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Social Representations and Women Who Live As Men in Northern Albania

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Social Representations and Women Who Live As Men in Northern Albania SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS AND WOMEN WHO LIVE AS MEN IN NORTHERN ALBANIA Ellen (Elena) Robertson Martinez Murray Edwards College January 2020 This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. PREFACE This thesis is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my thesis has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. ABSTRACT Social Representations and Women Who Live As Men in Northern Albania Ellen Robertson Martinez In some rural, northern communities of Albania there is a centuries-old tradition whereby it is socially acceptable for women to live as men. Despite strict gender norms and heteronormativity under general circumstances, these burrnesha are accepted by their communities and often highly respected and admired. By contrast, LGBT+ communities, who also represent some form of gender non-conformity, are subject to disproportionate stigma, discrimination, and violence. This dissertation research uses Social Representations Theory to investigate the construction of burrnesha social identity and the role of this representation in Albanian society. I conducted interviews with 48 average Albanian citizens from three regions of the country. These regions included: 1) the region where burrnesha are most common, 2) the country’s capital Tirana, and 3) a town that represents a cultural and geographical intermediate between the other two regions. I also conducted ten interviews with burrnesha themselves from various regions of the country. Using thematic analysis, I evaluated the most general representation that emerged from the data, as well as variations of that representation that appeared less frequentl. In my first analysis, I found that nearly all respondents at some point in the interview engaged in a representation that justified the tradition of burrnesha. In this representation, living as a man served to preserve masculine leadership. The assumption of asexuality and external motivation to live as a man served to assure respondents that burrnesha did not conflict with heteronormativity. This representation revolved around themes of gender essentialism, utility, sacrifice, family collectivism, obligation, and hardship in order to reflect and reproduce patriarchal norms. In my second analysis, I found that during parts of the interviews respondents sometimes used other representations. These other representations reflected differences in respondents’ social position in relation to burrneshas’ communities. These social positions impelled respondents to construct social distance or proximity, which influenced and was influenced by changes to the structure of the burrnesha representation. Third, I compared responses from burrnesha themselves to their non-burrnesha counterparts. The two groups relied on many of the same themes. However, burrnesha saw their masculinity as an inherent part of who they were whereas community respondents positioned masculinity as the result of adverse circumstances. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In carrying out all aspects of this dissertation project, I relied on an extraordinary amount of support from numerous people. I would first like to acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Professor Melissa Hines, my first advisor, Dr. Juliet Foster, and my research assistant, Mr. Ardit Zaja. Each of these individuals has been deeply involved in helping me develop, carry out, and analyze my research. I am grateful to all of the respondents that took part in this research, as well as the Albanian friends and acquaintances who helped me find respondents and manage practical issues during my field work. Likewise, I am grateful to all those who helped me develop my ideas, hone my writing, and supported me in general, including my family, Therese Gould, Karly Drabot, Lorena Qendro, Antonia Young, Sophie Zadeh, Jonis Buzi, and Valbona Selmani, among many others. Without the generous and thoughtful support of all of these individuals, this research simply would not have been possible. Finally, a note of thanks to the Albanian burrnesha who inspired this research and shared their stories with me: Shumë faleminderit që keni ndarë historitë e jetëve tuaja me mua. Nuk është aspak e lehtë për të treguar histori aq personale dhe të veçanta dhe sidomos t´ia tregoni ato një njeriu te panjohur. Historitë tuaja janë të jashtëzakonshme dhe ndjehem e privilegjuar që kam arritur të njihem me to. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 5 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Dissertation Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Brief Background ............................................................................................................ 2 Summary, Research Questions, and Goals ..................................................................... 4 Vocabulary ...................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Background ....................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Introduction .................................................................................................... 9 Albania ............................................................................................................................ 9 Basic Information and History ................................................................................................. 9 The Kanun and Blood Feuds .................................................................................................. 13 Cultural Values ...................................................................................................................... 14 Attitudes towards LGBT+ Communities ............................................................................... 18 Burrnesha ...................................................................................................................... 19 Origins of the Custom ............................................................................................................ 19 “Burrneshe” and Other Terms................................................................................................ 21 Women Who Live as Men ..................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3: Theory and Research Questions ...................................................................... 33 Chapter 3 Introduction .................................................................................................. 33 Social Representations Theory ..................................................................................... 33 General Background .............................................................................................................. 34 Social Identity ........................................................................................................................ 44 Power and Social Positioning ................................................................................................ 46 Gender .................................................................................................................................... 50 Final Research Questions .............................................................................................. 52 Chapter 3 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 4: Methods and Data Collection .......................................................................... 55 Chapter 4 Introduction .................................................................................................. 55 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 55 Research Materials .......................................................................................................
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