A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE- BRITISH IN AFRICA BRITAIN ACROSS THE SEAS

AFRICA

A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

OF THE IN AFRICA

BY SIR HARRY JOHNSTON, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.Sc.

LONDON NATIONAL SOCIETY'S DEPOSITORY 19 GREAT PETER STREET. WESTMINSTER. S.W.

[All rights resel"vcdl PREFACE

AND ACKNO\VLEDGMENTS

IN view of the great developments of the British Empire in Africa since the commencement of the Twentieth Century, it was thought desirable by the National Society that a concise history of this racial enterprise should be published, which would not be too abstruse for young students (whose previous knowledge of Africa might be assumed to be elementary), nor yet too lacking in technical information to be of service to those who had left student­ hood behind, but desired to learn rapidly ' how all these things came to pass ' in this Continent of black, white, and yellow peoples. The book was to be written as far as possible without national or party bias. How far I have accomplished these arms I must leave it to the fair-minded reader to decide. I have been left quite unfettered by the National Society, ·and the opinions herein expressed are my own, though I trust that they are coincident with the actual truth, so far as that truth can be realized whilst the nearer events of African history are not yet properly focussed by time. It has seemed to me m my own revrsron of the b vi PREFACE proofs, that here and there I may have given the impression that I reprobated the imperial enterprise of other European Powers in Africa ; that while approving of the attempts of the British to keep open for their future advancement the road from to the Zambezi, I thought it reprehensible on the part of the Dutch States of to attempt to baulk such a scheme or to contemplate an alliance with the ; that I cordially approved of a British Nigeria or , but not of a French Empire in these regions. Such were not my intentions; but as this book is mainly intended for students, for t\le use of the young men and women who will assist in framing the policy of the British· Empire when the present generation of workers and politicians has pass~d into inactivity, I should like to make it quite clear that I ~ave followed Thomas Carlyle's advice to ' clear myself of cant.'· (But he and Huxley and Charles Kingsley so purged their minds of the national tendency to be hypocritical that they approved of, or did ~ot condemn, the atrocities committed in Jamaica during the early 'sixties.) It is my personal opinion that on the whole the British have been more righteous in their dealings with the native races of Africa than have some other of their European rivals; but they do not hold the monopoly of virtue and disinterestedness. \Vho that has studied at first hand the present condition of Algeria, Tunis, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahome, French Nigeria, and Sudan, can refuse a meed of praise -of the heartiest-to the results of France's sacrifices and achievements in the cause of true civilization ? \Vho, on the other hand, could fail to condemn the French PREFACE vii treatment of· Western Congoland, based on the Leopoldian regime in the defunct Congo Independent State? · And in this last, though the diatribes and criticisms of Mr. E. D. Morel are confirmed and justified by what has taken place, can any fair-minded witness deny that the Belgians have wrought much good elsewhere in the Congo basin, outside the area affected by the direct management of King_ Leopold II, or of several of his concessionnaire companies? The British record in in the early days, or in Zanzibar for a brief period, or in the far-back formation of the West African Colonies was not devoid of blame. Chicanery, combined with. pitiful indecision, marred our South African Policy at intervals between 1806 and 1900, . but these faults were accompanied by the noblest achieve­ ments in true Christianity, Science, Valour in warfare with· men and beasts and with the Devil of unregenerate nature, and victories over these enemies which must make us proud of our national records. An impartial outsider cannot always defend the details or the whole of the ' native' policy of the Natal ·government, but is bound to bear in mind the main fact that the negro population of Natal and Zululand in 1843 was only about 220,000, and has since risen to not far short of 1,000,000; also to give the comparative handful of whites in that garden colony full credit for their amazing success in the development of their country's inherent resources, to the great profit and welfare of blacks, as well as yellows and whites. Nor can one fail to ·agree that the Germans deserve well of the world's opinion for the way in which they have conducted scientific research, have maintained free trade, and have (ultimately) benefited the indigenous peoples of b2 Vlll PREFACE

Togoland, Cameroons, , and South-\Vest Africa. Both in making and in writing history it is my humble opinion that we gain rather than lose by attempting to be just, and that whilst the parable of the Ten Talents is always to be borne in mind, we should equally take to heart the metaphor which bids us have scrupulous care for the flawless condition of our own vision before we concern ourselves too closely with our neighbour's eyesight. The Society which publishes this book desired that it might be illustrated copiously by photographs of the scenes, the peoples and personalities referred to. I have been able to supply some of these ·illustrations from my own drawings and photographs, but for the remainder (as well as for verbal information) I am very much indebted to a number of friends and fellow-travellers in Africa, as well as to institutions like the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Anthropological Institute. Among those to :whom my thanks are specially due are the Bishop of Glasgow and Galloway, Capt. T. C. Hincks (Royal Berkshire Regiment), Mr. Leo Weinthal, F.R.G.S. (Editor of the African World), Capt. C. H. Foulkes, R.E., Mr. J. F. Cunningham (Secretary to the Uganda Administration), Col. H. G. C. Swayne, R.E. (formerly of Somaliland), the Rev. J. T. F. Halligey, F.R.G.S., Mr. Francis Harrison, F.R.G.S. (of the Natal Government Agency-General in London), Mr. C. L. Temple of the North Nigerian Administration, Capt. W. Stanley, a travelling commissioner in the Gambia Protectorate, the proprietors of South Africa, Major J. J. Lang, C.M.G., R;E., and Mrs. Arthur ffoulkes (whose late husband was an official of the Gold Coast Colony). H. H. JOHNSTON. CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY .. I NOTES-(A) THE CLASSIFICATION OF MANKIND . 38 (B) THE DIVISIONS OF THE NEGRO RACE 38 (C) THE BUSHMEN AND HOTTENTOTS 40 (D) THE BANTU 42

II. PEPPER, SLAVES, AND GOLD • 45 NOTE-THE PEPPER TRADE 59

III. CAPE COLONY 6r NOTE-THE TSE-TSE FLY AND PARASITIC DISEASES 93

IV. ZULU-KAFIR MOVEMENTS IN THE EARLY NINE­ TEENTH CENTURY 95

V. THE FOUNDING OF NATAL IIQ

VI. THE CREATION OF THE ORANGE RIVER SOVE­ REIGNTY AND THE TRANSVAAL 120

VII. THE HISTORY OF THE TRANSVAAL 144 VIII. CAPE COLONY FROM 1835 TO 1885 r66

IX. RHODES AND : 'BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA' • ,. IJ8

X. NATAL: AND THE 213 NOTE-THE AREA AND PRODUCTS OF BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA •

XI. THE NATIVES OF BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 239 XII. THE MASCARENE ARCHIPELAGOES 259

XIII. THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA X CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE XIV. NIGERIA • NOTES-(A) THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES AND PEOPLES OF BRITISH NIGERIA. 330 (B) THE HAUSA PEOPLE • 334 (C) OTHER TRIBES OF BRITISH NIGERIA 334

XV. AND THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN NOTE-THE NATIVES OF THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN

XVI. EAST AFRICA . 372 NOTE-THE NATIVE TRIBES OF THE BRITISH EAST AFRICAN DOMINION

INDEX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

o- PAGE THE GREAT LIBYAN DESERT ON THE WESTERN FRONTIERS OF EGYPT 2 A TYPICAL SCENE IN ARID SOUTH AFRICA, NEAR THE ORANGE RIVER ; THE DRY BED OF A ONCE POWERFUL RIVER IN NAMAKWALAND • 3 THE ' THORN ' COUNTRY 4 THE PARKLANDS OF AFRICA 5 CENTRAL AFRICAN SCENERY : A MOUNTAIN STREAM 7. THE FOREST OF EQUATORIAL AFRICA 9 MOUNTAIN SCENERY IN SOUTH-CENTRAL AFRICA II THE HIGHEST PEAKS OF RUWENZORI RANGE , 13 THE OKAPI (OKAPIA JOHNSTON!) 15 A BERG-DAMARA, OR HAUKWOIN WOMAN r6 A BUSHMAN OF CAPE COLONY I7 A MUHIMA OF THE UGANDA PROTECTORATE 19 A HOTTENTOT MAN 20 THE FULA TYPE 21 AN ARAB SHEIKH •23 THE ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA 25 EGYPTIAN FELLAHIN 27. HAMITES ., 29 A LIBYAN TYPE 31 THE CAPE ORYX OR GEMSBOK 35 THE KAVIRONDO OF EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA ; A COMELY TYPE OF ' BANTU ' NEGRO 39 BUSHMAN PAINTINGS ON THE ROCK SURFACES OF A CAVERN IN THE DRAKENSBERG MOUNTAINS, NATAL A STREAM IN THE DENSE FOREST OF WEST AFRICA VASCO DA GAMA A ' CARAVEL ' OF THE GENOESE STYLE CAPE COAST CASTLE : GOLD COAST COLONY xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE ELMINA CASTLE : GOLD COAST COLONY 50 ELMINA CASTLE: LOOKING TOWARDS ST. JAGO 51 A FULA : GAMBIA HINTERLAND 53 CHRISTIANSBORG CASTLE, NEAR ACCRA 54 CHILDREN BATHING IN THE SURF : GOLD COAST COLONY 55 IN TANGIER, f>7 TANGIER FROM THE HARBOUR 58 JAMESTOWN: ST. HELENA • 63 THE LIGHTHOUSE ON THE EXTREMITY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE 65 THE SPRINGBOK (A GENUS. OF GAZELLES) 67 THE GRACEFUL STANLEY CRANE (TETRAPTERYX PARADISEA) 6g A TYPICAL BOER FARMER IN SOUTH AFRICA: OVER SIX FEET TALL 70 A PORTION OF 7I A KAFIR CHIEFTAIN 73 IN THE HEX MOUNTAINS, WESTERN CAPE COLONY . 76 SIR BENJAMIN D'URBAN 79 THE OLD METHOD OF SOUTH AFRICAN TRAVEL AND EXPLORA- TION-WAGGONS AND TEAMS OF OXEN THE BOER COSTUME OF THE 'FORTIES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (AS WORN BY THE FRENCH EXPLORER, M. DELEGORGUE} 85 A GREAT ZULU WAR DANCE:· ZULULAND 88 THE KUDU PASS IN THE DRAKENSBERG MOUNTAINS, ON THE BORDERS OF BA5VTOLAND go VASCO DA GAMA'S MONUMENT, , NATAL 91 THE TOWN AND HARBOUR OF DURBAN, NATAL 92 A BAVENDA VILLAGE IN THE NORTHERN TRANSVAAL g6

A TYPICAL ZULU CHIEF 99 SNOW IN SOUTH AFRICA -: THE VICINITY OF GIANT'S CASTLE IN THE DRAKENSBERG MOUNTAINS I02 IN BECHUANALAND 103 A ' KRAAL' OR VILLAGE IN BASUTOLAND 107 A ZULA WARRIOR II2 A ZULU PRINCE (DEBUKA) ; SON OF PANDA • I I5 THE TEMPORARY BRITISH CAMP AT CONGELLA, NEAR THE SITE OF DURBAN, 1842 116 ' DIC~ ' KING, THE HERO OF THE 600 MILE RIDE IN TEN DAYS FROM DURBAN TO GRAHAMSTOWN IN I843 II7 PIETER-MARITZBURG IN 1853 II8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xm

