehlen, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Institute University Bochum, Ruhr Ehlen, P.undercooled melts. Binder, G. S. Galenko, of Institute Shibaura Kuribayashi, K. tors. Asta, A. Karma, McMaster University, Karma, Canada; A. Asta, M. Hoyt, J. J. melts. from alloy Kknetics growth Physics Germany. Space,Materials DLR Köln, in Kingdom. United Greenich, Pericleous, University K. of Kao, A. Bojarevics, Yasuda, University, Osaka Japan. by ACH. levitation technique. +DC dynamics China. Shenyang, University Northeastern Yang, C. Zhang, Zhang, Y. Z. Gao,J. melts. glass-fluxed Technology, Tokyo, Japan. University, USA. Ames Iowa Napolitano, State R. alloys. ternary tion in ParisTech France. Sophia-Antipolis, MINRES Canada; Edmonton, of Alberta, University Gandin, Ch.-A. Ilbagi, A. Henein, H. conditions. diffusion limited under fied Japan. Technology, Science and Industrial Yokohama, Canada. University Germany; of Alberta, DLR Köln, Physics Space, of Materials France; in Institute ParisTech, MINES Henein, Antipolis, Sophia H. Ilbagi, T. Herlach, A. D.M. Volkmann, D. Tourret,processed Gandin, Ch.-A. samples. Germany.Space, DLR Köln, Physics of Materials in Institute Düsseldorf; University Rozas, Horbach,melts. P. R. Kuhn, undercooled in kinetics nucleation growth and US. Boston, University Northeastern Berkeley, USA;University of California, solidification in EM-levitated alloy melts. EM-levitated melts. alloy in V. solidification Sagamihara; National Institute of advanced advanced of Institute National Sagamihara; Science, of astronautical Space and Institute Yokohama University, National Yokohama; T. Y. Nagai, H. Okutani, Hamada, Inatomi, undercooledfrom T. EML. melt by solidified simulations

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Nosenko, • Schwabe, • Couëdel, • Ivlev, • Zsom, • Weidling, • Güttler, • Blum, • Beitz, • The • Colloidal • Soft Matter Solidification • over ten years past the programme ELIPS the Annex 2: through produced List of publications some (2012). many- amicrogravity Free in collisions Physics to Plasma Contributions plasmacrystal. a 2d in of dislocations Dynamics 102 Lett. Rev. complex Phys. in face plasmas. cusps al. 215001. Lett. Rev. Phys. crystals. plasma 2d ons in (2009). measurement phon of optical direct First plasmas. (2009). complex binary in separation phase Fluid rier. bar bouncing the Introducing II. planetesimals? or pebbles, boulders, growth: dust toplanetary C.P. (2010).Dullemond, The outcome of pro Icarus at low velocities. sticking aggregate Dust ment. I. experi many-particle amicrogravity in collisions A56. Astrophys. Astron. experiments. collision of zoo Mapping laboratory the I. planetesimals? or pebbles, boulders, growth: dust toplanetary C.P. (2010).Dullemond, The outcome of pro Astrophys Icarus of dust-coated chondrules. dynamics The collision II. experiment. particle &Wegdam. (2008). Schall Lett. Rev. Phys. India. of Technology, Institute Indian Kanpur, Samal, 70 (2004). Potenza & Giglio. Pescini, 156103. (2009). Lett. Wegdam &Schall. Rev. Phys. Guo, Sacanna, 188303; Otwinowski, Bonn, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astron. Rev. Ann. Disks. Protoplanetary of Macroscopic inMechanisms Bodies : 041405. : (2009). Formation of bubbles, sur blobs, and (25): 255005. 255005. (25): Astron. Astrophys Astron. new A.V.,

