Romano’s Investment Holdings Flora and Vegetation Assessment Lot 54 and Lot 9001 Holden Close, Bertram January 2014

Romano’s Investment Holdings Flora and Vegetation Assessment Lot 54 and Lot 9001 Holden Close, Bertram January 2014

Report Reference No. ENAUPERT04366A_01_v2

Disclaimer This document is published in accordance with and subject to an agreement between Coffey and the client for whom it has been prepared, Romano’s Investment Holdings (‘Client’), and is restricted to those issues that have been raised by the client in its engagement of Coffey and prepared using the standard of skill and care ordinarily exercised by environmental scientists in the preparation of such documents. Any person or organisation that relies on or uses the document for purposes or reasons other than those agreed by Coffey and the Client without first obtaining the prior written consent of Coffey, does so entirely at their own risk and Coffey denies all liability in tort, contract or otherwise for any loss, damage or injury of any kind whatsoever (whether in negligence or otherwise) that may be suffered as a consequence of relying on this document for any purpose other than that agreed with the Client.

© Coffey Environments Australia Pty Ltd ABN 65140765902. 21 January 2014. Suite 2, 53 Burswood Road Burswood WA 6100 Australia PO Box 4223 Victoria Park WA 6979 Australia t +61 8 9355 7100 f +61 8 9355 7111 coffey.com Library Reference No.: EP2013/211 Report Reference No.: ENAUPERT04366AA_01_V2 Project Director M. Scheltema Project Manager M. Johnston Record of Distribution

Report Status: No. of Format Distributed to Date Authorised by copies V1 (draft) 1 PDF RPS 10/12/2013 M. Scheltema V2 (final) 1 PDF Romano’s Investment 21/12/2013 M. Scheltema Holdings (c/o RPS) 1 Hard Coffey Library Copy

Contents

1 Introduction ...... 3 1.1 Background ...... 3 1.2 Objectives ...... 3 1.3 Scope of works ...... 3

2 Existing environment ...... 5 2.1 Location ...... 5 2.2 Existing land use...... 5 2.3 Climate ...... 5 2.4 Surface and groundwater hydrology...... 7 2.5 Wetlands ...... 7 2.6 Geology and soils ...... 9 2.7 Acid sulfate soils ...... 9 2.8 Landforms and topography ...... 9 2.9 Interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia ...... 9 2.10 Vegetation complexes ...... 10 2.11 Bush Forever ...... 10 2.12 Database searches ...... 11

3 Methodology ...... 17 3.1 Field survey ...... 17 3.2 Survey methodology ...... 17 3.3 Botanical survey limitations ...... 21

4 Results ...... 23 4.1 Vegetation community types ...... 23 4.2 Vegetation condition ...... 23 4.3 Significance of vegetation ...... 25 4.3.1 Threatened and priority ecological communities ...... 25 4.3.2 Floristic community type ...... 25 4.3.3 Vegetation complexes ...... 25 4.3.4 Ecological corridor ...... 26 4.4 Flora ...... 26 4.5 Conservation significant flora ...... 27 4.6 Introduced flora ...... 27

5 Discussion and environmental impacts ...... 31 5.1 Vegetation ...... 31 5.2 Flora ...... 31 5.3 Ten clearing principles ...... 32

6 Conclusion and recommendations ...... 37

7 References ...... 39

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Figures (in text) 1 Regional location ...... 6 2 Environmentally sensitive areas ...... 12 3 Vegetation community and condition mapping ...... 24

Tables (in text) 1 Geomorphic wetland classification types ...... 8 2 Threatened and priority listed flora occurring in close proximity to the survey area ...... 13 3 Threatened and priority ecological communities located in close proximity to the survey area . 16 4 NVIS hierarchical structure ...... 18 5 Vegetation structural classes ...... 19 6 Vegetation condition rating scale ...... 20 7 Botanical survey limitations ...... 21 8 Floristic community type resemblance ...... 25 9 Dominant families recorded from the survey area ...... 26 10 Dominant genera recorded from the survey area ...... 27 11 Legal status and environmental weed rating for the introduced flora taxa recorded from the study area ...... 29 12 Assessment of clearing native vegetation against the ten clearing principles...... 33

Charts (in text) 1 Monthly Climatic Observations for the Medina Research Station ...... 7

Appendices A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes B Floristic quadrat data collected C Spring flora list

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Romano’s Investment Holdings (Romano’s) is investigating the subdivision of 65 (Lot 54 and Lot 9001) Holden Close, Bertram. The property encompasses remnant vegetation and as such environmental surveys are required to provide supporting documentation to the subdivision application.

A flora and vegetation survey was undertaken at the subject land by Coffey Environments (‘Coffey’) (formerly ATA Environmental) in 2004. The survey report recommended that a targeted spring survey (late September – early October) be undertaken to identify any significant ephemeral flora species, particularly Caladenia huegelii (T), which may occur on the subject land. This occurred in spring 2007, with the report subsequently updated to incorporate the results of the targeted survey (ATA Environmental, 2007).

Due to the time that has passed since the initial surveys, a Level 2 flora and vegetation survey and targeted conservation significant flora survey was required to update the known information. The report will be used as supporting documentation for the subdivision application.

Coffey was commissioned to undertake a Level 2 flora and vegetation survey and a targeted conservation significant flora survey of 65 Johnson Road.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of the assessment undertaken within the survey area was to:  Complete a Level 2 flora and vegetation survey consistent with the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA’s) Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 51: Terrestrial Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia (EPA, 2004).  Undertake a targeted survey for conservation significant taxa potentially occurring within the survey area.  Prepare a report that is adequate to support a subdivision application to the WA Planning Commission.

1.3 Scope of works

The scope of works for the Level 2 flora and vegetation assessment is detailed below and incorporates all elements of the targeted threatened and priority flora survey:  A desktop literature review of: – The Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPAW) database for threatened flora (Threatened and Priority Listed) and threatened (TEC) and priority ecological communities (PEC). – The Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) online database for matters of national environmental significance (MNES). – Flora and vegetation surveys previously conducted within the region.

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– Environmentally Sensitive Areas listed under the Environmental Protection Act 1986, geomorphic wetland mapping and DPAW managed lands.  Undertake a spring flora and vegetation survey, which includes: – Mapping and description of the vegetation communities according to the structural vegetation classes adapted from the NVIS classification system, using a combination of recent aerial photography and field surveys to ground-truth. – Mapping of vegetation conditions using the vegetation condition criteria as classified in Bush Forever (Government of Western Australia, 2000b). – Compiling a list of all native and non-native plant species recorded from non-permanent 10 m x 10 m quadrats located within representative vegetation types identified from within the site and any opportunistic observations. – Identification, GPS location and mapping of any significant plant species or ecological communities recorded on the DPAWs databases (including TECs and PECs), including a list of significant species recorded on the database as having previously been recorded within the vicinity of the site.  Prepare a report discussing the conservation significance of the flora and vegetation identified from within the site from a local and regional context, including: – A discussion of the potential impacts of clearing the vegetation with reference to State and Federal legislation, including a discussion of the ten clearing principles. – Providing recommendations with regards to managing and minimising the impacts to native flora, vegetation and ESAs. – Review and update the existing flora and vegetation assessment report (ATA Environmental, 2007) which includes the inclusion of the results of the Level 2 flora survey, and revision of recommendation or any outdated information. – Provide a standalone report combining information from the existing report and targeted flora survey and meeting the requirements of a Level 2 flora survey in accordance with the Environmental Protection Authority’s Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 51 (Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in WA).

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2 Existing environment

2.1 Location

The survey area is located within the City of Kwinana and is located approximately 3.5 km to the east of the Kwinana Town Centre. The survey area is located approximately 31.5 km south of the Perth Central Business District (Figure 1).

The survey area includes Lot 54 and Lot 9001 Johnson Road, Bertram (Figure 1) and is approximately 4.5 hectares (ha) in size. The survey area is bounded by Holden Close to the north, the Kwinana Freeway to the east, Johnson Road to the west and existing residential development to the south.

2.2 Existing land use

The survey area currently does not have a particular use and remnant native vegetation covers the majority of the survey area.

The survey area is zoned ‘Urban’ under the Metropolitan Region Scheme and zoned “Residential R20” under the City of Kwinana Town Planning Scheme No. 2. The current land uses surrounding the survey area are:  North: “Mixed Business 1”  East: “Primary Regional Road” (Kwinana Freeway) and “Development” further east.  West: “Parks and Recreation”  South: “Residential”

2.3 Climate

The survey area is located on Perth Metropolitan portion of the Swan Coastal Plain and is categorised as a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters (Beard, 1990). The majority of the rain falls in the winter months of June to August as a result of large storm fronts pushing across the Perth Metropolitan Region from the south-west.

A Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather station is located within a 2 km radius of the Kwinana Town site and is identified as the Medina Research Station (Station No. 009194). Weather station No. 009194 has been operational since 1983, collecting both temperature and rainfall data.

The Medina Research Station receives the majority of rainfall during the winter months of June, July and August (BOM, 2013). An average annual rainfall total of 759 mm was received at the station during the 1983 to 2012 period (BOM, 2013). During the hottest three months (January, February and March) of the year the mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures ranged from a minimum of 15.9°C to a maximum of 31.5°C during the period 1983 to 2012. During the coldest three months (June, July and August) of the year the monthly minimum and maximum temperatures ranged from a minimum of 8°C to a maximum of 18.3°C during the period 1983 to 2012 (BOM, 2013).

The mean monthly rainfall and mean monthly minimum and maximum temperatures for the Medina Research Station are provided in Chart 1.

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K m W 0 60 I NANA Scale 1:2,000 Page size: A4 F Projection: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 50 R EEW

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LEGEND Survey area Source Aerial imagery, roads and road names from Bing Online.

391,500 Date: Figure No: 10.12.2013 Romano’s Investment Holdings MXD: 4366AA_01_GIS001_1 Flora and Vegetation Assessment Regional Location 1 File Name: 4366AA_01_F001_GIS Lot 54 and 9001 Holden Close, Bertram

160 35

140 30

120

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C) ° 100 20 80 15 60

Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 10 40 ( Temperature

20 5

0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 2013 Monthly Rainfall (mm) Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature (ºC) Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature (ºC)

Source: BOM (2013)

Chart 1 Monthly climatic observations for the medina research station

2.4 Surface and groundwater hydrology

The survey area is currently uncleared and consists of remnant native vegetation. The soil profile is medium to coarse-grained sand, therefore surface water would infiltrate readily through the porous nature of the soil.

The surface water flow is in a westerly direction towards the Peel- Harvey diversion drain. There is no evidence of surface water temporarily or permanently pooling within the survey area.

The estimated groundwater level of the top of the superficial aquifer is 10 to 11 m AHD. The groundwater below ground level (bgl) is between 6 and 7 m due to the undulating gentle slopes of the survey area (DoE, 2004).

The superficial aquifer on the Swan Coastal Plain consists of Quaternary and Late Tertiary sediments extending from Geraldton in the north to Busselton in the south. A number of superficial formations together makes up the superficial aquifer. The principal formations are the Yoganup Formation, the Ascot Limestone, the Bassendean Sand and the Tamala Limestone. These formations overlie Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triassic sediments. The coastal plain formations are bounded to the east by scarps; the Whicher Scarp (in the south), the Darling Scarp (centre) and the Gingin Scarp (in the north). They reach a maximum thickness of some 70 m on the Gnangara Mound. The aquifer consists mainly of quartz sands, especially in the Bassendean Sand, and calcareous sands and limestone in the Tamala Limestone. The groundwater level is close to the surface in the south and in the centre of the coastal plain, but may be as much as 60 m below the surface, below the crests of the Tamala Limestone dunes along the coast.

The survey area is located in the Tamala Limestone formation which is shallow below the surface and composed of sand and gravel (DoW, 2013). The surface geology is composed of Aeolian calcarenite, variably lithified with leached quartz sands (DoW, 2013).

2.5 Wetlands

DPaW’s Geomorphic Wetlands Swan Coastal Plain dataset displays the location, boundary, geomorphic classification (wetland type) and management category of wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain. The information contained within this dataset was originally digitised from the Wetlands of the

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Swan Coastal Plain Volume 2B Wetland mapping, Classification and Evaluation: Wetland Atlas, which was captured at a scale of 1:25, 000 (Hill et al., 1996).

Wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain have been classified using a geomorphic wetland classification system based on the characteristics of landform and water permanence. Table 1 below details the geomorphic classification of wetlands the DPaW have adopted for the Swan Coastal Plain.

Table 1 Geomorphic wetland classification types

Basin Flat Channel Slope Permanently inundated Lake - River - Seasonally inundated Sumpland Floodplain Creek - Seasonally waterlogged Dampland Palusplain - Paluslope

Source: DEC, 2007

The DPaW has assigned wetland management categories based on their ecological, hydrological and geomorphological significance, and took into account the degree of disturbance that had occurred. The three Wetland Management Categories on the Swan Coastal Plain can be summarised as follows: 1. Conservation Category (CC) – wetlands that support a high level of ecological attributes and functions (generally having intact vegetation and natural hydrological processes), or that have a reasonable level of functionality and are representative of wetland types that are rare or poorly protected. 2. Resource Enhancement (RE) – wetlands that have been modified (degraded) but still support substantial ecological attributes (wetland dependant vegetation covering more than 10%) and functions (hydrological properties that support wetland dependent vegetation and associated fauna), and have some potential to be restored to the Conservation management category. Typically, such wetlands still support some elements of the original native vegetation, and hydrological function. 3. Multiple Use (MU) – wetlands that are assessed as possessing few remaining ecological attributes and functions. While such wetlands can still play an important role in regional or landscape ecosystem management, including water management, they are considered to have low intrinsic ecological value. Typically, they have very little or no native vegetation remaining (less than 10%).

A search of the Geomorphic Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain Dataset indicates that no wetlands occur within the survey area. However three CC wetlands are located to the north, east and west of the project area (Figure 3).

Five CC wetlands are located in close proximity to the survey area. The unique feature identifier (UFI) and geomorphic wetland classification for each of the five CC wetlands is provided below, with an estimate of the distance between the survey area and the CC wetland.  UFI 15397, Sumpland – located approximately 0.3 km to the south of the survey area.  UFI 15399, Sumpland – located approximately 0.6 km to the south of the survey area.  UFI 13965, Sumpland – located approximately 0.5 km to the south of the survey area.  UFI 13963, Sumpland – located approximately 0.6 km to the south of the survey area.  UFI 13959, Sumpland – located approximately 0.8 km to the south of the survey area.

There is not expected to be any direct or indirect impact to the five CC wetlands located in close proximity to the survey area.

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2.6 Geology and soils

The Swan Coastal Plain is distinguished by four geological systems, the Pinjarra Plains, the Bassendean Dunes, the Spearwood Dunes and the Quindalup Dunes, ranging in age with the Pinjarra Plains the oldest and the Quindalup Dunes the youngest. The survey area is located on the Spearwood Dunes system.

The Spearwood dunes are often higher than either the Quindalup or Bassendean dunes. The Spearwood dune system is believed to have been formed about 40,000 years ago, and comprise red/brown, yellow and pale yellow/grey sands.

The Geological Survey of Western Australia (Part Sheets 2033 I and 2033 IV) have more accurately mapped the geology and soils of the survey area. The soils of the survey area are considered to be sand derived from tamala limestone (Unit S7) (Gozzard, 1983). Sand derived from tamala limestone is described as pale yellowish brown, medium to coarse-grained, sub-angular quartz, trace of feldspar, moderately sorted, of residual origin (Gozzard, 1983).

2.7 Acid sulfate soils

Acid Sulfate Soils (ASS) is the common name for soil that contains iron sulphides or their oxidation products. These soils generally occur in low-lying, waterlogged swampy areas where there is sufficient sulphate, iron and organic matter. ASS are widespread throughout WA. They are mostly found in low-lying coastal wetlands and tidal flats. In Western Australia, ASS are found in a variety of waterlogged soil types including:  Dark organic rich soils and muds.  Peaty wetland soils.  Some pale grey sands (Bassendean sands).  'Coffee rock' (cemented iron and/or organic rich sands) found below the watertable.

A review of the ASS mapping was undertaken. Based on the site conditions, soil mapping and geomorphic wetland mapping, the survey area is considered to pose a moderate to low risk of ASS.

2.8 Landforms and topography

According to mapping undertaken by Churchward and McArthur (1978), the landforms and soils of the survey area are of Aeolian deposit (Bassendean). A description of the Bassendean landform is provided below:  Bassendean: sand plains with low dunes and occasional swamps; iron or humus podzols; areas of complex steep dunes.

The survey area is generally flat with a very gently rise to the east, towards the Kwinana Freeway. The western end of the survey area is approximately 16 m AHD and rises to approximately 18 m AHD in the east. A small rise is located immediately to the south of the survey area, which rises to approximately 24 m AHD.

2.9 Interim biogeographic regionalisation of Australia

The survey area is located within the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion according to the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA). There are two subregions within the Swan Coastal

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Plain bioregion; the Dandaragan Plateau subregion (SWA1) and the Swan Coastal Plain subregion (SWA2). The survey area is located within the Swan Coastal Plain subregion (Mitchell et. al. 2002).

The Swan Coastal Plain bioregion is a low-lying coastal plain, mainly covered with woodlands. It is dominated by Banksia (Banksia sp.) or Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) on sandy soils, Swamp Sheoak (Casuarina obesa) on outwash plains and Paperbark (Melaleuca sp.) in swampy areas. The Swan Coastal Plain subregion is composed of colluvial and Aeolian sands, alluvial river flats and coastal limestone. The vegetation is dominated by heath and/or Tuart (Eucalyptus gomphocephala) woodlands on limestone, Banksia (Banksia sp.) and Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) woodlands on quaternary marine dunes of various ages and Marri (Corymbia calophylla) on colluvials and alluvials. The subregion includes a complex series of seasonal wetlands and also includes the many islands found offshore from Perth (Mitchell et al., 2002).

2.10 Vegetation complexes

Heddle et al. (1980) have described and mapped vegetation complexes of the Darling System (as recognised by Diels, 1906; and Gardner, 1942). The vegetation complex mapping is based on data collected from the literature, ground surveys, road traverses and aerial photographs and is related to the landforms, soils and climatic conditions.

Based on the mapping undertaken by Heddle et al. (1980) the survey area is considered to be representative of the Bassendean Complex-Central and South. The Bassendean Complex- Central and South is described as:

Bassendean Complex-Central and South: Vegetation ranges from woodland of Eucalyptus marginata- Allocasuarina fraseriana-Banksia spp. to low woodland of Melaleuca spp., and sedgelands on the moister sites. This area includes the transition of Eucalyptus marginata to Eucalyptus todtiana in the vicinity of Perth.

At a regional scale (Swan Coastal Plain portion of the Perth Metropolitan Region), there is approximately 10,919 ha (or 24%) of native vegetation considered to be representative of the original pre-European extent (46,220 ha) for the Bassendean Complex-Central and South vegetation complex (Government of Western Australia, 2000a).

At a local scale (City of Kwinana boundaries), there is approximately 2,088 ha (or 45%) of native vegetation considered to be representative of the original pre-European extent (4,679 ha) for the Bassendean Complex-Central and South vegetation complex (WALGA, 2004).

2.11 Bush Forever

The Bush Forever Strategy is a ten year strategic plan which formally commenced in 2000 to protect approximately 51,200 ha of regionally significant bushland within approximately 290 Bush Forever Sites, representing, where achievable, a target of at least 10% of each of the original 26 vegetation complexes of the Swan Coastal Plain portion of the Perth Metropolitan Region (Government of Western Australia, 2000b).

Four Bush Forever sites, Bush Forever Site No. 272; Bush Forever Site No. 269; Bush Forever Site No. 270; and Bush Forever Site No. 273, are located in close proximity to the survey area (Figure 3). Further details on the four Bush Forever sites are provided below.  Bush Forever Site No. 272: Sicklemore Road Bushland, Parmelia/Casuarina – located on the western side of Johnson Road and is approximately 85ha in size. Three conservation significant flora taxa (Aponogeton hexatepalus (P4), Caladenia huegelii (T) and Diuris micrantha (T)) have been recorded from the Bush Forever site.

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 Bush Forever Site No. 269: The Spectacles – located to the north of the survey area and is approximately 350 ha in size. One significant flora taxa (Aponogeton hexatepalus (P4)) and three conservation significant fauna (Western Brush Wallaby, Southern Brown Bandicoot and Lined Skink) have been recorded from the Bush Forever site.  Bush Forever Site No. 270: Sandy Lake and Adjacent Bushland, Anketell – located on the eastern side of the Kwinana Freeway and is approximately 201 ha in size. One conservation significant flora taxa (Aotus cordifolia (P3); no longer classified as a P3) and one conservation significant fauna (Southern Brown Bandicoot) has been recorded from the Bush Forever site.  Bush Forever Site No. 273: Casuarina Prison Bushland, Casuarina – located on the eastern side of the Freeway and is approximately 116.9 ha in size. One conservation significant fauna (Southern Brown Bandicoot) has been recorded from the Bush Forever Site.

2.12 Database searches

A desktop search for conservation significant flora and ecological communities was undertaken prior to conducting the field survey component of the assessment. The search was undertaken to identify threatened and priority listed flora and ecological communities that could potentially occur in the study area. This investigation encompassed a review of the following databases: 1. The DPaW’s Threatened (Declared Rare) and Priority Flora database. 2. The DPaW’s Threatened and Priority Flora List. 3. The Western Australian Herbarium Specimen database. 4. The DPaW’s Threatened Ecological Communities database

The results of the database searches were supplemented with additional information obtained from previous flora and vegetation assessments undertaken in the proximity of the survey area, a search of the publicly available NatureMap and a search of the EPBC Act online database. These included:  The Department of the Environment (DotE) publicly available online EPBC Act database search tool (Polygon tool was used to encompass the entire survey area and included a 10 km buffer).  The DPaW’s publicly available database NatureMap.  Bush Forever (Government of Western Australia, 2000b).

The results of the literature review and DEC database search indicate that no known threatened or priority flora species listed under the State WC Act, DPaW’s priority list and the Commonwealth EPBC Act have previously been recorded from within the survey area (Figure 2).

Table 2 provides a list of conservation significant flora species previously recorded near the survey area. The location of conservation significant flora species that are located in close proximity to the survey area is provided on Figure 2.

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Scale 1:6,000 433,50 0 433,50 0 , ,

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LEGEND Threatened and Priority Flora DEC Priority 4 Threatened Environmentally Sensitive Areas Bush Forever site

Conservation - Geomorphic Wetlands Survey area 432,75 0 432,75 0 , , 6 6

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Disclaimer: This figure has been produced for internal review only and may contain inconsistencies or omissions. It is not intended for publication. 391,500 392,250 Source & Notes Date: Figure No: Threatened and Priority Flora from DEC and WA Herbarium (May 2013) 10.12.2013 Romano’s Investment Holdings Threatened and Priority Endangered Community buffer from DEC (May 2013) MXT: Conservation category wetland from DEC (May 2013) 4366AA_01_GIS002_1 Flora and Vegetation Assessment Environmentally Sensitive Areas 2 Bush Forever sites from Department of Planning (May 2013) File Name: Survey area from Coffey (December 2013) 4366AA_01_F002_GIS Lot 54 and 9001 Holden Close, Bertram

Table 2 Threatened and priority listed flora occurring in close proximity to the survey area

