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GLOSSARY–INDEX

Abbey of the Pervasive Anxi 安喜, 69 Dao (tongdao guan), 574 Anxi jiangjun安西將軍 (General abdication, 14, 40, 48, 72, 84–85, 117, Pacifying the West), 109 197n37, 240, 253, 254, 安陽, 66, 375, 673 259, 266 Apocrypha, 489, 490, 501, 510 accounts of anomalies. See zhiguai arcane, study of the. See (Dark 志怪 Learning) Acker, William R. B., 21 armor, 142, 286–287 agriculture. See also Qimin yaoshu 齊民要 cuirass-style, 301 術 (Essential Techniques [or Arts] loss of, 215 for the Common People) horse, 124, 286–287 in southern China, 371–373 lamellae, 399 Ai 哀江南賦, 264, 614 art and visual culture, 662–663 Aida Daisuke, 228–229 calligraphy, 564, 603, 662–663, Airtam (), 708 687–689 alchemy, 564 funerary art, 663–675 Amitā bha Buddha, 549, 550 painting, 663, 687–697 Amu Darya (Oxus) river, 374 religious art, 676–687 An 安, Emperor of Eastern Jin. See autobiographies, 615, 616–617 Dezong localities discussed in, 617–619 An Jia 安伽, 379, 380, 382, 402, Avars, 173, 185, 185n2, 187, 195, 198, 409n116 263, 306 An Lushan 安祿山, 382 [A]yuwang xiang [阿]育王像 (King An Shigao 安世高, 544 Aśoka image), 685 An Xiuren 安修仁, 381 Analects. See Lunyu 巴 people, 124, 145–146 Anding 安定, 74 ba bing 八病 (Eight Maladies), 646 Anguo 安國 (Bukhā rā ), 374 Ba 巴氐, 145n3 animal husbandry, 367–368 ba huang 八皇 (Retreat of the Eight animals, supernatural, 588–589 Resplendent Ones), 566 Anle 安樂, 77 ba jie 八節 (Retreat of the Eight Anlu 安陸, 221 Nodes), 566

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840 glossary–index

Bachhofer, Ludwig, 21 北京, 375 Bachu 巴楚, 375 beimihu 卑彌呼 (Himiko), 298n12 Ba-Di 巴氐, 124 beiren 北人 (northerners), 330 Badong 巴東, 151, 153 Beishan lu 北山錄, 544n30, 546n36 Bai lun 百論, 544n29 Beiting 北庭, 375 Bai Zhiyu 白志宇, 411n125 belt sets, 397–400 baibao 百保鮮卑, 198 benxiang bing 本鄉兵 (native place Baidi 白帝, 72 militia), 381 baiji 白籍 (white [tax] registries), bestowal of surnames, 217–218, 223 101, 335 bi 婢 (female slave), 370 Baima 白馬, 222 bi 鐴 (moldboard), 363 Baima lun 白馬論 (Treatise on the White Bian 卞, Lady, 40, 44 Horse), 521n49 bianhua 變化 (change), 528 Balász, Étienne, 18 biansai shi 邊塞詩 (frontier poetry), 643 Baling 巴陵, 349 biao 表 (memorial), 604 Ban Gu 班固, 636 bi 璧-discs, 393 Ban Jieyu 班婕妤, 693 bili 篳篥 (reed pipe), 714 Ban 班昭, 447n14 binghu 兵戶 (military households), 290 Banshun Man 板楯蠻 (Plank-Shield bingjia 兵家 (military families), 290 Man-barbarians), 146 Binglingsi 炳靈寺 caves, 677–678, banwa 板瓦 (flat tiles), 411n124 682 鮑靚, 567 Bingzhou 并州 (Bing Province), 28, 32, Bao Linghui 鮑令暉, 653 204, 226, 232, 375, 379 Bao Zhao 鮑照, 617, 619, 643–645, Binyang 賓陽 caves, 413n135, 549 653, 654 Central Cave, 679, 697 Baochang 寶唱, 615 biographies, 614–615 baoping 寶瓶 (precious vase), 433 localities discussed in, 617–619 抱朴子 (The Master Who Biqiuni zhuan 比丘尼傳 (Biographies of Embraces Simplicity), 615 Nuns), 615 包頭, 188 bixie 辟邪 (“repel-evil beast” charm), 441 Bashi 巴氏, 145n3 bizhao 辟召 (summoning to office bawang zhi luan 八王之亂 (Disturbances system), 493 of the Eight Princes), 94, Bo Ya 伯牙, 703–704 96, 108, 117, 331, Bohai 渤海, 188, 475 561, 637 Bolang shan 白狼山, 32 Baxi 巴西, 149, 151, 340 Boling 博陵, 472 beads, 394, 395, 440 Boodberg, Peter A., 20 bei 碑 (traditional Chinese ), 682 book classification systems, 614 bei 杯 (type of cup), 424 Book of Changes. See Yijing (Book of Bei Qi jiaoshu tu 北齊校書圖 (Collating Changes) Texts in the Court of Northern Book of the Lis of Shu (Shu Lishu Qi), 691 蜀李書), 145 Beifu bing 北府兵. See Northern boshi 博士 (erudites), 490 Headquarters Troops Bosi 波斯 (Persia; a type of silk), 407

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glossary–index 841

Bowuzhi 博物志 (Treatise on Manifold buquan 布泉 (a type of coin), 318 Topics), 618, 634 burial customs, 413–416, 663–675 boxue 博學 (broad learning), 488 Bushan 布山, 422 bronze artifacts, 396–400, 422–423, buyao 步搖 (dangling pearls headgear), 430–431 132, 400 bu 布 (type of coin), 318 Bu 步, Lady, 61 Cai Jun 蔡雋, 188 Bu Chan 步闡, 88 蔡邕, 514 步騭, 57 calligraphy. See art and visual culture Buddha nature, 544 cangfu 傖父 (northern lout), 636 Buddhas, images of, 548, 549 cangzi 傖子 (émigrés; literally Buddhism, 24, 138, 229, 256, 262–264, “outcasts”), 100 296–297, 301–302, 304, 306, Cao 曹 family, 86, 91 483, 484, 487, 494, 531–533, cao 草 (cursive script), 689 551–552 Cao Biao 曹彪, 631 cave chapels, 662–663, 665, 670, 677, 曹操, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53–56, 57, 679–683, 687 68, 69–70, 71–72, 82–83, 84, commoners and, 475–478 122, 123, 129, 147, 224n49, compared with Confucianism, 275, 284, 286, 289, 518, 558, 505–506, 508–509 626, 631 competition with Daoism, 539 appointment of officials, 34–35 devotion, 532, 533, 534, 547–551, ban on expensive funerals, 413 659, 676, 677, 681, 682, 687 capital city, 328 doctrine of rebirth, 532, 535, 547, expansion of territory, 35–39 550–551, 552 forms of revenue, 33–34 at the imperial court, 533–539 law enforcement, 35 monasticism, 539–547 literary circle, 39–40, 604 music and, 701 manufacturing under, 319, 320 royal acceptance of, 171 memorials, 604 Sogdian transmission of, 375, 383 monetary sytem under, 317 spread of, 169–170, 473 poetry, 39, 629, 630–631 supression of, 169–170, 536–537 rise in status and creation of an empire, women and, 453–456 39–42 Buddhist art, 394, 395, 396–397, rise to power, 30–32 405–406, 410, 535, 676–687 search for the meaning of life, 519 Buddhist scriptures, 542–547, 551 settlement farms, 310 Buddhist temples, 552, 676–677, state governance, 32–35 683–687 succession, 44–45 Bukhara, orchestral ensembles, 714–717 tomb of, 17 buluo 部落 (tribe), 161 曹芳 (Prince of Qi), 45–46, 47, buqu 部曲 (originally battalions and 82, 83 companies but later agricultural Cao Huan 曹奐 (posthumously Emperor dependents), 41, 64n15, 107, of Wei, r. 261–266), 47, 289, 291, 294 48, 85

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842 glossary–index

Cao Jingzong 曹景宗, 260 painting of, 696–697 Cao Mao 曹髦, 47, 48 Caochangcheng 操場城, 411n124 Cao 曹丕 (posthumously Emperor Cao-e 曹娥 river, 349 Wen of Wei, r. 220–226), Caoguo 曹國, 374 40–41, 47, 48, 49, 72, 74, Catalogue of the Scriptures from the Pearl 275, 500 Satchel of the Three Caverns discussions on literature, 604–605, (Sandong zhunang [jingmu] 三洞 609–610, 624–625 珠囊[經目]), 575 exchange of goods with Wu, 350 ce 策 (imperial conferral), 85 favor shown to Simi Yi, 81 cefeng tizhi 冊封體制 (investiture literary collections, 608 system), 298 literary works, 621 Celestial Masters (tianshi 天師), 68, monetary system under, 317 146–148, 151, 555–566, policy on burials, 663 568–571, 574, 577, 648 prohibition of yinsi (excessive Ba membership, 145 cults), 594 scriptures, 575 rebuilding of the imperial university Cen Zhijing, 652 (taixue), 490 cewen 策文 (examination questions), 607 reign of, 42–46 Chan hui wen 懺悔文 (Buddhist rivalry with , 631 confession), 616 Cao Poloumen 曹婆羅門, 699 Chang, Madame 常氏, 172 曹仁, 35, 38 Chang Qu 常璩, 67n4, 145, Cao Rui 曹叡 (posthumously Emperor 558n15, 618 Ming of Wei, r. 226–239), 40, Chang’an 長安, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 51, 49, 81–82 68, 74, 79, 93, 119, 126, 127, ceremony at the tomb of, 83 133n75, 133, 164–166, 170, monetary system under, 317 190, 191, 208, 375, 382, 543, policy on the recruitment of civil 544, 545, 629, 657, 657, officials, 518 659, 660 reign of (226–239), 44–46 Buddist temples in, 676 Cao Shuang 曹爽, 45–47, 82–83 fall of, 96, 97 Cao Song 曹嵩, 30, 31 foreign orchestras in, 698, 715 Cao Teng 曹騰, 30 ’s attack on, 110 Cao Xi 曹羲, 82, 517 Yu’s attack on, 117 Cao Xiu 曹休, 45, 413n137 musical instruments, 714–715, 718 Cao 曹訓, 82 changdao 長刀 (saber-staff or 曹宇, 45 long-handled saber), 285 Cao 曹彰, 40, 44 長沙, 51, 92, 243, 244 曹真, 45, 82 households, 466, 468 Cao Zhi 曹植, 40, 44, 45, 604, ’s occupation, 55 627n15, 656 population, 58 correspondence with , 610 settlements, 462 literary works, 605, 615, 620, Changshe 長社, 221 631–632 巢湖, 36

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glossary–index 843

Chao Yuen Ren, 20 Chen Yuankang 陳元康, 196 Chaoyang 朝陽, 375, 410n120 Chen Zhi 陳祗, 76 charitable associations, 465, 471, Cheng Duan’er 程段兒, 548 476–478 cheng 丞 (magistrate), 50 Chavannes, Edouard, 17 Cheng 成, Emperor of Eastern Jin. See chen 臣 (your subject), 299 Sima Chen 陳 dynasty, 102, 208, 265, 成都, 48, 66, 67, 70, 336–337, 341, 342, 348, 72, 74, 76, 77, 92, 149–153, 498, 507 222, 234 attack on , 206–207 academy, 71 loss of , 270–271 religion in, 146–147 mausoleums, 664 and statues found in, 683 military recruitment, 291, 292 Chenggong Sui 成公綏, 707n38 poetry, 654–660 Chenggong Xing 成公興, 570 reconsolidation of Jiankang, 268–270 Cheng-Han 成漢 state, 110, 124, scroll collections, 691 145–154 Chen An 陳安, 655 Chengshi lun 成實論, 544, 551 Chen Baxian 陳霸先 (posthumously chengxiang 丞相 (chancellor), 32, 72, 151 Emperor Wu of Chen, r. Chenliu 陳留, 28, 193 557–559), 199, 265, 267, chenwei 讖緯 (Apocrypha), 489n31 268–269, 270, 341 Chenzhou 郴州, 462 Chen Bozong 陳伯宗 (posthumously chi 豉 (condiment), 369 “Deposed Emperor” of Chen, chi 尺 (unit of measurement), r. 566–568), 269 313n16, 676 Chen Changqi, 654–660 Chi Yin 郗愔, 562 Chen Commandery 陳郡, 475 Chi 郗 family, 555n7 Chen Dongyuan, 445 Chibi 赤壁 (Red Cliffs), 36, 37, 53–54, Chen Fu 陳旉, 367, 372, 373 55, 58, 69 陳琳, 604n14 Chile 敕勒, 196, 297 Chen Pengnian 陳彭年, 608 chin straps, 402 Chen Qian 陳蒨 (posthumously Emperor Chinu 叱奴, dowager empress, Wen of Chen, r. 559–566), 228n58, 229 206–207, 269 Chongxu guan 崇虛館 (Venerating the Chen Qun 陳羣, 45 Void Hall), 567 陳壽, 67n4, 71n28, 72n33, Chouguo lun 仇國論, 76n57 75n44, 77, 245, 558, 613, 614 楚 Chen Shubao 陳叔寶 (final ruler dynasty, 116 [houzhu]) of the Chen), 271, 348, immigrants, 254 659–660 language, 103, 238–239 Chen Xianda 陳顯達, 257, 258 men, 238, 243, 248, 250, 257 Chen Xu 陳頊 (posthumously Emperor state, 146, 636n42 Xuan of Chen, r. 569–582), Chu 褚太后, Empress Dowager, 269–271 106, 112 , 11–12, 13, 76 Chu Boyu 褚伯玉, 573

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844 glossary–index

Chu ci 楚辭 (Songs of Chu), 611, 620, 636, family ethics, 446–447, 455 642, 652, 659 imperial schools, 490–493 Chu Sanzang ji ji 出三藏記集 (Collection influence on ritual, 495–499 of Records on Translations from the integration with Buddhism, 262 Tripitaka), 542n25, 614 Later , 138 chuang 床 (couch), 412, 427 principles of, 445 chunjiu 春酒 (spring wine), 369 Ru scholars, 484–485 Chunqiu 春秋 (Spring and Autumn virtue of loyalty, 100 Annals), 485 cong 賨 (a kind of cloth), 339–340 Chunqiu Zuoshi jingzhuan jijie Cong 賨 (ethnic group), 124, 145, 春秋左氏經傳集解, 489 146–147, 148 ci 辭 (rhetoric), 516 copper, 396–397 ci 祠 (temple or shrine), 582 Coq, Albert von le, 18 ciding 次丁 (secondary adults), 311 corvée labor, 314–316, 464, 466, 468, cishi 刺史 (prefects), 67, 90, 103, 336 469, 478 citiao 辭條 (well-ordered), 516 cosmology/cosmogony, 524, 526 civil service examinations, 493–495 Cui 崔 family, 387, 472 Cixian 磁縣, 666 Cui, Lady 崔氏, 454n45 ciyu 辭喻 (lucid), 516 Cui Caoming 翟曹明, 381 Classic of Filial Piety. See Cui Fen 崔芬, 670, 697 Xiaojing 孝經 Cui Hao 崔浩, 163, 170–171, Classic of Poetry. See Shijing 詩經 536, 571 clothing, 407–409 Cui Hong 崔宏, 119n1, 171 codes of law, 85–87 Cui Huijing 崔慧景, 258 coffins, 391, 405, 414–415, 416, 419 Cui Jishu 崔季舒, 196–197 Cold-Eating Powder, 46n24 Cui Shi 崔寔, 35, 358, 359, 370 commoners, 468 Cui 崔暹, 195, 197 activities and organizations of, cun 村 (village), 462 473–479 cunluo 村落 (rural settlements), 462n8 age of marriage, 470 cunsi 村司 (village manager), 462 involvement in administration, cunxian 村縣 (a small and remote district 465–466 seat), 462 surnames, 470–471 cunzhang 村長 (village elder), 462 Confucian thinkers cuo 厝 (temporary interment), 102 Fan Zhen, 505–506 currency, 33–34 , 501–503 , 503–504 Da Cheng 大成 (kingdom of Grand Su, 499–501 Cheng), 561 Confucianism, 13–14, 27, 35, 42, 44, Da Dao jia lingjie 大道家令戒 46, 47, 483–484, 509–510, (Commands and Admonitions for 517–518, 611 Families of the Great Dao), 560 classic texts, 261, 485–486, 488–490 da dou 大豆 (greater/soy bean), 363, 364 education, 486–488 da dudu 大都督 (senior commander), examinations, 493–495 150, 380

