Sectarianism in Syria's Civil

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sectarianism in Syria's Civil Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War Fabrice Balanche To cite this version: Fabrice Balanche. Sectarianism in Syria’s Civil War. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2018. halshs-01702640 HAL Id: halshs-01702640 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01702640 Submitted on 15 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SECTARIANISM IN SYRIA’S CIVIL WAR Fabrice Balanche A Geopolitical Study Featuring 70 Original Maps SECTARIANISM IN SYRIA’S CIVIL WAR SECTARIANISM IN SYRIA’S CIVIL WAR FABRICE BALANCHE A GEOPOLITICAL STUDY FEATURING 70 ORIGINAL MAPS BY FABRICE BALANCHE & MARY KALBACH HORAN The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author and not necessarily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2018 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY 1111 19TH STREET NW, SUITE 500 WASHINGTON, DC 20036 www.washingtoninstitute.org DESIGN: 1000colors.org CONTENTS Table of Maps vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi I THE ROLE OF SectarianisM IN THE SYRIAN CONFLICT 1 | Sectarian Lines Are Drawn and Redrawn 3 2 | Assad’s Syria, Then and Now 31 3 | Syrian Kurdistan under the PYD 51 4 | Radicalization of the Sunni Arab Rebellion 68 5 | Four Postwar Scenarios 94 II THE ORIGINS OF SYRIA’S SectarianisM 6 | A Divisive Evolution 109 About the Author Inside Back Cover TABLE OF MAPS 1. Geography of the Syrian Population 2004 xii 19. Potential Migration from Rebel and IS Areas, May 2017 27 2. Sectarian and Ethnic Distribution in Syria 2011 xiii 20. Syrian Army Progression in Damascus Area, 3. Arab Tribes in Syria xiv March 2013‒May 2017 33 4. Geography of the Syrian Uprising, Fall 2011 4 21. The Syrian Army Surrounds East Ghouta 34 5. Sectarianism and Frontlines, May 2017 5 22. Syrian Army Damascus Strategy, May 2017 35 6. Military Situation and Sectarianism, April 2013 6 23. Latakia Sectarian Distribution 2011 37 7. Military Situation and Sectarianism, May 2017 7 24. From Alawite Stronghold to Statelet 39 8. Homs 2011: Sectarian Distribution 9 25. Jabal al-Druze and the Southern Front, March 2017 40 9. The 2011 Damascus Uprising 10 26. East Aleppo vs. West Aleppo, January 2016 45 10. Baniyas Sectarian Distribution 2011 11 27. Syrian Army Offensive East Aleppo, Fall 2016 46 11. Syrian Cities: Two Models 12 28. Struggle for the Manbij‒Azaz Corridor, Winter 2016 47 12. Military Situation, May 2017 18 29. Ethnic Divisions in Northern Syria 52 13. Syrian Population Growth 1940‒2010 19 30. PYD Expansion in Northern Syria, May 2017 53 14. Refugees by Sect, June 2017 20 31. Rojava Population and Future Administrative 15. Syrian Refugees and IDPs, May 2017 21 Organization 2016 54 16. Resident Syrian Population by Sect 22 32. Arabization of Village Names in Northern Syria 55 17. Population by Sect in the Regime Area 23 33. Change in Irrigated Land, Northeast Syria 2001‒2009 57 18. Population by Zone, 2013 and 2017 23 34. Syrian Kurds Break Encirclement, April 2017 59 vii 35. Rojava as a Future Corridor to the Sea 60 53. Partition with Rebellion in Damascus 99 36. Syrian Rebel Groups by Ideology, March 2016 69 54. Potential Iranian Routes to the Mediterranean, August 2017 101 37. Syrian Rebel Powerbrokers by Number 55. Russia’s Strategy in Syria 102 and Ideology, March 2016 70 56. Russia’s Strategy in the Levant: 38. Syrian Rebel Powerbrokers by Front, March 2016 71 Energy and Turkish Siege 103 39. Military Situation in Southern Syria, May 2017 73 57. Sectarian Distribution in Levant and Potential Statelets 104 40. Military Developments in Northwest Syria, 58. The New Thirty Years War 105 March/April 2017 74 59. Sectarian Distribution in the Levant at End 41. Military Situation in Northern Syria, May 2017 75 of Ottoman Empire 111 42. Close Allies of Jabhat al-Nusra, June 2016 76 60. Centers and Peripheral Zones in the Levant at End of Ottoman Empire 112 43. Jabhat al-Nusra and Coalitions, Winter 2015‒Fall 2016 77 61. Old City of Damascus at End of Ottoman Empire 113 44. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Territorial Organization in Idlib Area, August 2017 80 62. The Alawite State 1920‒1936 114 45. Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Strongholds in Idlib Area, 63. Administrative Divisions in Syria 120 August 2017 81 64. Baathist Planning 1963–1990: Development of the Periphery 122 46. Military Situation in Syria and Iraq, May 2017 83 65. Periphery Cleavage Since the 1990s 123 47. Energy Production in Syria 86 66. Syrian Population 2010 by Age and Gender 124 48. Arab Tribes and Military Situation in Northeast 67. Demographic Growth in Syria by District Syria, April 2016 88 1970‒1981 126 49. Syria’s Ethnic and Social Structure 97 68. Demographic Growth in Syria by District 50. Unity with Regime in Damascus 98 1994‒2004 127 51. Unity with Rebellion in Damascus 98 69. Illiteracy in Syria by Province 2004 128 52. Partition with Regime in Damascus 99 70. Internal Migration in Syria 1990 –2010 129 viii ACKnoWLEDGments Y PRofoUND THANKS to all those who helped and supported me in the realization of this study. First, the publications team at The Washing- ton Institute was instrumental in bringing this project to fruition: Editor MGeorge Lopez did a wonderful job organizing the text and finessing the prose while scrupulously checking that all information was properly referenced. Publica- tions director Mary Kalbach Horan spent an extraordinary amount of time redesigning and editing the maps, ensuring the coherence of names down to the smallest and most obscure Syrian village. Research assistants Marine Barjol, James Bowker, and Jackson Doer- ing helped me translate my original French drafts into readable English. Their fresh eyes forced me to clarify ideas for the many readers who have not spent their professional lives analyzing Syria in minute detail. Furthermore, this study is the result of immense teamwork among the Institute’s numer- ous scholars and experts. Martin Kramer, David Pollock, David Schenker, Andrew Tabler, Ehud Yaari, and Aaron Zelin read and reread various chapters with great attention to detail and endeavored to enrich them. Patrick Clawson coordinated this team, greatly stimulating and encouraging my research over the past two years. I am also grateful to executive direc- tor Robert Satloff for his hospitality and kindness. Syria is a difficult subject with violent polemics, so any scholar who tackles it depends on the support of the institution hosting him. I have always found this support at The Washington Institute. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all the Washington Institute ad- ministrators, researchers, assistants, interns, and donors who helped and supported me during my stay. Fabrice Balanche January 2018 ix INTRODUCTION S SYRIA’S seemingly in- Examining these identities is therefore including the most salient military, to create a strong solidarity link. The terminable war drags on, crucial to answering the most fundamen- political, demographic, and economic sect becomes a political player when its nagging questions about tal questions about the ongoing upheaval. trends. It can also yield lessons about leaders decide to compete for authority A its initial causes and cur- The main objective of this study is state failure and other ills afflicting the at the state level, using sectarian soli- rent dynamics have yet to be fully an- to foster a fuller understanding of the wider Middle East. Focusing on sectari- darity to seize mulk (political power). swered, particularly in comparison to role that sectarianism has played in anism does not mean one should see it Indeed, medieval scholar Ibn Khaldun other regional crises. Why did Bashar Syria’s war, and to reassess the notion lurking behind every door in Syria, but defined any such collective as an asabiy- al-Assad’s regime not fall quickly like that the regime’s divisive efforts single- it does need to be granted a more promi- ya, a solidarity group created with the Hosni Mubarak’s did in Egypt? Why handedly transformed the secular and nent place in discussions about the war express goal of taking political power.2 has the Syrian army not fractured like democratic revolution of 2011 into the and Syria’s future. In the 1980s, Michel Seurat applied Muammar Qadhafi’s in Libya? And why brutal sectarian conflict of today. Since Khaldun’s theories to Syria in ways that has the fighting persisted for so long? 3 the beginning, sectarianism has been A SECTARIAN CIVIL WAR are deeply relevant to the current war. In many ways the Syrian conflict has a major factor in the conflict, perhaps Detailed analysis of such theories can be been taken out of the hands of Syrians even more so than geopolitical drivers The general concept of sectarianism found in Part II of this study, “Origins themselves, becoming a proxy war be- and other issues, but many analysts and has been abundantly explained by a of Syria’s Sectarianism,” but they inform tween regional and international forces participants have deliberately marginal- multitude of authors.