PAGE LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR GEORGE ·WAKELYN HARRY SMITH, K.C.B.. 121 HARRISMITH, A TOWN IN THE EASTERN , NAMED AFTER SIR HARRY SMITH • 124 THE ORANGE RIVER·: NAMAKWALAND 125 .THE MAJESTY OF SOUTH AFRICA 129 SIR GEORGE GREY, GOVERNOR OF CAPE COLONY, AND HIGH COMMISSIONER OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1854-60 131 A STREET IN HARRISMITH, AN IMPORTANT TOWN IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE 133 ADAM KOK 134 THE 'CULLINAN' DIAMOND, CUT INTO TWO HALVES 137 THE HON. SIR JOHN BRAND, PRESIDENT OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE {41 AN INCIDENT IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 142 IN THE TRANSVAAL 145 THE DUTCH (REFORMED) CHURCH AND THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE: 146 · A BOER FARMER OF THE TRANSVAAL AND HIS TEN SONS READY FOR WAR 149 A LOCUST SWARM IN SOUTH AFRICA 1,52 SIR THEOPHILUS SHEPSTONE, WHO ANNEXED THE TRANSVAAL IN 1877 153 A GROUP WITH SIR THEOPHILUS SHEPSTONE AT THE ANNEXATION . OF THE TRANSVAAL IN 1877 155 STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KRUGER : PRESIDENT OF THE TRANSVAAL () FROM 1881 TO 1900 158 SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD FRERE 159 MAJUBA HILL IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 161 AN ALLUVIAL GOLD NUGGET OF 30 OZ. FROM LYDENBURG, EASTERN _TRANSVAAL 165 AN AVENUE OF PINES NEAR CAPETOWN 167 ADDERLEY STREET, CAPETOWN 169 ANGORA GOATS OF CAPE COLONY 171 THE LATE JAI'! HENDRIK HOFMEYR 173 CHIEF SANDILE OF THE GAlKA KAFIRS 174 KRELl, CHIEF OF THE GALEKA KAFIRS 175 THE LATE RIGHT HON. CECIL JOHN RHODES, FORMERLY PRIME MINISTER OF CAPE COLONY 179 THOMAS BAINES 180 xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE A BAOBAB TREE IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA 183 ' HOME AT GROOTSCHUUR, RONDEBOSCH, NEAR CAPETOWN I 8 5 IN SOUTHERN RHODESIA 187 RIGHT HON. DR. LEANDER STARR JAMESON, PRIME MINISTER OF CAPE COLONY, 1904-7 188 POST OFFICE: JOHANNESBURG 189 JOHANNESBURG TO-DAY 190 A HOUSE IN MODERN BULAWAYO 192 THE GRIM REALITIES OF WAR: THE BRITISH DEAD IN THE · TRENCHES OF SPION KOP 194 A HOUSE IN PRETORIA, THE CAPITAL OF THE TRANSVAAL 195 THE REALITIES OF WAR : A BURNT HOUSE AND DESTROYED HOMESTEAD IN THE TRANSVAAL 196 THE TUGELA RIVER AT COLENSO, SHOWING THE NATAL GOVERNMENT RAILWAY BRIDGE DESTROYED IN 1899 AT COMMENCEMENT OF SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 197 LADYSMITH 198 RHODES' GRAVE IN THE MATOPPO HILLS 199 DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE 200 ARAB AND .YAO SLAVE TRADERS OF NYASALAND · 202 MASEA AND MWITU, THE LAST TWO SURVIVORS OF LIVINGSTONE'S MAKOLOLO ON THE RIVER SHIRE, 1893 204 THE SOUTH END OF LAKE TANGANYIKA AND THE LITTLE STEAMER 'GOOD NEWS,' PUT ON THE LAKE IN 1886 205 MLOZI, THE ARAB CHIEF OF NORTH NYASA 206 TAWAKALI SUD!: JUMBE OF KOTA-KOTA 207 A CORNER OF MLOZI'S GREAT STOCKADE ON THE RUKURU RIVER, NORTH NYASALAND: TAKEN BY THE BRITISH FORCES, DEC. 5, 1895 208 THE HOISTING OF THE BRITISH FLAG AT MAKANJIRA's, SOUTH EAST NYASA, 1893, AT THE PLACE WHERE CAPTAIN MAGUIRE WAS KILLED, AND DR. BOYCE AND MR. McEWAN WERE MURDERED 209 SIR HARRY JOHNSTON IN A CAMP ON THE UPPER SHIRE, WHICH WAS BESIEGED AT THE TIME (1893) BY ARAB AND YAO SLAVE TRADERS 210 RIVER SCENERY IN NORTHERN RHODESIA 2II KING CECHWAYO IN 1875 ISANDHLWANA : OR THE HILL OF THE LITTLE HAND LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV

PAGE CHIEF JOHN DUNN OF ZULULAND .. 216 AN EARLY PHOTOGRAPH OF DINIZULU, THE SON OF CECHWAYO 217 IN LOVELY NATAL 218 A NATAL TEA GARDEN WORKED BY INDIAN KULIS 219 THE ENTRANCE TO DURBAN HARBOUR · 220 HAY MAKING IN NATAL 221 THE TOWN HALL, DURBAN, NATAL 222 NATAL POLITICAL PRISONERS AND POLICE 223 ZULU WOMEN DOING EACH OTHER'S HAIR 224 H.M.S. 'GOOD HOPE' ENTERING DURBAN HARBOUR 225 THE PRINCIPALS WHO NEGOTIATED THE ARMISTICE AND PEACE OF VEREENIGING 226 NEGRO MINERS IN THE TRANSVAAL 227 A CHINAMAN ON THE RAND AND HIS TWO CHILDREN 228 MINERS, WHITE AND BLACK ; 1000 FEET UNDERGROUND IN THE TRANSVAAL GOLD MINES . 229 A CHINESE MINER, TRANSVAAL, 1905 · 230. THE RIGHT HON. , PRIME MINISTER OF THE

"l'~ANSVAAL 231 CAPETOWN WITH THE ' TABLE CLOUt..., ON~E MOUN'l'A-l:-N 2J2 A TOBACCO PLANTATION IN NATAL 233 COTTON PLANTING IN NATAL 234 ' BRAYING ' A SKIN TO MAKE A KAROSS 235 CATCHING A COCK OSTRICH FOR PLUCKING, CAPE COLONY 236 RT. HON. JOHN XAVIER MERRIMAN, PRIME MINISTER, CAPE

COLONY 237 A MANANJA OF THE.SHIRE HIGHLANDS 240 A NATIVE OF THE CENTRAL ZAMBEZI WITH FRONT TEETH REMOVED CHIEF ADABUKA OF ZULULAND A NATIVE KRAAL IN ZULULAND • FINGO KAFIRS • CLERGYMEN OF THE NATIVE ETHIOPIAN CHURCH, NOW AFFILI- ATED TO THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND A NATAL POLICEMAN ZANZIBARI ARABS, LAKE NYASA • THE SURRENDER OF THE ISLAND OF MAURITIUS TO THE BRITISH, AT PORT LOUIS, I8Io • THE SEYCHELLES FROM THE SEA VIEW IN THE SEYCHELLES XVl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE IN A PANDANUS SWAMP: WEST AFRICA 266 A MARKET-PLACE AT BATHURST, RIVER GAMBIA 267 MID-DAY IN A MUHAMMADAN TOWN, RIVER GAMBIA 268 A LANDSCAPE IN THE GAMBIA COLONY 269 A MANDINGO 27I THE RINGLET-HAIRED FULA 272 THE FORMER ALAKE OF ABEOKUTA: A GREAT CHIEF OF THE EGBA PEOPLE (LAGOS HINTERLAND) 273 IN FREETOWN, SIERRA LEONE 275 A TYPICAL KRUBOY SEAMAN, SIERRA LEONE 277 CAPE COAST CASTLE, GOLD COAST 280 IN THE NATIVE TOWN, ACCRA 28I ON THE RIVER ANKOBRA, GOLD COAST HINTERLAND 282 IN THE FOREST OF THE GOLD COAST HINTERLAND 283 ON THE VOLTA RIVER NEAR ITS MOUTH 284 SURF-BOATS LEAVING THE SHORE, ACCRA 285 SURF-BOATS COMING OFF FROM CAPE COAST CASTLE (GOLD COAST) 288 TALL FOREST IN ASHANTI • 289 CUSTOMS STATION AT CHEASE,' ON THE RIVER VOLTA, OPPOSITE . GERMAN TOGOLAND 290 ACCRA BOATMEN OF THE GA TRIBE: GOLD COAST 29I ASHANTI PEOPLE 292 FANTI ARTISANS: GOLD COAST 293 A FANTI WOMAN : GOLD COAST 294 GROUP OF CHIEFS AND PEOPLE, NKORANZA, BEYOND ASHANTI,

GOLD COAST HINTERLAND 295 GROUP OF PRINCIPAL CHIEFS: NAVORO: NORTHERN TERRI­ TORIES : GOLD COAST 296 THE OMANHIN OF INSUAIN, A CHIEF FROM THE EASTERN

HINTERLAND OF THE GOLD COAST COLONY 297 BUILDING THE RAILWAY FROM SEKONDI TO THE GOLD MINING REGION OF THE WESTERN GOLD COAST 298 THE RAILWAY TO THE GOLD FIELDS: GOLD COAST 299 A GOLD MINING SETTLEMENT : WESTERN GOLD COAST • 300 A STEAM DREDGER AT WORK IN A GOLD COAST RIVER, EXTRACTING THE GOLD FROM THE SAND AND MUD OF THE STREAM 301 A GOLD COAST STOOL CARVED IN THE FORM OF AN ELEPHANT 302 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

PAGE IN THE NEGRO QUARTER OF THE TOWN OF LAGOS NATIVE IDOLS OF THE NIMBI OR' BRASS 1 RIVER PEOPLE: DELTA 306

A VILLAGE IN THE LAGOS HINTERLAND 307 THE BUSA RAPIDS, LOWER NIGER 308 ON THE SHORES OF LAKE 309 COMMANDER HUGH CLAPPERTON, R.N., THE FIRST BRITISH EXPLORER TO REACH SOKOTO AND NUPE 3IO IN BORNU (NORTHERN NIGERIA) 3II ON THE LOWER NIGER, IN THE DELTA 3I3 RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE, THE FOUNDER OF NORTHERN NIGERIA 3I5 A CHIEF IN HIS STATE CANOE, BONNY RIVER, NIGER DELTA 3I6 A CHIEF OF THE LAGOS HINTERLAND • 32I SIR FREDERICK DEALTRY LUGARD 325 A FULA WARRIOR; NORTHERN NIGERIA 326 IN SOKOTO 328· THE RAILWAY FROM LAGOS TO THE NIGER. 329 A FULA HERDSMAN AND HIS CATTLE: NORTHERN NIGERIA 331 A FULA WOMAN 332 HAUSA PEOPLE BATHING IN THE NIGER AT LOKOJA 333 A KANURI HORSEMAN ; BORNU, NORTHERN NIGERIA 335 THE PEOPLE OF LAGOS 336 THE SPHINX AND THE PYRAMIDS 339 A CIRCASSIAN OFFICER OF THE OLD STYLE IN THE EGYPTIAN SERVICE 341 AHMAD ARABI PASHA 343 ALEXANDRIA : PLACE DES CONSULS 344 THE CITY OF SEEN FROM AL AZHAR UNIVERSITY 345 SIR SAMUEL BAKER, DISCOVERER OF LAKE ALBERT NYANZA, AND AT ONE TIME THE GOVERNOR OF THE EQUATORIAL PROVINCE OF THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN GENERAL GORDON DR. EMIN PASHA (EDUARD SCHNITZER), GOVERNOR OF EQUATORIA 349 GENERAL CHARLES EDWARD GORDON, R.E., GOVERNOR-GENERAL