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glossary–index 845

da jiangjun 大將軍 (senior general), 75, Daoism, 24, 46, 111, 145, 150–151, 81, 150, 215, 295 152, 154, 229, 256, 261, 478, da shi 大市 (Grand Market), 390 483, 484, 494, 524–527, da sima 大司馬 (Great Constable), 224 553–578 da tianzhu 大天主 (senior Zoroastrian alchemy, 564 leader), 379 canon, 564, 565, 567–569 Da xu 大序 (“Great preface”), 624 competition with Buddhism, 539 Da zhi du lun 大智度論, 544 Confucianism and, 508 Da zhuang lun 達莊論,605 Five Bushels of Rice, 114–115 Dabie 大别 mountains, 55, 60, 246 Lingbao scriptures, 565–566 Dacheng 大成, 151 millennialism, 556–557, 577 dadi 大帝, 52n2 Shangqing scriptures, 561–564 代, 126, 142, 159, 160, 178, 182, spread of, 473, 475 278, 283 women and, 454 men of, 161–162, 175 Daoist writings, 555 Dai 代, Duke/King of, 157–158 Daojiao 道教 (teachings of the Way), Dai Faxing 戴法興, 348 484, 553 daigou 帶鉤 (belt hook), 430 Daorong 道融, 544 daikou 帶扣 (belt buckle), 430 Daosheng 道生, 529, 530, 544 Daizhou 代州, 379 daoshu 倒書 (reversed writing), 422n3 Dajuesi temple 大覺寺, 444 Daowang fu 悼亡賦 (“Rhapsody Dajuesi Yuanni muzhiming Lamenting the Deceased”), 606 大覺寺元尼墓誌銘, 443n1 Daowu 道武, Emperor of Northern dalü 大呂 (musical note), 719 Wei. See Gui Daluosi 怛邏斯, 375 Daoxuan 道宣, 508 Daming 大名, 375 daqi 大妻 (major wife), 467 dang 鐺 (front plaque headdress jewelry), Da-Qin 大秦 (Rome), 304, 307 402, 439 Daren zhuan 達人傳 (Biographies of Wise danggu 黨錮 (Great Proscription), 513 Men), 615n46 Dangli 當利, 474 Dasheng da yi zhang 大乘大義章, dangzhang 黨長 (ward elder), 464 544n30 Danshui 丹水 river, 110 大同, 160, 300, 375, 671, Danyang 丹陽, 51, 52, 58, 60, 199, 353, 699, 711 434, 670 Daxi Wu 達奚武, 222, 226 Dao lun 道論 (Discourse on the Dao), Daxian xu yi lun 大賢須易論 (A Great 525 Worthy Needs [the Learning of] the Dao Yanzhi 到彥之, 242, 250 Book of Changes), 521n50 dao 刀 (saber with single-edged blade), daxing 大姓 (great surname groups), 472 285, 431 Daxingcheng 大行城, 327 Dao 道 (the way), 485, 602, 611 Daye 大業, 714 Dao’an 道安, 533n3, 541, 542–544, dead, ritual care of the, 589–591 546, 575 de Groot, Jan Jakob Maria, 580 Daode jing 道德經, 526, 555, 556, 559, demons, 573, 587–589 567, 574 鄧艾, 48, 64, 76–77

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846 glossary–index

Deng Wan 鄧琬, 252 董卓, 28–32, 33, 51, Deng Zhi 鄧芝, 75 328 Dengfeng 登封, 677 monetary system under, 317 Dengxian 鄧縣, 348, 670, 718 dongguan 冬官 (Ministry of Works), Dengzhen yinjue 登真隱訣 (Secret 319 Instructions on the Ascent to Donghai 東海, 81, 92 Perfection), 564 Donghun Hou 東昏侯 (Xiao Baojuan, Deqing kilns 德清窯, 349 Master of Eastern Chaos), 213– dharmakā ya (the Buddha as eternal Dongling 東陵, Marquis of, 633 principle), 544 dongshen 洞神 (“comprehending the Di 氐 people, 120, 122, 136, 140, spirits,” one of the three main 145n3, 148, 152, 166, 211, sections of the Daoist canon), 212, 277 567, 569 di 笛 (flute), 719 dongxuan 洞玄 (“comprehending the di 底 (“base,” namely a preceding Mysteries,” one of the three main crop), 363 sections of the Daoist canon), Di Qiang 氐羌, 73 567, 569 dianke 佃客 (tenant clients), 315–316 Dongyang 東陽, 335, 648 Dianlüe 典略, 558n15 Dongye 東冶, 58 Dianlun 典論 (Classical Discourses), 609 dongzhen 洞真 (“comprehending dianqian 典籤 (document clerks), 255 Perfection,” one of the three main diao chong 雕蟲 (literary ornateness), 656 sections of the Daoist canon), Dien, Albert, 494, 509 567, 569 ding bing 丁兵 (military system), 293 Dou 竇 family, 27 Ding Mi 丁謐, 82, 83 Dou 竇, Lady, 27 Dinglin temple, 609 Dou Tai 竇泰, 187, 191, 214 丁零 tribe, 139, 166 Dou Wu 竇武, 27 Dingtao 定陶, 321 drug use, 46 Dingxian 定縣, 375 drum dances, 701 Dingxing 定興, 477, 478 Du 杜 family, 555n7 Dingzhou 定州, 159, 188, 375, 379 Du Bi 杜弼, 198 archaeological finds, 406 Du fu ji 妒婦記, 448n19 disease epidemics, 148 Du Fu 杜甫, 658 Disturbances of the Eight Princes Du Jingchan 杜京產, 573 (bawang zhi luan), 92–94, 96, Du Luozhou 杜洛周, 188 108, 117, 148, 243, 276, 331, Du Wei 杜微, 73n38 561, 637 Du Yi 杜夷, 489 diviners/divination, 592 杜預, 89, 489, 606 diyu 地獄 (Daoist purgatory, lit., Duan Rong 段榮, 187, 188 earth-prisons), 566 Duan Shao 段韶, 197, 200 Dong 東 commandery, 31 dudu 都督 (area commander), 43, 92, 董奉, 360 108, 131, 293, 323n54, 380 董允, 75 dudu zhujun 都督諸軍 (Commander-in- Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒, 499, 517 Chief of All the Armies), 105

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glossary–index 847

dudu zhujunshi 都督諸軍事 (Commander founding of, 96–98 charged with Military affairs), 81 ’s attempted conquest of, Dugong Zang 獨孤藏, 402n84 134–135, 136–137 Dugu Xin 獨孤信, 220, 224–225, 235 great family politics, 106–109 duhu 都護 (protector-general), 410n119 Household unit of ten and five duhua 獨化 (lone transformation), 527 system, 464 duisuguan 堆塑罐 (funereal figured jar), Huan Wen’s campaigns, 109–112 424–425. See also hunping 魂瓶 and, 126 Duling 杜陵, 555n7 lacquerware, 391 Dunhuang 敦煌, 283, 375 and, 138 documents found at, 313, 314, military costs, 344–345 377, 383 military institutions, 291–292 Dunhuang 敦煌 caves, 548, 679–682 monetary system, 317, 351 evidence of pure conversations, 517 mourning system, 450 dunwu 頓悟 (instantaneous subordination to, 131 enlightenment), 643 musical instruments, 706 dutan 都曇 (hourglass-shaped drums), 718 natives, 98–103, 330, 338 duxiang 都鄉 (township seat), 463, 466 state policy towards, 340–341 duxiao 獨孝 (Unmatched Filiality), 463 tax levies imposed on, 341–343 duyi sima 督義司馬 (commander of poetry, 637–639 militia), 558 pure conversation, 515, 521 duyou 督郵 (local inspector), 69 state policy towards natives, 342 Duzhong lun 篤終論 (Essay on the Ultimate status of Jinyang, 327 End), 504 status of , 328 dwellings, 410–411 status of women, 452 interior furnishings, 411–413 tombs, 432–441, 669 ’s rebellion, 103–106 earthenware, 388–390, 395, 423, 424, xuanxue (Dark learning), 522 427, 428, 436 Eastern Wei 魏, 182, 184, 193–197, Eastern Jin 晉, 117–118, 132, 133, 153, 219, 278, 284, 294 244, 281, 330, 354 battles with , 214–215, allocation of provincial posts, 243 220–221 Battle of the Fei River, 112–114 government involvement in capture of Chang’an, 142 manufacturing, 319 commerce, 346–350 Eberhard, Wolfram, 19 Confucianism, 496, 497 Egerod, Søren, 21 conquering of the Southern Yan, 143 Eight Companions of the Prince of defeat of Former Qin, 324 Jingling, 607–608, 645, 650 demise of the, 114–117 elite status, 108–109 émigrés, 98–103, 330 empress dowagers coalition with southern elite, 280 power of (), 172–174 decline of, 238 regencies (Eastern Jin period), and the economy, 331–337 105, 106 foreign relations, 298, 302, 304, 307 epitaphs, 413–414, 416

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848 glossary–index

equal-field system (juntian zhi), 9, 107, Fan Zhen 范縝, 484, 499, 505–506, 174, 183, 309, 312–314, 508, 510, 539 369, 371 Fancheng 樊城, 348 er sheng 二聖 (two sages), 174 fanfu 反覆 (cyclic conversion), 528 erbei 耳杯 (ear cups), 390, 422, 435 Fangshan 方山, 199, 385, 388n18, Erjiao lun 二教論 (Essays on the Two 411n123 Teachings), 575 fangshi 方士 (Prescription Master), 556 Ershisi you 二十四友 (Twenty-Four Fangtou 枋頭, 134, 135 Friends, coterie of Jia Mi), Fangzhu 方諸, 563n32, 563 605–606 fanqie 反切 (method to indicate Erzhu 尔(爾)朱, 181, 212 pronunciation), 608 Erzhu Rong 爾朱榮, 181–182, 187, fanyin 泛音 (the right hand pulls a string 188–190, 191, 210, 212 while the left touches it), 705n27 Erzhu Shilong 爾朱世隆, 190 Far Eastern Association, 23 Erzhu Tianguang 爾朱天光, 190, farming practices, 364 212, 215 fashe 法社 (local Buddhist societies), 550 Erzhu Zhao 爾朱兆, 190–191 Faxian 法顯, 304, 323, 541, 544, 619 Erzhu 爾朱仲遠, 190 fayi 法義 (dharma charities), 476, 549 Essays Deriding the Dao (Xiaodao lun 笑道 Fayue 法悅, 353 論), 575 Fazang 法藏, 542 Essays on the Two Teachings (Erjiao lun 二 Fei River 淝水, Battle of the, 112–114, 教論), 575 137, 139, 277, 324, 332, 333 Essentials of the Highest Secrets (Wushang Fei Yi 費褘, 75–76 biyao 無上秘要), 575 feibai 飛白 (style of script, lit., flying estate management, 368–371 white), 689 eunuchs, 27–28, 30, 38, 41, 44, 48 Feidi 廢帝, Deposed Emperor of Northern Qi. See Chen Bozong Fa 法正, 68, 70, 72n34 Feidi 廢帝, Deposed Emperor of Eastern famine, 124, 148, 150, 152, 154 Jin. See Pingcheng (Northern Wei), 163, 175 feitian 飛天 (apsaras, female flying spirit preparation for (Eastern Wei), 194 or nymph), 433 Fan Ben 范賁, 152, 154 Feiyetou 費也頭, 211n6 Fan Changsheng 范長生 (Fan the Long- Fen 汾 river, 184, 189, 190, 194, 195, Lived, Fan the Worthy (xian 196, 204, 207, 220, 226, 賢)), 150–151, 152, 561 227, 231 Fan Cui 范粹, 388 Feng 馮 family, 165, 387 Fan Ning 范甯, 489 Feng 馮, Madame (posthumously Fan Shengzhi shu 氾勝之書 (Book of Fan Empress Dowager Wenming), Shengzhi), 359, 363, 367, 369 172–174, 388n18, 395n50, 456 Fan Tai 范泰, 352 Feng Ba 馮跋, 143 Fan Xun 樊遜, 198 Feng fa yao 奉法要, 537 Fan Yaolin, 654–660 Feng Gun 馮緄, 340 Fan 范曄, 245, 517, 614 feng guo 封國 (vassal country), 299 Fan Yun 范雲, 607n27 Feng Senghui 馮僧暉, 673

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glossary–index 849

Feng Taihou (Empress Dowager Feng) Fu Jian 苻堅 (338–385), nephew of Fu 馮太后, 313n15 Hong, 135–138, 139–140, 141, Feng Zhuo 封卓, 454n45 142, 277–278, 279, 292, Fengqiyuan 鳳棲原, 711 293, 333 fengshan 封禪 (the grandest of imperial Fu Liang 傅亮, 241, 242 sacrifices), 87, 496, 634 Fu Manrong 伏曼容, 490 Fenzhou 汾州, 194, 231 苻融, 137 filial piety, 35, 589 苻生, 135 Five Bushels of Rice (Wudoumi dao) Fu Xuan 傅玄, 484, 499, 501–503, 508, rebellion, 114–115 634, 637, 645n76 Five Minerals Powder, 46 fubing 府兵 (soldiers of the headquarters, Foguo ji 佛國記 (Account of the Buddhist territorial soldiery or garrison Kingdoms), 619 militias) system, 9, 11, 218, 235, food processing and preparation, 366–367 295, 380, 381 Forke, Alfred, 18 Fuchun 富春, 50 Former Liang 梁, 97, 133–134, 136, Fufeng 扶風, 148n5 153, 277, 306 fuhu 府戶 (garrison households), 294 Former Qin 秦, 120, 132–133, fuhua 浮華 (“floating flower”–men who 134–137, 138, 333, 711 are insubstantial or frivolous), 82 Battle of Fei River, 112–113 Fujikawa Masakazu, 501 central and outer armies, 293 fujun dajiangjun 撫軍大將軍 (Senior conquering of the Tuoba, 142, 159 General of the Pacification economic growth, 321, 327 Army), 81 fall of, 159, 277–278 Fuming 撫冥, 186 internal disunity, 279 Funan 扶南, 59, 263, 303–304, Lü Guang’s defeat of, 140 305, 350 military settlement farming, 312 funerary art, 663–675 population, 324–326 fushi 府史 (bureau scribe), 379 Former Yan 燕, 130–133, 136, 139, fushuai 府率 (bureau commandant), 379 280, 312, 327 Fuzi 傅子 (Master Fu), 501 Former Zhao 趙, 79, 125–127, 133, 134, 141, 282, 327 Gai Wu 蓋吳, 165, 169 Fotucheng 佛圖澄, 129 Gan 甘, Lady, 73 Franke, Otto, 18 Gan Bao 干寶, 64n18, 584, 621 Frankel, Hans H., 22 干吉, 556 freeholders, 310–311, 314, 315, 316 Gan Ning 甘寧, 60 Fu 伏, Empress, 39 ganying 感應 (resonance), 550 fu 賦 (poetical exposition or rhapsody), ganzhi 干支 (cyclical characters), 474 598, 613, 623 Ganzhou 甘州, 379 傅嘏, 520 告 (proclamation), 85 Fu Hong 苻洪, 134–135 Gao 高, Emperor of . See Fu Jian 苻健 (307–355), third son of Fu Xiao Daocheng Hong, emperor of Former Qin Gao 高, founding Emperor of Han, 38 (351–355), 134–135, 211 Gao Anahuai 高阿那肱, 204, 206, 208