1 Taxon Conservation status Flowering Description Habitat characteristics EPBC Act WC Act DPaW period Acacia lasiocarpa var. bracteolata long - - P1 Shrub, 0.4–1.5 m high Grey or black sand over clay. Swampy May or Aug peduncle variant (G.J. Keighery 5026) areas, winter wet lowlands Aponogeton hexatepalus - - P4 Rhizomatous or cormous, aquatic Mud. Freshwater: ponds, rivers, claypans Jul to Oct perennial, herb, leaves floating Austrostipa mundula - - P2 - - - Baeckea sp. Perth Region (R.J. - - P3 Erect, open straggly shrub, to 1.2 m high Orange sand, brown loam, white sandy Jan to Mar Cranfield 444) clay. Low flats, winter-wet swamps, railway reserves Boronia juncea subsp. juncea - - P1 Slender or straggly shrub, pedicels and Sand. Low scrub Apr sepals glabrous Caladenia huegelii EN CR T Tuberous, perennial, herb, Grey or brown sand, clay loam Sep to Oct 0.25-0.6 m high Cyathochaeta teretifolia - - P3 Rhizomatous, clumped, robust perennial, Grey sand, sandy clay. Swamps, creek - grass-like or herb (sedge), to 2 m high, to edges 1.0 m wide Dillwynia dillwynioides - - P3 Decumbent or erect, slender shrub, 0.3– Sandy soils. Winter-wet depressions Aug to Dec 1.2 m high Diuris micrantha VU VU T Tuberous, perennial, herb, Brown loamy clay. Winter-wet swamps, in Sep to Oct 0.3–0.6 m high shallow water Diuris purdiei EN EN T Tuberous, perennial, herb, Grey-black sand, moist. Winter-wet Sep to Oct 0.15–0.35 m high swamps Dodonaea hackettiana - - P4 Erect shrub or tree, 1–5 m high Sand. Outcroping limestone Mainly Jul to Oct Drakaea elastica EN CR T Tuberous, perennial, herb, White or grey sand. Low-lying situations Oct to Nov 0.12–0.3 m high adjoining winter-wet swamps Eremaea asterocarpa subsp. - - P1 Shrub, to 0.7 m high Deep grey sand - brachyclada

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Table 2 Threatened and priority listed flora occurring in close proximity to the survey area (cont’d)

Taxon Conservation status1 Description Habitat characteristics Flowering period EPBC Act WC Act DPaW Eryngium pinnatifidum subsp. Palustre - - P3 - - - (G.J. Keighery 13459) PN Grevillea thelemanniana subsp. - - P4 - - - thelemanniana Jacksonia gracillima - - P3 - - - Jacksonia sericea - - P4 Low spreading shrub, to 0.6 m high Calcareous & sandy soils Usually Dec or Jan to Feb Lepidosperma rostratum EN EN T Rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like Peaty sand, clay - or herb (sedge), 0.5 m high Ornduffia submersa - - P4 - - - Pimelea calcicola - - P3 Erect to spreading shrub, 0.2–1 m high Sand. Coastal limestone ridges Sep to Nov Sphaerolobium calcicola - - P3 Slender, multi-stemmed, scandent or erect White-grey-brown sand, sandy clay over Jun or Sep shrub, to 1.5 m high limestone, black peaty sandy clay. Tall to Nov dunes, winter-wet flats, interdunal swamps, low-lying areas Stylidium ireneae - - P4 Lax perennial, herb, Sandy loam. Valleys near creek lines, Oct to Dec (0.06-)0.1–0.28 m high, Leaves woodland, often with Agonis oblanceolate, 0.4–2 cm long, 1–3 (-5) mm wide, apex subacute to acuminate, margin entire, glandular. Scape glandular. Inflorescence racemose Stylidium longitubum - - P3 Erect annual (ephemeral), herb, Sandy clay, clay. Seasonal wetlands Oct to Dec 0.05–0.12 m high

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Table 2 Threatened and priority listed flora occurring in close proximity to the survey area (cont’d)

Taxon Conservation status1 Description Habitat characteristics Flowering period EPBC WC Act DPaW Act Synaphea sp. Pinjarra Plain (A.S. - - P1 Erect, clumped shrub (sub-shrub), to Grey sandy loam or clay, grey-brown Sep to Nov George 17182) 0.8 m high clayey sand, brown clayey loam, laterite. Flats, seasonally wet areas, railroad reserves often with wet depressions or drains Synaphea sp. Serpentine (G.R. Brand - - P3 - - - 103) Tetraria australiensis VU VU T Rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like - Nov to Dec or herb (sedge), to 1 m high Thysanotus glaucus - - P4 Caespitose, glaucose perennial, herb, White, grey or yellow sand, sandy gravel Oct to Dec 0.1–0.2 m high or Jan to Mar Tripterococcus paniculatus - - P4 Perennial, herb, to 1 m high Grey, black or peaty sand. Winter-wet flats Oct to Nov Verticordia lindleyi subsp. lindleyi - - P4 Erect shrub, 0.2–0.75 m high Sand, sandy clay. Winter-wet depressions May or Nov to Dec or Jan Verticordia plumosa var. pleiobotrya EN VU T Dense shrub, 0.2–1 m high Clay, sandy loam. Seasonally inundated Oct to Dec swamps, road verges 1. Definitions of priority flora are provided in Appendix A.

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A search of the DPaW’s threatened ecological communities (TECs) and Priority Ecological Communities (PECs) database recorded six TECs and five PECs as occurring within the immediate proximity to the project area (Figure 3). No TECs or PECs have previously been recorded from within the project area. A list of the TECs and PECs that have been recorded in close proximity to the project area is provided below in Table 3.

Table 3 Threatened and priority ecological communities located in close proximity to the survey area

Code Description EPBC Act1 WA Criteria1, 2 DPaW1

SCP03c Corymbia calophylla-Xanthorrhoea preissii EN CR - woodlands and shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain SCP19b Woodlands and sedgelands in Holocene dune EN CR - swales of the Southern Swan Coastal Plain (original description; Gibson et al., 1994) Mound Springs Communities of Tumulus Springs (Organic EN CR - SCP Mound Springs, Swan Coastal Plain) Limestone Ridges Melaleuca huegelii-Melaleuca acerosa - EN - (SCP26a) (currently Melaleuca systena) shrublands on limestone ridges (Gibson et al., 1994 type 26a) SCP08 Herb rich shrublands in clay pans CR VU - SCP09 Dense shrublands on clay flats CR VU - Casuarina obesa Casuarina obesa association - - Priority 1 association SCP21c Low lying Banksia attenuata woodlands or - - Priority 3 shrublands SCP22 Banksia ilicifolia woodlands - - Priority 3 SCP24 Northern Spearwood shrublands and - - Priority 3 woodlands SCP25 Southern Eucalyptus gomphocephala-Agonis - - Priority 3 flexuosa woodlands

1: See Appendix A for definitions on the conservation rankings 2: There is currently no legislation covering the conservation of TECs, however an informal, non-statutory process is in place. The TECs are endorsed by the WA Minister for Environment.

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3 Methodology

3.1 Field survey

A Level 2 flora and vegetation survey, consistent with the Environmental Protection Authority’s (EPA’s) Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 51; Terrestrial Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia (EPA, 2004), was undertaken. The survey was undertaken on two separate site visits on 24 September and 8 October 2013. Approximately 12 hours was spent on site over the two site visits, which was considered adequate to sample the flora and vegetation present. The survey area was not considered to be large (4.5 ha), while a large portion of the survey area had previously been burnt between 6 to 18 months ago.

The Level 2 flora and vegetation survey was undertaken by a qualified and experienced botanist from Coffey Environments, Mr Clinton van den Bergh. Clinton has over 7 years’ experience undertaking flora and vegetation surveys in Western Australia, including the Swan Coastal Plain.

The survey botanist currently holds a Licence to take flora for scientific or other prescribed purposes (licence number SL010235) and a Permit to take Declared Rare Flora (permit number 59–1213) from the DPaW. All flora specimens collected during the survey were collected under these licences and permits, in accordance with the conditions required under each.

The monthly rainfall at the Medina Research weather station (009194) preceding the field survey was in accordance with the long term rainfall average, however the majority of the rain fell between July and September (Chart 1). The vegetation observed in the field was noted as being in a relatively healthy condition with many plants (including grasses and annuals) flowering and/ or fruiting. The fire and the winter rain stimulated sufficient germination and growth of the plants located within the survey area.

3.2 Survey methodology

A field survey was undertaken to confirm the results of the desktop assessment and to further delineate the vegetation communities and conditions identified from the survey area, as well as providing a list of flora species present at the time of the survey. The field survey methodology is considered to be a single season Level 2 flora and vegetation survey consistent with Coffey Environments’ interpretations of the EPA’s Guidance for the Assessment of Environmental Factors No. 51 (EPA, 2004). The field survey methodology is also consistent with the EPA’s Position Statement No. 3: Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an Element of Biodiversity Protection (EPA, 2002).

In addition to the delineation of the vegetation communities and conditions, the field survey determined whether any significant flora species, including the species identified on the DEC Threatened and Priority Flora list for the area, actually occur or are likely to occur within the survey sites. This included the threatened Grand Spider Orchid or Caladenia huegelii, which is known to occur in close proximity to the survey area. The two site visits were undertaken to maximise the potential of recording Caladenia huegelii, if present.

The field survey methodology consisted of quadrat (quadrats equalling 100 m2 in area) and relevé sampling and site traverses to record the vegetation communities and conditions. While traversing the site, the flora species present at the time of the survey were collected, including introduced flora. The vegetation communities were described based on the floristic data recorded from the quadrats and relevés utilising the standardised terminology (for growth form, height and cover) of the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) vegetation structural classes (ESCAVI, 2003). The vegetation structural classes have been adapted from Specht (1970), Specht et al (1974) and Walker and

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Hopkins (1990). Where possible, the vegetation communities were described to hierarchical level V Association. Hierarchical level V requires the dominant growth form, cover, height and dominant species (three for each stratum) for each of the three traditional strata (i.e. upper, mid and ground). The hierarchical structure and the vegetation structural classes are described in Table 4 and Table 5.

Table 4 NVIS hierarchical structure

Hierarchical level Description NVIS structural/floristic components required

I Class Dominant growth form for the ecologically or structurally dominant stratum II Structural Formation Dominant growth form, cover and height for the ecologically or structurally dominant stratum III Broad Floristic Dominant growth form, cover, height and dominant land cover Formation genus for the upper most or the ecologically or structurally dominant stratum IV Sub-formation Dominant growth form, cover, height and dominant genus for each of the three traditional strata (i.e. Upper, Mid and Ground) V Association Dominant growth form, height, cover and species (3 species) for each of the three traditional strata (i.e. Upper, Mid, Ground) VI Sub-association Dominant growth form, height, cover and species (5 species) for all layers/sub-strata

Source: Table 1 from ESCAVI (2003)

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Table 5 Vegetation structural classes

Height ranges Foliage cover (%) Growth form (m) 70–100 30–70 10–30 <10 <2 0–5 Unknown Tree, palm <10, 10–30, >30 Closed forest Open forest Woodland Open woodland Isolated trees Isolated clumps Trees of trees Tree mallee <3, <10, 10–30 Closed mallee Open mallee Mallee Open mallee Isolated mallee Isolated clumps Mallee trees forest forest woodland woodland trees of trees Shrub, cycad, <1, 1–2, >2 Closed Shrubland Open shrubland Sparse Isolated shrubs Isolated clumps Shrubs grass-tree shrubland shrubland of shrubs Chenopod/ <1, 1–2, >2 Closed Chenopod/ Open Sparse Isolated Isolated clumps Chenopod/ samphire shrub chenopod/ samphire chenopod/ chenopod/ chenopod/ of chenopod/ samphire samphire shrubland samphire samphire samphire samphire shrubs shrubland shrubland shrubland shrubs shrubs Hummock grass <2, >2 Closed Hummock Open hummock Sparse Isolated Isolated clumps Hummock hummock grassland grassland hummock hummock of hummock grasses grassland grassland grasses grasses Tussock grass <0.5, >0.5 Closed tussock Tussock Open tussock Sparse tussock Isolated tussock Isolated clumps Tussock grassland grassland grassland grassland grasses of tussock grasses grasses Sedge/ rush <0.5, >0.5 Closed Sedgeland/ Open Sparse Isolated Isolated clumps Sedges/ rushes sedgeland/ rushland sedgeland/ sedgeland/ sedges/ rushes of sedges/ rushland rushland rushland rushes Herb <0.5, >0.5 Closed Herbland Open herbland Sparse Isolated herbs Isolated clumps Herbs herbland herbland of herbs

Note: Certain growth forms have been removed from the original table as they are unlikely to be found within the two sites (i.e. lichenland, seagrass bed, aquatic bed etc). Mallee shrub and heath shrub have been combined with shrub for the purpose of this assessment. Source: The table has been adapted from Table 4 from ESCAVI (2003).

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The condition of the vegetation recorded from within the survey area was described using the condition rating scale developed by Keighery (1994) and published in the Bush Forever Strategy (Government of Western Australia, 2000b). The vegetation condition rating scale is described in Table 6.