OF THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN 350 GENERAL VISCOUNT WOLSELEY 351 A VILLAGE IN UPPER EGYPT, NEAR MEMPHIS 353 XVlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., BRITISH AGENT AND CO~SUL· GENERAL IN EGYPT FROM 1883 TO 1906 354 ' PHARAOH'S BED' : THE HALF-SUBMERGED TEMPLES IN THE DAMMED-UP WATERS 355 THE NILE AT LUXOR • 356 THE 'FUZZIE WUZZIES': HAMITE TRIBES OF EASTERN EGYPT,

HADENDOWAS, BISHARIS, ETC. .• SIR FRANCIS REGINALD WINGATE THE SITE OF OMDURMAN THE MAHDI'S TOMB : OMDURMAN THE GORDON STATUE: KHARTUM THE : NEAR KHARTUM THE TRAIN CROSSING THE DESERT FROM PORT SUDAN () TO KHARTUM 364 THE TRAIN AT KHARTUM STATION 365 A LIBYAN VILLAGE ON THE CONFINES OF EGYPT (OASIS OF SIWAH) 3~7 IN THE NUBIAN DESERT 368 · THE SEA FRONT AND CLOCK TOWER AT ZANZIBAR 373

K~LIMANJARO, THE HIGHEST MOUNTAIN IN AFRICA: 19,720 FEET 375 SIR JOHN KIRK, G.C.M.G. 377 SIR HENRY MORTON STANLEY, G.C.B. 380 A STREET IN MOMBASA 382 A· NEGRO PORTER OF EAST AFRICA: MNYAMWEZI 385 THE MASAI OF EAST AFRICA 388 THE RIPON. FALLS AND THE BIRTH OF THE VICTORIA NILE • 389

T~E VICTORIA NYANZA 391 IN THE BANANA GROVES OF BUGANDA 393 THE UGANDA RAILWAY DESCENDING INTO THE RIFT VALLEY, BRITIS\{ EAST AFRICA • . 394 SLEEPING-SICKNESS PATIENTS, ENTEBBE, UGANDA, 1903 396 ADEN 397 TYPICAL SOMALILAND LANDSCAPE: STONES, RUBBLE AND THORNS 398 A SOMALI HUT 400 IN SOMALILAND 402 A CHRISTIAN NATIVE OF BUGANDA 405 TYPES OF BRITISH MEN WHO HAVE OPENED UP AFRICA : THE MISSIONARY SCHOLAR TYPES OF BRITISH MEN WHO HAVE OPENED UP AFRICA : THE MILITARY OFFICER LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xix

LIST OF MAPS

PAGE AFRICA AND SOUTH AMERICA FROM THE EARLY PART OF THE TERTIARY EPOCH Facing page 1 SKETCH MAP OF KAFFRARIA So BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA 258 BRITISH WEST AFRICA 318 EGYPT AND THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN 342 BRITISH EAST AFRICA 378 POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA 410

INDEX

ABABPEH tribe, 370 African Lakes Company, r82; Abatetwa Zulus, 100 205 Abdallah et Taaishi, Khalifa, 358 n, African Steamship Company, 314 366 'Afrikander,' the term, 71 n Abeokuta, 304, 305 Afrikander Bond, establishment of, Aberdare plateau, 8 172 Abukir Bay, battle of, 338 Agapanthus lily, 66 Abyssinia, mountains of, 8; Semites A-giriama tribe, 408 in, 23 ; Hamitic tribes colonize, Akamba tribe, 408 28 ; Italians defeated in, 360 ; Akassa, 317 n co-operation in subjugation of Akitoge, made king of Lagos, 304 , 402 Albany settlements instituted, 75 Accra, settlement at, 54, 282; Albert, Lake, 4, 8 Capital of Gold Coast, 299, 301 Albert-Edward, Lake, 9, ro Adabuka, Zulu chief, 246 Albert Nyanza, 9, ro Adamawa, mountains of, 8 Aldabra, discovery of, 259 Adderley, Charles (Lord Norton), Alexander, Sir James, 156 opposes convict settlement in Alexandria, bombardment of, 344, Cape Colony, 168 345 Aden, Semite tr~din"-centre, 23; Alfred, county of, 125 n seizure of by British Government, Algoa Bay, 8o 342 Almirante, discovery of, 259 Adventurers of London Trading A-lungu tribe, 240 to Africa, Company of, 53, 54 Amabaca clan, 248 Afafit, battle of, 357 Amah! ubi, subjugation of, 213 Aj1·amomum plant, 48, 6o A-mambwe tribe, 240 Africa, area of, r ; deserts, I, 3-6 ; Amamfengu tribe, 105, 24] flora, 2-6; climate, 6-8; moun­ Amandlambe clan, 248 tains, 8-9; lakes, 9-ro; fauna, Amangwane Zulus, movements of, ro-12; inhabitants, 13-22; Arab 102-4 traders penetrate, 22-26; Jewish Amapondo Kafirs, native State of, trade with, 24; ancient· Egyp­ 121 . tians in, 26-30 ; Libyan immi­ Amaswazi tribe, 245 gration, 30 ; Phamician colonists, Ainatembu Kafirs, 246 30-33, 398; Roman invasion, 33; Amatongaland, German flag raised French and Italian , in, 177; annexation by Great 34 ; Portuguese discoveries and Britain, 217 influence, 35-37, 46, 372; sources Amaxesibe tribe, 247 of food supplies, 37; English Amazulu, the, 98-ror. See ZuLu and Portuguese on west coast, Ambas Bay settlement, 318, 319 46-6o, 259-329 ; European dis­ Amoaful, 288 coveries and settlements in Cape Anamabu, settlement at, 54, 282 Colony, 61-93 Anglo-Congolese treaty, 381 African Association, the, 268, 306 Anglo-German Convention of 1890, ' African Company of Merchants ' r86 dissolved, 280 Angola coast; 4 ; mountains of, 8 4I2 INDEX

Angoni-Zulu tribe, movements of, Ba-lui country, native conquest of, IOI-2; raids by, 209, 2I2 104; people, 243 Angoshe, Arab traders in, 26 Ba-mangwato people, 244. See Angra Pequena Bay, I76 BECHUANA Anuak ~egroes, 37I Bambute tribe, 403 A-nyika tribe, 4oS Ba-nanswa tribe, 24I. See NANSWA Arabi Pasha, Ahmad, insurrection Bangweulu, Lake, 10, 203, 376 of, 344, 345 n Bantu, tribe, 1S-22, 25; language, Arabs, early trading in Africa, 22- 42-44; divisions of, 7 4; habitat, . 26; revolt against Christianity, 97 ; in T ansvaal, qS 33 ; conquest of Africa, 34 ; Ba iwaketsi country, Io4 on West Coast, 56; of Egyptian Ba-nyai tribe, 97, 241 Sudan, 369; of Mombasa, 373 Banyoro, conquest of the, 3S7 Archdall, Rev. Mr., assists , 69 Baobab tree, 1S3 Arnold, Colonel, 327 Ba-, qS, 151, 244 Arnold, Sir Edwin, 1S2 n Barakonda, fall of, 269 • Arnot, David, British advocate, I3S Barberton, founding of, 164 Arrhenius (Swedish traveller), 265 n Barghash bin Said, Sayyid, 374, 395 Ascension, island of, 62 n , 406 Ashanti war, the first, 2S1 ; the Baring, Sir Evelyn, see Cromer, Lord second, 2S7-S9 ; later rebellion, Barkly, Sir Henry, action regard- 290 n ing diamond-fields, 136-39; an­ ' Asiento,' the, 267 nexation investigations, 174 Assini, 2S6 Barn, Sir George, expedition to Atbara, battle of, 363 n W Africa, so Atlas Mountains, flora, 6; altitude, S Ba-rolofi people, 244 Atonga tribe, 241 Barolong (Bechuana), 8S, S9 Aures Mountains, flora, 6; altitude, Baronga tribe, IS 8 Barotse tribe, 104 Baroheland, 207 Barth, Heinrich, explorer, 3II, 312 BA-AMBA tribe, 403 Ba-rue tribe, 9S Bab-al-Mandeb, 27 Basel Mission, 2S4 Ba.Ca Kafirs, 22S Ba-sese tribe, 404 Ba-chagwe tribe, 403 Ba-shangane tribe, 97· See SHAN- 'Ba-fransa' missionaries, 3S3 CANE Ba-ganda tribe, 404. See GANDA Bashi River, 172 , 370 Ba-soga tribe, 404 Bahr-al-ghazal region, IO and n, 349, Ba-subia tribe, 242. See SuBIA 350, 364, 365, 3SI Basuto nation, xS, 244; raids and Ba-hurutse people, 244· See ravages of, I03-6; massacre of BAROTSE at Weenen, III Baikie, Dr., explorer, 3I3 Basutoland, beauties of, Io6; native Ba-ila tribe, 243· See !LA tribes in, I20; area, 236; ex­ Bain, Professor, ISI n ports, 23S Baines, Thomas, explorer, I8I n, 201 Ba-swina tribe, 97· See MASHONA · Ba-ingrezi' missionaries, 3S3 Bataung tribe, 87 Ba-iru tribe, 404. See lRu Batavian Republic, Cape Colony a ' Ba-islamu' party, 3S3 part of, 70 Ba-kalahari people, 244 Bathurst, 267 Ba-kalafia tribe, 97 and n Ba-tlapifi people, 244 Ba-karafia tribe, 241 Batlaping, I3o Bakaranga tribe, 18, 22 Ba-toana people, 244

Baker, Sir Samuel, 34I1 347, 34S, 363 Ba-tonga tribe, 97, 243 Ba-konjo tribe, 404 Battalim Arabs, 370 Ba-kwena people, 244 Battenberg, Prince Henry of, 290 n Balala people, 240 Battle of the Pyramids, 33S Balenje people, 240 Bauchi pagans, 337 Baluchi, in Nyasaland, 205 Bausi people, 240 INDEX