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850 glossary–index

Gao Aocao 高敖曹, 192 565–568), 200, 201–202, Gao Bainian 高百年, 201 203–204 高澄, 193, 195, 196–197, Gao Zhao 高肇, 178–179 208, 222 Gao Zhongmi 高仲密, 192 monetary system under, 318 Gaochang 高昌, 375, 377–378, 379, Gao Dezheng 高德政, 197, 198 407, 714 Gao Guiyan 高歸彥, 200 Gaoche 高車, 159–162, 164, 166, 高恆, 208 306–307 高歡, 24, 180, 181–182, 183, Gaogouli 高句驪 (Koguryǒ / 188–189, 190–197, 200, 209, Kaogouli), 43 265, 278, 284, 297, 318, Gaoguixiang 高歸鄉, 47 655, 682 gaomen shizu 高門士族 (high-status Gao Jishi 高季式, 194 families of genteel lineage), 472 Gao Longzhi 高隆之, 195, 197, 198 Gaoping 高平, 555n7 Gao Mingshi, 492 Gaopingling 高平陵, 83n23 Gao Qian 高乾, 190, 192 Gaoseng zhuan 高僧傳 (Biographies of 高緯 (final ruler [Houzhu 後 Eminent Monks), 350, 615 主] of the Northern Qi, r. Gaoshi zhuan 高士傳 (Biographies of 565–577), 203–204, High-Minded Gentlemen), 207–208, 701 504, 614 Gao Yan 高儼 (third son of Gao Zhan, Gaoyang 高陽, 357 who was Gao Huan’s ninth Gaozong 高宗, Emperor of Tang son), 205 (r.650–683), 295, 540 Gao Yan 高淹 (fourth son of Gao Gaxian cave 嘎仙洞, 170 Huan), 200 ge 舸 (fast boats), 288 Gao Yan 高演 (sixth son of Gao Huan, ge 格 (hamlet), 461 posthumously Emperor ge 歌 (song), 623 Xiaozhao of Northern Qi, r. Ge 葛 family, 565 560–561), 200–201 Ge Chaofu 葛巢甫, 565 Gao 高洋 (posthumously Emperor 葛洪, 102, 359, 447, 494, 498, Wenxuan of Northern Qi, r. 513n9, 565, 567, 615, 621 550–559), 197–198, 222 Ge Rong 葛榮, 188–191, 193 enjoyment of music, 701 Geng Teng 耿滕, 149 erratic and cruel behavior, 200–202 Gengzhi tu 耕織圖 (Pictures of Tilling and tomb of, 414n141, 666 Weaving), 373 Gao Yanzong 高延宗, 208 ghost stories, 509, 572–573. See also Gao Yin 高殷 (Deposed Emperor of spirits Northern Qi, r. 560), 197, Giles, Herbert A., 19 200–201 glassware, 303, 304, 394–396 Gao You 高浟, 200, 492 gods, local, 582–586 Gao 高岳, 195 gold weaves, 407 Gao Zhan 高湛 (posthumously Emperor gold/gold artifacts, 392, 397–404, Wucheng of Northern Qi, r. 441 561–565, Retired Emperor, gong 公 (duke), 131

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glossary–index 851

Gong 恭, Emperor of Eastern Jin. See guan 官 (officials), 465 Sima Dewen Guan Long benwei zhengce 關隴本位政策 gong 公 (public or communal), 502 (Guan Long base policy), Gong’an 公安, 60, 70 217, 235 gongbu 工部 (Board of Works), 319 Guan Long jituan 關隴集團 (Guan Long Gongsun Du 公孫度, 30, 80 bloc), 235 Gongsun family 公孫, 59, 80, 82, 130, Guan wo sheng fu (“Rhapsody on 299–300, 303, 305 Conemplating My Life”), 617 Gongsun Long 公孫龍, 521n49 關羽, 38, 41, 53, 55–56, 60, Gongsun Shu 公孫述, 66 69, 70, 72 Gongsun Yuan 公孫淵, 43, 46, 59, 80 Guandu 官渡, 32, 35 Gongsun Zan 公孫瓚, 30, 32 Guang Hongmingji 廣弘明集 (Expanded Gongting, Lake 宮亭, 584 Collection on the Dissemination and Gongxian 鞏縣, 388 clarification [of Buddhism]), 508 Gongxian 巩縣 caves, 670, 682, 697 Guang zan jing 光讚經, 543n27 gongxiang yaoyue 共相要约 (collective Guang’a 廣阿, 191 covenant), 477 Guangcheng 廣成, 468 gongxin 公心 (communal or public 廣漢, 71, 149 mindfulness), 502 Guangling 廣陵, 114, 244, 250–251 Gongyang zhuan 公羊傳 (Gongyang Guangwu 光武, Emperor of Han. See Commentary), 485 Liu Xiu Goodrich, Chauncey, 22 Guangyun 廣韻 (Expanded Rhymes), 608 gou 溝 (gully), 462 Guangzhou 廣州, 91, 114, 115, 194, Graff, David, 216 221, 270, 296, 303–304, 323 Granet, Marcel, 18 prohibition of import of bronze grayware pottery, 384–387, 395 coins, 352 Great Peace concept, 147, 151, 154 trade, 348, 350 greenware pottery, 385, 387–390, use of gold and silver currency, 351 423–425, 427, 434–435 Guanlong 關隴, 390, 410, 413 Grünwedel, Albert, 18 Guanqiu Jian 毌丘儉, 43, 47, 48, gu 鼓 (drum), 718n78 62, 80 gu 榖 (foxtail millet), 364 Guanshiyin 觀世音, 550 Gu 顧 (surname/region), 472 Guanxi (West of the Passes) 關西, 212 Gu 顧 family, 64 關中 (Within the Passes), Gu hua pin lu 古畫品錄 (Classified Record 119, 147, 210–212, 213, 218, of Ancient Painters), 690 237, 246–247, 277–278, Gu Huan 顧歡, 576 279, 294 Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之, 118, 609n33, 688, ’s campaign, 281 689, 691, 694, 706 Guanzhong benwei zhengce 關中本位政策 顧雍, 64 (Guanzhong base policy), Gu’an 固岸, 673 217n23 gua 瓜 (cucurbits), 364 Guanzi 管子, 369 Guabu 瓜步, 332 gui 鬼 (demon), 587 guan 罐 (bellied jar), 424, 435 Guici 龜茲. See Kucha

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852 glossary–index

Guixin pian 歸心篇 “turning the heart civil war, 69 to,” 508 fall of, 27–28, 40–41 Guliang zhuan 穀梁傳 (Guliang funerary art and architecture, Commentary), 485 663–665, 673 Gulik, Robert van, 706, 712 music, 698, 699, 701, 702, 706 guo 國 (state, tribes), 162n36, 216 people, 23, 44, 68 Guo 郭, Empress (wife of Cao Pi), 44 pictoral style, 692, 696 Guo 郭, Empress (wife of Cao Rui), 82 prose and poetry, 39, 610, 612, 622 guo e 國惡 (unseemly affairs of state), 171 Han baiyu 漢白玉 (white jade of Guo Maoqian 郭茂倩, 627n16 Han), 405 guo mu 椁墓 (casket grave), 663 Han Changluan 韓長鸞, 206 Guo Pu 郭璞, 637 韓馥, 29 Guo Tai 郭太, 513 Han Lanying 韓蘭英, 454n45 Guo Xiang 郭象, 486, 522n52, Han 漢 river, 38, 53, 56, 63, 221 527–530 Han river basin 漢水 guoge 果槅 (fruit boxes with emigration to, 334 compartments), 390 influential families of, 333 guohe 果盒 (fruit boxes with use of silk as currency, 351 compartments), 424, 435 邯鄲, 321 guoji 國伎 (state performance), 699 Handong 漢東, 221 guoren 國人 (countrymen, in the hangtu 夯土 (pounded earth), 284 Northern Wei, compatriots, or Hangu Pass 函谷關, 192 men of Dai), 128, 162, 166, 172, hanmen 寒門 (lit. “cold gate”—lesser 175, 179, 181, 182, 292 elite families), 491, 494 guoyi 果毅 (garrison commander), 379 hanshi san 寒食散 (Cold-Eating Guozi taixue (Imperial University for Powder), 46n24 State Youth), 491 Hanzhong 漢中, 37–38, 48, 56, 68, 70, Guozisi 國子寺 (School for State’s 71, 74, 75, 147, 149, 150, 151, Youth), 492 153, 154, 275, 558–559, 560 Guozixue 國子學 (School for State’s haoqiang 豪强 (the presumptuous and Youth), 490, 491–492 forceful), 472 古琴 (a type of zither), 698 Haotian Shangdi 昊天上帝 (August Gushan 鼓山 (Drum Mountain), 682 Heaven the Emperor on High), Gushu 姑孰, 104, 244 497, 500 guwen 古文 (ancient script), 488 haozu 豪族 (regional great families/the Guyang 固陽, 180 presumptuous lineages), Guyuan 固原, 375, 384, 387, 391–392, 148, 472 402n78, 409n113, 671 haozu gongtongti 豪族共同体 Guzang 姑臧, 133, 140, 141, 326, 699 (community of great families), 479 Hailing 海陵, 257, 291 Harper, Donald, 366 Haloun, Gustav, 19 harps, 713 Hami 哈密, 375 He 何 family, 28 Han 漢, 662, 679, 688 He 何, Empress, 28

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glossary–index 853

He 和 Emperor of Qi (r. 501–502), See Himiko 卑彌呼 (Pimiko/Pimihu), 43, Xiao Baorong 298, 396n55 He Chou 何稠, 394n42 Holcombe, Charles, 183, 486 He Duyuan 赫度元, 148 Hongdu Gate School, 514 何進, 28, 46 Hongming ji 弘明集 (Collection on the 賀齊, 58, 60 Propagation and Clarification [of He San 赫散, 148 Buddhism]), 506, 609 He Shikai 和士開, 201–202, 203–204 Hongnong 弘農, 195, 214, 226, He Tong 何通, 394n42 390n28, 472 He Xun 何遜, 653 Hongzhou 洪州, 423 何燕, 46–47, 82–83, 512, Hou Hanshu 後漢書 (History of the Later 516n28, 517, 518, 520, 521, Han), 59, 245, 614 522n54, 522, 526 侯景, 187, 191, He Yang 賀瑒, 490 194, 196, 198, 220–221, 507 He Ziquan, 13 crisis, 265–267, 271 headgear ornaments, 400–402 Houfeidi 後廢帝, Latter Deposed Heaven’s Mandate, 85 Emperor of the Liu-Song. See Heba Yue 賀拔岳, 210, 212, 213, 215 Liu Yu 合肥, 36, 54, 55, 57, 62, 89 houguo 侯國 (marquisate), 154 hegu 和鼓 (concord drum), 714 Houji shu 后稷書 (Book of Prince Heguo 何國, 374 Millet), 362 Hejian 河間, 92 Houmochen Yue 侯莫陳悅, 212 Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃, 141–142 household registries, 101 Helongcheng 和龍城 (Longcheng), 327 households, composition of, 466–473 Hemingshan 鶴鳴山 (Mount houti 侯提 (drum held by nobleman), Crane-Call), 557 718n79 hemp fields (matian), 313 Houzhu 後主, final ruler of the Chen. See route, 322 Chen Shubao Henei 河內, 79, 80n4 Houzhu 後主, final ruler of the Northern hengchui 橫吹 (mounted military Qi. See Gao Wei band), 718 Hu 胡, Madame (Dowager Empress of Hengshan 恒山 mountains, 185 the Northern Wei), 178–179, Hengshan 橫山, 164 180–182, 183, 189, 205, (White /Yada), 456–457, 458, 676 306–307 Hu Fen 胡奮, 89 heqi 合氣 (merging qi ritual), 560, Hu Lie 胡烈, 77 562, 571 hu nan Man xiaowei 護南蠻校尉 Heqiao 河橋, 215 (Commandant for the Protection Hetian 和田, 375 of the Southern Indigenes), 136 Hexi corridor 河西走廊, 322, 377, Hu Sanxing 胡三省, 162n37 665, 677 hu 胡 (“barbarian,” northern and Hexi wang 河西王 (King of West of the northwestern foreigners, peoples [Yellow] River), 141 to the west of China), 120, 166, Heyin 河陰, 182, 230 297, 375n3, 572, 588n40