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rather than more established and objective key key rather objective and than established more … presentations project of clustered the quality average. its about but such, as ‘spectrum’ a of existence the quality”, of outstanding that tions of other research funding schemes. While it also men average the below was ELIPS within funded projects the of level average the that clear appeared it but projects, funding scheme a spread in the quality of the funded every for is there course Committee response: Of function. outcome aGaussian follows mostly the apredictionand always oftion success remains a predic fromanyfunding, other different research not is this to state that beworth it fact might this to correct make judgment of standard: international highest the of not producing scientific always results scienceinhomogeneous and ment being of ELIPS Comment received: indicators. these to access have not did committee the that cate indi to changed been has Wording met. committee the when conclusions its first hadin not parallel produced example, the background bibliometric study performed an As of evaluation. the in frame the available not were Committee response: sources of information. two combination of these equilibrated onbeen based an haverecommendations should of committee the indicators…”performance don’t why understand Comment received: Comments General below. listed are committee from the responses the report and the updating in resulted ofsake note transparency, comments did those that the content.of report able forthe amodification For some others (14)text; suit were not considered fully context of exercise) the the updating resulted in and received. Some (19) were considered (in the valid and content. its report whole draft on the information comment provide and further to sentatives opportunity to provide an with them repre community user ELIPS to the forwarded version report was evaluation of the A draft representatives Annex 3: community user received the from Comments The expert committee the reviewed committee 33 comments expert The “Some experiments have produced results Committee Statement box Committee Part 2.1 – Intro. On the state On the –Intro. 2.1 Part the statement here is not about about not is here statement the

“…the committee relied on on relied committee “…the Key performance indicators Keyperformance . Ideally, the report and report and the . Ideally, – I ------1. usefulness: their and efficiency toregards Topical Teams order in to their increase Comment received: modified. been has greater. Wording competition the make will it that clear however is it tion; recommenda this with problematic be necessarily not of the community. Selecting fewer experiments would one, i.e. a but diverse tothe basis more widen of users community bigger a have to not is issue The here. ing misunderstand a be may Committee response: There new (more) etc. scopes, widening scientists, reduce of number projects the but chosen, attracting somehow recommendation to the to contradictory beperceived reader, recommendationthe might this To Recommendation. community, scientific wider Comment received: of such a discussion. adiscussion. such of frame the in valuable be would input such and concept TT the renovate to how on opened is discussion that recommends domain(s)the committee covers.Theit and TT each of specificities the accommodate to way sensible a be indeed could Committee response: This Topical Teams themselves. the by memberships bedefined and tion should rotationand of Topical Team memberships”, rota review recommendation toregards the of “regular Comment received: at to too are this rather stage. be detailed fully discussed comments these approach), top-down more a (having committee the by recommended approach general the with line in are they Committee response: While 2. could suggest additional recommendations with with recommendations additional suggest could

directly proposed to a scientist or by to a ESA directly of a The constitution Topical be could Team Topical Teams to prepare beused also could elaborate proposal. a joint merged experimental or advisors) partners order eitheras bers, in to Team (even incorporation the of new mem with AO,an berequested could to form aTopical presentedhaving projects separately or to ideas Severalscientists, experiment proposals. specific previously involved space research in activities. incorporationrecruitment and of not scientists specific therequest the include of proposal could interested or to dedicated space in research, the community scientific of the size the to enlarge and order topic. In to avoid “endogamy” a particular ordergroup in of to scientists provide advice on Part 2.2 – Topical 2.2 Part Teams. In

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2.1 - Reaching out to a -Reaching 2.1 - - - - 93 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) 94 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS) tics of the programme, the issue of geo-return was geo-return of issue the programme, the of tics characteris salient a Committee response: While somewhere. Maybe on be acommentmade this can when science we push to want and output. increase Thatstopped.to be has is: reasons.This geo-return or chosen but forexperiment at is times industrial for best not onware based an is what the is always piece of hard thechoice that often for a particular Comment received: sciences. life for than lower be to seems sciences physical to comment this of the relevance be at Furthermore, this stage. to fully discussed detailed too rather is and committee expert the by detail in discussed not was Committee response: This opportunities. flight limited with dealing science output especially programme of the the hence increasing experiments, microgravity real theincreasesuccess rate also of might This trifuge). (cen etc.) hypergravity or in machine, positioning random magnet, (bed-rest,simulators clinostat, beenhas demonstrated microgravity on groundin when clear fly a g-response only might experiments that buteven one speculate might not discussed of ground-based research. importance It the was Comment received: stage. this at discussed fully to be detailed too rather are and committee expert the by discussed Committee response: active) currently is which Team Experiments, Space on Plant of a discussions Topical the of the result have been proposals (These 2. 1. AOs consist successive could of two phases or steps: Furthermore, facilities. availableexperiment of the limitations and possible, constraints on as the detailed (AOs) as information, exhaustive contain should in hardware development is followed. is development hardware in practices auditin an best to perform recommendation the if considered be would geo-return that doubt no However,informationdiscussion.and further isthere require would report the in it addressing discussion; committee and consultation the during highlighted not of experiments. Comment received: representatives Annex 3: community user received the from Comments selection of experiments. The committee identifies identifies The committee ofselection experiments.