Bavenda, 97, 148, 244 Natal, 88,-no-19; found Orange Bavenda, murder Dutch, 148 n Free State, 87, 89; defeat Ba-waiiketsi people, 244 Matebele, 88-91 ; and the Basuto Beaconsfield, Lord, buys Suez Canal tribes, 120, 121. shares, 343 Boisragon, Captain, escape from Bechuana tribe, 18, 22, 88, 89, 91, Benin, 322 243 ; habitat, 97 ; recovery of as Bolts, English adventurer, 68 a race, 120; in Transvaal, 148; Bonaparte, Napoleon, and Central origin of name, 244 Sudan, 308 n ; descent on Bechuanaland, annexation of, 164, Egypt, 338; scheme conceived 180, 184; area, 236; products, 238 by,340 . Beecroft, Consul, exploration of Bonny, 320 and n Niger by, 310 Boomplats, battle of, 122 Beersheba, conference at, 130 Borckenhagen, Mr., establishes , interest in East Africa, Afrikander bond, 172 371!, 381 Borgu, 336 Bell, king of Duala tribe, 318 Boshof, Jacobus, President of Bello, Fula sultan, 309 Orange Free State, 128, 130, 132, Bemba tribe, 212, 240 145 . Benguela, mountains of, 8 Botha, General Louis, Prime Minis­ Beni-Amer tribe, 370 ter of Transvaal, 230 Benin, city of, capture of, 323; Boyce, Dr. Sorabji, murder of, king of, 49, 305 ; kingdom of, 305 255 Benin River, 48 Braganza, Catherine of, and Charles Benyovski, Polish adventurer, 68 n, s8 Benue River, 4, 8; discovery of Brand, President, claims diamond­ Upper, 3II fields, 136; accepts indemnity, Berbera, 400 140; acts as mediator in Boer 'Berea, Battle of,' 127 war, 162 Berg-Damara tribe, 175 Brava, 400 Berkeley, Ernest, Commissioner of ' British Central Africa,' conception Uganda, 386 of by Rhodes, 183 Berkeley, Fort, 388 British East Africa, protectorate of: Berlin, Congress of, 317 administration by British East Bezuidenhout, Frederik and Jan, Africa Company, 391; taken deaths of, 77, 78 over by British Government, Biggar, Alexander, II4 392 ; extension of boundaries, Biggarsberg, II4 n 392 ; population, 394; area, 395 ; Binger, Captain L., discovers the native tribes of, 403-8 Volta, 291 British East Africa Company, 381, Birkenhead, wreck of, 123 383, 384, 391, 392 . Bisa people, 240 British Kafiraria, 168, 172 Bisharin tribe, 370 British South Africa Company, see Blake, Admiral, in Straits of Chartered Company Gibraltar, 57 Broadley, Mr. A.M., 344 n Blantyre, founding of, 204 Bromhead, Lieut., 214 Blauwberg, battle of, 72 Bronkhorst's Spruit, battle of, 161 : Bloem, German freebooter, 121 n Brownlee, Mr. Charles, made head Bloemfontein, site of, 121 ; Boers of Xosa Kafirs, 122 march on, 122 ; capture of by Buchanan, Consul, 255 British, 195 Buchanan, John, pioneer coffee- Blood River, battle of, 114, 160 planter, 207 Blunt, Lady Anne, 344 n Buduma negroes, 335 Blunt, Wilfrid, 344 n Buffalo River, 102 Boer war of 1899, 194-96 Buganda, flora and kingdom, 4, 384, ' Boer,' derivation, 71 n 386 Boers' treatment of Hottentots, 73; Bukonjo.Burega-Burundi plateau, 8 insurgents hanged, 78; migration Bulawayo, occupation of, 187 from Cape Colony, 83-87.; in Bulom tribe, 276 INDEX

Bunseu, Mr., and African explora­ annexation of Natal by two tion, 3II Englishmen, 93 ; tse-tse fly and Bunu, chief of Swaziland, 251 parasitic diseases, 93, 94; bound­ Burgers, Thomas Franr,:ois, Presi­ aries of in 1852, 125; establish­ dent of Transvaal, 150; mission ment of municipal government, to Europe, 151; does not oppose 166 ; Road Boards, 166; edu­ annexation of Transvaal, 156 cational system, 167 ; increase • Burgher,' meaning, 71 n in population, 168; attempts to Burton, Sir R. F., 203, 37S, 401 found penal settlements, 168; Busa Rapids, 268, 308 a Constitution granted, 170; Bushmen, origin, 15, 18; descrip­ introduction of Merino sheep tion and history, 4o-42, 248, and Angora goats, 170; the 249 Franchise Act, I 70 n ; destruc­ Busoga, 384, 387 tion of cattle by Kafirs and its Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, and result, 170; Negroes replaced slave trade, 274 n by white settlers, 171 ; rail,ways Byzantine influence on Africa, 33, and telegraphs instituted, 171; 37 Prince AJfred's visit, 171; accre­ tions of territory, 172; present CABLE Companies, monopoly of system of government intro­ telegraphs, 191 duced, 172; equal language Cairo, British occupation of, 345 rights granted, 172; dismissal ' Calabar Coast,' 48 n of Sir John Molteno, 173; Mr. Calabar River, 48 n Palgrave's mission and its out­ Caledon River, 104 come, 174-76; German aspira­ Cameron, Commander V. L., crosses tions, 176, 177; area of the Africa on foot, 378 Colony, 237 Cameroons, volcanoes of, 8 Cape Mounted Police, 135 n Campbell, John, British arbitrator, Cape Mounted Rifles, 168 138 Cape of Good Hope, lighthouse, 65 Canary Islands, mountains of, 9 'Cape to Cairo,' 1~2 n Cape toys, 249 , 191, 2II Cape Coast Castle, 49, 279 Cape Verde Islands, mountains of, 8 Cape Colony, flora, 6, 66 ; moun­ Capetown, founding of, 61 ; British tains, 9; fauna, 12; Negro expedition to, 65 ; English take inhabitants in, 22 ; annexation possession of, 68 ; ' tablecloth ' of Table Mountain and Table on Table Mountain, 232 Bay, 61 ; Dutch occupation of, Carnarvon, Earl of, proposes con­ 61 ;. French designs on, 64 ; federation of whites, 151-53; British naval expedition to Cape­ annexation of Transvaal, 154-56 town, 65 ; Huguenot refugees in, Carthage, founding of, 32 66 ; discovery of Orange River, Casati, Signor, 341 67; British capture of Capetown, Cathcart, Sir George, attempt to 68; European population, 69, 70; subjugate Basuto, 127; forms withdrawal of British, 70; re­ Cape Mounted Police, 135 n occupation by British, 71, 72; Catherine, the, 53 the ' Native' question, 72; mili­ Caucasian invasion, 18, 28 tary operations against Kafirs, Cavendish, Captain, rediscovers St. 74-75, 168, 172; the AJbany Helena, 62 settlements, 75-77; alienation of Cechwayo threatens Transvaal, Dutch from British rule, 77, 78; 156 ; war of, against British, 213, slave population .and emancipa­ 214 ; capture of, 215 ; death, tion, 79, 166; Boer grievances 251 and migration, So-88; Kaffir Cestos River, 48 rising of 1834, 8o; land question, Chad, Lake, discovery of, 308 81; reactionary policy of Colonial Chaille-Long, Col. C., 341 Secretary, 82 ; warfare between Chaka, 92, 93 ; raids and ravages Matebele and Boers, 88-91 ; of, IOo-6; death, 108; sketch Boer designs on Natal, 92; of, 251 INDEX

Chali, native chief, 249 Corso, Cape, settlement at, 54 Chard, Lieutenant, 214 Cosmoledo, discovery of, 259 Charles II, betrothal negotiations, 58 Crawshay, Captain Richard, 205,206 Chartered Company of South Africa, Cromer, Lord, 352 n, 355, 358 ISO, !82, 184, !86, !89-92, 207, Cronje, Commandant, captures 208,211,212 , 160, 161 Chamberlain,Right Honble. Joseph,. Crystal Mountains, 10 opposition to Rhodes' scheme, . 'Cullinan' diamond, 137 184, 189 Cunningham, Mr. J. F .• preface, 389 Chambezi River, 203 Cyrene (or Barka), 1 Chease, Customs Station at, 290 Cyrenaica, 27 Chelmsford, Lord, campaign against Zulus, 214-15 DAGARI Negroes, 29;, Chermside, Sir H., defeats Der­ Dagboma Negroes, 293 vishes, 356 Dahome, France declares pro- Chik1~si, defeat of, 258 tectorate over, 292 Chinese labour in British South d'Albuquerque, Alfonso, 372 Africa, 228, 229 d'Almeida, Francisco, 372 Chipatula, native chief, 254 Damaraland, 8, 165 Chitambo, 203, 2II d'Anaya, Pedro, 372 Chi- language, 244 Dano,11 285 Christian VII of Denmark forbids Darfur Mountains, 8 slave trade, 273 Daudi Chua, king of Buganda, 388 Christiansborg, 54, 284, 301 De Beers Diamond Company, 178, Church Missionary Society, 313, 180 375. 378, 383 Delagoa Bay, Austrian designs on, Church of Scotland Mission, 203 68 ; Boer party reaches, 86 ; Cilliers, Carel, II4 Portuguese settlement at, n6 ; Clapperton, Captain Hugh, ex­ dispute over, 154 plorer, 308, 309 Delegorgue, M., Boer costume of, Clarkson, Thomas, writes against 85 slave trade, 274 n De Lesseps cuts Suez Canal, 342 Clerk, Sir George Russell, and Del me-Radcliffe, Colonel Charles, in abandonment of Orange River Uganda, 389 Sovereignty, 128 De Mist, Dutch Commissioner;7o Cloete, Henry, British Commissioner Denham, Major Dixon, explorer, in Natal, n8, II9 308, 309 Cola acuminata, 303 n Denmark sells Gold Coast posses­ Colenso, Bishop, 217 n sions to Britain, 284 Colenso, Miss Frances, champions Derby, Earl of, deputation of Boers Dinizulu's cause, 216 to, 163 Colcnso, Tugela River at, 197 Dervishes, 356 Colley, Sir George, victories of Boers Diego Garcia, discovery of, 259 against, 161, 162; death of, 162 Dieppois discoveries, 35 Colquhoun, A. R., control of con­ Dilolo, Lake, 201 cessions in Matebeleland, 186 Dingane, assassinates Chaka, ro8; Colvile, Sir Henry, Commissioner deceives and massacres. Boers in' of Uganda, 384-86 .Natal, no-12, 251; defeated by 'Commando,' derivation, 130 n Boers, n4, II5; assassination of, Com oro Islands, flora, 6 ; Negro II5, 251 colonists, 14; Arabs in, 34 Dingiswayo, chief of Abatetwa, 100 Congella, British camp at, n6 and n, 251 Congo River, 10 Dinizulu, troubles with, 216-17,224, , 379, 381 ' 251 Congo pygmies, 13, 16, 34, 38, 371, Dinka negroes, 366, 371 4°3 Dixcove, 282 Congoland, Western, flora, 4 Docemo, king of Lagos, 304 : Convicts, attempts to send to Cape Dodowa, battle of, 281 Colony, 168 Dongola province, conquest of, 300 INDEX