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854 glossary–index

hu 斛 (bushel), 314, 540 huangji 黃籍 (yellow [tax] registries), hu 狐 (fox), 588n40 101, 335 hu 戶 (households), 328n73 Huanglao 黃老, 531, 554 Hua Mulan 花木蘭, 297, 655 huanglu 黃籙 (Yellow Register huahu 化胡 (conversion of the Retreat), 566 barbarians), 556n9, 566 黄山, 58 Huai 淮 river, 31, 36, 37, 47, 166, Huangting jing 黃廷經 (Scripture of the 167, 172, 185, 196, Yellow Court), 561 221, 344 huangzhong 黃鐘 (musical pitch), 719 basin, emigration to, 333 Huangzi zhi xue 皇子之學 (School for the Huai 懷, Emperor of Western Jin. See Emperor’s Sons), 492 Sima Chi Huanren 桓仁, 406 Huaidexian 懷德縣, 335 Huaxia 華夏, 121 Huaihuang 懷荒, 186 Huayang guo zhi 華陽國志 (Monograph on Huaishuo 懷朔, 186, 193 the States South of Mount Hua), 77, Huaishuo Garrison 懷朔鎮, 180, 146, 558n15, 618 186, 188 Huayin 華陰, 37 Huan 桓, Han emperor, 151n9 Huazhou 華州, 213, 214 Huan 皖, city of, 55 huazhu 化主 (directors of Huan Wen 桓溫, 109–112, 113, 114, conversion), 476 117, 132, 135, 154, 277, Hudong 湖東, 391n30, 407n104, 279–282, 523 415n145 桓玄, 114, 116–117, hugua 胡瓜 (cucumber), 297 282, 292 Hui 惠, Emperor of Western Jin. See Huan Yi 桓伊, 336 Sima Zhong huang 璜 (half discs), 393n40 Hui Shi 惠施, 523 huang 黃 (light-colored), 104 Huibu 慧布, 659 Huang Gai 黃蓋, 54, 58 Huijiao 慧皎, 615 黃皓, 76–77 Huisheng 惠生, 393n38 Huang Kan 黃侃, 489, 530 Huiyuan 慧遠, 533n3, 544, 546, 550, huang su 荒俗 (wild customs), 136 551, 619 Huang 黃祖, 51, 52, 53, 55 hujue 胡角 (J-shaped horn), 718 huangdan 黃丹, 391n31 hujun 護軍 (vice-commandants), 343 huangdi 皇帝 (emperor), 119, 160, 169, Hukou 壺口 Pass, 193 170, 225 hukou 戶口 (household or individuals), Huangdi 黃帝 (the Yellow Thearch), 326n62 554n4 Hulü Guang 斛律光, 202–203, Huangdi nanxun zhi songbei 皇帝南巡之 204–206, 226, 230 頌碑 (“Eulogia of the Southern Hulü Jin 斛律金, 196, 202, 204 Inspection [of the Emperor Hulun Nur 呼倫湖, lake, 156 Wencheng]”), 405n92 huma 胡麻 (sesame), 297, 364 Huangfu dong (caves) 皇甫洞, 413n135 hunping 魂瓶 (funereal figured jar, lit. Huangfu Mi 皇甫謐, 484, 499, “soul jar”), 424–425, 674 503–504, 508, 510, 614 huozhi 貨殖 (the profits of trade), 358

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glossary–index 855

Husi Chun 斛斯椿, 192 賈詡, 35 husui 胡荽 (coriander), 364 jian 劍 (two-edged sword), 285, 431 hutao 胡桃 (walnut), 297 Jian’an qi zi 建安七子 (Seven Masters of hutengwu 胡騰舞 (leaping or whirling the Jian’an period), 40, 604–605, dances), 717 627, 629 hutiao 戶調 (household tax), 34 Jianbei jing 漸備經, 543n26 huxuanwu 胡旋舞 (leaping or whirling Jiang 江 Province, 244, 252, 266 dances), 717 Inspector of, 248 huzi 虎子 (urinals), 431 jiang 漿 (salty sauces), 360 蔣濟, 42 image steles (zaoxiang bei), 405, 663, 677 Jiang Tong 江統, 211n4 Imperial Academy, 512–514 蔣琬, 75 Index of Scriptures [of the Abbey] of the 姜維, 48, 75–77 Mysterious Metropolis 玄都[觀] Jiang Yan 江淹, 616, 645 經目 (Xuandu [guan] Jiang Ziwen 蔣子文, 584, 595n74 jingmu), 575 Jiang Zong 江總, 659–660 , influence of, 302, 303–305 Jianghou 蔣侯 (Marquis Jiang), 584 investiture system, 297–299 Jiangling 江陵, 53, 54, 55, 60, 72, 89, iron artifacts, 396, 397 222, 223, 230, 232, 244, Iron Monopoly Offices (tieguan), 320 258–259, 267–268, 270, 271, 394n42, 643n70, 657 jade, 392–393 Jiangnan 江南, 337, 688 emigration to, 335 relations with China, 298–299, 301 farming systems, 373 relations with China via , mai cultivation, 372 302–303 Jiangxia 江夏 commandery, 36, 54, 57 Ji 冀 Province, 29, 30, 34 Jiangzhou 江州, 281, 351, 689 ji 穄 (non-glutinous broomcorn expense of maintaining garrisons, millet), 364 344–346 ji 記 (accounts or records), 619 population, 336 ji 集 (literary collections), 614 taxation, 345 Ji commandery 汲郡, 478 trade routes, 349 Ji district 汲縣, 478 jiangzuo dajiang 將作大匠 (Chamberlain 嵇康. See Xi (Ji) Kang for the Palace Buildings), 319 Ji Zha 札, 523n58 jianjiao 檢校 (concurrently), 380 Jia 賈 family, 148 Jiankang 建康, 93, 96–97, 98, 101, 104, 賈充, 86 105, 166, 167–168, 172, 176, Jia Kui 賈逵, 500 199, 239, 244, 245–246, Jia Mi 賈密, 605, 635 252–253, 259, 260–261, Jia Nanfeng 賈南風, 93, 148 271–272, 278–279, 329, 331, Jia Sibo 賈思伯, 357 335, 354, 545, 561, 625, 645, Jia Sitong 賈思同, 357 648n93, 659, 660, 688 Jia Sixie 賈思勰, 355–373 Buddhism in, 262–264 Jia Xianzhi 賈顯智, 187 coinage, 351, 352

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856 glossary–index

Jiankang 建康 (cont.) Jiemin 節閔, Emperor of Northern Wei. collapse of, 265–268 See Yuan Gong conquest of, 270–271 Jieshaxun 誡殺訓 (Instructions elite society, 241, 242, 256, 259–260 concerning warning against émigré tombs, 102, 432, 434 killing), 509 founding of the Qi dynasty and, 254 Jiezhou 介州, 375, 379 growth, 240 jijie 集解 (collected explanations), 489 literary and official class, 257–258 jijiu 祭酒 (libationers), 147, 557, money lending, 347 559–560, 571 ornamentation worn in, 439–440 Jijiu pian 急就篇 (Handy Primer), population, 334 361, 486 reconsolidation of, 268–270 jikou shoutian 計口授田 (allocation of taxation, 345–346 land based on individuals), 312 trade, 349, 350 jilou 雞婁 (drum), 718n79 vernacular of the elite, 238 jimi 羈縻 (using the barbarians to control Zhengjue Temple, 353 the barbarians), 341 Jianmen Pass (Jianmenguan 劍門關), Jin lü 晉律 (Jin Code of Law), 85 149, 222 jin 斤 (catty), 312 Jianning 建寧 commandery, 342 Jin 晉, 49, 79, 699. See also Eastern Jin; Jianping 建平, 89 Western Jin Jianwen 簡文, Emperor of Eastern Jin. prehistory, 79–84 See Sima 錦 silk, 406–407 Jianwen 簡文, Emperor of Liang. See Jin qiju zhu 晉起居注, 307n73 Xiao Gang Jin yangqiu 晉陽秋, 100n16 Jianye 建鄴, 60, 63, 89, 93, 96 Jin Zhun 靳準, 126–127 jiaodou 鐎斗 (wine warmer), 396, 422 Jincheng 金城, 404 jiaosi 郊祀 (suburban sacrifice), 497, 500 Jing 敬, Emperor of Liang. See Xiao Jiaozhi 交趾 (northern ), 271, Fangzhi 303. See also jing 景 (effulgences or phosphors), 562 Jiaozhou 交州, 91, 116, 303–304, 339 jing 精 (essence, by extension demon or trade, 349–350 spirit), 451n30, 587 use of gold and silver currency, 351 jing 經 (classics, canonical books), jiatong 家童 (family youngsters), 485, 614 358, 370 Jing 荊 Province, 30, 36, 38, 41, 51, 52, jiawei 假尉 (temporary 53, 55–56, 57, 59–60, 62, 68, commandant), 50 69–70, 71–72, 150, 151, 242, 244 jiaxue 家學 (family learning), 487 Jing 靜, Emperor of . See jiaxun 家訓 (family instructions), 507 Yan jiaye 家業 (family vocation), 487 Jing Chu suishi ji 荆楚歲時記, 474 Jiayuguan 嘉峪關, 670 Jingjian 淨檢, 454 jie 戒 (admonition), 613 Jingkou 京口, 112, 244, 254 Jie 羯, 93, 120, 121, 126, 127, 137, 406 development as a commercial center, Jie 羯 language, 129 334–335 Jiehu 羯胡, 187 military settlers, 332–333

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glossary–index 857

Jingling ba you 竟陵八友 (Eight Jiuxing hu 九姓胡 (Nine Lineages Hu), Companions of the Prince of 377n4 Jingling), 607–608, 645 Jiuzhen zhongjing 九真中經 (Central Jingling 竟陵, 221 Scripture of the Nine Perfected ), 562 jingshe 精舍(chambers of quietude), 559 Jiuzhou renshi lun 九州人士論 (Personages jingxue 經學 (study of the classics), 485 in the Nine Continents), 513n11 Jingzhao fujun (Lord of the Commandery Jixian 汲縣, 375 of Jingzhao), 80 Jizang 吉藏, 542 荊州, 89, 104, 220, 226, 281, Jizhou 濟州, 190–191, 194 337, 340, 343, 629 jizhu 集注 (collected commentaries), 489 Jinhua 金華, 335, 349 ju 聚 (settlement), 461 Jining (Inner ) 集寧, 159 juan 卷 (book; chapter; scroll), 356, 358 Jining () 濟寧, 166 juan tai 卷胎 (“coiled-core” Jinling 晉陵, 332, 333, 334 technique), 392 Jinling ji 金陵記, 328n73 jue 角 (a yin set musical note), 719 Jinlouzi 金樓子 (Master of the Golden jun 軍 (army), 215 Tower), 617 jun 郡 (commanderies), 101, jinlu 金籙 (Golden Register 326, 461 Retreat), 566 jun taishou 郡太守 (commandery Jinshu 晉書 (History of the Jin), 437, 602, governors), 147 655, 691 junfu 軍府 (military headquarters), 290 jinsi 金肆 (gold shops), 404 Junshan kilns 均山窯, 349, 423 Jintasi 金塔寺 caves, 677 juntian 均田 (equal-fields system), 107, jintongfo 金銅佛 (Buddha statues made 174, 309, 312–314, 369, 371 of gilt bronze), 677 junwang 郡望 (local elite), 335n17 jinu 積弩 (amassed crossbowmen), 290 Juqu 沮渠 clan, 122, 143 Jinyang 晉陽, 184, 189–190, 191–192, Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙遜, 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 140–141, 677 202–208, 209, 226–227, 231, Jurong 句容, 561, 565 294, 327, 384, 682 Jushide 據史德, 375 Jinyong 金墉, 220 Juxian 莒縣, 422 Jinzhou 晉州, 190, 207, 231 jishe 積射 (amassed archers), 290 開封, 194 jishou hu 雞首壺 (chicken-headed ewers), kaifu 開府 (colonel), 215, 380 387, 424 kaima 鎧馬 (armored horses), 124 Jiu gao 酒誥 (“Admonishment on Kaneko Shū ichi, 497 Wine”), 228 Kang Ye 康業, 382, 673 jiumin 舊民 (indigenous people), 330 Kangguo 康國, 374 jiupin 九品 (Nine Rank system), 34, 108 康居, 673 Jiupin zhongzheng 九品中正 (Rectifier of Kaoyi 考異, 222n38 the Nine Rank System), 34, 494 Karlgren, Klas Bernhard Johannes, 20 Jiuquan 酒泉, 379, 677 karma, 547–548, 550, 551, 552 jiuxi 九錫. See Nine Bestowals or Kawakatsu Yoshio, 8 Distinctions Kaya, 401

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858 glossary–index

ke 客 (literally “guest” but also a trade with, 263, 375 dependent), 107 Kudi Gan 庫狄干, 196 Kebineng 軻比能, 43 Kumā rajı̄va, 138, 140, 165, 543–544, 570 kedun 可敦 (“qatun,” Inner Asian monarchical title [female]), 170 lacquerware, 390–392, 422–423, 430, 431 kehan 可寒 (“qaghan” Inner Asian lalong 拉攏 (winning-over policy), 341 monarchical title [male]), 170 land tenure, 309–316 kemençe (lute), 708 landowning, 89, 107, 310–311, 314 ketian 課田 (land regulation, taxable Langya 瑯琊, 555n7 land), 86, 107, 311–312 Langye 琅邪, 96, 101, 335 Kezhuhan Daoyuan 可朱渾道元, 196 Langye 琅邪, Prince of. See Sima Rui ı̄ 藍田 Kharos˙t˙h (language), 306 Lantian , 214 Khitans, 198 Lanting ji xu 蘭亭集序, 59–603, 616, Khotan, 263, 306 618, 637 Kizil cave paintings, 711, 717 Lanzhou 蘭州, 211, 677 Koguryŏ 高句麗, 287, 300–301, Lao (Liao) 獠 people, 98, 154 302, 305 lao 勞 (bush-harrow), 363 golden parade belts, 399 Laojun yinsong jie jing 老君音誦誡經, tomb artifacts, 401, 406 571n61 Kojiki 古事記 (oldest surviving native laoxiao 老小 (elderly or children), 311 Japanese history), 299 老子, 454, 490, 515, 516, 517, Kong Daocun 孔道存, 347 518–519, 521, 522, 523, 524, Kong Hui 孔徽, 347 525, 602 孔融, 514n13, 604n14 Laozi 老子 (philosopher), 504, 527, Kong Shizhong tie 孔侍中帖 (Letter to Mr. 531, 683 Kong), 689 Laozi bianhua jing 老子變化經 (Scripture Kong Zhigui 孔稚珪, 620 of the Transformations of konghou 箜篌 (harps), 322, 713 Laozi), 556 Kongjiao 孔教 (the Teachings of Laozi zhilüe 老子指略, 525n67 Confucius), 484 lapis lazuli, 394 Kongzi 孔子 (Confucius), 484, Later Liang 梁, 140, 141, 268, 270, 699 485–486, 496 Later Qin 秦, 137–138, 140, 141–142, Korea, 300–303 327, 574, 711 Kou Qianzhi 寇謙之, 170, 536, 539, Later Yan 燕, 139, 142–143, 159, 570–572, 573 160, 300 Kou Zanzhi 寇讚之, 570 Later Zhao 趙, 127–130, 134–135, 138, Kuaiji 會稽 commandery, 52, 58, 64, 153, 282, 312, 321, 328, 332, 687 114, 332, 334, 423 Latourette, Kenneth Scott, 23 trade, 347 Laufer, Berthold, 19 Kucha, 133, 140 Legge, James, 19 music from, 699–701, 713, 717–718 lei 誄 (dirge), 606 silk production, 407 Lei Yanhong, 235 tombs, 407 Lei Yiqun, 235