Recommended publications
  • Offensive Against the Syrian City of Manbij May Be the Beginning of a Campaign to Liberate the Area Near the Syrian-Turkish Border from ISIS
    June 23, 2016 Offensive against the Syrian City of Manbij May Be the Beginning of a Campaign to Liberate the Area near the Syrian-Turkish Border from ISIS Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) fighters at the western entrance to the city of Manbij (Fars, June 18, 2016). Overview 1. On May 31, 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a Kurdish-dominated military alliance supported by the United States, initiated a campaign to liberate the northern Syrian city of Manbij from ISIS. Manbij lies west of the Euphrates, about 35 kilometers (about 22 miles) south of the Syrian-Turkish border. In the three weeks since the offensive began, the SDF forces, which number several thousand, captured the rural regions around Manbij, encircled the city and invaded it. According to reports, on June 19, 2016, an SDF force entered Manbij and occupied one of the key squares at the western entrance to the city. 2. The declared objective of the ground offensive is to occupy Manbij. However, the objective of the entire campaign may be to liberate the cities of Manbij, Jarabulus, Al-Bab and Al-Rai, which lie to the west of the Euphrates and are ISIS strongholds near the Turkish border. For ISIS, the loss of the area is liable to be a severe blow to its logistic links between the outside world and the centers of its control in eastern Syria (Al-Raqqah), Iraq (Mosul). Moreover, the loss of the region will further 112-16 112-16 2 2 weaken ISIS's standing in northern Syria and strengthen the military-political position and image of the Kurdish forces leading the anti-ISIS ground offensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 Establishment of the Sewerage Development Master Plan
    The study on sewerage system development in the Syrian Arab Republic Final Report CHAPTER 9 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 9.1 Basic Condition for Master Plan 9.1.1 Target Year One of Japan’s most highly authoritative design guideline entitled, “Design Guidelines for Sewerage System” prescribes that the target year for a sewerage development plan shall be set approximately 20 years later than the current year. This is due to the following reasons: • The useful life of both the facilities and the construction period should extend over a long period of time; • Of special significance to sewer pipe construction is the phasing of the capacity strengthening. This should be based on the sewage volume increase although this may be quite difficult to track; • Therefore, the sewerage facility plan shall be based on long-term prospect, such as the long-term urbanization plan. In as much as this study started in November 2006, the year 2006 can be regarded as the “present” year. Though 20 years after 2006 is 2026, this was correspondingly adjusted as 2025. Hence, the year 2025 was adopted as target year for this Study. 9.1.2 Sanitation System / Facilities The abovementioned guideline describes “service area” as the area to be served by the sewerage system, as follows: • Since the service area provides the fundamental condition for the sewerage system development plan, investment-wise, the economic and O&M aspects shall be dully examined upon the delineation of the area. • The optimum area, the area where the target pollution reduction can be achieved as stipulated in theover-all development plan, shall be selected carefully.