Dopper Church, warfare over, 147 Sudan again under British rule, Dorobo nomads, 404 365; present prosperity, 366; Drakensberg Mountains, Bushman natives of the Egyptian Sudan, paintings in, 41 ; Giant's Castle, 369-71 ; area, 371. See also 102 EGYPT, LOWER Drifts, closing of, 186 Elals guineensis, 302 n Dualla, Somali follower of Stanley, Elgon plateau, 8 403 Elgon, volcano of, discovery of, Dunn, John, chief in Zululand, 215 379 Durban, derivation of name, Sz ; Elizabeth, Queen, grants African English at, no, ns, II7; trading charter, 53. s6; com­ harbour, 220; town hall, 223 mercial intercourse with Morocco, d'Urban, Sir Benjamin, administra­ 57; liking for pepper, 6o tion and policy in Cape Colony, Elmina, slave mart, 52; Ashanti So-82, 93 ; policy of, carried out, attack on, 287, 299 122 Elton, Consul Frederick, 178m Dutch East India Company, 68, 69 Emin Bey, Dr., administrator of Dutch Reformed Church, 79, 146 Equatorial province, 350; relief of, 381 ; ingratitude towards Stanley, 382 EBONY tree, destruction of, in St. Entebbe, 390 Helena, 64 and n Eocene period in Africa, 12 Edinburgh, Duke of, visits Cape Ethiopian Church, 254 Colony, 171 Ethiopian tribes, 370 Edward IV, embassy from Portugal Euphorbia, 103 to, 47 European influence on Africa, 37 Edward VII, King, at opening of Evatt, Colonel John, in Uganda, Suez Canal, 342 388, 389 Edwards, Major C. A., campaign in Nyasaland, 209; Edwards, Lieut.­ FANTI people, 293 Colonel Charles, 258 Farewell, Lieutenant, in Natal, 92, Efik race, 337 93 Egerton, General Sir C. C., in Fashoda incident, 362, 363 Somaliland, 402 Felup Negroes, 270 Egypt: Lower, I; life and customs Fernando Po, 8, 275, 318, 319 of,·I3; ancient fauna, 14; Semitic Festing, Sir Francis, defeats Ash- influence in, 23; ancient Egypt­ antis, 287 ians settle in Nile valley, 26. See 'Fingo' tribe, 81,105, 123, 247,252 also Egypt and the Egyptian Fitzherbert, Captain, in Cape Sudan Colony, 61 Egypt and the Egyptian Sudan : Fodi Kaba, murders British officials, French occupation of Egypt, 270 338-40; Turkish control, 34o-44 ; Fomanah, peace signed at, z88 making of the Suez Canal, 342; Forest .1\egroes, 38, 371, 403 occupation by British Govern­ Fotheringham, Monteith, 205 ment, 345 ; collapse of the Foulkes, Capt. C. H., preface Egyptian Sudan, 347; defeat of Ffoulkes, Wm. A., pretace Hicks Pasha at Kashgil, 349 ; France declares protectorate over evacuation by British, 349, 350 ; ·~ Dahome, .292 ; occupation and General Gordon's scheme, 351; · loss of Egypt, 338, 340, 343, 345 ; fall of Khartum, 352 ; move­ ~ ·surveys and explores east coast ments of army under Lord i of Africa, 374; agreemententere1 Wolseley, 352, 353 ; an onerous -' into with Britain, 379; interest problem, 353 ; Lord Cromer's , in Uganda, 382; protectorate administrative ability, 355, 358; in Somaliland, 401 revolt of Osman Digna, 356, 357 ; Franchise Act, in Cape Colony, British advance on Sudan, 358- passed, 170 n 61 ; the Fashoda incident, 361-63; Freetown, landing-place for freed trouble with Belgium, 364, 365 ; slaves, 276 INDEX

Fremantle, Admiral Sir E., cap­ Gold Coast, derivation· of name, ture of Vitu by, 392 4S n ; trading settlements. on, French Guinea, mountains of, S­ 267, 2So; early government of Frere, Sir Bartle, Boers present 2So ; transferred by · Great petition to; 157; dismisses Sir Britain to committee of mer­ John Molteno, 173; cause of, chants, 2S2 ; Colonial Office 174; Zulu poli -y of, 213 resumes control, 2S3; made a Froude, James Anthony, discusses self-contained colony,. 2S4; cli­ confederation of whites, 152, 153 mate troubles, 2S5 ; Dutch Fula, race and language, 21, 30, possessions on, zS6; temperature, 40, 53, 293, 33o-33 ; campaign zS6 n; Great Britain obtains against, 324, 327 entire control, 2S7; the Ashanti ' Fuzzie-wuzzies,' 357, 370 war, 2S7-S9 ;. boundaries fixed,. 292 ; native people, 293-96 ; gold exports, 297-99 ; other com­ ¢x pe~ple, 293 mercial resources, 302 Gaika, Kafir chief, So, 249 Goldie, Sir George Taubman, com­ Gaika clan, 24S mercial development of Nigeria Gala people, 4oS by, 314-24, 327 . Galaland, Hamitic tribes colonize, Gonakwa, people, 24S zS Goosen, land of (Goshen), 163 Galeka clan, 24S Gordon, Captain Robert, discovers Gambetta, Leon, designs on Niger Orange River, 67 territory, 314 Gordon, General Charles, made Gambia, administration of, z6S, Governor-General of Egyptian 269; prosperity, 270 Sudan, 34S ; sent to Khartum, Gambia River, 4, 52, 53, 267 349 ; nominated Governor of Ganda, see BuGANDA, BAGANDA, Congo Free State, 350 ; death UGANDA of, 352 ; memorial to at Khar­ Gardiner, Captain Allen, founder of tum, 366 Durban, 92 n · ' Gordonia • district, annexation of,. Gardiner, Captain Allen, missionary 176 in Natal, IIO Goschen,Lord, averse to expenditure Gbari, 336 on African colonizing, rS2, rS4 n Gbomyan Negroes, 293 Graaf-Reinet, Republic of, 70 Germany, actions of in South Graham, Sir Gerald, 352 n · Africa, 177; annexes Togoland, Grahamstown, founding of, 75 292; interest in East Africa, 37S, 'Grain Coast,' 4S n

379, 3S1, 3S2; subjects of, Grant, Col. J. A., 3471 363, 376 massacred in Vitu, 392 ; annexes Grant, Sir Charles, see LORJ;> Zanzibar, continental dominions, GLENELG 395 Great Fish River, 75 Gessi Pasha, 341 Great Kei River, So Giants' Castle, 102 , the, S3 Ginginhlovu, massacre at, III; Greek influence on Africa, 33, 37 Zulu ambuscade at, II3; .Boers Gregory, Professor J. W., cited, destroy, 114 373 n, 376 n Ginginhlovu, battle of, 215 Grenfell, Lord, defeats Dervishes, Gladstone, William Ewart, opinion 356 of affairs in South Africa, r6o ; Grey, Sir George, arbitrates be­ and the occupation of Egypt, tween Boers and Basuto, rzS-33 345, 346, 349, 352 n Grey, Earl, attempts to institute Glasgow, Bishop of, preface penal settlement in Cape Colony, Glenelg, Lord, reactionary policy in r6S; and slave trade, 274 n · Cape Colony, Sr-S3, 93 ; policy Grikwa tribe, 42 reversed, 122 Grikwaland East, native reserve, Glossina, 93, 94 132 Glover,Sir John, movements against Grikwaland West, native tribes in,· Ashantis, 2S7, zSS 120; annexation of, 13S-4o EE INDEX

Grootschuur, Rondebosch, 185 Holland, surrenders Gold Coast ' Guinea Coast,' 48 n possessions to Britain, 285 Guinea, forest land of, 4 ; Portu- Hornemann, Friedrich, explorer, 306 guese in, 47 Hottentots, 74-75, 79, 8I, 89; Guinea, Gulf of, 300 habitat, 97; · massacre of at Guineas, minting of the first, 55 Weenen, III; join Kafir revolt, Gungunyana, native chief, 250 123; warfare with Herero, I 74-76; Guresi-Teme Negroes, 291, 293 divisions of, 248; number of Gurunsi Negroes, 293 in British South Africa, 248 Hottentot Regiment, 72, 77 Huguenots, in South Africa, 66; RADAREF tribe, 370 treatment of Hottentots, 73 Hadendowa tribe, 370 Hadhramaut, Semite trading- centre, 23 IBERIAN race, I4 H amamaba, 94 Ibo (E. Africa), early traders'ln, 26 Haggard, Rider, cited, 155, 178 n· Ibo communities (Nigeria), 322, Halawin Arabs, 370 323, 337 Hall, Mr. R., 25 Ibrahim, victorious general, 340 Halligay, Rev. J., pyejace Igara race, 337 Hamak tribe, 370 Ijo communities, 322, 323, 337 Hamitic people, 356 Ilorin, 305 Mannington, Bishop, 389 Imperial, the Prince, death of, 214 Hanno, cited, 32 Imperial German East Africa Com- Hardinge, Sir Arthur, 392 pany,68 Harrismith, 133 Isandhlwana, capture of, 2I4 Harrison, Mr. F., pyejace , crash of, 33 Hartley, David, and slave trade, Ismail, Khedive, 344, 348, 355 274n Ismail Pasha, 341 Hausa Negro, 40, 56, 334 Italy, occupies Masawa, 349, 358; Hawawir Arabs, 370 defeats Dervishes, 358 ; reverse Hawkins, Captain John, in slave in Abyssinia, 360 trade, 52 Italian discoveries, 35 Heidelberg, Boer flag hoisted ~t, 'Ivory Coast,' 48 n, 286 160 HelichYysum, 66 Henga natives, 205 JAALIN Araos, 361, 370 Henga-Tumbuka group of natives, Jackson, F. J., in Uganda, 387 241 Jacobs' Farm, discovery of dia- Henry IV, Moorish embassy to, 57 monds on, 135 Henry the Navigator, 35 Jaja, chief of Opobo, 320, 322 Herero invasion, 175 Jameson, Dr. Leander Starr, in Herero tribes, 95 Matebeleland, IOI, I86-88; raid Hewett, Mr. Edward Hyde, 292 ; into Transvaal by, I88--g1; sen­ annexes Cameroons, 3I8 tenced to imprisonment, 19I; Hex Mountains, 77 Prime Minister, Cape Colony, I88 Hicks Beach, Sir Michael, see ST. , 141, 142, I88--g3 ALDWYN, LORD Jamestown, St. Helena, 63 · Hicks Pasha, expedition against Janssens, General, Dutch Commis- Mahdi, 348, 349, 366 sioner, 70; battle with British, Hillman, William, explorer, 3o8, 71, 72 309 Jekri race, 337 Hima Negroes, 21, 28, 250 Jenne, 268 Hincks, Capt. T. C., preface Jews, trading in Africa, 24 Hinza, native chief, 250 Jibuti, 362 Hobart, Lord, and West Coast of Jobson, Captain Richard, ascends Africa, 268 Gambia, 53 Hofmeyr, J. H., establishes Afri­ Johannesburg, and Jameson Raid, kander bond, 172 189--91 INDEX

Johnston, Sir Harry, 182 n; Kilwa, early traders in, 26 ;. Persian action against Jaja, 320; . in settlement at, 372 Nyasaland, 207,210, 319; .enlarge­ KimbE:rley, Lord, unfounded ment of Uganda protectorate charges against Boers made by, under, 390 . . · 139; forbids land annexation, Johnstone, Commodore, 65 176 n Jorissen, Dr., mission to England, Kimberley, diamond fields of, 136- 156 n . . 40 . Joubert, Pieter, leader of Boer King, Lieut., in Natal, 92, 93 insurrection, 160; defeats British, King, Richard, remarkable riding 161 ; signs Convention, 162 feat by, n8 Juba River, 378 n Kipini, 393 n · . Kirk, Sir John, accompanies Living­ stone,· 201 ; discoveries in East KABABISH Arabs, 370 Africa, 376; virtual ruler of Kab