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glossary–index 859

Lessing, Ferdinand, 18 Xiang 李庠 (246–301), ’s third “Letter to His Younger Sister about younger brother, 149 Ascending the Bank of Great Li Xiang 李驤 (d. 328), Li Te’s younger Thunder Lake” (Deng Dalei an yu brother, 153 mei shu 登大雷岸與妹書), 619 李雄, 150–153, 561, 577 “Letter to Shan Tao Severing Their Li Xizong 李希宗, 404 Relationship” (Yu Shan Juyuan Li Ying 李膺, 514n13 juejiao shu 與山巨源絕交 Li Yuan 李淵, 577 書), 605 Li Yue 李越, 153 Lezun 樂尊, 679 li zidi 吏子弟 (officials’ scions), 468 Li 李, leading family of Cheng-Han state Lian 廉 family, 478 Li 俚 people, 98, 330, 339–340, 341 liang 兩 (ounce), 314 li 隸 (cleric script), 689 Liang 梁 dynasty, 100, 220, 265, 272, li 理 (pattern, principle, reason, 282, 505, 607, 658 coherence, truth), 501, 516, 525 border area with Eastern Wei, 194 li 吏 (sub-official functionaries), 464, 465 Buddhism, 535–536, 537, 575 li 犁 (turnplow), 363 civil service examinations, 495 li 里 (unit of measurement), 321, coinage, 351, 352, 353 328n73 commerce, 347–348 li 里 (village), 461, 463 decline in support from northern 李班, 152, 153 émigrés, 341 Li Bi 李弼, 214–215 émigré founders, 330, 333 Li Chong 李充, 600 invasions by Western Wei and Li Dang 李蕩, 152 Northern Qi, 198–199 Li Daoyuan 酈道元, 618, 621 literary circle, 608 Li Fang-kuei, 20 literary critiques, 654 Li Hong 李弘, 563, 572, 577 military recruitment, 291, 292 Li Hu 李虎, 147–148 musical composition, 698 李恢, 74 poetry, 650–654 Li ji 禮記 (Book of Rites), 219n27, 485 puppet regime, 268, 271 Li Jing 李靖, 284 reign of Emperor Wu (502–549), Li Liu 李流, 149–150 259–265 李穆, 225 relief tiles, 438 Li Puwen 李普文, 571 scrolls, 691 李期, 153 support for Hou Jing, 196, 221, Li Shan 李善, 145n2 265–266 Li Shangyin 李商隱, 706 tomb inscriptions, 421 李勢, 153–154 tombs, 435 李壽, 153–154 Western Wei conquest of, 221–223 Li Te 李特, 124, 148–150, 561 Yan Zhitui and, 506–508 Li Xian 李賢 (654–684), 145n2 zuo districts/commanderies, 342 Li Xian 李賢 (d. 569), tomb of, 387n12, Liang prefecture 梁州, 149 394n46, 395n52, 402n83 Liang 涼 Province, 28, 37, 51

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860 glossary–index

Liang Rui 梁睿, 343 Lingbao 靈寶 (Numinous Treasure) Liang Wudi 梁武帝. See Xiao Yan scriptures, 543, 565–569, 572, liangdang 兩當 (double-faced 574, 575 armor), 286 Lingling 零陵, 58 liangjian zhi 良賤制 (division of subjects Lingnan 嶺南, 240, 252, 267, 268, 269, into free and subordinated 338, 340 people), 9 Lingshu ziwen 靈書紫文 (Purple Script liangren 良人 (free commoners), 291 Inscribed by the Spirits), 563 Liangzhou 涼州, 81, 133, 140, 141, 靈武, 375 193, 345, 351, 379, Lingzhou 靈州, 193, 375 381, 543 Linhai 臨海, 332, 350 Lianhua dong (caves) 蓮花洞, 413n135 Linqing 臨清, 163n39 lianhua zun 蓮花尊 (lotus-flower jar), Linqu 臨朐, 670 387, 435 Linxiang 臨湘, 466 Liao 僚, 330, 337–340, 341–342 Linyi 臨沂, 263, 304, 350 Liao 遼 river, 130 Linzhang 臨漳, 406 Liaodong 遼東, 43, 59, 80–81, 82, linzhang 鄰長 (neighborhood elder), 464 130–131 Linzhidian 麟趾殿 (Linzhi Academy), 遼寧, 130, 397n62, 406, 492n46 410n120 Linzi 臨淄, 321 Liaoxi 遼西, 143, 413 Lishi 離石, 125 Liaoyang 遼陽, 665 literary circles, 603–609 Lidai minghua ji 歷代名畫記, 691n58 literary criticism, 609–614 Lienü renzhi tu 列女仁智圖 (Wise and literary imagination, 619–622 Benevolent Women), 691 literary pursuits, 261–262 Lienü zhuan 列女傳 (Biographies of Liu 劉 clan, 86 Exemplary Women), 692 Liu, Lady 劉氏, 448 Lieyi zhuan 列異傳 (Tradition of Arrayed Liu Bang 劉邦, 66 Marvels), 621 Liu Bei 劉備, 31–32, 36–38, 41, 42–43, Liezi 列子, 525n68 53, 55–56, 59, 68, 73, 77, 275 lijiao 禮教 (Confucian moral norms and ancestral temple, 77 ritual teachings), 519 conquest of Yi Province, 68–70 lin 鄰 (neighborhood), 464 continuation of his policies, 74 ling Lelang taishou 領樂浪太守 establishment of imperial (concurrent governor of university, 490 Lelang), 298 reign of (214–223), 70–72 ling 令(command), 607 Liu Bian 劉辯, 28 ling 靈 (numinous being), 620 劉表, 30, 32, 35–36, 51, 52, Ling 靈, Emperor of Han. See 53, 55, 69 劉粲, 126 Ling, Empress Dowager 靈皇后. See Hu Liu Chang 劉昶, 251, 252 胡 Madame (Dowager Empress 劉諶, 77 of the Northern Wei) 劉聰, 93, 125–127, 151

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glossary–index 861

Liu Dan 劉誕, 250 Liu Xiaochuo 劉孝綽, 653 Liu Daogui 劉道規, 243 Liu Xie 劉協 (literary scholar, late Liu Daolian 劉道憐, 242, 243 fifth–early sixth century), 485, liu fa 六法 (six principles of 609, 610–612, 616, 619, painting), 690 642, 654 Liu Fang 劉昉, 233–234 Liu Xie 劉協 (posthumously Emperor Liu Fengsheng 劉豐生, 196 Xian of Han, r. 189–220), 28, 劉馥, 36, 54 32, 39, 40 liu guan 六官 (Six Offices), 219 Liu Xiu 劉秀 (posthumously Emperor Liu Hong 劉宏 (posthumously Emperor Guangwu of Han, r. 25–57), Ling of Han, r. 168–189), 27–28 58, 66 Liu Hong 劉弘 (Liu Yilong’s seventh Liu Xiufan 劉休範, 243, 252, 253 son), 250, 254 Liu Xiumao 劉休茂, 251 tomb of, 431n30 Liu Xiuren 劉休仁, 252 Liu Huan 劉瓛, 505, 615 Liu Xiuruo 劉休若, 252 劉褘, 252, 253 Liu Xiushi 劉休祏, 252 Liu Hun 劉渾, 249 劉焉, 30, 37, 67–68, 70, Liu Jingsu 劉景素, 254, 645 147, 558 Liu Jun 劉駿 (posthumously Emperor 劉曜, 51, 79, 93, 126–127, 128, Xiaowu of Liu-Song, 133, 655n120 r. 453–464), 247, 248–249, Liu Yi 劉毅, 34n8 250–252 Liu Yifu 劉義符 (posthumously songs written for, 644 Emperor Shao of Liu-Song, succession, 252–253 r. 422–424), 241 劉琨, 126, 606 Liu Yigong 劉義恭, 247, 249, 251 Liu Laozhi 劉牢之, 114, 116, 292 Liu Yikang 劉義康, 247, 249 劉伶, 519, 520 Liu Yilong 劉義隆 (posthumously Liu Ling 劉伶/靈, 605n15 Emperor Wen of Liu-Song, Liu Lingxian 劉令嫻, 653 r. 424–453), 168, 241–242, 243, Liu Meng 劉猛, 88 244–246, 645 劉琦, 36, 53 brothers, 249 劉禪, 43, 48, 59, 73–78 creation of the Four Academies, 491 Liu Shao 劉劭, 247, 248, 513, sons, 249, 251–252, 253 584, 616 Liu Yiqing 劉義慶, 245, 511n2, Liu-Song 宋, 167–168, 330, 333, 335 616, 621 end of 443–478, 248–254 Liu Yixuan 劉義宣, 248, 249–250 founding of, 117 Liu Yizhen 劉義真, 241 mausoleums, 664 Liu Yu 劉彧 (Emperor Ming of poetry, 639–645 Liu-Song, r. 473–477), scrolls, 691 251–253, 255, 567, 577 temple, 685 Liu Yu 劉昱 (Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Teng 劉騰, 178, 179, 180 the Liu-Song, r. 473–477), 253 Liu Xiaobiao 劉孝標, 511n4, 516n31, Liu Yu 劉虞 (governor of You 522n52 Province), 30

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862 glossary–index

Liu Yu 劉裕 (Emperor Wu of Liu-Song, Longbian 龍編, 57 r. 420–422), 116–117, 118, Longcheng 龍城 (Helongcheng), 327 237–239, 241–243, 244, 246, Long-Lived Fan. See Fan Changsheng 248, 254, 255, 277, 282, 292, (Long-Lived) 332, 333, 569–570, 616, 640 Longmen 龍門 caves, 535, 548–549, as general during the Jin, 277, 279 670, 679, 683, 697 Guanzhong campaign, 281 Longmen zhi you 龍門之遊 (Longmen poetry celebrating, 645 Associates), 607 temperament, 249 Longshan 隴山 mountains, 210–211, 劉淵, 125–127, 128, 141, 217n23 151, 282, 283, 293 Longxi 隴西, 28, 75 Liu Yuanjing 柳元景, 247, 250, 251 Longxingsi 龍興寺 Temple, 683 Liu Yun 柳惲 (poet), 647–648 “Lord Lao’s Scripture of Chanted 劉璋, 37, 55, 68, 70, 558 Precepts” (chapter from the New Liu Zhao 劉昭, 90n68 Code), 571 Liu Zhen 劉楨, 604n14 Lord of the Granaries Liu Zhi 劉志, 556 Man-barbarians, 146 Liu Zhun 劉准 (posthumously Emperor Lotus Sutra, 532, 543, 551, 701 Shun of the Liu-Song, Lou 婁 née (wife of Gao Huan), 188, r. 477–479), 254 197, 200 Liu Zixun 劉子勛, 252 lou 耬 (ox-drawn seed-drills), 363 Liu Ziye 劉子業 (Prior Deposed Lou Huiming 樓惠明, 573 Emperor of Liu-Song, Lou Rui 婁叡, 393n40, 404, 675n27 r. 464–465), 251 Lou Shu 樓璹, 373 Liu Zong 劉琮, 53 louchuan 樓船 (multi-decked liumin 流民 (transients), 323 warships), 288 Liupan 六盤 mountains, 210 Louguan 樓觀, 574 liupin 六品 (Six Grades), 8 Lu 陸 family, 64 liuren 流人 (dislocated persons), 134 Lü 吕 family, 478 Liutian 六天 (Six Heavens), 500 Lu 陸 (surname/region), 472 Liuzhen 六鎮 (Six Garrisons), 165, 177, lü 律 (set of musical scales), 719 179, 181, 186, 193 Lu Bian 盧辯, 219, 224 Liwei 力微, 156–157, 164, 168, 176 Lü Bu 呂布, 31–32 liyuan 理源 (source of truth), 516 Lu Chen 盧諶, 606 lizhi 理致 (ramifications of truth), 516 Lu Chui 陸倕, 607n27 lizhong 理中 (hitting the truth), 516 Lü Chunsheng, 235 local elites (haoyou 豪右), 67, 101, 148, Lü Dai 呂岱, 57 216, 289, 335n17, 471–473, Lü Guang 呂光, 140–141, 699, 713 478–479 陸機 (261–303), 605–606, Liu Bei and, 69, 70 610–611, 612, 619, local government 634–637, 656 base-level administration of, 582 Lu Ji 陸績 (188–219), 60 seats, 460 Lu Jue 陸厥, 607n28 locusts, 148 Lu Lingxuan 陸令萱, 204

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glossary–index 863

Lü Meng 呂蒙, 38, 55, 56, 58, 63 138, 175–176, 177, 178, Lu Na 陸納, 562 180–182, 186, 326–329, 375, Lu Sengzhen, 348 379, 545, 631, 634, 637, Lu Sidao 盧思道, 656–657 645, 654 魯肅, 55 Buddhist temples, 676 Lu Xiujing 陸修靜, 565–568, 614 burial art, 671 盧循 (d.417), 115–116, commercial activity, 321–322 570 Madame Hu’sinfluence, 179 Lu Xun 陸遜 (183–245), 56, 58, 60, relocation of Northern Wei capital to, 62, 64 671, 679, 682, 699 Lu Xun 魯迅 (1881–1936), 605n16 royal burials, 666 Lü Yi 呂乂, 75–76 women musicians, 701 Lu Yu 盧毓, 513n11 Luoyang qielan ji 洛陽伽藍記 (Account of Lu Yun 陸雲, 606, 637n47 the Monasteries of Luoyang), lüdou 綠豆 (green gram), 364 404, 618 Lüeyang 略陽, 148n5 lupan 露盤 (disc-shaped object placed at Lujiang 廬江 commandery, 51, 52 the top of a ), 353 Lumenxue 露門學 (School of the Grand Lushan 廬山, Mount, 360, 584 Gate), 492 lüshi 律詩 (regulated verse), 646 lun 論 (discourse), 604 Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋 (Master Lü’s Lun hua 論畫 (“On Painting”), 689n53 Spring and Autumn Annals), 362, Lunwen 論文 (Discourse on Literature), 703n20, 719 605, 624 Lushui Hu 盧水胡, 122, 140 Lunyu 論語 (The Analects), 485, 486, lutes (), 707–713 487, 490, 518, 634 lutian 露田 (open fields), 313 Lunyu jijie 論語集解 (Collected Lutu zhenjing (True Scripture of Registers Explanations of the Analects), and Charts), 571 485, 489 Lunyu shiyi 論語釋疑 (Explanations of ma 麻 (hemp), 364 Doubts about the Analects), 485 馬超, 37, 70, 72n34 Lunyu tilüe 論語體略 (A Summary of the Ma Rong 馬融, 500, 518–519 Analects’ Contents), 486 Ma Shu 馬樞, 566 Lunyu yishu 論語義疏 馬忠, 74 (Sub-commentary on the Mahayana sutras, 701 Analects), 489 mai 麥 (wheat, barley), 364, 372 luo 蓏 (cucurbits), 364 Maijishan 麥積山 caves, 677–678, luo 落 (encampment group), 164 682 Luo 洛 river, 214 Maitreya, 549 羅尚, 149–151 makai 馬鎧 (horse armor), 286 Luo Xinben, 493 Man 蠻, 98, 245–246, 268, 281, 330, Luoshen fu tu 洛神赋圖 (The Nymph of the 337–340, 349, 351 Luo River), 679, 691, 694–697 bureaus (Manfu 蠻府), 343–346 Luoyang 洛陽, 28, 29, 32, 38, 47, state policies towards, 340–341 48, 51, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, taxation of, 341–343