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Iraq and Syria
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria Zachary Kielp Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kielp, Zachary, "The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3225. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3225 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Zachary Kielp December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Zachary Kielp ii THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Zachary Kielp ABSTRACT After the carnage of World War One and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire a new form of political organization was brought to the Middle East, the Nation-State.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria: "Torture Was My Punishment": Abductions, Torture and Summary
    ‘TORTURE WAS MY PUNISHMENT’ ABDUCTIONS, TORTURE AND SUMMARY KILLINGS UNDER ARMED GROUP RULE IN ALEPPO AND IDLEB, SYRIA Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2016 Cover photo: Armed group fighters prepare to launch a rocket in the Saif al-Dawla district of the Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons northern Syrian city of Aleppo, on 21 April 2013. (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Miguel Medina/AFP/Getty Images https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2016 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 24/4227/2016 July 2016 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 METHODOLOGY 7 1. BACKGROUND 9 1.1 Armed group rule in Aleppo and Idleb 9 1.2 Violations by other actors 13 2. ABDUCTIONS 15 2.1 Journalists and media activists 15 2.2 Lawyers, political activists and others 18 2.3 Children 21 2.4 Minorities 22 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Sitrep October 28
    Syria Situation Report: October 28 - November 10, 2020 1 Oct. 29 - Nov. 1: ISIS Continues Assassination Campaign against Leaders 5 Nov. 4 - 7: ISIS Attack Cells May Have of Security and Governance Institutions in Eastern Syria. ISIS claimed the Strengthened in Aleppo Province. ISIS claimed assassination of the director of the oil department within the Syrian Democratic Forces responsibility for an improvised explosive device (IED) (SDF)-supported Deir e-Zor Civil Council in al-Sabha on October 29. Possible ISIS that killed a commander of the Turkish-backed Faylaq militants attempted and failed to assassinate Abu Khawla, the head of the Deir e-Zor al-Sham in al-Bab on November 4. ISIS militants Military Council in Hasakah city, Hasakah Province, on November 1. ISIS also claimed detonated an IED in al-Bab on November 7, killing three the assassination of Commander Hafal Riad of the Kurdish Internal Security Forces in Free Syrian Police officers. On the same day, ISIS Markadah, Hasakah Province, on the same day. claimed responsibility for an IED that killed one and injured an unknown number of people in 2 Nov. 2: Iranian-affiliated Militiaman Shamarikh. This amount of Confesses Plot to Degrade Security Situation 4 Qamishli ISIS activity is unusual in by Assassinating Key Figures. Authorities Turkish-controlled Aleppo arrested Radwan al-Hajji when he attempted to 5 Province and may indicate assassinate Hammouda Abu Ashour, the leader of Manbij increased capabilities in the the Al-Furqan Brigade, in Kanaker, Damascus 5 Hasakah region or that ISIS is transitioning Province. Al-Hajji revealed a list of 17 Kanaker 1 this area to an attack zone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria
    THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras policy focus 132 | december 2013 the washington institute for near east policy www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. MAPS Fig. 1 based on map designed by W.D. Langeraar of Michael Moran & Associates that incorporates data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP- WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC. Figs. 2, 3, and 4: detail from The Tourist Atlas of Syria, Syria Ministry of Tourism, Directorate of Tourist Relations, Damascus. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Digitally rendered montage incorporating an interior photo of the tomb of Hafez al-Assad and a partial view of the wheel tapestry found in the Sheikh Daher Shrine—a 500-year-old Alawite place of worship situated in an ancient grove of wild oak; both are situated in al-Qurdaha, Syria. Photographs by Andrew Tabler/TWI; design and montage by 1000colors.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria - Complex Emergency