A call for experiment ideas. ideas. for experiment A call An evaluation of the similarities and synergies synergies and of similarities evaluation the An posal to the AO within clearly defined frames. frames. defined clearly AO to the posal within for to work them ajoint submit pro and together in order proposed ideas of the teams by scientific Announcements of Opportunities Opportunities of Announcements Part 2.2 – Announcement and and –Announcement 2.2 Part Over the years Ihave Over the seen too Announcement and selection selection and Announcement These comments were not were comments These - - - - 1. ways: following by the demonstrated Comment received: Comments on Overarching Life Sciences plinarity in the programme. the in plinarity specifically recommends topromotefurther interdisci committee However, the stage. this at be discussed to fully detailed too rather is and committee expert the by detail in discussed not was Committee response: This 2. the success of biological programmes can also be also can success of programmes the biological

the developmentthe of integrative/systemic such The workabout be justified. can experiments of selection the demonstrate extent to which clearly space will in principles from studies valid over-allfinding task ambitiousof This a) task. of necessity this and usefulness the underline approachesexample for two of each the will study. One alone-standing often his and scientist of the focus the not are that in organism of this systems other component affects organism of the of oneinto consideration modification any that ( or of ( linkage data the from presentation originating of hypotheses others) presented are not review but as rather as (and missions from ESA results which in articles ratory, preparation etc. of proposals, work labo the pressure in not the of under daily non-ESA employed or who retired are scientists maybe by Archive, contracts with Experiment Erasmus by the be organised could hypotheses b) ESA should encourage and financially support financially and encourage should ESA ad ad ad vestibular system is closely linked to the linked closely is system vestibular 2008). 2008). environment microgravity the (cf. Horn, of adapt how to a mechanism as organisms detected was sensitisation vestibular tigators, inves - principal different and space missions, different techniques, experimental different species, animal from different results using versa vice and system cardiovascular the affect system thefications of vestibular 2004).Pompeiano etal., Therefore, modi (cf. system physiology cardiovascular of the b ) various animal models. This takes idea This models. animal ) various (a) (b) Based on the comparative on the Based approach In humans, the physiology of the the humans, In I recommend including that that including recommend I a ) various disciplines and/ disciplines various ) . - - - by the expert committee and is rather too detailed to be stage. this at be discussed to fully detailed too rather is and committee expert the by detail in discussed not was Committee response: This etc. crop seeds-to-seeds production, growth, plant large for require facilities scale, shorter time in would, food we production. and onFormissions plants this perspectives for long duration future comments and Comment received: Comments on Plant Biology stage. this at be discussed to fully detailed too rather is and committee expert the by detail in discussed not was Committee response: This substrates”. with interactions their space environmentand on active microorganisms the of effects “The study should community the Comment received: Comments on Astrobiology emphasis. this reflects text the yeast; on focused much very were provided report Committee response: The presentation and summary al.). et microflora(Welling/Harmsen al ); Goffouhuman et de or humidity Mergeay etal. e.g. fouling (ISS from Leys/Mergeay technology and of work donescience: Basic on bacteria. see work on yeast (S.focused cerevisiae Comment received: Comments on Microbiology stage. this at be discussed to fully detailed too rather is and committee expert the by detail in discussed not was Committee response: This disciplines. these all from data over-all taking integrated hypotheses and levelperformance not and level on the of developing comment above; however experiment on the only the with line nutrition…”).noteand in is This biology radiation immunology, as such disciplines second topic (“Promote sub- interactionbetween Comment received: representatives Annex 3: community user received the from Comments In the plant section I miss some I miss plantsection the In Criticisms – It should also say –It also Criticisms should Second bullet point of the Second bullet This section is very much very is section This ). There is also a lotalso ). Thereis fully discussed at this stage. this at be discussed to fully detailed too rather is and committee expert the by Committee response: mendations Comment received: crops, etc.? – What about seeds-to seeds facilities, about facilities, seeds-to seeds What Future priorities and recom and priorities Future This was not discussed in detail detail in discussed not was This - 95 Independent Evaluation of ESA’s Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space (ELIPS)

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