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864 glossary–index

Manchuria, 299–300 Min 岷 river, 58, 151 Mang 邙 mountains, 185, 220, 444 ming 命 (allotted lifespan or destiny), Mañjuśrı̄ , 517, 678 528, 592 manufacturing, 319–321, 334 ming 明 (to make clear), 568n49 Mao 毛, Empress, 45 Ming 明, Emperor of Eastern Jin. See mao 矛 (leaf-shaped lance head), 285 Sima Shao Mao Shan 茅山, 554n5, 561n26, Ming 明, Emperor of Han (r. 58–75 573n64 ce), 533 Mao Xiuzhi 毛脩之, 595n75 Ming 明, Emperor of Liu-Song. See Maoxian 鄮縣, 350 Liu Yu maoyuan 毛員 (hourglass-shaped drums Ming 明, Emperor of Wei. See Cao Rui or drum of a hairy official), 718 mingjiao 名教 (teachings of the names), marble, 405–406 484, 519 Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zeng hou yi) tomb, mingjing 明經 (Illuminating the 703, 719, 720 Classics), 495 marquisate 侯国, 464, 466 mingqi 明器 (spirit articles, replica marriage, aristocratic, 447–449 objects in tombs), 670, 673–675 Maspero, Henri, 17 Mingtang 明堂 (ritual hall), 405, 410 Mather, Richard B., 570 Mingyuan 明元, Emperor of Northern matian 麻田 (hemp fields), 313 Wei. See Tuoba Si Matisi 馬蹄寺 caves, 677 mingzhen 明真 (Retreat of the Luminous Maxinzhuang 馬辛莊, 414n142 Perfected), 566 May Fourth Movement, 445 miraculous, the, 547, 549–551 mei 魅 (demon), 587 mituoseng 密陀僧, 391n31 mei 梅 (Japanese apricot), 360 Mizei 米賊 (Rice Bandits), 558 孟獲, 73 mo 魔 (demon), 587 mensheng 門生 (disciple), 347 mofa 末法 (decline of the Dharma), 549 merchants, 33, 136, 194, 263, 303, Mogaoku 莫高窟 caves, 679–682 321–322, 345, 347–350, monasteries 374–375, 377–378, 382, 502 Buddhist, 539–547 merit, Buddhist doctrine of, 532, Daoist, 574 535, 547–548, 549–550 monetary systems metal artifacts, 396–404 northern, 317–319 綿竹, 67, 149 southern, 350–353 miao 廟 (temple or shrine), 582 Mount Green Castle, 150 mica, 394 mourning system, 446–447, 449–450, migration, 148–149, 154, 297, 418 452, 457–458, 498–499 Miguo 米國, 374 Mouzi lihuo lun 牟子理惑論, 537 military institutions, 289–295 mu 牧 (governor), 53, 68, 131, 444 military service, financial burden of, 316 mu 畝 (measure of land), 107, 311, 313, min 民 (commoners or free people), 161, 314, 369 186, 365, 460 Mu 穆, Empress, 72 Min 愍, Emperor of Western Jin. See Mu family 穆, 443 Sima Ye Mu Tipo 穆提婆, 204, 205–206, 207

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glossary–index 865

mubing 募兵 (voluntary recruits), Nanfang caowu zhuang 南方草物狀 (A 292 Prospectus of the Plants and Products mudao 墓道 (descending tomb of the Southern Regions), 359 passage), 666 Nanhai 南海, 57 Mufu 幕阜 mountains, 60 南京, 669, 670, 683, 688, 704 Mulan 木蘭. See Hua Mulan Nanling 南岭 mountains, 57, 59 mulberry fields (sangtian), 313 Nanning 南寧, 343 Müller, F. W. K., 18 nanren 南人 (southerners), 330 Murong 慕容, 130–133, 134, 136, 139, Nanyang 南陽, 28, 36, 50, 57, 63, 142–143, 158–160, 165, 258, 321 177n105, 277, 283, Nanzhong 南中, 73–74 300–301, 307 narrative art, 619–622 material culture, 399–400 Neiqiu 內邱, 388n15 Murong Chong 慕容沖, 139 Nihon 日本, 302 Murong Chui 慕容垂, 132, 137, 139, Nine Bestowals or Distinctions (jiuxi 九 142–143, 159, 160 錫), 84, 111, 117 Murong Huang 慕容皝, 132 Nine Zhaowu Lineages (zhaowu Murong Hui 慕容皝, 130–131, 132 jiuxing), 374 Murong Jun 慕容儁, 132 Ning Man 寧蠻 bureau, 343 慕容評 ̄ ̄ Murong Ping , 132 Nirva˙nasutra, 543, 544 Murong Wei 慕容暐, 40–41, 132 Niuchuan 牛川, 159, 161, 169 music and musical instruments, Niushan 牛山, Mount, 361 698, 720 Niwa Taiko, 503 Buddhist, 701 Niya 尼雅, 306 foreign orchestras, 714–717 nongcun 農村 (rural settlement), 462n8 general, 702–703 nongjia 農家 (specialist agricultural importation of Kuchean music to works), 359 northern China, 699–701, Nongshu 農書 (Agricultural Treatise, Chen 717–718 Fu, 1149), 367 imported harps, 713 Nongshu 農書 (Agricultural Treatise, indigenous qin zither, 703–706 Wang Zhen, 1313), 365, 367 indigenous se zither, 706–707 North Yan 燕 Province, 244 indigenous whistling, 707 North Yu 豫 Province, 244 military orchestras, 718 northeastern interaction zone, 299–303 music theory, 719–720 Northern Headquarters Troops (Beifu muzhiming 墓誌銘 (memorial texts), 9, bing 北府兵), 113, 114, 116, 16, 460, 463, 615 237, 239, 241, 243, 246, 254, 291–292, 333 Naitō Konan (Naitō Torajiro), 7–9, 10 Northern Liang 梁, 122, 140–141, Nan 南 commandery, 53 143–144, 165, 169, 326, 699 nan 難 (objections), 517 caves, 677, 680 Nan Qishu 南齊書 (History of the Southern Northern Qi 齊, 11, 184, 197–209, 220, Qi), 344, 614 221, 222, 267, 268–270, 283, Nan’an 南安, 74, 77 295, 381, 657

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866 glossary–index

Northern Qi 齊 (cont.) corvée labor, 315 belt sets, 400 Daoism, 570–571 Buddhist art, 682 defense garrisons, 186 civil service examinations, 494 equal-field system, 309, 314, 369 clothing, 409 fall of, 178–182, 186–192 coinage, 318 final conquests, 164–168 commercial activity, 322 final years, 210–212 conquest of, 270, 280 fortification of the capital, 284 corvée labor, 315, 316 founding of, 155–159 couches, 412 funerary art, 415–416, 671–673 dancing, 717 glassware, 395 equal-field system, 314 government involvement in geography, 184–186 manufacturing, 319, 320 government involvement in growth and prosperity of Luoyang, manufacturing, 319 327–328 lacquerware, 392 growth of absolutism, 171–178 marble Buddhist sculptures, 406 involvement with the Man, 340 military institutions, 293–294 jin silk trade, 407 pillar commemorating charitable literary accomplishment, 618 associations, 478 material culture, 416–417 population, 325 military institutions, 293–294 prohibition of private education, 488 military settlement farming, 312 roles of Yan Zhitui in, 507 monetary system, 317–318 sabao, 379 monumental sculptures, 665 schools, 492 musical instruments, 711 state music, 699 nation building, 159–164 status of Jinyang, 327 poetry, 655 status of Luoyang, 328 population, 324–326 tombs, 414, 666, 670, 673 pottery, 390 war with Northern Zhou, reunification of north China, 119, 226–232, 282 143–144, 280 Northern Wei 魏, 142, 278, 283, rituals and traditions, 168–171 300–301, 332, 354, 697, 699 sabao, 379 agriculture. See Qimin yaoshu tax exemption, 316 attack on the Liu-Song regime, 291 three-elders (sanzhang) system, Buddhism, 537 464–465 Buddhist sculptures, 405 trade, 321–322 Buddhist temples, 676 women’s status, 456–457 buildings, 410–411 Northern Yan 燕, 143, 165, 172, 327 capital city, 326 Northern Zhou 周, 11, 184, 199, 209, cave complexes. See Longmen caves; 210, 268–270, 282–283, 293, Yungang caves 308, 682 Confucian rituals, 497–498 abolition of chamberlain’soffice, 319 conscription, 316 acquisition of households, 280

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glossary–index 867

anti-Buddhism, 577 ordinance (shi 式), 311 bestowals, 217 Ou kilns 甌窯, 349 Buddhism, 537 Ouyang He 歐陽紇, 270 civil service examinations, 495 Ouyang Wei 歐陽頠, 269, 270 corvée labor, 315 economic growth, 327 Paekche 百濟, 263, 299, 301–302, equal-field system, 314 350, 401 imperial university, 492 King of (title), 298 influence on the execution of Hulü , 662, 676–677 Guang, 205 paigan 拍竿 (spike-bearing boom), 288 material culture, 392, 393, 396, 400, painting, 687–697 412, 414 palace-style poetry (gongti shi 宮體詩), military organization, 216 651–653 monetary system, 318 Pan 潘, Lady, 61 music, 699–701 pan 盤 (plate), 424, 435 population, 325 潘岳, 606, 612, 615, 618, reign of Yuwen Yong, 232 635, 637 relations with Northern Qi, 202–203 龐悳/德, 35 rule and reform following Yuwen panjiao 判教 (doctrinal Yun’s death, 233–236 classification), 543 sabao, 379–381 pankouhu 盤口壺 (dish-mouthed war with the Northern Qi, 204–205, jar), 424 207–208, 226–232, 507 Panyu 潘禺, 422 Xianbei military leaders, 215 paper, 404 Yu Xin’s role in, 658 patrilineal descent groups, 470–471 Yuwen Yun’s reign, 232–233 peasants, 368–371 Nü jie 女誡 (Admonitions for Women), Pei 沛, 30, 557 447n14 Pei Dun 裴盾, 291 nu 弩 (crossbow), 286 Pei Hui 裴徽, 520 nu 奴 (male slave), 370 Pei Qi 裴啟, 616 nubi 奴婢 (slaves), 468 裴松之, 27n1, 45n20, nuns, 454–456 54n3, 61n12, 67n4, 72n33, Nüqing guilü 女青鬼律 (Spirit Statutes of 75n44, 245, 516n28, 526n70, Lady Blue), 557n12 558n15, 613, 621 nüshangshu 女尚書 (Female Imperial Pei Ziye 裴子野, 613 Secretary), 458 Pelliot, Paul, 17 Nüshi zhen tu 女史箴圖 (Admonitions of pen 盆 (basin), 424, 435 the Instructress to the Palace Ladies), Pengcheng 彭城, 166–167, 194, 679, 691 207 Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñā pā ramitā ) officials, 468–469 literature, 542 ontology, 522–523, 524, 525–526, pi 匹 (bolt of cloth; a mate), 312, 527–528, 529 314, 639 open fields (lutian), 313 pi 疋 (double-bolt), 314

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868 glossary–index

Pi 郫 river, 150 odes on objects. See yongwu shi pian 篇 (chapters), 356, 358, 359 “Poems of Feeling,” 637 pian wen 駢文 (parallel prose), 612 “Poems on History” (yongshi shi 詠史 Picken, Laurence, 708, 712, 713 詩), 636 Piling 毗陵, 335 “Poems Presented to Biao, Prince of Pimihu. See Himiko 卑彌呼 Baima,” 631–632 Pimiko. See Himiko 卑彌呼 “Poems Singing of Feelings” (Yonghuai ping 憑 (leaned against), 413n134 shi 詠懷詩 (ode on an object)), Pingcheng 平城, 160–163, 165, 632–633, 645 169–171, 175–176, 177–178, “Seven Laments” (Qi’ai shi), 629 182, 186, 294, 312, 322, 326, “Song of Crows Roosting” (Wuqi qu 烏 384, 385, 394, 404, 409, 571, 棲曲), 652 671, 678 “Song of the Tölös,” 655 black roofed buildings, 411n123 “Song of Plucking Lotus” (Cai lian qu material culture, 416 採蓮曲), 652 ritual buildings, 405 “Song of Wu,” 635 Pingfu tie 平復帖 (“Letter on Recovering “South of the River Performances” from Illness”), 606 (Jiangnan nong 江南弄), 652 pingji 憑几 (armrests), 412 of the Southern Qi salons, Pingling 平陵 tombs, 711, 718 645–650, 652 pingmin 平民 (non-privileged thematic diversification in Western land-holding families), 357n5 and Eastern Jin, 633–639 Pingqi 平齊, 540 “Wandering in Transcendence” Pingyang 平陽, 125, 127, 202–203, (Youxian 遊仙), 637 207, 226, 231 yuefue and shi of the Wei, 626–633 pipa 琵琶 (lute), 201, 207, 232, 322, Poliuhan Baling 破六汗拔陵, 186, 707–713 187–188 Plank-Shield Man-barbarians, 146 Poo Mu-chou, 580 poetry, 598–599, 623–626. See also popular religion, definitions of, 579–582 rhapsodies population, 785 “Autumn Meditations,” 659 census figures, 323–326, 335–337 “Ballad of Following the Army,” 656 Eastern Wei, 185, 209 “Ballad of Mulan,” 655 Former Yan, 132 “Ballad of Qiuhu,” 630–631 Guzang, 326–327 “Complementing ‘An outing to indigenous, 98, 338 Kunming Pond’ by Dharma Jiankang, 334 Master Gui,” 658 Jin, 323–324 folk quatrains, 644 movement south, 97–98, 330–337 Frontier poetry, 643 Murong, 130–131 of the Liang salons, 650–654 northern borderlands, 33, 121 “Mingqing Temple,” 660 northern regions, 323–326 nature poetry, 640–643 urban, 326–329 north China and the Chen dynasty, Western Jin, 87–88 654–660 Wu, 57–58, 59n6

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glossary–index 869

Ye, 328–329 Jingu shi xu 金谷詩序 (preface to pottery and stoneware, 384–390, poems written during a gathering 423–424 at the Golden Valley estate), 601 prose literature, 597–599 “Letter on Recovering from Illness” “Account of Painting Cloud Terrace (Pingfu tie 平復帖), 606 Mountain” (Hua Yuntai shan ji “Letter to Shan Tao Severing Their 畫雲臺山記), 609n33, 689n53 Relationship” (Yu Shan Juyuan “Account of Peach Blossom Spring” juejiao shu 與山巨源絕交 (Taohua yuan ji 桃花源記), 601, 書), 605 618, 620 “Letter to Zhu Yuansi” (Yu Zhu accounts of anomalies (the strange), Yuansi shu), 619n66 581, 582, 584, 587, 619, Liu xiansheng furen muzhi 劉先生夫人 620–621 墓誌 (epitaph for the wife of Liu “Against Cursive Script” (Fei caoshu Han), 615 非草書), 609n33 Monograph about Excursions to Famous anecdotes, 615–616 Mountains (You mingshan zhi 遊 anthologies, 608–609 名山志), 619 Bao Zhao’s “Letter to his Younger “Mourning the Eternally Departed” Sister about Ascending the Bank (Ai yongshi wen 哀永逝文), 606 of Great Thunder Lake” (Deng “Parallel Phrasing” (Li ci 麗辭), 612 Dalei an yu mei shu 登大雷岸與 “Preface to Painted Landscapes” (Hua 妹書), 619 shanshui xu 畫山水序), 609n33, biographies and autobiographies, 689n54 614–617 “Preface to Poems Composed on an “Biography of the Master of Five Excursion to Stone Gate” (You Willows” (Wu liu xiansheng Shimen shi xu 遊石門詩序), 618 zhuan), 615, 620 “Preface to the Lanting Collection [or Cao Pi’s “Account of Myself” (Zi xu the Orchid Pavilion Collection]” 自敘), 616 (Lanting ji xu 蘭亭集序), critical discourses and rhapsodies, 599–603, 616, 618, 637 609–614 “Preface to the Poems Composed at “Dirge for Xiahou Zhan” (Xiahou the Winding Stream Festival on changshi lei 夏侯常侍誄), 606 the Third Day of the Third “Discourse about Nourishing Life” Month” (Sanyue sanri qushui shi xu (Yang sheng lun), 520, 605 三月三日曲水序), 601 “Discourse of Genres of Literature” “Proclamation to North Mountain” (Wenzhang liubie lun), 606n20 (Beishan yiwen 北山移文), 620 “Discourse on the Carving of Insects” relating to travel, 618–619 (Diaochong lun 雕蟲論), 613 “Rhapsody Lamenting the Deceased” “Discourse on Understanding the (Daowang fu 悼亡賦), 606 ” (Da Zhuang lun), 605 “Rhapsody Lamenting the South” (Ai geographic and historical records, 618 Jiangnan fu), 264, 617 Jiang Yan’s “Account of Myself” (Zi xu “Rhapsody on a Goddess” (Shen nü fu 自序), 617 神女賦), 620