    SYRIA - COMPLEX EMERGENCY FACT SHEET #4, FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2020 FEBRUARY 7, 2020 NUMBERS AT HIGHLIGHTS HUMANITARIAN FUNDING A GLANCE FOR THE SYRIA RESPONSE IN FYS 2012–2019 Hostilities displace approximately 586,000 11.7 million people in northwest Syria since December USAID/OFDA1 $1,950,692,988 1 People in Need of USAID/FFP2 $3,287,437,637 Humanitarian Assistance Humanitarian organizations suspend in Syria health care services at more than 50 3 $5,260,812,775 UN – January 2019 State/PRM facilities in northwest Syria during January 6.2 million Despite ongoing security concerns, relief actors continue to provide humanitarian IDPs in Syria $10,498,943,400 UN – May 2019 aid to IDPs and other conflict-affected Syrians 4 million People Reached per Month by USAID Assistance in Syria USAID – December 2019 KEY DEVELOPMENTS Since December 1, Government of the Russian Federation (GoRF) airstrikes, shelling, and 5.6 million a Syrian Arab Republic Government (SARG) ground offensive have displaced an Syrian Refugees in estimated 586,000 people from and within southern Idlib Governorate and western Neighboring Countries Aleppo Governorate, including approximately 200,000 people displaced from January 26 UNHCR – January 2020 to February 2 alone, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Relief actors note that a significant portion of newly displaced people in 3.6 million northwest Syria had previously been displaced by conflict in recent months, reflecting a Syrian Refugees in Turkey trend of compounding primary, secondary, and tertiary displacements in the region. UNHCR – January 2020 Hostilities continue to impact humanitarian services in northwest Syria, with heavy fighting resulting in the closure of more than 50 health facilities during the month of 914,648 January, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) reports.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Terrain in Syria: February 9, 2015
    Control of Terrain in Syria: February 9, 2015 Ain-Diwar Ayn al-Arab Bab al-Salama Qamishli Harem Jarablus Ras al-Ayn Yarubiya Salqin Azaz Tal Abyad Bab al-Hawa Manbij Darkush al-Bab Jisr ash-Shughour Aleppo Hasakah Idlib Kuweiris Airbase Kasab Saraqib ash-Shadadi Ariha Jabal al-Zawiyah Maskana ar-Raqqa Ma’arat al-Nu’man Latakia Khan Sheikhoun Mahardeh Morek Markadeh Hama Deir ez-Zour Tartous Homs S y r i a al-Mayadin Dabussiya Palmyra Tal Kalakh Jussiyeh Abu Kamal Zabadani Yabrud Key Regime Controlled Jdaidet-Yabus ISIS Controlled Damascus al-Tanf Quneitra Rebels Controlled as-Suwayda JN Controlled Deraa Nassib JN Stronghold Jizzah Kurdish Controlled Contested Areas ISW is watching Changes since last Control Map by ISW Syria Team YPG forces have taken Ayn al-Arab/Kobani from ISIS and swept outward to clear the surrounding countryside. The YPG continues to pursue ISIS as part of the “Euphrates Volcano Operations Room,” along with three Aleppo-based rebel groups. These groups claim to have seized over 100 villages from ISIS control. YPG and rebel forces seized the Qarah Qawzaq bridge on February 7 and appear to be mobilizing for an oensive against Manbij. ISIS forces are reportedly conducting “tactical withdrawals” from al-Bab, amidst rumors of ISIS attempts to hand over its bases to the Aleppo Sala Jihadist coalition Jabhat Ansar al-Din. ISW is placing watches on both Manbij and al-Bab as ISIS forces regroup and the Euphrates Volcano Operations Room continues to advance. Meanwhile, Hezbollah forces have mobilized in the vicinity of the besieged JN and rebel enclave of Zabadani, northwest of Damascus city near the Lebanese border, amidst an increased regime barrel bomb campaign against the town.