Table 6 Vegetation condition rating scale

Condition rating Description P Pristine or nearly so, no obvious signs of disturbance Pristine Ex Vegetation structure intact, disturbance affecting individual species and weeds are Excellent nonaggressive species VG Vegetation structure altered obvious signs of disturbance. For example, disturbance Very Good to vegetation structure caused by repeated fires, the presence of some more aggressive weeds, dieback, logging and grazing G Vegetation structure significantly altered by very obvious signs of multiple Good disturbances. Retains basic vegetation structure or ability to regenerate. For example, disturbance to vegetation structure caused by very frequent fires, the presence of some very aggressive weeds at high density, partial clearing, dieback and grazing Deg Basic vegetation structure severely impacted by disturbance. Scope for regeneration Degraded but not to a state approaching good condition without intensive management. For example, disturbance to vegetation structure caused by very frequent fires, the presence of very aggressive weeds, partial clearing, dieback and grazing CD The structure of the vegetation is no longer intact and the area is completely or almost Completely completely without native species. These areas are often referred to as parkland Degraded cleared with the flora composing weed or crop species with isolated native trees or shrubs

Source: Bush Forever (Government of Western Australia, 2000b), originally developed by Keighery (1994)

The entire survey area was traversed on foot, which was considered easy due to the small size, easy access from major public roads and the regenerating vegetation from the recent bushfire.

The specimen collections were assigned a unique number to facilitate tracking and pressed during that day, following recommendations provided by the Western Australia Herbarium (WAH). The specimens were then sufficiently dried prior to submitting to WAH for the mandatory four day quarantine process prior to the specimens being identified.

The specimens were identified by qualified and experienced botanists. The specimens were identified by Mr Clinton van den Bergh, who has experience with the flora of the Swan Coastal Plain region of Western Australia. Assistance was sought from WAH experts for difficult family, genera and species groups.

Conservation significant species, geographic range extensions and unique/unusual specimens were retained for future vouchering at the WAH. This is a condition of the flora collecting licences.

A total of two non-permanent 100 m2 (i.e. 10 m x 10 m) quadrats were established and sampled during the site visit. In addition to the two non-permanent quadrats sampled in spring 2013, the floristic information collected from the two non-permanent quadrats sampled in spring 2007 have also been included within the vegetation type description and flora species list.

The following information was recorded from each of the quadrats sampled in spring 2013.  Location: GDA94 coordinates (equivalent of WGS84) were taken from the north-west corner of the 10 m x 10 m quadrats using a handheld Garmin Global Positioning System (GPS) to an accuracy of ±5 m.  Vegetation description: The vegetation types were described and mapped using the NVIS vegetation structural classes published by ESCAVI (2003) (Table 5).

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 Disturbance details: Vegetation condition was assessed using the condition rating scale developed by Keighery (1994) and published within the Bush Forever Strategy (Government of Western Australia, 2000b) (Table 6).  Flora species: An inventory of the flora species located within the quadrat was taken.  Foliage cover and height: The percentage cover and height was visually estimated for the flora species located within each quadrat. Estimates were made to the nearest percentage and tenth of a metre (i.e. 0.1 m) where possible.  Habitat: Habitat was described based on aspect and slope within and around the surrounding area of the quadrat. Information was also collected if the quadrat was located within a riparian ecosystem or other prominent geological feature.  Soil: Colour and soil texture within each quadrat was recorded.  Rock type and cover: Estimates were made on the rock type, size and cover within each quadrat.

3.3 Botanical survey limitations

The most appropriate time to complete a flora and vegetation survey on the Swan Coastal Plain is late September to early October. This survey timing also maximises the potential of recording the spring flowering threatened orchid species, including Caladenia huegelii, that are known to occur in close proximity to the survey area. Therefore the timing of the survey is considered appropriate.

No numerical analysis of the floristic data collected from the field survey was undertaken. Fungi and non-vascular flora (e.g. bryophytes, mosses etc) were not collected or recorded during the field survey. The collection of fungi and non-vascular flora was outside the scope of this survey.

The botanical survey limitations of the single season Level 2 flora and vegetation survey, including the field survey, specimen identification and the report preparation, are detailed below in Table 7.

Table 7 Botanical survey limitations

Limitation Constraint (yes/no); Comments significance (low, moderate or high)

Competency/experience of No The survey botanist has over seven years’ experience in the scientist conducting the undertaking flora and vegetation surveys in Western survey Australia, including the Swan Coastal Plain. Level of survey No A single season Level 2 flora and vegetation survey was undertaken. This level of survey is considered appropriate to meet the objectives and scope of works. Approximately 12 hours over two non-consecutive days was spent sampling the flora and vegetation of the survey area. Sources of information No The Swan Coastal Plain has been extensively surveyed ensuring there was sufficient information available to complete the survey. Scope No The entire scope was met. Proportion of: a) Yes; Low a) It is considered that approximately 85% of the flora a) Flora collected and b) No expected to occur within the survey area has been identified; and recorded. The recent bush fire may have ensured that some flora species would have been difficult to identify b) Task achieved and further or not present at the time of the survey. work that may be required b) No further survey work is considered necessary to meet the current objectives and scope of works.

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Table 7 Botanical survey limitations (cont’d)

Limitation Constraint (yes/no); Comments significance (low, moderate or high)

Completeness No The survey area was adequately surveyed and traversed. Mapping reliability No The mapping reliability is considered to be high due to the small size of the survey area and the homogenous vegetation present. Timing/weather/season/cycle No The most appropriate time to conduct a Level 2 flora and vegetation survey on the Swan Coastal Plain is in September and October. Therefore the survey was undertaken at the optimal time. In addition, sufficient rainfall was recorded prior to the survey. Disturbances which affected Yes; low The survey area was subjected to a bush fire within the the results of the survey last 6 to 18 months. The bush fire impacted the majority of the survey area. The bush fire is only considered to represent a small constraint due to the recovery of the vegetation. Intensity of the survey No The intensity of the survey was sufficient to meet the objectives and scope of works detailed in this report. Resources No Adequate resources have been assigned to the Level 2 flora and vegetation survey, taxonomic identifications and report preparation. Remoteness and/ or access No The survey area is located within the Perth Metropolitan problems Region and is readily accessed by major roads and freeways. Availability of contextual No Contextual information is readily available for the Swan information Coastal Plain region. These sources were utilised during the field survey and report preparation.

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4 Results

4.1 Vegetation community types

The vegetation communities identified from the survey area have been described based on the NVIS vegetation structural classes to Level V (Association level) and are shown on Figure 3.

One vegetation community type was recorded from the survey area during the site visit. The vegetation community type is described below, while the floristic data collected from the two spring 2013 quadrats and two spring 2007 quadrats is provided as Appendix B.

BaBmW

Banksia attenuata and Banksia menziesii woodland with occasional Eucalyptus marginata and Allocasuarina fraseriana trees over shrubland dominated by Stirlingia latifolia, Macrozamia riedlei and Xanthorrhoea preissii over low shrubland dominated by Hibbertia hypericoides, Leucopogon parviflorus and Acacia pulchella over open herbland dominated by Patersonia occidentalis, Anigozanthos manglesii and Gladiolus caryophyllaceus over open sedgeland dominated by Mesomelaena pseudostygia, Hypolaena exsulca and Desmocladus asper over open grassland dominated by Ehrharta calycina, Bromus diandrus and Amphipogon turbinatus on grey to black Bassendean sands.

The vegetation community type covered the entire survey area. The original 2007 spring survey separated the vegetation community into two communities based on the co-dominance of the upper stratum. Due to the size of the survey area it was deemed appropriate that the two vegetation communities were joined to reflect the more appropriate vegetation community consistent with the surrounding landscape.

4.2 Vegetation condition

The condition of the vegetation recorded from within the survey area was determined based on the condition rating scale developed by Keighery (1994) and published in Government of Western Australia (2000b) (Table 5).

The condition of the vegetation within the survey area was considered to be in a very good to good condition (Figure 3). The condition was slightly downgraded from very good to a combination of very good and good due to the high density of weeds as a result of the fire. In addition, the survey area is surrounded by anthropogenic pressures that may be increasing the pressures associated with introduced species and the “edge effect”.

The survey area has also been subjected to small-scale dumping of household waste/rubbish near the southern boundary. It is possible that the local residents are using the site as a rubbish site for household waste/rubbish.

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D 432,50 0 432,50 0 , , 6 6 LEGEND 2007 quadrat location 2013 quadrat location Survey area Broad vegetation community BaBmW- Banksia attenuata and Banksia menziesii woodland with occasional Eucalyptus marginata and Allocasuarina fraseriana trees over shrubland dominated by Stirlingia latifolia, Macrozamia riedlei and Xanthorrhoea preissii over low shrubland dominated by Hibbertia hypericoides, Leucopogon parviflorus and Acacia pulchella over open herbland dominated by Patersonia occidentalis, Anigozanthos manglesii and Gladiolus caryophyllaceus over open sedgeland dominated by Mesomelaena pseudostygia, Hypolaena exsulca and Desmocladus asper over open grassland dominated by Ehrharta calycina, Bromus diandrus and Amphipogon turbinatus on grey to black Bassendean sands. Cleared

Source LGAs from ABS. Aerial imagery, roads and road names from Bing Online (circa 2010)

391,500 Date: Figure No: 10.12.2013 Romano’s Investment Holdings MXD: Vegetation Community 4366AA_01_GIS003_1 Flora and Vegetation Assessment 3 File Name: and Condition Mapping 4366AA_01_F003_GIS Lot 54 and 9001 Holden Close, Bertram

4.3 Significance of vegetation

4.3.1 Threatened and priority ecological communities

An ecological community is described as a naturally occurring biological assemblage that occurs in a particular type of habitat. A Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is one which is found to fit into one of the following categories: “presumed totally destroyed”, “critically endangered”, “endangered” or “vulnerable”. Possible TECs that do not meet the survey criteria are added to DPaW’s Priority Ecological Community (PEC) lists under Priorities 1, 2 and 3. Ecological communities that are adequately known, are rare but not threatened, meet criteria for Near Threatened, or have been recently removed from the threatened list, are placed in Priority 4. These ecological communities require regular monitoring. Conservation dependant ecological communities are placed in Priority 5.

A search of DPaW’s TEC and PEC databases identified six TECs and five PECs as occurring within the immediate proximity to the project area. The vegetation recorded from the survey area is not considered to represent any of the six potential TECs identified from the DPaW database search, the vegetation is also not considered to represent any other TEC known on the Swan Coastal Plain. The vegetation recorded from the survey area is not considered to represent a PEC.

4.3.2 Floristic community type

The floristic data collected from the survey area was compared with the floristic data collected by Gibson et al. (1994) in A Floristic Survey of the southern Swan Coastal Plain. Due to the homogenous nature of the survey area, the entire flora taxa list was compared with the floristic data from Gibson et al. (1994).

Table 8 below details the five floristic community types the vegetation recorded from the survey area most closely resembles.

Table 8 Floristic community type resemblance

FCT Description Landform

21a Central Banksia attenuata-Eucalyptus marginata woodlands Bassendean/Spearwood 21c Low lying Banksia attenuata woodlands or shrublands Bassendean 23a Central Banksia attenuata-Banksia menziesii woodlands Bassendean 24 Northern Spearwood shrublands and woodlands Spearwood 28 Spearwood Banksia attenuata or Banksia attenuata-Eucalyptus woodland Spearwood

The survey area is considered to represent Floristic Community Type 21a or 23a. Both floristic community types are dominated by Banksia attenuata and occur on the Bassendean landform. To accurately determine which floristic community type the vegetation within the survey area represents, a statistical analysis (i.e. pattern analysis using the program PATN) would need to be undertaken using the floristic data from the survey area and Gibson et al. (1994) dataset.

Floristic community types 21a and 23a are not considered to represent a TEC or a PEC and are well represented on the Swan Coastal Plain. In addition, both floristic community types 21a and 23a are inferred to occur within Bush Forever Site No. 270 and No. 273.

4.3.3 Vegetation complexes

The vegetation recorded in the survey area is considered to be consistent with the Bassendean Complex-Central and South vegetation complex mapped by Heddle et al. (1980). Approximately 24% or 10,919 ha of the vegetation complex remains on the Swan Coastal Plain (Government of Western

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Australia, 2000a) Of the original pre-European extent remaining on the Swan Coastal Plain portion of the Perth Metropolitan Region, approximately 5,883ha (or 13%) has some existing protection or proposed for protection (i.e. Zoned Parks and Recreation; DPaW managed lands and Crown Reserves with a Conservation Purpose) (Government of Western Australia, 2000a).