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870 glossary–index

prose literature (cont.) pudie 譜牒 (genealogies), 473 “Rhapsody on a Weed-Covered City” Pujin Ford 蒲津, 193, 214, 231 (Wu cheng fu 蕪城賦), 617 Pulleyblank, Edwin “Ted,” 21 “Rhapsody on a Westward Journey” pure conversation. See (Xizheng fu 西征賦), 618 Puyang 濮陽, 194 “Rhapsody on Literature” (Wen fu), Puyŏ 扶餘, 300, 399, 400 610–611, 612 “Rhapsody on Living in the Mountains” Qi, Prince of 齊王. See Cao Fang (Shan 山居賦), 606, 617 qi 氣 (breaths, pneumas, innate vital “Rhapsody on Living in the Suburbs” energy, by extension genius or (Jiao ju fu 郊居賦), 618 talent), 559, 610, 625 “Rhapsody on Roaming Heavenly qi 啟 (thank-you note), 607 Terrace Mountain” (You Tiantai Qi lu 七錄 (Seven Records), 614 shan fu 遊天台山賦), 620 Qi Wannian 齊萬年, 93, 148 “Rhapsody on Snow” (Xue fu 雪賦), 607 qi yun 氣韵 (spirit consonance), 690 “Rhapsody on the Goddess of the Luo Qianfeidi 前廢帝, Prior Deposed River” (Luo shen fu 洛神賦), Emperor of Song. See Liu Ziye 605, 620 qiang 槍 (spearhead), 285 “Rhapsody on the Three Capitals” (San Qiang 羌 tribe, 67, 73–74, 93, 120, 148, du fu 三都賦), 60, 64, 606, 610, 166, 211–212 617, 636 Qiantang 錢塘 river, 50 “Sacrificial Address to an Ancient Qianziwen 千字文 (The Script of a Tomb” (Ji guzhong wen 祭古冢 Thousand Words), 486 文), 607 qiao 僑 (“sojourning” or “lodged” “Sacrificial Offering to My Younger administrative units), 101 Sister, Madame Cheng” (Ji Qiao Zhou 譙周, 73n38, 76–77 Chengshi mei wen 祭程{氏妹 qiaojun 僑郡 (émigré 文), 615 commanderies), 331 “Sound Has Neither Sorrow nor Joy” qiaoren 僑人 (émigrés), 330 (Sheng wu ai le lun), 520, 605 qiaosi 巧似 (skillful verisimilitude), 643 ’s “Sacrificial Offering to qiaoxian 僑縣 (émigré districts), 331 Myself” (Zi ji wen), 615, 620 qiaozhou 僑州 (émigré prefectures), 331 “The Bamboo’s Accusation of the qie 妾 (concubine), 467 Plantain” (Xiuzhu tan ganjiao wen Qiemo 且末, 375 修竹彈甘蕉文), 620 Qieyun 切韻 (Cutting Rhymes), 608 Xiao Yi’s “Account of Myself” or Qifu, 139–141 “Authorial Preface” (Zi xu 自 Qifu Guoren 乞伏國仁, 139 序), 617 Qihu 契胡, 187 Yan Zhitui’s “Rhapsody on Qijun 齊郡, 357 Contemplating My Life” (Guan Qilian 祁連 mountains, 677 wo sheng fu 觀我生賦), 617 qimin 齊民 (common people), 357, 368 pu 浦 (ford), 462 Qimin yaoshu 齊民要術 (Essential Pu Hong 蒲洪. See Fu Hong Techniques [or Arts] for the Common Puban 蒲坂, 214 People), 355–357, 373

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glossary–index 871

author of and his art, 357–361 Qinzhou, South 南秦州, 351 best farming practices, 638–643 Qionglai 邛崃, 683 compared with other books, 365–368 qionglong 穹窿 (high domed or estate management, 368–371 cloister-vault ceiling), 419 rice-growing systems, 372 Qishan 祁山, 74 qin 琴 (zither), 698, 703–706, 720 qiu 丘 (hillock settlements), 462, 470 compared with a se zither, 706–707 Qiu Gong 丘公 (Master Qiu), 698n2 Qin 秦 (Zhou era state, region), 146 Qiu Ming 丘明, 698 Qin 秦 dynasty (221–206 bce), 41, 66, Qiuci 龜茲, 407. See Kucha 275, 284, 662 Qixia Temple 棲霞寺, 659 music and musical instruments, 698, Qu 麴 family, 319n38 702, 712 Qu Yuan 屈原, 636n42, 642 Qin Mi 秦密, 71n27, 73n38 Quan Zong 全琮, 61, 62 Qing 青 Province, 31, 253n33. See also 闕 (towers), 665 Qingzhou 青州 Queen of Wa, Friendly to the Wei (Qin qing 頃 (land measurement unit, roughly Wei Wo wang 親魏倭王), 298 six hectares), 90, 368 Qujiang 曲江, 410n119 qing 清 (pure or elevated), 504, 506, 517 Quyang 曲陽, 685 Qingcheng Shan (mountain) 青城 山, 150 Ran Min 冉, 130 qingci 青瓷 (greenware), 384, 423 Red Cliffs, Battle of the, 36, 53–54, 55, Qinghai 青海, 120, 133–134, 140–141, 58, 69. See also Chibi 306, 307 registration of émigrés, 101–102 Qinghe 清河, 697 religion, 24 Qinghe Cui shi 清河崔氏, 697 associations, 24, 465, 471, 476–479, qingliu 清流 (pure current), 512 549, 682 qingshang 清商 (Chinese musical proscription of, 170, 171, 229–230, ensemble), 698, 699, 714 234, 536–537, 539, 575 qingshi 青石 (dark blue limestone), 405 specialists, 592–595 qingtan 清談 (pure conversation), 46, 261, traditional, 473–475 511–512, 514–522, 616, 638 visions of the afterlife, 591–592 qingyan 清言 (pure words), 511n2,4 Ren Fang 任昉, 607, 608, 612, 621, 656 Qingyang 慶陽, 682 Ren Jun 任峻, 33n6 qingyi 清議 (pure criticism), 512, 514 Ren Naiqiang, 152 Qingyue daodao 清約大道 (“Great Way of Ren Yanqing 任延慶, 565 the Pure Covenant”), 569n54 Ren, Lady 任氏, 153 Qingzhou 青州, 686. See also Qing 青 Rencheng 任城, Prince (Tuoba Province Yun), 443 Qin–Han music, 699 Renwu zhi 人物志 (Treatises on Qinhuai 秦淮 river, 104, 199, 349 Personalities), 616 秦嶺 mountains, 37–38, 43, 48, rhapsodies, 39, 60, 64, 264, 598. See also 211, 442 prose literature (for individual qinshou 禽獸 (wild animals), 339 titles of works) Qinzhou 秦州, 93, 345, 410n119 about localities, 617–618

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872 glossary–index

rhapsodies (cont.) Xiaoxu 阮孝緒, 614 about travel and landscape, 618 Ruan Yu 阮瑀, 604n14, 604 autobiographical, 617 Ruanruan 蠕蠕, 185, 263. See also Avars critical, 609, 610–611, 612 ruanxian 阮弦 (round lute), 712 examples of literary imagination and Rudao 儒道 (the Way of the narrative art, 619–620 Confucians), 484 of the “Seven Masters of Jian’an” Rujiao 儒教 (the Confucian (Jian’an qi zi), 604 Teachings), 484 of the “Twenty-Four Friends” (Ershisi rumu 乳母 (milk mother or wet you 二十四友), 605–606 nurse), 452 types of, 613 Runan 汝南, 222n38, 472 of the Xie family, 606–607 Ruogan Yun 若干雲, 393 ritual, 495–499 Ruru 茹茹, 185n2 abdication, 14, 40, 48, 84–85, 240, Ruru Princess 茹茹公主, tomb of 253, 254, 259 the, 404 bathing the Buddha, 550 Ruxue 儒學 (Confucian studies), 491 Boddhisattva precepts, 576 circumambulation, 550, 677 sabao 薩保 bureaus, 379, 381 confession, 559 sabao 薩保, 薩寶 (Sogdian religious/ heqi, 560, 562, 571 secular leader), 378–381, 416 initiation ceremony, 191 sacrifices, 495–498, 499, 500–501 mourning rites, 229, 450, ancestral sacrifices, 170, 497–498 498–499, 501 banning of animal sacrifices, 536 offerings to icons, 549–550 Fengshan sacrifices, 87, 496, 634 relic worship, 550 offerings to deities, 582–583 sutra chanting, 475, 608 rejection of animal sacrifices, 550 Village Libation Ceremony, 496 sacrifice to Heaven, 85, 157, 168, 170, visualization of body deities, 562–563 496–497, 499 zhai (Buddhist vegetarian feasts or sacrifices to the soil god, 474 Daoist retreats), 476, 550, shidian sacrifice to the first teacher, 566, 571 495–496 Rogers, Michael C., 113, 278 suburban sacrifices, 496–497, 500 Rome (Da-Qin), 304, 307 worship of nature deities, 587 Rong 榮啟期, 669–670, 704 safu 薩甫 (Sogdian religious/secular Rouran 柔然, 159, 185n2, 283, leader), 378, 379 306–307, 308, 655. See also Salt Monopoly Offices (yanguan), 320 Avars Samarkand, 374, 377, 404 Rouxuan Garrison 柔玄鎮, 186 orchestral ensembles, 701, 714–717 Ru 儒 (Confucian scholar), 484, 487, San dong jingshu mulu 三洞經書目錄 488–489, 490, 492, 497, (Catalogue of the Scriptures in the 507, 510 Three Caverns), 614 阮籍, 47, 499, 519–520, 605, San du fu 三都賦 (“Rhapsody on the 632–633, 707 Three Capitals”), 60, 64, 606, Ruan Xian 阮咸, 605n15, 711–712 610, 617, 636

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glossary–index 873

san gui 三貴 (Three Notables), 206 sanyuan bajing 三元八景 (eight San lun 三論 (“Three Treatises”), 544 phosphors in the three registers San Wu 三吳, 346 [of the body]), 562n27 San Yan 三燕 period, 410n120 sanyuan 三元 (Retreat of the Three san yi 三易 (three kinds of ease), 646 Primes), 566 sancai 三彩 (three-color glazes), 388 sanzhang 三長 (three-elders system), sandong fashi 三洞法師 (Ritual Masters 174, 464–466 of the Three Caverns), 573 sao 騷 (rhapsody), 613 Sanfen Sunyi fa 三分損益法 (tuning Särbi. See Xianbei procedure), 719 śā rira (Buddhist relics), 395 Sangfu pian 喪服篇 (Chapter on the saz (lute), 708 mourning robes), 490 Schafer, Edward, 383 Sanggan 桑干 river, 161, 181, 385 Schneider, Axel, 10 Sangluan tie 喪亂帖 (Letter on the schools, Imperial, 490–493 Disturbances), 689 se 瑟 zither, 702, 706–707, 720 sangtian 桑田 (mulberry fields), 313 se 色 (colors), 651 Sanguan(men) (Pass) 散關門, 222 se rui 瑟枘 (movable bridge on musical Sanguo shi 三國史, 67n4, 74n40, 77n61 instrument), 706 Sanguo [zhi] yanyi 三國[志]演義 Sengrui 僧叡, 544 (Romance of the ), Sengyou 僧祐, 505, 609, 614 38, 54 Sengzhao 僧肇, 544 Sanguozhi 三國志 (Records of the Three settlement farming, 309, 310–312, Kingdoms), 77, 474, 613, 614, 621 314, 315 Sanhuang wen 三皇文 (Writs of the Three settlements, lower-level, 461–462 Luminaries), 567 Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (Zhulin sanjiao yuan 三角緣 (triangular- qixian), 47, 433, 512, 519–520, rimmed), 396n55 522, 605, 632, 712 sanlao 三老 (elder), 219n27 images of, 668–670, 704 Sanli 三禮 (Three Ritual Classics), 493 Shaling 沙嶺, 391n30, 414n142 Sanlun 三論 (“Three Treatises”), 576, shamans. See spirit-mediums 659 or shamans Sanmei shenzhou jing 三昧神祝經 Shan Tao 山濤, 519–520, 605n15, (Scripture of the Divine Spells of 605, 616 Samā dhi), 571 Shan Yue 山越 (Mountain Viets), 98 sannian zhi sang 三年之喪 (three years’ Shang 商 dynasty, 66, 136 mourning), 501 Shang 尚 family, 478 Sanskrit, 304, 306 shang 商 (yin set musical note), 719 personal names, 297 shang 商 (merchants), 321 Santian neijie jing (Scripture of the Inner Shang shu 尚書 (Venerated Documents), Explanations of the Three Heavens) 612 三天內解經, 569 Shangdi 上帝, 85, 169 Sanxingdui 三星堆, 66 Shangfang 上坊, 427, 703, 707 sanxuan 三玄 (three works on the Shangguan 上官 family, 478 mysteries [of the Dao]), 516 Shangqing 上清 Daoist school, 261, 454