    [Show full text]
  • 202102 Syria Multipurpose Cas
    INTER-AGENCY SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CASH WORKING Northwest Syria - Multipurpose Cash Based Response CWG GROUP February 2021 DRAFT NorthWest Syria (NWS) The Northwest Syria Cash Working Group (NWS-CWG) is a forum of technical professionals dedicated to improving the quality of cash and voucher assistance (CVA) and its coordination, particularly multipurpose cash (MPC). This includes sharing lessons and good practices and harmonisation of approaches. The CWG could also serve as the technical arm of clusters, who would like to systemati- cally include CVA in their response toolbox. In February 2021, humanitarian partners distributed multipurpose cash worth a total of $0.76M USD, benefiting 40,400 crisis-affected individuals living in 41 communities in Idleb and Aleppo governorates. Number of beneficiaries reached Number of beneficiaries > 5,000 8,400 1,001 - 5,000 HOUSEHOLDS REACHED 501 - 1,000 (! 1 - 500 Bgheidine !!! Sharan!( Salama (((!( ! (! ( !(Albil (!(!Rael (! !Aziziyeh(! Shweiha Arshaf(!(! 40,400 Su Sinbat(! Barshaya(! BENEFICIARIES REACHED Qabasin(! Hazwan(! ! Tal!( Slur Al( Bab Zarzita!( Women Men Girls Boys Dana(! 10,400 8,300 10,400 11,400 Batbu ALEPPO Kafr Takharim !( !( (!Kelly (26%) (20%) (26%) (28%) Armanaz(! !( Kafr(!(! Nabi Biret Armanaz(! (! !(Murin Dorriyeh(!(! Foah(! Thahr!( Number of beneficiaries reached per month Qanniyeh(! Mreimin(!(! Qaderiyeh!( - Qayqun 263K Bsheiriyeh(! - Bello 154K 123K IDLEB 117K 97K 51K 48K 49K 40K 22K 23K 9K Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb 2020 2021 Number of organizations reported
    [Show full text]
  • WHEAT VALUE CHAIN ASSESSMENT North West - Syria June 2020
    WHEAT VALUE CHAIN ASSESSMENT North West - Syria June 2020 Shafak & MH Europe Organizations Contents 1 Humanitarian Needs Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2 2 Methodology and Approach................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4 4 Locations .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 5 Assessment Findings ................................................................................................................................................ 7 5.1 Affected population demographics: ............................................................................................. 7 5.2 Affected people main occupation: ................................................................................................ 7 5.3 Agriculture land-farmers: ................................................................................................................... 9 5.4 farmers Challenges: ............................................................................................................................. 10 5.5 Main Cultivated Crops: ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Les Rôles Du Vétérinaire Militaire De L'armée Du Levant Dans Les Théâtres Des Opérations Extérieures De 1935 a 1942
    Année 2019 LES RÔLES DU VÉTÉRINAIRE MILITAIRE DE L'ARMÉE DU LEVANT DANS LES THÉÂTRES DES OPÉRATIONS EXTÉRIEURES DE 1935 A 1942 THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VÉTÉRINAIRE, présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL le…………… par Auriane Marine Madeleine Josseline SCHMITT Née le 24 septembre 1994 à Saint-Cyr-l’Ecole (Yvelines) DIRECTEUR DE THESE : Pr Henry CHATEAU, Président Pr Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL 1er Assesseur Pr Henry CHATEAU Professeur à l’EnvA 2nd Assesseur Dr Lélia BERTONI Maître de Conférences à l’EnvA INVITÉS : Mme Sandrine HAON, Conservateur de la Bibliothèque de l’ENVA Dr Christophe DEGUEURCE, Directeur de l’ENVA Remerciements Au Président du jury Qui me fait l’honneur de présider mon jury de thèse, Respectueux hommage. A Monsieur le Professeur Henry Chateau, Qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la direction de cette thèse atypique Pour votre collaboration à l’établissement de ce projet, Sincères remerciements. A Madame le Docteur Lélia Bertoni, Pour avoir accepté d’être mon assesseur, Ma profonde reconnaissance. A Madame Sandrine Haon, Pour tous vos conseils précieux tant sur le fond que sur la forme, toutes vos relectures attentives, tout le temps que vous avez accordé à ce travail, Ma très profonde gratitude. A Monsieur le Professeur Christophe Degueurce, Qui m’a fait l’honneur de me proposer ce sujet Pour votre passion de l’histoire des vétérinaires, Hommage reconnaissant. A Madame Jacqueline Mongellaz, Madame Estelle Geraud et Madame Nathalie Halgand, Sans qui cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour et sans qui le Fonds Mourot n’existerait pas.
    [Show full text]