La Razzia Des Vaches De Cooley

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La Razzia Des Vaches De Cooley LA VOCATION DE L’ARBRE D’OR est de partager ses intérêts avec les lecteurs, son admiration pour les grands textes nourrissants du passé et celle aussi pour l’œuvre de contemporains majeurs qui seront probablement davantage appréciés demain qu’aujourd’hui. La belle littérature, les outils de développement personnel, d’identité et de progrès, on les trouvera donc au catalogue de l’Arbre d’Or à des prix résolument bas pour la qualité offerte. LES DROITS DES AUTEURS Cet e-book est sous la protection de la loi fédérale suisse sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins (art. 2, al. 2 tit. a, lda). Il est également protégé par les traités internationaux sur la propriété industrielle. Comme un livre papier, le présent fichier et son image de couverture sont sous copyright, vous ne devez en aucune façon les modifier, les utiliser ou les diffuser sans l’accord des ayant-droits. Obtenir ce fichier autrement que suite à un téléchargement après paiement sur le site est un délit. Transmettre ce fichier encodé sur un autre ordinateur que celui avec lequel il a été payé et téléchargé peut occasionner des dommages informatiques susceptibles d’engager votre responsabilité civile. Ne diffusez pas votre copie mais, au contraire, quand un titre vous a plu, encouragez-en l’achat : vous contribuerez à ce que les auteurs vous réservent à l’avenir le meilleur de leur production, parce qu’ils auront confiance en vous. La razzia des vaches de Cooley Traduit par Joseph Loth © Arbre d’Or, Cortaillod (ne), Suisse, avril 2002 http://www.arbredor.com Tous droits réservés pour tous pays ÉTUDE SUR LE TÁIN BÓ CÚALNGE AUTREMENT DIT « ENLÈVEMENT DES VACHES DE COOLEY » TÁIN BÓ CÚALNGE tel est le titre de la grande épopée irlandaise que M. Windish a publiée en 1905. Ce titre peut paraître étrange. En effet, l’expédition entreprise en Ulster par la reine Medb a pour but la conquête, non d’une vache, mais d’un taureau, un taureau d’une nature supérieure et qu’on pourrait appeler surnaturelle. Ce tau- reau était la septième forme d’un porcher des dieux ou, si l’on veut, des génies de Munster. Ce porcher avait eu d’abord une forme humaine, puis était devenu successivement corbeau, cétacé (c’est-à-dire phoque ou baleine), guerrier émi- nent, fantôme, ver, en dernier lieu taureau. Comment se fait-il donc que le titre de la pièce parle de vaches ? Pour le comprendre, il faut se rendre compte de la façon dont a été composée la pièce dont il s’agit. Ce qui reste de la littérature épique irlandaise dans les souvenirs des pay- sans irlandais peut avec raison être traité de folk-lore. Mais les vieilles composi- tions épiques que quelques manuscrits nous ont conservées sont l’œuvre d’une corporation savante, les filid1, c’est-à-dire voyants, dits aussi fáithi2, c’est-à-dire prophètes. La principale fonction des filid dans la société irlandaise consistait à réciter le soir après dîner un court morceau épique en prose entremêlé de vers qui étaient chantés avec accompagnement de la harpe. Une notable partie de ces morceaux racontait les détails de l’expédition entreprise contre l’Ulster par Medb, reine de Connaught. Au VIIe siècle de notre ère, Senchân Torpeist, chef des filid d’Irlande, imagina réunir un certain nombre de ces petits morceaux en une grande compilation qui fut écrite. L’usage ancien était de ne pas employer l’écriture et de tout confier à la mé- moire. Nous savons par Jules César que telle était de son temps la coutume des druides en ce qui concernait leur enseignement3. Cet enseignement pouvait durer vingt ans, et consistait principalement pour le maître à faire apprendre à l’élève un grand nombre de vers. Le traité irlandais intitulé Livre de l’Ollam, Lebar Ollaman, nous apprend que pour les filid les étu- des étaient moins longues, et que cependant leur durée régulière était de douze ans. Les règles de la versification, l’écriture ogamique, d’autres choses encore 1 Filid est le nominatif pluriel de fili, en irlandais moderne file, fileadh. Sur l’étymologie de ce mot, voyez Whitley Stokes, Ukeltischer Sprachschatz, p. 276, 277. 2 Les ουατεις de Strabon, l. IV, c. XIX, § 4 ; les µαντεις de Diodore de Sicile, l. V. c. XXXI, § 3. 3 De bello gallico, l. VI, c. XIV, § 3. 