The Bassendean Complex-Central and South is considered to be regionally significant within the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion. The complex meets Criterion 1a) ii) (Natural areas of an ecological community with only 1500 ha or 30% or less (whichever is the greater) of their pre-European extent remaining in the Interim Biogeographical Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) subregion) and 1a) v) (Natural area of an ecological community with only 400 ha or 10% or less (whichever is the greater) protected for conservation in the Bush Forever Study Area ) as detailed in the Perth Biodiversity Project (WALGA, 2004).

The Bassendean Complex-Central and South originally encompassed 39% (or 4,679ha) of the City of Kwinana municipality. Currently there is approximately 2088ha (or 45%) of the original 4,679ha of the Complex remaining within the boundaries of the City of Kwinana.

The Bassendean Complex-Central and South is not considered to be locally significant (i.e. within the City of Kwinana boundaries) because it does not meet the criteria for local significance as set out by the Perth Biodiversity Project (WALGA, 2004).

4.3.4 Ecological corridor

The study area is located on the Swan Coastal Plain which has been extensively cleared in the past. The study area is located adjacent to a north-south ecological corridor that links the Beeliar Regional Park (including The Spectacles Wetland) with Leda Nature Reserve and Rockingham Lakes Regional Park in the south.

The study area may also provide a stop-off between the Regional Parks and Nature Reserve mentioned above and remnant native vegetation located on the eastern side of the Kwinana Freeway. However, the presence of the Freeway would restrict the movement of ground-dwelling vertebrate fauna, while avian fauna (i.e. birds) are able to bypass the freeway and potentially utilise the survey area (excluding small insectivorous and nectar feeding birds that are unable to fly long distances and require remnant native vegetation to safely move around).

4.4 Flora

A total of 130 flora taxa from 45 families and 102 genera were recorded from the survey area. The total included 33 introduced or weed taxa, while the remaining 97 taxa are considered to be native. A list of the flora taxa recorded from the survey area is provided as Appendix C.

The dominant families recorded from the survey area is provided in Table 9. The five largest families (Table 9) represent 40% (or 51 taxa) of the total flora recorded from the survey area, while 25 families are represented by one taxon.

Table 9 Dominant families recorded from the survey area

Family Common name Native taxa Introduced taxa

Fabaceae Wattle Family 13 2 Asteraceae Daisy Family 5 6 Orchidaceae Orchid Family 10 0 Poaceae Grass Family 1 7 Asparagaceae Asparagus Family 7 0

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The dominant genera recorded from the survey area is presented in Table 10 below. The six dominant genera (Table 10) represent 16% (or 21 taxa) of the total taxa recorded, while 83 genera were represented by one taxon.

Table 10 Dominant genera recorded from the survey area

Genus Common name Native taxa Introduced taxa

Caladenia Spider Orchid 5 0 Acacia Wattle 4 0 Banksia Banksia 3 0 Drosera Sundew 3 0 Lomandra Mat Rush 3 0 Stylidium Trigger Plant 3 0

Two specimens collected from the survey area were not confidently identified to species. The two specimens, Caladenia sp. and Pterostylis ?sanguineus, were from the Orchidaceae family where flowers are critical to a confident identification. Both specimens had remnants of flowers that ensured an identification to genus level could be made, but not species level. The specimen of Caladenia sp. was confirmed to not be the threatened Caladenia huegelii or any other threatened Caladenia species.

4.5 Conservation significant flora

While all native flora species are protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, a number of plant species are assigned an additional level of significance based on the limited number of known populations and the perceived threats to these populations (Appendix A).

Species of highest conservation significance are designated Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora – Extant) (T) or Presumed Extinct Flora (Declared Rare Flora – Extinct). Species that appear to be rare or threatened, but for which there is insufficient information to properly evaluate their conservation significance, are assigned to one of four Priority flora categories. Conservation Codes 1, 2 and 3 are considered to be poorly known and Conservation Code 4 is considered to be rare taxon that requires monitoring. For taxa that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program are assigned Conservation Code 5.

A search of DPaW’s threatened and priority listed flora databases identified seven threatened flora taxa (Caladenia huegelii, Diuris micrantha, Diuris purdiei, Drakaea elastica, Lepidosperma rostratum, Tetraria australiensis and Verticordia plumosa var. pleiobotrya) and 23 priority listed flora taxa (four P1; one P2; nine P3; and nine P4) (Table 2).

The two site visits undertaken in Spring 2013 did not record any threatened or priority listed flora taxa. The site traverses would have identified the seven threatened flora taxa, if present. Six of the seven threatened flora species would not have been present within the survey area based on habitat preferences. Only Caladenia huegelii would have potentially been present based on habitat preferences.

4.6 Introduced flora

A total of 33 introduced or weed taxa were identified from the survey area. Thirteen of the weeds recorded from the survey area are from the Asteraceae and Poaceae families., while the remainder are considered to be weeds of remnant native bushland located on the Swan Coastal Plain that are under pressure from anthropogenic disturbances. None of the weeds are considered to be Weeds of National Significance.

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Declared pests

The Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 (BAM Act) and regulations were enacted on 1 May 2013. The BAM Act replaces the Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976. The main purposes of the BAM Act that relate to weeds are to:  Prevent new animal and plant pests (vermin and weeds) and diseases from entering Western Australia.  Manage the impact and spread of those pests already in Western Australia.

Organisms are grouped into four main classifications;  Declared pests (section 22).  Permitted (section 11).  Prohibited (section 12).  Permitted Requiring a permit (73, BAM Regulations 2013).

The legal status of the 19 introduced taxa recorded from the study area is presented in Table 11 below.

Under the BAM Act, all declared plants are placed in one of three categories, namely C1 (exclusion), C2 (eradication) or C3 (management).

One of the introduced species present in the survey area, Zantedeschia aethiopica or Arum Lily, is categorised as a C3 Declared Pest under Division 3 Section 22 of the BAM Act for the whole of State.

Introduced species assigned to the category C3 Management are considered to be established in Western Australia but it is feasible, or desirable, to manage them in order to limit their damage. Control measures can prevent a C3 weed from increasing in population size or density or moving from an area in which it is established into an area which currently is free of that weed.

Environmental weeds

The environmental weed strategy for Western Australia (CALM, 1999) has detailed criteria for the assessment and rating of introduced flora species based on their impact on biodiversity. The criteria included:  Invasiveness – ability to invade bushland in good to excellent condition or ability to invade waterways. (score of yes or no);  Distribution – wide current or potential distribution including consideration of known history of widespread distribution elsewhere in the world. (scored as a yes or no); and  Environmental Impacts – ability to change the structure, composition and function of ecosystems, in particular an ability to form a monoculture in a vegetation community. (scored as a yes or no).

The environmental weed strategy uses the following scoring system:  High – an introduced flora species that scores yes to all three criteria. An introduced flora species with a high rating would indicate prioritising this weed for control and/or research.  Moderate – An introduced flora species that scores yes to two of the criteria. Rating an introduced flora species as moderate would indicate that control or research effort should be directed if funds are available, however it should be monitored.  Mild – An introduced flora species that scores yes to one of the criteria. A mild rating would indicate that monitoring and control of the introduced flora species is necessary where appropriate.  Low – An introduced flora species that scores no to all of the criteria. A low rating would mean that this species would require a low level of monitoring.

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The environmental weed rating for the introduced flora species recorded from the study area is detailed below in Table 11. Nine species present on site had a high environmental weed rating (Brassica tournefortii, Bromus diandrus, Ehrharta calycina, Eragrostis curvula, Euphorbia terracina, Freesia alba x leichtlinii, Lupinus cosentinii, Pelargonium capitatum and Zantedeschia aethiopica).

Table 11 Legal status and environmental weed rating for the introduced flora taxa recorded from the study area

Species Common name Family Legal status1 Rating

Arctotheca calendula Capeweed Asteraceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Avena fatua Wild Oat Poaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Brassica tournefortii Wild Turnip Brassicaceae Permitted (s11) High Briza maxima Quaking Grass Poaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Briza minor Shivery Grass Poaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Bromus diandrus Great Brome Poaceae Permitted (s11) High Carpobrotus edulis Sour Fig or Pigface Aizoaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Ehrharta calycina Veld Grass Poaceae Permitted (s11) High Eragrostis curvula African Lovegrass Poaceae Permitted (s11) High Erodium botrys Long Storksbill Geraniaceae Permitted (s11) Low Euphorbia terracina Geraldton Carnation Weed Euphorbiaceae Permitted (s11) High Freesia alba x leichtlinii Freesia Iridaceae Permitted (s11) High Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Wild Gladiolus Iridaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Catsear Asteraceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Hypochaeris radicata Spotted Cat’s Ear Asteraceae Permitted (s11) TBA Isolepis marginata Coarse Club-rush Cyperaceae Permitted (s11) TBA Lolium perenne Perennial Ryegrass Poaceae Permitted (s11) Low Lotus subbiflorus Lotus Fabaceae Permitted (s11) TBA Lupinus cosentinii Sand Plain Lupin Fabaceae Permitted (s11) High Lysimachia arvensis Pimpernel Primulaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Orobanche minor Lesser Broomrape Orobanchaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Oxalis pes-caprae Soursob Oxalidaceae Permitted (s11) Mild Pelargonium capitatum Wild Pelargonium Geraniaceae Permitted (s11) High Petrorhagia dubia Velvety Pink Caryophyllaceae Permitted (s11) Mild Portulaca oleracea Wild Portulaca Portulacaceae Permitted (s11) TBA Ricinus communis Castor Oil Tree Euphorbiaceae Permitted (s11) Low Solanum nigrum Black Berry Nightshade Solanaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Sonchus asper Spiny Sowthistle Asteraceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Sonchus oleraceus Common Sowthistle Asteraceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Trachyandra divaricata Onion Weed Asphodelaceae Permitted (s11) Mild Ursinia anthemoides South African Marigold Asteraceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Wahlenbergia capensis Cape Bluebell Campanulaceae Permitted (s11) Moderate Zantedeschia aethiopica Arum lily Araceae Declared Pest (s22) High

1 Legal status consistent with Division 1 Section 11 and Division 3 Section 22 of the BAM Act.

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5 Discussion and environmental impacts

5.1 Vegetation

The vegetation recorded from the survey area was described to the NVIS hierarchical Level V; Association. The vegetation was described as Banksia woodland dominated by Banksia attenuata and Banksia menziesii with occasional Eucalyptus marginata and Allocasuarina fraseriana trees over a shrubland, sedgeland and grassland. The vegetation was considered to represent floristic community types 21a or 23a, which are not considered to be a TEC or a PEC and are well represented on the Swan Coastal Plain. The vegetation within Bush Forever sites 270 and 273 located in close proximity to the survey area is inferred to represent floristic community types 21a and 23a.

The condition of the vegetation was considered to be good to very good and may be considered higher except for the high density and diversity of introduced species. Notably, Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (or Wild Gladiolus) was a dominant understorey species. The recent bushfire may be a reason for the proliferation of the introduced species, including Wild Gladiolus, within the survey area.

The vegetation recorded within the survey area is representative of the Bassendean Complex-Central and South. The Bassendean Complex-Central and South is considered to be regionally significant within the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion, however it is not considered to be locally significant (i.e. within the City of Kwinana boundaries) due to the current extent of Bassendean Complex-Central and South remaining on the Swan Coastal Plain

The survey area is fragmented from larger areas of remnant bushland to the north, south and east by residential development and transport infrastructure. Genetic flow and ecological linkages may occur to the west of the survey area into Bush Forever Site 272. However the linkage is considered to provide minimal significance with the main north-south linkage occurring through Bush Forever Site 272.

The impact of the proposed development on the vegetation recorded within the survey area is considered to be low. Although the vegetation is in good to very good condition and has some linkage to remnant bushland, the connection is not significant and terrestrial fauna would still be required to traverse Johnson Road. The survey area does not connect any other remnant to Bush Forever Site 272.

If possible, the design of the development within the survey area should retain remnant native vegetation in situ.

5.2 Flora

A total of 130 flora species from 45 families and 102 genera were recorded from the survey area. The total included 33 introduced taxa, while the remaining 97 taxa are considered to be native.