Krugersdorp, r6o Lion, the, 48 Kudu Pass, 90 Livingstone, Charles, 201 Kumasi, fall of, 288. Livingstone, David, cited, 81 Kunene River, 175, 176 Livingstone, Dr., and the Maka- Kwathlamba-Drakensberg Moun- lolo, I 04 ; . dislike of Boers tains, 9 147; in Zambezia; 198-203; death, 203 Livingstonia Free Church Mission, LACERDA, Dr. Jose, r82 n, 199 203 Lado, Belgian occupation of, 364, ' Livingstone Search Expedition,' 365 . 203 Ladysmith, siege of, 195 Lixus, founding of, 32 Lagden, Sir Godfrey, 253 n Lobengula, 181, 182, 186, 187, 250 Lagos, inclusion in West African Lok, Mr. John, expedition to West settlements, 275 Africa, so Lagos, annexation of, 304 Lokoja, founding of, 313 • Laing, Major Alexander, explora­ London Missionary Society, 72, 79, tion work of, 309, 310 81, 205 Laing's Nek, battle of, 161 Lotuka tribe, 404,. 406 Laird, MacGregor, explorer, 310, Lourenc;:o Marquez, Boers at, 86 313 Lovedale Mission College, So n J..amu, Persian settlement at, 26, Lualaba River, 4, 203 372 Luangwa River, 102, 201 Land question in Cape Colony, 81 Luapula River, 4, 376 Lander, John, explorer, 310 Liideritz, Ludwig,· obtains con­ Lander, Richard, explorer, 306 n, cession for Angra Pequena Bay, 309, 310 176 'Landins,' the, 101 Lugard, Sir F., operations against Lang, Major J. J., preface Arab slave-dealers, 205, 2o6, 258 , Kafir chief, 213, 252 Lugard, Sir F., governor of Nigeria, L3.ngo tribe, 404, 406 326-28 Lanyon, Sir Owen, administration Lugard, conquest of Uganda by, 383 of Transvaal by, 156 Lumbwa tribe, 390, -f06 Lavigerie, Cardinal, founds mission Lungu tribe, 240 in North Africa, 382. Lupton, Bey, 350, 381 Lendu tribes, 406 Lydenburg, republic of, 144-46 'Leopard' societies, 276 Lyon, Captain George, explorer, 308 Leopold, Lake, ro Leopold II of Belgium and African exploration, preface, 378, 381 ; Macarthy, Sir Charles, expedition concession granted to, 381 against Ashanti, 281 Lerothodi, Basuto chief, 253 Macarthy's Island, 269 Letso, Basuto chief, 253 Macaulay, Zachary, governor of Levaillant, French naturalist, 66 the Sierra Leone Company, 274 Lewanika, king of Barotseland, 253 Maccabees,discovery of coins of, 24 Leyds, Dr., hatred of Great Britain, Macdonald, Sir Claude, commis­ 193 sioner of Niger Coast, 321, 322 Liberia, 8, 4e Macdonald, Sir J. S. L., survey of, Libya, ancient fauna, 14 387, 388 Libyan Desert, I, ro; character- McEwan, Mr., murder of, 255 istics of, 6, -;.7, 28 Macguire, Corporal, explorer, .312 Libyan race, 14, r8 Mackenzie, Bishop, 201 n Libyans, influence of on ~egroes, 30 Mackenzie, Sir George, solve~ Lichtenstein, H., naturallst, 244 slavery difficulty, 392 Limba tribe, 276 Mackenzie, Rev•. John, 178 Limpopo, early traders near, 24 Maclean, George, explorer of Gold Limpopo valley, 84. . : Coast, 282, 283 Lindley, ):VIr., Amencan m1sswnary,_ MacMalj.on, President, arbitrates iii; 89 Delagoa Bay dispute, 154 INDEX . 421

Mad Mullah (Muhammad Ab­ Mascarene Archipelagoes, discovery dallah), 401, 402, 403 of, 259; remarkable bird fauna,. Madagascar, area, 1 ; flora, 6 ; 259 n ; British capture Mauritius fauna, 10-12; Negro colonists, and Bourbon, 260 ; restoration 14 ; Arabs in, 34 ; French in, of Bourbon to France, 260 ; popu­ 64, 68 ; Austrian designs on, lation of Mauritius, 262 ; area 68; French protectorate estab- . and population of the Seychelles, lished, 262 264 Maddox, Captain H., in Uganda, Mashangane tribe, 18, 241 388 . Mashona tribe, 97, 186, 24i: Madi Negroes, 406 Maskat, 373, 374 Madikane, Fingo chief, 251 Maskati Arabs, drive Portuguese Mafeking, 189 out East Africa, 373 Magadosho, 372, 400 Mason·Bey, 341 Maguire, Captain, 255, 258 Masupha, Suto chief, 253 Mag'Mre, Rochfort, obtains gold- Matebele, 87 and n, 89 mining concession, 181 Matebele war, 192 Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, 348 Matebeleland, mining in, 186 Mahe, capture of by British, Matiwane, native chief, 250 260 Matoppo hills, Rhodes' grave in, 199 Maitland, Sir· Peregrine, settle- Mauch, Karl, discovers gold in ment of Basuto question by, 121 · Tati River, 148, 181 Majorcan discoveries, 35 Mauretania, countries embraced Majuba, battle of, 161, 162 in, I n ; flora of mountains of, Makana, religious mystic, 250 6; fauna, 12; inhabitants, 14 Makanjira, Yao chief, 209, 255 Mauritius, French occupiliori ·of, Makapan, cruelty and death of, 68 ; discovery of, 259 ; capture q8n by British, 260 ; population, 262 Makaranga, 18, 22, 97, r86, 241 Mazrui, dynasty of, 373 and n Makololo tribe, 104 Merriman, John X., 174; Prime Makololo, accompany Livingstone, Minister, 237 203, 204 Mfumbiro, volcanoes of, 8 Makoma, native chief, 249 Middle Ages, customs of, in Africa, Makwana, Boers purchase land 13 from, 87 Midgan tribe, 399 .. Malindi, early traders in, 26, 373 Milner, Sir Alfred (afterwards Vis- Mambwe natives, 205, 240 count), 191 Mampursi Negroes, 293 Milton, John, cited, 52 n Mafianja people, 202 Miocene period iri Africa, ro-12 Mandingo tribes, 40, 53, 56, 269, Missionaries in Africa, 72, 78, 79, 270, 276-78, 295 81, 106, no, 123, 147,· i63, 176, Manikusa, Zulu leader, 250 178, 273. 318, 319, 375. 378, 382, Mankind, classification of, 38 383, 391 Manning, Sir William, campaign Mlanje, Mount, peaks and cedars on, in Nyasaland, 209; Manning, II General Sir W. H., in Somaliland, Mlauri, native chief, 254 402 Mlozi, Arab sultan, 206, 209, 255 Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice, dic­ Moyambiqtle, early traders in, 23, 26 tum on slave trade, 274 Moir, Frederick, 205, 206 Ma-ntatisi, woman-chief, 103, 252 ; Moir, John William, 205, 206 tribe of, 103 Moirosi, Suto chief, 253 · Marchand, Major, retirement from Molitsane, Kafir chief, 124 Fashoda, 363 Molteno, Sir John, position as to Maritz, Gerrit, Boer leader, 117 confederation, 153; dismissal as Masai Negro, 40, 379, 392, 406-7 Prime Minister, 173; cause of, 174 Masarwa Bushmen, 249 Mombasal early traders in·, 26 ; Masawa, Italy occupies, 349, 358 Arabs capture, 373 ; British Mascarenhas, Pedro de, Portuguese occupation of, 374; missionaries navigator, 259 n established in, 375 422 INDEX

· Monomotapa, kingdom of, 26 and n Dingane, 114, 115; British re~ Moravian missionaries, 72, 78 ; occupy Port Durban, 115, 117; crusade against slavery, 273 Pieter-Maritzburg founded, 117; Morel, Mr. E. D., preface English besieged in Durban by Morland, Colonel, 327, 328 Boers, 118; termination of Boer Morocco, life and customs of, 13; republic, n8; delimitation of in British designs in, 57-59 1845, II9; boundaries of in Mosega, battle of, 89 1852, 125; military occupation Moselekatse, warfare with, 87, 89, of, by Boers, 195; Zulu cam­ 90, 91; his rise and fall, 105; paigns, 213-15; native quarrels in death, 250 . Zululand, 216 ; annexation of Moshesh, inaugurates Negro con­ territory up to Portuguese federacy, 107, 108; Basutoland boundary, 217; addition of under, 12o-24 ; harassing of Transvaal districts, 218; area, Europeans by, 126, 128, 133; 218, 237; representative govem­ expeditions against, 127, 130, ment granted, 218; railflays, I34; becomes British subject, 219 ; products, 220, 238; Indian I35 ; death, 253 immigration, 220; number of. Mpezeni, native chief, 209, 258 native population, preface, 221; Mponda, Yao chief, 254 franchise restriction, 221, 225; Mpondo Kafirs, 246 institution of the poll-tax, 222; Mubarak, Sidi, trouble with, 392 insurrection of Kafirs, 223; objec­ Muhammad Abdallah, see MAD tion to importation of Asiatic MULLAH labour, 228 Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, National African Company, see 340,34I ROYAL NIGER COMPANY Muhammad Granye, 400 'Native' question, 72 Muhammad es-Senussi, teaching Natives of South Africa, number, of, 327 n 239 ; enumeration of tribes, Munshi cannibals, 323, 337 240-48 ; Hottentots and Bush­ Munzinger, Bey, 341 men, 248; list of native chiefs Murabitin people, 333 of Bantu peoples, 249-55 ; wars Mutesa, king of Uganda, 383 between natives and British, Mwanga, king of Uganda, 38], 255-58. See also under TRIBAL 388 NAMES Mweru, Lake, 4, 10, 203, 376 Ndlambe, Kafir chief, So, 250 Neanderthaloid type of man, 14 Negro labour-supply, 229 n NACHTIGAL, Dr., mission to Bornu, Negro race, origin, 14; division 314 into two groups, 15, 38-4o; Nakedness, 240, 408 Congo pygmies, 16 ; eJily migra­ Naku, Pondo chief, I2I tion, 17; intermarriage with Nainakwaland, dry river-bed in, Hamites, 28 ; primitive exist­ 3 ; annexation of islets off coast ence, 36 ; in the Gambia colony, of, 126 Nilotic Negroes, 370; Sudanian Nama Hottentots, 248 Negroes, 371; Forest Negroes, Nana, conflict with, 321-23 371. See also NATIVES OF SOUTH Nandi plateau, 8 AFRICA Nandi regions, natives of, 390, Nelson, Lord, defeats French, 338 406 . Neolithic· Age, remains of, in Napoleon, Emperor, on St. Helena, Africa, 13 64 Newcastle, Duke of, Colonial Secre­ Napoleon III and East Africa, tary, abandons Orange River 374 Sovereignty, 127 Natal, early inhabitants, 22 ; coins Ngami, Lake, 97 discovered, 24 ; Boers penetrate, Nicoll, John Lowe, 205 IIo; massacre at Weenen, III ; ' Nieuwe Republick,' the, 216 Zulus capture and destroy Dur­ Niger delta, 317 and n ban, 113 ; defeat and death of , 4, 10 INDEX