5 ÉTUDE SUR LE TÁIN BÓ CÚALNGE étaient enseignées aux élèves, mais ils devaient notamment apprendre chaque année par cœur un certain nombre de récits épiques qu’on appelait en irlandais drecht ou scél. On en apprenait vingt la première année, trente la seconde, qua- rante la troisième, cinquante la quatrième, soixante la cinquième, soixante-dix la sixième, en tout deux cent soixante-dix en six ans4. Pendant la huitième année le professeur s’assurait que les élèves connaissaient bien les deux cent cinquante histoires principales, prím-scéla, et leur enseignait en outre d’abord trois procédés de divination, point sur lequel nous reviendrons plus loin, ensuite la géographie ; mais la chose importante c’étaient les histoires, c’est-à-dire les compositions épiques. « Comme l’a dit un poète, » continue le Livre de l’Ollam, « il n’y a pas eu camp sans rois, il n’y a pas eu fili sans histoires : Ní ba dúnad gan rígu, ní ba fili cen scéla5. » Les filid se partageaient en dix classes selon le nombre d’histoires qu’ils sa- vaient. Le nombre de ces histoires était : trois cent cinquante pour l’ollam, pre- mière classe6 ; cent soixante-quinze pour l’anruth, deuxième classe, quatre-vingt pour le cli, troisième classe ; soixante pour le cana, quatrième classe, cinquante pour le dos, cinquième classe ; quarante pour le mac fuirmuid, sixième classe, trente pour le fochloc, septième classe ; vingt pour le drisdac, huitième classe ; dix pour le tama, neuvième classe ; et sept pour l’oblaire, dixième classe7. Trois cent cinquante, le nombre d’histoires que l’ollam savait, c’était la totalité de ce qui en existait. Pour se reconnaître dans ce nombre énorme d’histoires, on les avait divisées en un certain nombre de séries. La liste la plus complète que nous aient conservée les manuscrits irlandais ne comprend que cent quatre-vingt-sept his- toires. Il en manque par conséquent près de la moitié. Cette liste est divisée en dix-sept séries : les douze premières comprenant les histoires principales, prím- scéla ; les cinq dernières étant les histoires secondaires, fo-scéla. 4 Book of Ballymote, p. 302, col. I, l. 14, 15, 28, 35, 44 ; col. 2, l. 4 ; cf. O’Curry, Manners and Customs, t. II, p. 172. 5 Livre de Ballymote, p. 303, col. 2, l. 33, 34. 6 Sur les 350, il y avait 250 histoires principales et 200 histoires secondaires : coic cóicat de primscélaib, ocus dá cóicat do foscélaib, Livre de Leinster, p. 189, col. 2, l. 47-49. Cf. E. O’Curry, Lectures on the manuscript Materials of ancient irish History, p. 249-295. 7 Ancient Laws of Ireland, t. I, p. 44-47 ; cf. t. V, p. 58-75. 6 ÉTUDE SUR LE TÁIN BÓ CÚALNGE 1° massacres, togla, 2° enlèvement de vaches, tána [bó], 3° cours faites aux femmes, tochmarca, 4° batailles, catha, 5° cavernes, úatha, Histoire 6° navigations, imrama, principales 7° meurtres, oitte, 8° fêtes, fessa, 9° sièges, forbossa, 10° aventures, echtrai, 11° enlèvements de femmes, aithbid, { 12° meurtres, oirgne. 13° inondations, tomadma, Histoire 14° visions, físi, secondaires 15° amours, serca, 16° expéditions militaires, slúaigida, { 17° émigrations, tochomlada8. Quand on a voulu ranger dans une de ces séries l’expédition entreprise pour faire la conquête du taureau d’Ulster, on n’a pu la placer parmi les enlèvements de femmes, il a fallu la mettre dans la catégorie des enlèvements de vaches. Et, en effet, un taureau suppose des vaches, comme des vaches un taureau. En en- levant un taureau on enlevait par conséquent le troupeau de vaches dont il était le chef9. On peut se demander pourquoi les Irlandais ont dressé d’après le premier mot du titre la liste de leurs compositions épiques ? C’est qu’à l’époque, où pour la première fois cette liste a été dressée, les Irlandais qui gravaient sur pierre des inscriptions ogamiques, ignoraient l’usage d’écrire avec un roseau ou une plume et de l’encre sur papyrus ou sur parchemin. C’était donc à la mémoire exclusi- vement que devaient se fier lesfilid , soit qu’ils se bornassent à réciter les compo- sitions des autres, soit qu’ils fussent eux-mêmes auteurs de quelques morceaux épiques. C’est donc un procédé mnémonique qui a fait inventer la liste dont 8 Book of Leinster, p. 189, 190 ; cf. O’Curry, Manuscript Materials, p. 584, 593. 9 Táin bó Cúalnge, édition Windisch, l. 1528-1532, p. 188-191 ; l. 2029, p. 268, 269. 7 ÉTUDE SUR LE TÁIN BÓ CÚALNGE nous venons de parler. Aucune liste pareille n’a été imaginée par les trouvères qui, dans la France du moyen âge, ont pris la place occupée plus anciennement en Irlande par les filid. Les trouvères avaient à leur disposition du parchemin, du papier, des plumes et de l’encre. Ils écrivaient et lisaient leurs compositions, ils lisaient les compositions des autres : ils n’avaient pas besoin de charger leur mémoire de textes appris par cœur comme le faisaient les druides en Gaule au temps de César, comme l’ont dû faire en Irlande les filid jusqu’au moment où les missionnaires chrétiens ont fait connaître en Irlande le parchemin, l’encre et le roseau à écrire.
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