The results of the Level 2 flora and vegetation assessment did not record any threatened or priority listed flora species. This included the threatened orchid, Caladenia huegelii. The Level 2 survey was undertaken over two non-consecutive site visits to maximise the potential of recording threatened flora, including spring flowering orchids. Caladenia huegelii is known to occur approximately 500m to the north-northwest of the survey area and would have been identified if present in the survey area.

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The impact to the known native flora within the survey area is considered to be low due to lack of conservation significant species. If possible, the development of the survey area should allow the retention of flora species or ensure revegetation activities utilise species recorded from the survey area.

5.3 Ten clearing principles

Ten clearing principles have been developed under Section 5 of the Environmental Protection Act 1986 (EP Act) to determine the impact of clearing of native vegetation. An assessment of the potential impacts of clearing, against the ten clearing principles, is outlined in Table 12.

The assessment against the ten clearing principles has assumed that the entire site will be cleared for the construction and development of a residential estate.

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Table 12 Assessment of clearing native vegetation against the ten clearing principles

Principle Assessment Potential implications if Is the project at cleared variance? a) Native vegetation should not A total of 130 flora taxa 45 families and 102 genera were recorded from the survey The survey area The project is NOT be cleared if it comprises a high area. The total included 33 introduced taxa, while the remaining 97 taxa are considered represents a moderate considered to be at level of biological diversity to be native. The number of taxa recorded is considered to be high for a fragmented level of flora biodiversity. variance to this principle remnant under pressure from anthropogenic disturbances. Approximately 3,500 flora species are known from the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion, while approximately 3,300 of these are also known from the Perth bioregion, and 274 taxa are known from the City of Kwinana boundaries. Therefore approximately one-third of the known taxa within the City of Kwinana have been recorded from the survey area, however there was a high level of weeds. This represents a moderate level of flora diversity. It is difficult to determine the faunal diversity, a fauna assessment would need to be undertaken to determine the potential diversity of fauna that utilise the survey area. No PECs or priority listed flora species were recorded from the survey area. b) Native vegetation should not Banksia woodland covers the entire survey area and may be considered to be important Potential loss of Black The project MAY be at be cleared if it comprises the feeding habitat for the threatened Carnaby’s Black Cockatoo. Cockatoo feeding habitat. variance to this principle whole or part of, or is necessary A Black Cockatoo habitat assessment was outside the scope of this assessment. for the maintenance of, a significant habitat for fauna indigenous to Western Australia c) Native vegetation should not be The Level 2 flora and vegetation survey was undertaken over two non-consecutive site No rare flora, or remnant The project is NOT cleared if it includes, or is visits to maximise the potential of recording conservation significant flora, including native vegetation considered to be at necessary for the continued Caladenia huegelii (T), which is known to occur in close proximity to the survey area. considered necessary for variance to this principle existence of, rare flora No threatened or priority listed flora species were recorded from the survey area. the continued existence of Caladenia huegelii would have been identifiable during the site visits, if present within rare flora, will be cleared. the survey area. d) Native vegetation should not A DPaW threatened and priority ecological community database search was requested The survey area does not The project is NOT be cleared if it comprises the prior to the field survey component of the assessment. Six TECs and five PECs are comprise the whole, or part considered to be at whole or part of, or is necessary known to occur in close proximity to the survey area. of, or is necessary for the variance to this principle for the maintenance of, a The floristic information collected from the Level 2 flora and vegetation survey suggests maintenance of, a TEC. threatened ecological that no TECs or PECs occur within the survey area. community

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Table 12 Assessment of clearing native vegetation against the ten clearing principles (cont’d)

Principle Assessment Potential implications if Is the project at cleared variance? e) Native vegetation should not The vegetation recorded from the survey area is representative of the Bassendean Approximately 4.5 ha will The project is NOT be cleared if it is significant as a Complex-Central and South. Approximately 24% or 10,919 ha of the vegetation be removed for the considered to be at remnant of native vegetation in complex remains on the Swan Coastal Plain. Of this, approximately 5,883ha (or 13%) proposed development. variance to this principle an area that has been has some existing protection or proposed for protection on the Swan Coastal Plain. The The removal of 4.5 ha is extensively cleared Bassendean Complex-Central and South is considered to be regionally significant within not considered to reduce the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion because it currently has less 30% of its pre-European the current extent of the extent remaining on the Swan Coastal Plain. Bassendean Complex- Approximately 45% (or 2088ha) of the original 4,679ha of the Complex remaining within Central and South to a the boundaries of the City of Kwinana remain. Therefore, the Bassendean Complex- level considered to be Central and South is not considered to be locally significant (i.e. within the City of significant. Kwinana boundaries). f) Native vegetation should not be Vegetation recorded from the survey area is not growing in, or in association with a No wetlands or The project is NOT cleared if it is growing in, or in wetland or watercourse environment. watercourses occur within considered to be at association with an According to the Geomorphic Wetlands Swan Coastal Plain dataset, no wetlands occur the survey area. variance to this principle environment associated with a within the survey area. Several wetlands occur within 1 km of the survey area, however watercourse or wetland they are disconnected from the survey area through urban development and transport infrastructure. g) Native vegetation should not The clearing of native vegetation is not likely to cause appreciable land degradation. The project is unlikely to The project is NOT be cleared if the clearing of The survey area is small and is surrounded by major transport infrastructure and cause appreciable land considered to be at vegetation is likely to cause residential housing. degradation. variance to this principle appreciable land degradation The clearing of native vegetation is proposed for a residential development and the likelihood of land degradation will be addressed accordingly within the subdivision application. h) Native vegetation should not Bush Forever Site No. 272 is located immediately to the west of the survey area (on The project is unlikely to The project is NOT be cleared if the clearing of western side of Johnson Road). The clearing of native vegetation within the survey area impact on the considered to be at native vegetation is likely to is not considered to impact on the environmental values of Bush Forever Site No. 272. environmental values or variance to this principle have an impact on the Existing residential developments occur immediately to the south of the survey area and any adjacent or nearby environmental values of any on the western side of Bush Forever Site No. 272. conservation areas. adjacent or nearby conservation area It is anticipated that the potential impacts to the Bush Forever Site will be addressed within the subdivision application.

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Table 12 Assessment of clearing native vegetation against the ten clearing principles (cont’d)

Principle Assessment Potential implications if Is the project at cleared variance? i) Native vegetation should not be The clearing of native vegetation for the proposed residential subdivision is not The project is unlikely to The project is NOT cleared if the clearing of native considered to cause the deterioration of the quality of surface or underground water. cause deterioration in the considered to be at vegetation is likely to cause The clearing is proposed for a residential subdivision and the impacts on surface and quality of the surface or variance to this principle deterioration in the quality of underground water will managed accordingly. underground water. surface or underground water j) Native vegetation should not be The clearing of native vegetation may exacerbate the incidence of flooding, however, The project is unlikely to The project is NOT cleared if the clearing of native the survey area is proposed for a residential subdivision and it is assumed that a Local exacerbate the incidence considered to be at vegetation is likely to cause, or Water Management Strategy or/and a stormwater management design will be of flooding. variance to this principle exacerbate, the incidence of developed for the residential subdivision. flooding

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6 Conclusion and recommendations

A Level 2 flora and vegetation survey was undertaken over two separate non-consecutive site visits to record the flora and vegetation present within the survey area. The survey was undertaken to update an existing flora and vegetation survey that was undertaken in 2004 and a threatened flora search undertaken in 2007.

The survey involved sampling the flora and vegetation in accordance with the EPA’s Guidance Statement No. 51 and undertaking a site walkover to search for the presence of threatened and priority listed flora, with particular emphasis on Caladenia huegelii which is known to occur approximately 500 m to the north-northeast of the survey area.

One vegetation community was recorded from the survey area and is broadly described as Banksia woodland. The vegetation community was considered to be in a god to very good condition, while a bushfire occurred within the survey area approximately 6 to 18 months ago.

The vegetation is not considered to represent a TEC or a PEC and is considered to represent floristic community types 21a or 23a. Both community types are well represented on the Swan Coastal Plain.

A total of 130 flora taxa, including 97 native taxa and 33 introduced taxa, were recorded from the survey area. No threatened or priority listed flora were recorded from the survey area.

An assessment of the proposed native vegetation clearing of the survey area against the ten clearing principles outlined in Schedule 5 of the EP Act, has identified that the clearing for the proposed project is not at variance with nine of the ten clearing principles: • Principle a) … if it comprises a high level of biological diversity ; • Principle c) … if it includes, or is necessary for the continued existence of, rare flora ; • Principle d) … if it comprises the whole or part of, or is necessary for the maintenance of, a threatened ecological community ; • Principle e) … if it is significant as a remnant of native vegetation in an area that has been extensively cleared ; • Principle f) … if it is growing in, or in association with an environment associated with a watercourse or wetland ; • Principle g) … if the clearing of vegetation is likely to cause appreciable land degradation ; • Principle h) … if the clearing of native vegetation is likely to have an impact on the environmental values of any adjacent or nearby conservation area ; • Principle i) … if the clearing of native vegetation is likely to cause deterioration in the quality of surface or underground water ; and • Principle j) … if the clearing of native vegetation is likely to cause, or exacerbate, the incidence of flooding .

The project may be at variance to Principle b ( if it comprises the whole or part of, or is necessary for the maintenance of, a significant habitat for fauna indigenous to Western Australia ). An assessment of such fauna matters is however outside the scope of this report.

Based on the results of the Level 2 flora and vegetation assessment, the following recommendations have been prepared to minimise the impact on the native flora and vegetation. • Retain remnant native vegetation in situ , where possible. • If revegetation is required, utilise native species recorded from the survey area.

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 During the clearing phase of development, ensure an appropriate weed hygiene management plan is developed to reduce the likelihood of transferring significant weeds (i.e. Declared Pests and weeds with a high environmental rating) to adjacent remnant native bushland.  Consideration should be given to undertaking a dieback assessment prior to clearing of native vegetation to ensure dieback is not spread into or out of the survey area. Alternatively, a dieback hygiene management plan is designed and implemented to reduce the likelihood of spreading dieback into or out of the survey area.

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7 References

ATA Environmental. 2007. Flora and Vegetation Assessment Lot 54 Holden Close, Bertram. Unpublished report prepared for Romanos Investment Holdings Pty Ltd. Report No. 2007/257, Version 3, May 2007.

Beard, J.S. 1990. Plant Life of Western Australia. Kangaroo Press, Perth, Western Australia.

BOM – See Bureau of Meteorology.

Bureau of Meteorology (2013). Climate Data, Medina Station (Rainfall). A WWW document accessed on 2 December 2013 at: http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=139&p_display_type=dataFile& p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=009194. Bureau of Meteorology, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

CALM – See Department of Conservation and Land Management.

Churchward, H.M. and McArthur, W.M. 1978. Landforms and Soils of the Darling System, IN: Atlas of Natural Resources, Darling System, Western Australia, Department of Conservation and Environment, Perth, Western Australia.

DEC – See Department of Environment and Conservation.

Department of Conservation and Land Management.1999. Environmental weed strategy for Western Australia including Weedbase [a database of environmental weeds of Western Australia].

Department of Environment and Conservation. 2007. Protocol for Proposing Modifications to the Geomorphic Wetlands Swan Coastal Plain Dataset. Perth, Western Australia.

Department of Environment. 2004. Perth Groundwater Atlas, Second Edition, 2004 Perth. Department of Environment, December 2004.

Department of Water. 2013. Hydrogeological Atlas (Online). Department of Water, Western Australia. URL: http://portal.water.wa.gov.au/portal/page/portal/MapsDataAtlases/HydrogeologicalAtlas. Accessed on 2 December 2013.

Diels, L. 1906. Die Pflanzenwelt von West Australien sudlich des wendeskreises, in A. Engler & O. Drude (eds) Die Vegetation der Erde. W. Engleman, Leipzig.

DoE – See Department of Environment.

DoW – See Department of Water.

Environmental Protection Authority. 2002. Terrestrial Biological Surveys as an Element of Biodiversity Protection: Position Statement No. 3, Environment Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia.

Environmental Protection Authority. 2004. Guidance for the Assessment of Terrestrial Factors: Terrestrial Flora and Vegetation Surveys for Environmental Impact Assessment in Western Australia, Guidance Statement No. 51, June 2004. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia.