Nigeria, annexation of Lagos, 304 ; Oman, Arabs of, 372, 373 area, 305, 309; exploring ex­ Omdubreikat, battle of, 366 peditions sent to, 306-I3; trading Omdurman, capture of, 36I operations in, 3I3; German 'Ophir,' the land of, 24 designs in, 3I4, 3I8; French Orange Free State: inauguration advances, 3I4 ; commercial war, of, 128 ; declares war against 3I5; jurisdiction of Royal Niger Basutos, I3o, I33 ; enlargement Charterej Company, 3I7; . com- · of territory, 132; conference mercia! development difficulty, with Moshesh, I33 ; boundaries 3I9; placed under a Commis­ delimited by British, I35 ; dis­ sioner, 321 ;· trouble with king of pute f'e diamond fields, I35-38; Benin, 322, 323 ; fighting with bitter dislike of England Munshi, 323; expedition against aroused, I39 ; indemnity paid Fula, 324; charter of Royal Niger by Great Britain, I40; the Company annulled, 324; direct Jameson Raid, I42; annexation B»itish rule instituted, 325; by Great Britain, 143 ; treaty present day condition, 328 ; with Pretorius, I45; asked to principal tribes and peoples, annex Transvaal, I 50; volunteers 330-33 ; the Rausa people, 334 ; flock to help Transvaalers, 162 ; other tribes, 334 assists in war with England, Nile, Mountain, 388 194; annexation by Britain, 225 Nile, Valley of, 2 Orange River, discovery of, 67 Nile watershed, 4 Orange· River Colony, 73 ; a Nilotic Negroes, 13, 21, 38, 370, 404 Crown colony, 225; opposition Nkonde natives, 205 to Asiatic labour, 228 ; self­ Nkoranza people, 295 government granted to, 230; Nqwiliso, Kafir chief, 253 area, 236; products, 238 Nubian Alps, 8 Orange River Sovereignty, creation Nubian Desert, I; characteristics of, I20-22 ; conference with ·of, 6 Boers, I24; abandoned, 127-28 Nuer Negroes, 371 O'Reilly, trader, 135 Nupe people, 336 O'Reilly, Anthony A., Transvaal Nyamnyam tribe, 366 arbitrator, 138 Nyangwe, 378 Oryx or Gerusbok, 35 Nyanja tribes, 105, 241 Osman Digna, revolt of, 356, 357, Nyasa, Lake, flora, 5; mountains 366 adjacent, 8 ; Zulus of, 102 Oswell, William Cotton, explora­ Nyasaland Protectorate: Zulus of, tions in Zambezia, 200 I02; British designs regarding, Othman dan Fodio, Fula leader, I83; Rhodes and, . I83, I84; 333 explorations of Dr. Livingstone, Oudney, Dr., explorer, 308 199-203; missionary societies in, Overweg, Dr., explorer, 3II 203 ; founding of its capital, Owen, Captain, treaty with Zulus, 204; trading company created, n6, 154; survey expedition of, 205; war with slave traders, 374 205, 209; separation as a pro­ Owen, Major Roderick, 388 tectorate, 207 ; area, 208, 236 ; Owen, Mr., with Boers in Natal; cotton - growing capabilities, IIO, III 209, 2II ; coffee-growing, 2IO; Ozo River, 392 tobacco cultivation, 2II ; pros­ perity under British rule, 2I2; products, 237 PAARDEKRAAL, 160 Palgrave, W. Coates, nusswn of investigation and its results, OBoK, port of, 40I 174-76 Ogadein, Somali rebellions of, 393 Panda, supports Boer settlers, II4; Oil Rivers Protectorate, 3I9, 320 agreement with British, II9 Okapi, the, I5 ' Paradise, grains of,' 48 and n, Oldfield, Mr., explorer, 310 6o INDEX

Park, Dr. Mungo, and Niger River, Pretoria, occupation of by British, 26S ; explorations of, 306 n I95 Parnell, Mr., and Cecil Rhodes, Pretorius, Andries, attacks and ISI defeats Dingane, II3-I5 Patterson, Lieut. William, 6S Pretorius, Commandant, marches Peckhard, Dr., and slavery, 274 n on Bloemfontein, I22; Boer Pemba, island of, 3, 5, 395 independence obtained by, I24 Pepper trade, 4S, 59, 6o Pretorius, Marthinus Wessel, II3 n, Pe~sian colony in Africa, 2S, 373 I45 ; president of Orange Free Peters, Dr., remarkable journey by, State, I32; claims diamond 3S2 fieUs, I36-3S; resignation and Petherick, John, explorer, 347, 363 re-election, I47; leader of Boer Pharaoh Necho, 32 insurrection, I6o ; signs Con­ • Pharaoh's Bed,' 355 vention, I62 Phillips, E. 0., mission of to king Prempe, taken prisoner, 2S9 n of Benin, 322 Primrose, the, 4S • Philip, Rev. Dr., champions cause Principe, 303 n of Kafirs, SI, Sz, I20 Phrenicians, colonists in Africa, . 3G-33. 39S QUAKERS, see SOCIETY OF FRIENDS Pieter-Maritzburg, founding of, II7 Queen Adelaide Province, declara­ Pinteado, Antonio Anes, leads tion of, So English to Guinea, 47-50 Quelimane, Arab traders in, 26 Pleistocene period in Africa, 12, I3 Quelimane, railway to, 2II Pliocene period in Africa, 12, I3 Pondoland, 126, 246 Pondomisi tribe, 247 RABAH, Sudanese adventurer, 326, Portal, Sir Gerald, sent to Uganda, 327 3S4 Ra-makukane, native chief, 253 ' Porto Cale,' 45 n Rankin, Daniel, discovers Chinde Portugal : derivation of name, 45 ; mouth of Zambezi, 20I commercial treaties and political Ravasco, Ruv LourenfYo, 372 relations with England, 46 ; Rebmann, Johann, missionary ex­ hostility to English in Africa, 47, plorer, 375, 37S 4S, 52 ; England helps against Reitz, Mr., I43; establishes Afrik­ Moors, 56 ; . Moroccan posses­ ander bond, I72 sions of, sS ; ejected · from Rensburg, Jan van, expedition of, Morocco, 59; and Delagoa Bay, S3 n6, I 54; objects to extension Resheida, Arabs, 370 of Transvaal frontiers, ISO Retief, Pieter, first governor of Portuguese discoveries, 35 : in­ Orange River State, go, 92: fluence on Africa, 36, 37: in penetrates into Natal, no; Nyasaland, I99, 2oi, 202 : dis­ murder of, III cover Mascarene archipelagoes, Reunion, French in, 64, 6S ; dis­ 259 ; on west coast of Africa, covery of, 259; capture by 266 ; lay foundations of Elmina, British, 260 ; restored to France 2S7 ; cocoa plantations of, 303 n ; and renamed, 260 settlements on east coast of Rhodes, Cecil, early history, I7S; Africa, 372, 373 ; in Somaliland, pro-Boer policy and sympathies, 399, 400 142, I7S; dislike of Imperial Portuguese Guinea, 266 Government, 179; conceives idea Potgieter, Andries Hendrik, leads of a Chartered Company, I So; Boer trek, S6-g2, II3 acquisition of mineral rights, ISI; Potgieter, Commandant, cruelty to journeys to England to apply for natives, qS n charter, IS3; compact with Potgieter, Hermanus, flaying· of, British Government, 1S3 ; be­ I4S " comes Premier of Cape Colony, Potchefstroom, founding of town, IS4; Matebeleland troubles, IS6- II3 and n; republic of, I44 SS; made a P. C., ISg; the INDEX 425

Jameson Raid, 188-go; resigns Convention, 124, 126 premiership, 191; builds rail­ Sandile, chief of Xosa Kafirs, 122, ways and institutes telegraphs, 123; rebels against British, 168, 191 ; helps to quell Matebele 173 ; death of, 1731 249 rebellion, 192 ; his responsibility Sankandi, 270 for , 193 ; Santa Lucia Lake, 216 witness in forgery case, 194; Sao Thome, 8, 303 n death, 194 Sawarab Arabs, 370 Rhodes, Colonel Frank, 178 n Sayyid Ali, Sultan of Zanzibar, Rhodes, Herbert, 178 n 395 . Rhodesia, mountains of, 8 ; first Schoeman, Stephanus, causes civil application of name, 191 ; early war, 146, 147 explorations of by Portuguese, Scott, Mr., death in Busoga, 387 199; Livingstone's travels and, Scott, Sir Francis, action at Kumasi, 199-203; division into two pro­ 289 n vinces, 207 ; area, 208, 236 ; Sebastian, King of Portugal, death, general prosperity, 208, 210-12; 58 products, 238 Sebhuza, chief of Swaziland, 252 Rhodesia Railways, Limited, 191 n Sebituane, Zulu chief, 104, 105, 252, Richardia, 66 254 Richardson, James, explorer, 3U Se-chuana language, 244 Ripon Falls, 389 Sekelutu, son of Sebituane, 201, Ritchie, Mr., explorer, 308 254 Roberts, Earl, in Boer war, 143, Sekondi, 282, 301 195 Sekukuni, ravages Lydenburg dis­ Robinson, Sir Hercules (Lord Ros­ trict, 151; defeated and taken mead),· 191 prisoner, 160, 253 Rodriguez, discovery of, 259 Sem.liki River, 4 Roman ,Empire, customs of, in Senegambia, 56, 267 Africa, 13 ~Senga people, 241 Romans in Africa, 33, 37 Senussi sect, 327 Ronga race, see THONGA Sese Islands, 384 Rorke's Drift, defence of, 214 Sesheke, 200 Rosebery, Lord, and Uganda, 384 Se-suto language, 244 Royal African Company, 54, 55 Seychelles, flora, 6 ; acquired by Royal Geographical Society, 203, Great Britain, 260; area and 379 population, 264 Royal Niger Chartered Company, Sharifian dynasty in Morocco, 58, 317, 321, 324 . 59 Rudd, C. D., obtains gold mining Sharp, Granville, slave abolitionist, concession, 181 274 and n · ·· Rudolf, Lake, 3, 403 Sharpe, Sir Al~red, 205, 207 Rustenburg, 144 Sheba, Queen of, 24 Ruvuma River, 202 Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, delegate Ruwenzori Mountains, flora, 4 ; from Natal, 153; proclaims altitude, 8; Jakes contiguous, 10 annexation of Transvaal,. 156; pledges of, 157 Sherbro, island of, 276 Desert, I, 3, 10; char­ Sh~l~inge, Captain, in Cape Colony, acteristics of, 6 Said Pasha and Suez Canal, 342 Shilluk Negroes, 371 St. Aldwyn, Lord, answer to Boer Shire, River, 178 n, 201 Petition, 157 Shukerieh Arabs, 370 St. Helena, acquisition by England, Sierra Leone, fort built at, 54 ; 62-64; native chiefs sent to, 215, chartered company acquires land 217 near, 266 ; settlement as ex­ St. Mary, fort on island of, 54, 269 slave colony, 274; area, 275; Salisbury, Lord, and South Central slave-trade courts established at, Africa, 182, 183 275 ; indigenous natives, 276; INDEX