EPA – See Environmental Protection Authority.

ESCAVI – See Executive Steering Committee for Australian Vegetation Information.

Executive Steering Committee for Australian Vegetation Information. 2003. Australian Vegetation Attribute Manual: National Vegetation Information System, Version 6.0. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

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Gardner, C.A. 1942. The Vegetation of Western Australia, with special reference to the climate and soils. J.Roy.Soc W.Aust, 28, 11-27.

Gibson, N., Keighery, B., Keighery, G., Burbidge, A. and Lyons, M. 1994. A Floristic Survey of the Swan Coastal Plain, Department of Conservation and Land Management.

Government of Western Australia. 2000a. Bush Forever – Keeping the Bush in the City. Volume 1 – Policies, Principles and Processes, Perth, Western Australia.

Government of Western Australia. 2000b. Bush Forever – Keeping the Bush in the City. Volume 2 – Directory of Bush Forever Sites, Perth, Western Australia.

Gozzard, J.R. 1983. Fremantle Part of Sheets 2033 I and 2033 IV. Perth Metropolitan Region 1:50,000 Environmental Geology Series. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Perth.

Heddle, E.M., Loneragan, O.W., Havel, J.J. 1980. Vegetation Complexes of the Darling System Western Australia, IN: Atlas of Natural Resources, Darling System, Western Australia, Department of Conservation and Environment, Perth, Western Australia.

Hill, A.L., Semeniuk, C.A., Semeniuk, V. & Del Marco, A. 1996. Wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain – Wetland Mapping, Classification and Evaluation, Waters and Rivers Commission and the Department of Environment Protection.

Keighery, B.J. 1994. Bushland Plant Survey: A Guide to Plant Community Survey for the Community. Wildflower Society of WA (Inc.), Nedlands, Western Australia.

Mitchell, D., Williams, K. and Desmond, A. 2002. Swan Coastal Plain 2 (SWA2 – Swan Coastal Plain subregion). A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia’s 53 Biogeographic Subregions. Unpublished report prepared by the Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.

Specht, R.L. 1970. Vegetation, in G.W. Leeper (ed.). The Australian environment. CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Victoria.

Specht, R.L., Roe, E.M. and Boughton V.H. 1974. Conservation of major plant communities in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Aust.J.Bot.Suppl.No.7.

WALGA – See Western Australian Local Government Association.

Walker J. and Hopkins, M.S. 1990. Vegetation. In: McDonald, R.C., R.F., Isbell, J.G., Speight, J. Walker, and M.S. Hopkins. 1990. Australian soil and land survey. Field handbook. 2nd edn. Melbourne: Inkata Press.

Western Australian Local Government Association. 2004. Local Government Biodiversity Planning Guidelines for the Perth Metropolitan Region, Edition One, Western Australian Local Government Association and Perth Biodiversity Project.

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Appendix A

Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

1 State Conservation Codes

1.1 Flora T: Threatened species

Specially protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, listed under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice for Threatened Flora (which may also be referred to as Declared Rare Flora).

Species which have been adequately searched for and are deemed to be in the wild either rare, in danger of extinction, or otherwise in need of special protection, and have been gazetted as such.

X: Presumed extinct species

Specially protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, listed under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Conservation (Rare Flora) Notice for Presumed Extinct Flora (which may also be referred to as Declared Rare Flora).

Species which have been adequately searched for and there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died, and have been gazetted as such.

Threatened Flora are further recognised by the Department of Parks and Wildlife according to their level of threat using IUCN Red List criteria. The ranking are:

CR Critically Endangered - considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

EN Endangered – considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

VU Vulnerable - considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Species that have not yet been adequately surveyed to be listed under Schedule 1 or 2 are added to the Priority Flora Lists under Priorities 1, 2 or 3. These three categories are ranked in order of priority for survey and evaluation of conservation status so that consideration can be given to their declaration as threatened flora. Species that are adequately known, are rare but not threatened, or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list for other than taxonomic reasons, are placed in Priority 4. These species require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent species are placed in Priority 5.

1: Priority One: Poorly-known species

Species that are known from one or a few collections or sight records (generally less than five), all on lands not managed for conservation, e.g. agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, Shire, rail reserves and Main Roads WA road, gravel and soil reserves, and active mineral leases and under threat of habitat destruction or degradation. Species may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and appear to be under immediate threat from known threatening processes.

1 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

2: Priority Two: Poorly-known species

Species that are known from one or a few collections or sight records, some of which are on lands not under imminent threat of habitat destruction or degradation, e.g. national parks, conservation parks, nature reserves, State forest, unallocated Crown land, water reserves, etc. Species may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and appear to be under threat from known threatening processes.

3: Priority Three: Poorly-known species

Species that are known from collections or sight records from several localities not under imminent threat, or from few but widespread localities with either large population size or significant remaining areas of apparently suitable habitat, much of it not under imminent threat. Species may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and known threatening processes exist that could affect them.

4: Priority Four: Rare, Near Threatened and other species in need of monitoring (a) Rare. Species that are considered to have been adequately surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and that are considered not currently threatened or in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. These species are usually represented on conservation lands. (b) Near Threatened. Species that are considered to have been adequately surveyed and that do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but that are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. (c) Species that have been removed from the list of threatened species during the past five years for reasons other than taxonomy. 5: Priority Five: Conservation Dependent species

Species that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the species becoming threatened within five years.

1.2 Ecological Communities Presumed Totally Destroyed (PD)

An ecological community that has been adequately searched for but for which no representative occurrences have been located. The community has been found to be totally destroyed or so extensively modified throughout its range that no occurrence of it is likely to recover its species composition and/or structure in the foreseeable future.

An ecological community will be listed as presumed totally destroyed if there are no recent records of the community being extant and either of the following applies (A or B):

A) Records within the last 50 years have not been confirmed despite thorough searches of known or likely habitats or B) All occurrences recorded within the last 50 years have since been destroyed Critically Endangered (CR)

An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major contraction in area and/or that was originally of limited distribution and is facing severe

2 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

modification or destruction throughout its range in the immediate future, or is already severely degraded throughout its range but capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated.

An ecological community will be listed as Critically Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is found to be facing an extremely high risk of total destruction in the immediate future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information, by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B or C):

A) The estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences since European settlement have been reduced by at least 90% and either or both of the following apply (i or ii): i) geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are continuing to decline such that total destruction of the community is imminent (within approximately 10 years); ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially rehabilitated. B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii): i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction throughout its range in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years); ii) there are very few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and extremely vulnerable to known threatening processes; iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is very small and each occurrence is small and/or isolated and extremely vulnerable to known threatening processes. C) The ecological community exists only as highly modified occurrences that may be capable of being rehabilitated if such work begins in the immediate future (within approximately 10 years). Endangered (EN)

An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and found to have been subject to a major contraction in area and/or was originally of limited distribution and is in danger of significant modification throughout its range or severe modification or destruction over most of its range in the near future.

An ecological community will be listed as Endangered when it has been adequately surveyed and is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of total destruction in the near future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B, or C):

A) The geographic range, and/or total area occupied, and/or number of discrete occurrences have been reduced by at least 70% since European settlement and either or both of the following apply (i or ii): i) the estimated geographic range, and/or total area occupied and/or number of discrete occurrences are continuing to decline such that total destruction of the community is likely in the short term future (within approximately 20 years); ii) modification throughout its range is continuing such that in the short term future (within approximately 20 years) the community is unlikely to be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated. B) Current distribution is limited, and one or more of the following apply (i, ii or iii):

3 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

i) geographic range and/or number of discrete occurrences, and/or area occupied is highly restricted and the community is currently subject to known threatening processes which are likely to result in total destruction throughout its range in the short term future (within approximately 20 years); ii) there are few occurrences, each of which is small and/or isolated and all or most occurrences are very vulnerable to known threatening processes; iii) there may be many occurrences but total area is small and all or most occurrences are small and/or isolated and very vulnerable to known threatening processes. C) The ecological community exists only as very modified occurrences that may be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated if such work begins in the short-term future (within approximately 20 years). Vulnerable (VU)

An ecological community that has been adequately surveyed and is found to be declining and/or has declined in distribution and/or condition and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured and/or a community that is still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher threat in the near future if threatening processes continue or begin operating throughout its range.

An ecological community will be listed as Vulnerable when it has been adequately surveyed and is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of total destruction or significant modification in the medium to long-term future. This will be determined on the basis of the best available information by it meeting any one or more of the following criteria (A, B or C):

A) The ecological community exists largely as modified occurrences that are likely to be capable of being substantially restored or rehabilitated. B) The ecological community may already be modified and would be vulnerable to threatening processes, is restricted in area and/or range and/or is only found at a few locations. C) The ecological community may be still widespread but is believed likely to move into a category of higher threat in the medium to long term future because of existing or impending threatening processes. Possible threatened ecological communities that do not meet survey criteria or that are not adequately defined are added to the Priority Ecological Community List under priorities 1, 2 and 3. These three categories are ranked in order of priority for survey and/or definition of the community, and evaluation of conservation status, so that consideration can be given to their declaration as threatened ecological communities. Ecological communities that are adequately known, and are rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list, are placed in Priority 4. These ecological communities require regular monitoring. Conservation Dependent ecological communities are placed in Priority 5.

Priority One: Poorly-known ecological communities

Ecological communities that are known from very few occurrences with a very restricted distribution (generally ≤5 occurrences or a total area of ≤ 100ha). Occurrences are believed to be under threat either due to limited extent, or being on lands under immediate threat (e.g. within agricultural or pastoral lands, urban areas, active mineral leases) or for which current threats exist. May include communities with occurrences on protected lands. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well-known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under immediate threat from known threatening processes across their range.

4 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

Priority Two: Poorly-known ecological communities

Communities that are known from few occurrences with a restricted distribution (generally ≤10 occurrences or a total area of ≤200ha). At least some occurrences are not believed to be under immediate threat of destruction or degradation. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from one or more localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements, and/or are not well defined, and appear to be under threat from known threatening processes.

Priority Three: Poorly known ecological communities (i) Communities that are known from several to many occurrences, a significant number or area of which are not under threat of habitat destruction or degradation or: (ii) Communities known from a few widespread occurrences, which are either large or with significant remaining areas of habitat in which other occurrences may occur, much of it not under imminent threat, or; (iii) Communities made up of large, and/or widespread occurrences, that may or may not be represented in the reserve system, but are under threat of modification across much of their range from processes such as grazing by domestic and/or feral stock, and inappropriate fire regimes. Communities may be included if they are comparatively well known from several localities but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and/or are not well defined, and known threatening processes exist that could affect them.

Priority Four: Ecological communities that are adequately known, rare but not threatened or meet criteria for Near Threatened, or that have been recently removed from the threatened list. These communities require regular monitoring.

(i) Rare. Ecological communities known from few occurrences that are considered to have been adequately surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and that are considered not currently threatened or in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. These communities are usually represented on conservation lands. (ii) Near Threatened. Ecological communities that are considered to have been adequately surveyed and that do not qualify for Conservation Dependent, but that are close to qualifying for Vulnerable. (iii) Ecological communities that have been removed from the list of threatened communities during the past five years. Priority Five: Conservation Dependent ecological communities

Ecological communities that are not threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result in the community becoming threatened within five years.

2 Federal Conservation Codes

2.1 Flora Extinct

A native species is eligible to be included in the extinct category at a particular time if, at that time, there is no reasonable doubt that the last member of the species has died.

5 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

Extinct in the Wild

A native species is eligible to be included in the extinct in the wild category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised population well outside its past range; or (b) it has not been recorded in its known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate seasons, anywhere in its past range, despite exhaustive surveys over a time frame appropriate to its life cycle and form. Critically Endangered

A native species is eligible to be included in the critically endangered category at a particular time if, at that time, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

Endangered

A native species is eligible to be included in the endangered category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) it is not critically endangered; and (b) it is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Vulnerable

A native species is eligible to be included in the vulnerable category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) it is not critically endangered or endangered; and (b) it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Conservation Dependent

A native species is eligible to be included in the conservation dependent category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) the species is the focus of a specific conservation program the cessation of which would result in the species becoming vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered; or (b) the following subparagraphs are satisfied: (i) the species is a species of fish; (ii) the species is the focus of a plan of management that provides for management actions necessary to stop the decline of, and support the recovery of, the species so that its chances of long term survival in nature are maximised; (iii) the plan of management is in force under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; (iv)cessation of the plan of management would adversely affect the conservation status of the species.

6 Appendix A Definition of State and Federal Conservation Codes

2.2 Ecological Communities Critically Endangered

An ecological community is eligible to be included in the critically endangered category at a particular time if, at that time, it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

Endangered

An ecological community is eligible to be included in the endangered category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) it is not critically endangered; and (b) it is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria. Vulnerable

An ecological community is eligible to be included in the vulnerable category at a particular time if, at that time:

(a) it is not critically endangered nor endangered; and (b) it is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium term future, as determined in accordance with the prescribed criteria.

7

Appendix B

Floristic quadrat data collected

Appendix B Flora Quadrat data

Site: 01 (2013) Described: CvdB Date: 24/09/2013 Type: Quadrat (10 m x 10 m) MGA Zone: 50 391628mE; 6432592mN Habitat: Gently undulating dunes Soil: Grey/ black Bassendean Sands Rock Type: No rock exposed Vegetation: Banksia attenuata woodland over scattered Macrozamia riedlei shrubs over Stirlingia latifolia low shrubland over open herbland dominated by Gladiolus caryophyllaceus over open grassland dominated by Bromus diandrus and Ehrharta calycina Condition: Very Good to good Fire Age: 6 to 18 months

Species List: Name Acacia stenoptera Allocasuarina fraseriana Amphipogon turbinatus Banksia attenuata Bossiaea eriocarpa Bromus diandrus Burchardia congesta Caesia occidentalis Caladenia discoidea Caladenia flava subsp. flava Conostylis aculeata subsp. aculeata Dasypogon bromeliifolius Daviesia triflora Desmocladus asper Diuris magnifica Drosera erythrorhiza Drosera pallida Ehrharta calycina Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Hibbertia hypericoides Appendix B Flora Quadrat data

Hybanthus calycinus Isolepis marginata Isotropis cuneifolia subsp. cuneifolia Kennedia prostrata Lagenophora huegelii Leucopogon propinquus Lomandra caespitosa Macrozamia riedlei Opercularia spermacocea Patersonia occidentalis Petrophile linearis Philotheca spicata Podotheca chrysantha Pterostylis ? sanguineus Pyrorchis nigricans Scaevola canescens Schoenus curvifolius Solanum nigrum Sonchus oleraceus Sowerbaea laxiflora Stirlingia latifolia Stylidium schoenoides Thysanotus manglesianus Trachymene pilosa Tricoryne tenella Ursinia anthemoides

Appendix B Flora Quadrat data

Site: 02 (2013) Described: CvdB Date: 24/09/2013 Type: Quadrat (10m x 10m) MGA Zone: 50 391622mE; 6432628mN Habitat: Very gently undulating dunes, in a swale. Soil: Grey/ black Bassendean Sands Rock Type: No rock exposed Vegetation: Banksia attenuata woodland with occasional Eucalyptus marginata over Xanthorrhoea preissii shrubland over Hibbertia hypericoides and Stirlingia latifolia low shrubland over open grassland dominated by Ehrharta calycina over open herbland dominated by Gladiolus caryophyllaceus. Condition: Very Good - Good Fire Age: 6 to 18 months

Species List: Name Acacia pulchella (Seedling) Amphipogon turbinatus Anigozanthos manglesii Arctotheca calendula Banksia attenuata Banksia menziesii Bossiaea eriocarpa Briza maxima Bromus diandrus Burchardia congesta Caladenia discoidea Caladenia flava subsp. flava Caladenia latifolia Caladenia longicauda subsp. longicauda Conostylis aculeata subsp. aculeata Corynotheca micrantha Dampiera linearis Dasypogon bromeliifolius Daviesia triflora Appendix B Flora Quadrat data

Desmocladus asper Desmocladus fasciculatus Drosera erythrorhiza Ehrharta calycina Eucalyptus marginata Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Hardenbergia comptoniana Hibbertia hypericoides Hybanthus calycinus Hypochaeris glabra Jacksonia furcellata Kennedia prostrata Leucopogon propinquus Lotus subbiflorus Macrozamia riedlei Patersonia occidentalis Petrophile linearis Podotheca chrysantha Pyrorchis nigricans Scaevola canescens Solanum nigrum Sonchus asper Sonchus oleraceus Stirlingia latifolia Thysanotus manglesianus Trachymene pilosa Ursinia anthemoides

Appendix B Flora Quadrat data

Floristic Data Collected in 2004 by ATA Environmental (2007)

QUADRAT Q1 391628E 6432592N Open Forest of Banksia menziesii and Banksia attenuata and Eucalyptus marginata with occasional Allocasuarina fraseriana over Open Heath of Acacia pulchella var. glaberimma, Xanthorrhoea preissii and Macrozamia riedlei over Open Grassland of *Ehrharta calycina over Low Shrubland of Hibbertia hypericoides, Leucopogon parviflorus and Patersonia occidentalis. Condition: Very Good

QUADRAT Q1 (10x10m)

SPECIES % COVER HEIGHT (m) Banksia menziesii 15 10 Banksia attenuata 15 10 Eucalyptus marginata 5 10 Kunzea glabrescens 4 3 Allocasuarina fraseriana 1 3 Acacia pulchella var. 20 2 glabrescens Xanthorrhoea preissii 8 1.8 Macrozamia riedlei 8 1.5 *Ehrharta calycina 30 1.3 Dianella revoluta <1 0.6 Leucopogon parviflorus 10 0.5 Hibbertia hypericoides 10 0.5 Burchardia umbellata <1 0.5 Patersonia occidentalis 7 0.4 Hibbertia racemosa <1 0.4 *Briza minor 4 0.3 Petrophile linearis <1 0.3 Conostylis aculeata 1 0.3 *Briza maxima 3 0.25

SPECIES % COVER HEIGHT (m) Goodenia sp. 1 0.2 *Ursinia anthemoides <1 0.2 Desmocladus fasciculatus 1 0.15 Trachymene pilosa <1 0.1 Scaevola canescens 1 0.1 Lomandra sonderi <1 0.1 Hardenbergia comptoniana <1 climber

QUADRAT Q2 391572E 6432556N Open Forest of Banksia menziesii, Banksia attenuata and Allocasuarina fraseriana with occasional Banksia ilicifolia over Tall Open Shrubland of Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. cygnorum and Kunzea glabrescens over Low shrubland of Stirlingia latifolia, Patersonia occidentalis, Conostylis aculeata, Leucopogon propinquus, Leucopogon parviflorus, Bossiaea eriocarpa and Petrophile linearis. Condition: Very Good

QUADRAT Q2 (10x10m)

SPECIES % COVER HEIGHT (m) Banksia menziesii 15 11 Banksia attenuata 10 11 Banksia ilicifolia 5 7 Allocasuarina fraseriana 10 4 Kunzea glabrescens 3 3.4 Adenanthos cygnorum subsp. 4 3 cygnorum Macrozamia riedlei 3 1.6 Beaufortia elegans 2 1.5 *Ehrharta calycina 1 1.1 Stirlingia latifolia 10 1 *Gladiolus sp. <1 1 Bossiaea eriocarpa 8 0.6 Leucopogon parviflorus 8 0.6 Patersonia occidentalis 6 0.6 Lyginia barbata 3 0.6 Gompholobium tomentosum 1 0.6 Amphipogon turbinatus 1 0.5 Conostylis aculeata 6 0.4 *Briza maxima 6 0.4 Leucopogon propinquus 2 0.4 Macarthuria australis 1 0.3

SPECIES % COVER HEIGHT (m) Petrophile linearis 1 0.25 Desmocladus fasciculatus 5 0.1 Kennedia prostrata <1 0.05

Appendix C

Spring flora list

Appendix C Spring Flora List

28 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentum

42 ZAMIACEAE Macrozamia riedlei

82 ARACEAE * Zantedeschia aethiopica (Declared Pest)

109 COLCHICACEAE Burchardia congesta

115 ORCHIDACEAE Caladenia discoidea Caladenia flava subsp. flava Caladenia latifolia Caladenia longicauda subsp. longicauda Caladenia sp. Diuris magnifica Microtis media Pterostylis ? Sanguineus Pyrorchis nigricans Thelymitra campanulata

124 IRIDACEAE * Freesia alba x leichtlinii * Gladiolus caryophyllaceus Patersonia occidentalis

126 XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xanthorrhoea preissii

128 ASPARAGACEAE Chamaescilla corymbosa Laxmannia grandiflora subsp. grandiflora Lomandra caespitosa Lomandra hermaphrodita Lomandra sonderi Sowerbaea laxiflora Thysanotus manglesianus

129 ASPHODELACEAE * Trachyandra divaricata

130 HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Caesia occidentalis Corynotheca micrantha Dianella revoluta Tricoryne elatior Tricoryne tenella

138 HAEMODORACEAE Anigozanthos humilis

Anigozanthos manglesii Conostylis aculeata subsp. aculeata Haemodorum spicatum Phlebocarya ciliata

147 DASYPOGONACEAE Calectasia narragara Dasypogon bromeliifolius

156 CYPERACEAE * Isolepis marginata Lepidosperma pubisquameum Mesomelaena pseudostygia Schoenus curvifolius Schoenus grandiflorus

157 ANARTHRIACEAE Lyginia barbata

159 RESTIONACEAE Desmocladus asper Desmocladus fasciculatus Hypolaena exsulca

163 POACEAE Amphipogon turbinatus * Avena fatua * Briza maxima * Briza minor * Bromus diandrus * Ehrharta calycina * Eragrostis curvula * Lolium perenne

175 PROTEACEAE Adenanthos cygnorum Banksia attenuata Banksia ilicifolia Banksia menziesii Petrophile linearis Stirlingia latifolia

181 DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia hypericoides Hibbertia subvaginata

192 CRASSULACEAE Crassula colorata

201 FABACEAE Acacia huegelii Acacia pulchella Acacia pulchella var. glaberrima Acacia stenoptera Bossiaea eriocarpa Daviesia triflora Gompholobium capitatum Hardenbergia comptoniana Isotropis cuneifolia subsp. cuneifolia

Jacksonia furcellata Kennedia coccinea Kennedia prostrata * Lotus subbiflorus * Lupinus cosentinii Pultenaea reticulata

217 CASUARINACEAE Allocasuarina fraseriana

232 OXALIDACEAE * Oxalis pes-caprae

242 EUPHORBIACEAE * Euphorbia terracina * Ricinus communis

261 VIOLACEAE Hybanthus calycinus

274 GERANIACEAE * Pelargonium capitatum * Erodium botrys

281 MYRTACEAE Beaufortia elegans Calytrix flavescens Calytrix fraseri Eucalyptus marginata Kunzea glabrescens

300 RUTACEAE Philotheca spicata

332 BRASSICACEAE * Brassica tournefortii

346 DROSERACEAE Drosera erythrorhiza Drosera menziesii Drosera pallida

355 CARYOPHYLLACEAE * Petrorhagia dubia

364 AIZOACEAE * Carpobrotus edulis

368 MOLLUGINACEAE Macarthuria australis

374 PORTULACACEAE Calandrinia liniflora * Portulaca oleracea

392 PRIMULACEAE * Lysimachia arvensis

403 ERICACEAE Leucopogon parviflorus Leucopogon propinquus

409 RUBIACEAE Opercularia vaginata

417 SOLANACEAE * Solanum nigrum

432 LAMIACEAE Hemiandra pungens

435 OROBANCHACEAE * Orobanche minor

450 CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia tenuior * Wahlenbergia capensis

452 STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium araeophyllum ms Stylidium repens Stylidium schoenoides

458 GOODENIACEAE Dampiera alata Dampiera linearis Leschenaultia floribunda Scaevola canescens

460 ASTERACEAE * Arctotheca calendula * Hypochaeris glabra * Hypochaeris radicata Lagenophora huegelii Podolepis lessonii Podotheca angustifolium Podotheca chrysantha Siloxerus humifusus * Sonchus asper * Sonchus oleraceus * Ursinia anthemoides

472 ARALIACEAE Trachymene pilosa

474 APIACEAE Xanthosia huegelii

Native Flora 97 Introduced Flora 33 Total Flora 130

* - denotes introduced (weed) taxa.