'Leopard' societies of, 27S; South African Legislature, mem­ climate, 27S; native encroach­ bership limitation, 234, 236 ments on, 279 ; internal govern­ South African Republic, founding ment, · 2So ; Gold Coast de­ of, 113, 120. See also TRANS­ tached from, 2S4 ; retardation of VAAL development of, 299 Sparrman, Swedish botanist, 66, Sigcau, Kafir chief, 253 265 n Simen, Mount, S Speke, Capt. J. H., 203, 347, 363, Siwah, Oasis of, 367 376, 401 ' Slagters Nek,' 7S Spion Kop, 194 ·' Slave Coast,' 4S n Sprigg, Sir Gordon, becomes PFime Slave trade, 52, 53, 72, 26S, 271-74, Minister of Cape Colony, 173 276, 307, 372 Stanley, Sir H. M., surveys Lake Slavery, in Cape Colony, 79; Tanganyika, 203 ; on the Congo, abolition of, So, 1S6 :17S ; journey to relieve Emin Slatin Bey, Rudolf, 350, 35S Pasha, 3So; results oh his Sleeping sickness, 3S3 n, 390 journey, 3S1 ; invites mission­ Smeathmann, Dr., 265 n aries to Uganda, 3S3 Smith, Captain, defeated by Boers, Stanley, Capt. W., preface IIS Star of South Africa, the, 136 Smith, Colonel Sir Harry, repulsion Stephanie, Lake, 403 of Kafir invasion by, So; delimits Stephen, James, and slave trade, Orange River Sovereignty, 122; 274 n defeats ,Boers, 122; operations Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel, J. D., against XoSa., 122, 123 murder of, 352 Smith, Colonel Hailed, defeats Stilleland, republic of, ':r6J, 164 Osman Digna, 357 Stockenstrom, Andries, appointed Saba race, 337 Governor of Adelaide, S2 Sochangana, devastates Portuguese Stuhlmann, Dr., explorer, 3S2 South East Africa, 101, 105; Suakin, 349, 352 n, 353 defeats Chaka's army, 10S Sudan, life and customs of, 13 Society of Friends, oppose slavery, Sudanian Negroes, 371 271-73 Suffren, Admiral, defeats British, 65 Sofala, early traders in, 23, 26, 372 Siik tribe, 404 Sakata, 327, 32S Suez, Isthmus of, 27 Sokotra, early inhabitants, 39S ; Suez Canal, opening of, 342 ; annexation by Britain, 399 England purchases shares in, Solomon, King, 24 343 ; neutralization of, 353 Somali race, 399, 4oS Swahili people and language, 409 Somaliland, scrub-land of, 3; early Swann, Alfred J ., 207 traders in, 23, 26 ; Hamitic Swaziland, area, 236 tribes colonize, 2S Swazi Zulus, 14S, 245 Somaliland, inclusion. in Egyptian Swayne, Colonel E. J., defeats dominions, 341; division of, Mad Mullah, 402. 3'49; early history, 397, 39S ; Swayne, H. G. C., preface fauna and native inhabitants, Swellendam, Republic of, 70 399 ; Portuguese occupation of parts, 399, 400 ; area. and TABLE Bay, 61, 65, 71 population of British portion, Table Mountain, 61 401 ; expeditions against the Tafilat, Oasis of, 5S ' Mad Mullah,' 401-3 Tajurra, 400 Somerset East, 77 Tajurra Bay, 401 Somerset, James, Negro slave, 2 74 n Takana tribe, 404 Somerset, General Lord Charles, Tanganyika, 4, S, 9, 102 Albany settlements and, 75-7S ; Tangier, British and, 57-59 harshness to Boer insurgents, Tantum-Kweri, 2S2 78 Tati district, gold mining in, 149, Songhai Negroes, 277, 335 1S1 • South Africa,' preface, 155 Taufik, Khedive, 344 INDEX

Tavista, 408 trouble with Basuto, 151 ; pro­ Tawakali Sudi, 206, 255 posal to confederate white States, Taylor, Captain John, 274 n 152-54 ; annexation by British, Teleki, Count, 403 156 ·; 's mission to Tembu, Kafirs, 246 England, 156 n, 157; Boer Tel-el-Kebir, 344, 348 revolt against British suzerainty, Teleki. Count, 403 157--63; British reverses, 161, Temne tribe, 276 162; Convention of 1881, 162; Temple, Mr. C. L., preface a further concession .of Boer Tenda, 53 independence, 163 ; settlement of Tenerife, Mount, 9 native trouble, 164; opening up Tertiary epoch in Africa, 10 and general prosperity, 165; Tetwa Zulus, 100 development of gold industry by Thaba Bosigo, 107, 127, 130, 134 Cecil Rhodes, 181 ; harasses the ThabaNchu, 86,89 mining industries, 186; Jameson · Tht! Golden Trade,' 53 Raid, 188--91 ; dislike of Gre3.t Thea!, McCall, quoted, 82, 156 ; Britain, 193 ; war with Britain, cited, 108, 139 194-97; annexation by Britain, Theobroma, 303 n 225 ; bankrupt condition of Thompson, F. R., obtains gold mining industries, 227; abolition mining concession, 181 of Chinese labour, 229 ; respon- Thompson, George, expedition to . sible government granted, 230 ; Gambia, 53 area, 236 ; mineral products, 238 Thomson, Joseph, forestalls German Treponema, 93, 94 · designs on Nigeria, 316; East Triechard, Louis, leads Boers to African explorer, 379 Natal, 86 Thonga race, 74, 95, 98, 245 Tristan d' Acunha, island of, 62 n 'Thorn' country, the, 4 Tse-tse fly, ravages of, 84-86 ; Thruston, Major A. B., in Uganda, parasitic diseases and, 93, 94 383 n, 387 Tuaregs, 30, 336 Thunberg, Swedish botanist, 66 Tuckey, Captain J. K., explores Tibesti Mountains, 8 Congo, 307 Timbuktu, 59, 268 Tugela River, 92 Togoland, Germany annexes, 292 Tukana, 404 tribe, 399 Tulbagh, Dutch Governor, 67 Tonga group of natives, 242 Tunisia, life and customs of, 13 Toole, Mr., explorer, 308 Turner ' peninsula,' 278 Toski, battle of, 356 ' Touaregs ' of the Sahara, 30, 336 . Towerson, Master William, ex­ Uganda,prejace; German and French peditions to West Africa, 5<>-51 interests in, 382 ; Chartered Transvaal : mountains of, 9 ; early Company of British East Africa race in, 22; Boers penetrate, in, 383, 384 ; declared a British 121 ; force from defeated at protectorate, 384 ; conquest of Boomplats, 122 ; independence Unyoro, 385 ; revolt of Sudanese acknowledged by British, 124, troops, 386, 387 ; inaccessibility: 144; assists Orange Free State of, 386; reorganization of fi.nance, against natives, 130; dispute re · 389; area enlarged, 390 ;. popu­ diamond fields, 135-38, 150; lation, 390; work of the Jameson raid, 142 ; founding of missionaries, 391. See BuGANDA Volksraad, 144; an independent Uganda Railway, commencement, republic formed by recalcitrants, 386 ; completion, 390 144-46 ; civil war in the State, Ulundi, battle of, 215 146-47; antagonism of mission­ Umhlakazi, prophet; 250 aries towards Boers, 14 7 ; dis­ Umkata River, 121 covery of gold, 148, 164 ;, exten­ Umlanjeni, Kafir medicine-man, siOn of borders, 150; treaty 122, 250 with Portugal, 150; reorganiza­ Umpande (Panda), 251 tion by President Burgers, 151 ; Umsilikazi, see MOSELEKATSE INDEX

Umvolosi River, 98 Walfish Bay, annexation of, 126, Umzila, native chief, 250 176 Umzimkulu River, 74 n Warden, Captain H. D., President Umzimvubu River, 92 of Grikwaland, 121 Unicorn, origin of myth, 34 n Warren, Sir Charles, expedition to Unification of South Africa, 23o-36 Bechuanaland, 164; mission in .United African Company, see RoYAL Bechuanaland, I77 NIGER COMPANY Waterboer, Andries, captain of United States forbids slave trade, Grikwa, 253 274 \Vaterboer, Nicolas, British Govern­ Universities' Mission in Nyasaland, ment buy land from, 138; title of 201 declared invalid, I4o Unyoro, flora, 4; hostile to Weenen, massacre at, III; town Europeans, 384 ; annexation by of, II7 Britain, 386 Weinthal, Leo, :Mr., preface Usibepu, Zulu chief, 216, 251 West Coast of Africa, Britislt and, Utrecht and Republic of Lydenburg, 46-56 ; area of, 55 144; annexed to Natal, 218 White Fathers, Roman Catholic Utica, founding of, 32 Mission of the, 382 Uys, Jacobus, 92 Wilberforce, William, and slave Uys, Pieter, Boer leader, II3 trade, 274 n \Villcocks, Sir James, subdues Ashantis, 290 n, 293 VAAL River, 87, 88, 121 Wilson, Major Allan, death of, 'Vaal pens,' race of, 22 I87 Vandeleur, Colonel Seymour, in Wilson George, repels Sudanese, Uganda, 388 387 . Van Niekerk, Mr., purchases dia- \Vilson, Mr., American missionary, mond, 135 89 Van Rensburg, President, 147 Wilson, N. A., death in Busoga, 387 Va-tua tribe, 18, 98 Win burg, founding o£, 89; Boer Vasco da Gama, 46, 921 371; discontent at, 122 monument to, 91 \Vindham, Captain, expedition to Vechtkop, Zulu attack on, II3 Guinea, 48-so Venable, Mr., American missionary, Wingate, Sir F. R., 358, 366 Sg \Vinneba, 282 Vereeniging, peace of, 225 Witwatersrand, gold region of, Victoria Nyanza flora contiguous, 164 3; area, 9; Zulus of, 102 Wodehouse, Sir Philip, delimits Vidal, Captain, annexation o£ Basutoland, 133; signs con­ Mombasa by, 374 vention with Boers, 135; protests ' Vierkleur,' the Transvaal, 144 against extension of. Transvaal, Viervoet, ambush at, 124 150 Viljoen, Jan, 147 Wolof Negroes, 270 Vitu, capture of, 392 Wolseley, Lord, march on Khartum, Vogel, Dr., explorer, 312 132; defeats Sekukuni, 160; Volksraad, founding of a, 144 in Natal, 213 ; expedition against Von Bary, explorer, 314 Zulus, 257; conducts Ashanti von der Decken, Count, exploration war, 287-89; defeats Arabi Pasha, of Kilimanjaro by, 378 344 ; ordered to retreat from Vooruitzight, see KIMBERLEY the Sudan, 353 ·. Vryheid, annexed to Natal, 218 XESIPE Kafirs, 247 WAD-EN-NEJUMI, defeat of, 356 Xosa Kafirs, belligerent attitude of, Wadstrom, C., 265 n 74, 8o-83 ; rebellions of, 122, Wadi Haifa, 353 123, 168, 172 ; destroy their Waghorn, Lieutenant, establishes cattle and starve, 170; sections ' overland route ' in Egypt, 342 of, 245-47 INDEX

·YAo tribes, 40, 209, 212, 241 realization of British protectorate Yaman (Yemen), Semite trading­ over, 376-79; present governance centre, 23 of, 395·; bombardment of, 395 Yibir tribe, 399 Zarafi, Yao chief, 255 York, Sir John, expedition to West Zimbabwe, ruins of temple of Africa, 50 25 Yoruba race, 305, 337 Zobeir Pasha, 352 Young, Lieutenant Edward, search Zoutpansberg Mountains, 83 for Livingstone, 203 Zoutpansberg, district of, 144 and n; trouble in, 147 Zululand, coins discovered in, 24 ; ZAMBEZI, early traders in region of, British troubles in, 213-15; inter­ 23-25 necine war with natives, 216 ; Zambezi River, flora, 6 annexation of, 216-17; native Zambezia, Northern, 198 population, 220 ; rebellious spirit Zan211ibar, flora, preface, 3, 5 ; early growing in, 224 traders in, 23, 26; early history, Zulu-Kafir peoples, 18, 22, 40, 74, 372-74; British intervention, 95-109, 245 374-76; slave trade declared Zulu tribe, 98-101, 245 illegal in, 3 76 ; inception and Zuurveld, Kafirs driven from, 75

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