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874 glossary–index

Shangqing 上清 scriptures, 543, Shen Deqian 沈德潛, 630n25 561–563, 567, 568–569, 573, Shen Jiong 沈炯, 659 575, 576–577 Shen Manyuan 沈滿願, 653 shangshu ling 尚書令 (director of Shen Qingzhi 沈慶之, 247, 250–251, imperial secretariat), 75 336, 340 shangshu tai 尚書臺 (imperial Shen si 神思 (“Spirit Thought”), 611 secretariat), 46 Shen Youzhi 沈攸之, 252, 253–254, shangshu youpuye 尚書右僕射 (vice 259, 343 director on the right of the Shen Yue 沈約, 109, 256, 539, department of the State 607–608, 612, 616, 617, 620, affairs), 81 646, 648, 653, 656 shangsi jie 上巳節 (Lustration or Bathing shendao 神道 (spirit way), 664 Festival), 600 sheng 生 (raw), 339 Shangyu 上虞, 349, 423 sheng 聖 (sages), 688 Shanjue Temple 善覺寺, 353 sheng kou 生口 (living mouths), 467 Shanliao 山獠 (Mountain Liao), 339 Sheng wu ai le lun 聲無哀樂論 (“Sound Shanman 山蠻 (Mountain Man), 339 Has Neither Sorrow nor Joy”), Shanmin 山民 (Mountain People), 339 520, 605 shanrang 禪讓 (abdication ritual), 14 shengjiao 聖教 (sagely teachings), 484 鄯善, 375 Shengle 盛樂, 157, 158, 159, 160, 326 shanshui shi 山水詩 (landscape Shengshen yuzhangjing 生神玉章經 poetry), 642 (Stanzas for Giving Birth to the Shanyin 山陰, 334–335, 349 Spirits), 572 Shanyu 單于 ( titular leader), Shenmie lun 神滅論 (“Essay on the 38, 125–126, 130, 134, 135, Destruction of the Spirit”), 138, 141, 143 505–506 Shanzhou 鄯州, 375 shenming 神明 (spirit-like Shao 少, Emperor of the Liu-Song. See Liu perspicacity), 526 Yifu shenwu 神巫 (holy shaman), 169n64 Shao 少, Emperor of the Wei. See Cao Shenxian zhuan 神仙傳 (Biographies of Fang Divine Transcendents), 359, 360, Shao 邵 Commandery, 214 615, 621 shaofu 少府 (palace bursary), 319 sheshi 社史 (shrine scribe), 474 Shayuan 沙原, Battle of, 193, 213, sheyuan 社掾 (shrine subordinate), 474 214–215, 220 shezheng 社正(shrine principal), 474 Shazhou 沙州, 222 shi (dan) 石 (hectoliter), 313 she 社 (earth god shrine), 474–475, 585 shi 史 (historical works), 614 She 攝, Mount, 659 shi 式 (ordinance), 311 Shedi Huiluo 庫狄廻洛, 393n40, shi 詩 (poem, poetry), 613, 623, 395n52 660 Shegui 渉珪. See Tuoba Gui compared with yuefu, 627–630 shelao 社老 (shrine elder), 474 shi 時 (timing), 528 shemin 社民 (shrine member), 474 shi 士 (upper-gentry/elite, well-born shen 神 (spirit or soul), 506 person), 315, 473, 478

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glossary–index 875

Shi 釋 (Śā kya, short for Śā kyamuni, Shiping 始平, 148n5 surname), 546 Shiquanlun 釋勸論 (“Essay on Rejecting Shi Chong 石崇, 321, 601, 605, 636 Advice”), 503 Shi di lun 十地論, 551 shiren 士人 (well-born families), 464 Shi er men lun 十二門論, 544n29 Shishuo xinyu 世說新語 (New Account of Shi Hu 石虎, 129–130, 153, 328 Tales of the World or Traditional Shi Jun 史君 (Wirkak), tomb of, 378, Tales and Recent Accounts), 245, 379, 382n28, 383, 511n2, 515, 538, 615–616, 625 416n151, 715 shiwu 什伍 (household unit of ten and Shi Lao zhi 釋老志 (Treatise on Buddhism five), 463 and ), 536 shixue 史學 (historical studies), 石勒, 93, 126, 127–129, 134, 219n27, 491 277, 282–283, 293 Shiyijian 什翼犍, 158–159, 162 shi liuwai guan 視流外官, 379 Shizong 世宗, Emperor of Later Zhou, shi mu 室墓 (chamber grave), 663 r. 954–959), 537 Xiyu ji 釋氏西域記, 308n75 Shoguns, 40 士燮, 57, 303 Shouchun 壽春, 47, 51, 62, 137, Shi You 史游, 361 265, 654 shibing 世兵 (hereditary troops), 42n16 shoulu 手爐 (incense burners), 397 Shibu miaojing 十部妙經 (Wonderous shoutan 手談 (talking with hands), 515 Scriptures in Ten Sections), 565 Shouyang 壽陽, 206 Shichengzhen 石城镇, 375 shrines, 582–583, 585 Shici 食次 (Culinary Procedures), 366 Shryock, John K., 22 shidaifu 士大夫 (top echelons), 8 Shu 蜀, 66–67, 76, 85, 88, 557, 561 Shidian 釋奠 (Sacrifice for the first shu 黍 (broomcorn millet), 364 teacher), 495–496 shu 熟 (cooked), 339; (good tilth), 363 shiguan 侍官 (officer in attendance), 295 shu 墅 (estate), 107 Shi3guo 史國 (Kish, or Shahr-i-Sabz), 374 shu 書 (letter), 604 Shi2guo 石國 (Č ač ), 374 Shu-Han 蜀漢 state, 38, 41, 43, 56, 57, shijia 士家 (military families), 59, 60n8, 76–78, 275–276, 337 41, 290 attack from the Sima regime, 48 Shijing 詩經 (Classic of Poetry), 151, 613, coinage, 351 624, 628, 634, 703, 706 Liu Bei’s conquest of Yi Province, Shijing 食經 (Culinary Canon), 366 68–70 shikkohei 漆胡瓶 (lacquer ewer), 392 Liu Bei’s reign, 70–72 shiku si 石窟寺 (cave chapel), 677 Liu Shan’s reign, 73–78 Shiliuguo chunqiu 十六國春秋 (Spring Liu Yan’s reign, 67–68 and Autumn of the Sixteen States), Liu Zhang’s reign, 68 119n1, 133n73, 134n80 regional warlords, 69 釋名 (Explanations of Shu region, 66–67 Names), 712 trade, 350 Shining 始寧, 349, 607, 617 Wei conquest of, 63 Shipin 詩品 (Gradings of Poetry), 612, Shu Lishu 蜀李書 (Book of the Lis of 633, 654n116, 654 Shu), 145

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876 glossary–index

Shu Xi 束皙, 634 Sima Chi 司馬熾 (posthumously shuai dudu 帥都督 (brigadier Emperor Huai of Western Jin, commanders), 215, 217, r. 307–313), 93, 126 294, 380 Sima Daozi 司馬道子, 114, 116 shuang’er tuopan 雙耳托盤 (oblong trays Sima Dewen 司馬德文 (posthumously with handles), 390 Emperor Gong of Eastern Jin, Shucai 蜀才, 150n8 r. 419–420), 117 Shuijingzhu 水經注 (Annotated Classic on Sima Dezong 司馬德宗. (posthumously Waterways), 474, 581, 583, 618 Emperor An of Eastern Jin, Shuiyusi 水浴寺, 682 r. 397–418), 114, 117 Shujineng 樹機能, 88, 89 Sima Fang 司馬防, 80 Shujing 書經, 228, 232 Sima Jinlong 司馬金龍 Shule 疏, Kashgar, 306 screen from tomb of, 391, 407n109, Shule 疏勒, type of silk, 407 693, 694 Shun 舜, 85, 150 spitoon from tomb of, 387n6 Shun 順, Emperor of Han Sima Jiong 司馬冏, 92–93 (r. 126–144), 556 Sima Jun 司馬儁 (Lord of the Shun 順, Emperor of Liu-Song. See Liu Commandery of Jingzhao), 80 Zhun Sima Jun 司馬鈞 (d. 115), 80 Shushi 朱提, 153 Sima Lang 司馬朗, 80 Shuyi ji 述異記 (Accounts Describing the Sima Liang 司馬亮 (d.291), 92–93 Extraordinary), 621 Sima Liang 司馬量 (Lord of the si 私 (private or selfish), 502 Commandery of Yingchuan), 80 si 絲/思 (silk thread/loving Sima Lun 司馬倫, 92, 148, 149 thoughts), 639 Sima Qi 司馬奇, 348 si gui 四貴 (Four Dignitaries), 195 Sima Rui 司馬睿, Emperor Yuan of sibu 四部 (Four Branches), 614 Eastern Jin, r. 317–323), 93–94, Siddhartha, Prince, 701 96–97, 99–100, 101, 103–104, sili 司隸, 126 106, 331, 335 silk, 406–407 establishment of imperial , 305, 322, 374, university, 490 378 introduction of mai cultivation, 372 arrival of musical instruments via, Sima Shao 司馬紹 (posthumously 702, 711 Emperor Ming of Eastern Jin, Silla 新羅, 301, 302, 399, 401 r. 323–325), 104, 105, 106 silu 司錄 (recorder), 379 Sima Shi 司馬師, 47, 48, 84, 86 silver/silver artifacts, 392, 397, Sima Wei 司馬瑋, 92–93 402–404 Sima Yan 司馬炎 (posthumously sima 司馬 (adjutant), 379 Emperor Wu of Jin, r. 265–290), sima 司馬 (major), 50 48, 63, 79, 94, 276, 500 Sima 司馬 family, 77, 148, 331 construction of Buddhist Sima Bao 司馬保, 97 monasteries, 676 Sima Biao 司馬彪, 80 establishment of imperial Sima Cheng 司馬承, 103 university, 490

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glossary–index 877

policy on funerary architecture, 663 Simen xiaoxue 四門小學 (Elementary recruitment from military School of the Four Gates), 492 households, 290 Simin yueling 四民月令 (Monthly reign of, 84–92 Ordinances for the Four Classes of succession, 93 People), 358, 359, 370, 373 Sima Yan 司馬衍 (posthumously Simon, Walter, 19 Emperor Cheng of Eastern Jin Sims-Williams, N., 378 r. 326–342), 105, 110 sishe 私社 (private she sacrifice), 475 Sima Yao 司馬曜 (posthumously sishen 四神 (four spirits of the cardinal Emperor Xiaowu of Eastern Jin, directions), 420 r.372–396), 111, 112, 114, 117, sishi ji 四時祭 (Four Seasonal 555n7 Sacrifices), 497 Sima Ye 司馬鄴 (posthumously Sishier zhang jing 四十二章經 (Scripture Emperor Min of Western Jin, in Forty-Two Sections), 563 r. 313–316), 79, 93, 96 Six Garrisons (liuzhen), 165, 177, 179, Sima Yi 司馬乂, Prince of Changsha 181, 186, 193 (277–304), 92, 93 Six Offices (liu guan), 219 Sima Yi 司馬奕 (the “Dethroned Sixueguan 四學館 (Four Academies), 491 Emperor” (Feidi) of Eastern Jin, Siyaodan 四蘂丹 (Fourfold Floriate 342–386,r.366–371), 111 Elixir), 564 Sima Yi 司馬懿 (179–251, siyu 私欲 (selfish desires), 502 Gaozu, posthumously Emperor Siyuan pagoda 思遠靈圖, 388n18 Xuan of Western Jin), 43, slaves, 365, 370, 468 45–46, 47–48, 79, 80–84, registered in households, 467 518, 633 Sogdian Ancient Letters, 375, 377, 378 descendents of, 93, 96 Sogdiana, 374 relationship with , 500 Sogdians, 211, 305, 374–383, 404 Sima Ying 司馬穎, 92, 93, 125, 148 burial customs, 673 Sima Yong 司馬顒, 92 dancing, 417 Sima Yu 司馬昱 (posthumously material culture, 409, 412n128, Emperor Jianwen of Eastern Jin, 412, 416 r. 372), 111 musical instruments, 713, 714–717 Sima Yuanxian 司馬元顯, 114, Song 宋, Duke of (title given to last ruler 116, 291 of a deposed dynasty), 224 Sima Yue 司馬越, 92, 93, 96 song 頌 (eulogy), 613 Sima Zhao 司馬昭, 47, 48, 62, 84, Song 嵩, Mount, 571 86–87, 89, 125–127, 224n49, Song Shaozu 宋紹祖 sarcophagus of, 276, 500, 503 410n119, 415n149, 671, 711 Sima Zhong 司馬衷 (posthumously Song Yu 宋玉, 620 Emperor Hui of Western Jin, Song Yun 宋雲, 393n38 r. 290–306), 79, 92, Songgaoshan ji 嵩高山記 (Records of Lofty 93, 148 Mountains), 361 Sima Zhou 司馬伷, 89 Songshu 宋書 (History of the Liu-Song), Sima Ziru 司馬子如, 195 607, 614

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878 glossary–index

Songyue Temple Pagoda 嵩岳寺塔, 677 Sujı̄ va, 699 Soper, Alexander, 21 Sullivan, Michael, 21 Sou 叟, 73 Sumen 蘇門 mountains, 707 Soushen houji 搜神後記 (Sequel to Accounts Ba 孫霸, 61 of the Search for the Sun Ben 孫賁, 51 Supernatural), 621 孫策, 50, 51–52, 56, Soushen ji 搜神記 (Accounts of the Search for 58, 63 the Supernatural), 64n18, Sun Chuo 孫綽, 600, 620, 584, 621 637–638 South Xu 徐 Province, 244 Sun Deng 孫登, 60, 61 South Yan 兗 Province, 244, 261 Sun En 孫恩, 114–116, 570, 572 South Yong 雍 Province, 244, 247 孫皓, 63, 87–88, 89 South Yu 豫 Province, 244 孫和, 61, 63 southern aborigines, 98–103, 337–340 孫堅, 36–37, 50–52 state policies towards, 340–341 孫峻, 62 Southern Liang 梁, 140–141 孫亮, 62 Southern Qi 齊, 243, 330, 333, 341, Sun Lin 孫綝, 62 433, 491, 495, 505 Sun Luban 孫魯班, 61, 62 civilian realignment and renewed 孫魯育, 61, 62 factionalism, 254–259 孫權, 36–37, 38, 41, 42, 50, decline in support from northern 80, 275 émigrés, 341 alliance with Liu Bei, 69–70 émigré founders, 333 empire of, 57–61 literary circle, 607 kingdom of Wu and, 52–56 military institutions, 291 quarrel with Liu Bei, 71–72 poetry, 645–650, 652 succession to, 61–65 spirit mediums or shamans, 169, 484, Sun Tai 孫泰, 570 593–595 Sun Teng 孫騰, 195 spirits 孫休 (235–264, posthumously animal, 588–589 Emperor Jing 景 of Wu, r. human, 589–592 258–264), 62–63, 87 Stein, Sir Aurel, 377 Sun Xiu 孫秀 (Wu general, surrendered steles, 404–405, 413, 549, 569, 591 to Jin in 266), 88 Daoist, 574 Sunzi bingfa 孫子兵法 (Sunzi’s Method of stone art, 404–406 Warfare), 32, 284 Strickmann, Michel, 554, 589 suo tou 索頭 (“rope heads”), 142 Su Chuo 蘇綽, 218–219, 224 supernatural literature, 620–621 蘇峻, 105, 332, 584 surname groups, 470–472 Su Xiaohua, 207 Sute hu 粟特胡 (Sogdian Hu), 377n4 Sui 隋 dynasty, 175, 662, 698, 701 Suteren 粟特人 (Sogdians), 374 founding of. See Yang Jian Syr Darya (Jaxartes) river, 374 Suishu 隋書 (History of the Sui), 342, 351, 614, 699, 713, 714, 715 ta 撻 (a bush weighted down with Suiye 碎葉, 375 stones), 358

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glossary–index 879

ta 榻 (couch), 427 Revolutions of Heaven and Tabgač *, 155, 182–183 Earth), 572 Tai 泰, Mount, 592, 703n20 Taishang zhenjun 太上真君 (Perfect Lord taibao 太保 (Grand Guardian), 205 of Great Peace), 571 taichang 太常 (Chamberlain for Taishi lü 泰始律 (Taishi Code), 86 Ceremonials), 67, 496 taishou 太守 (governor or administrator), taichuan cangku 臺傳倉庫 (transmission 51, 80, 340, 357, 370, 649 granaries), 345 taiwei 太尉 (Defender-in-Chief), 81, 248 taichuan yushi 臺傳 (transmission Taiwu 太武, Emperor of Northern Wei. scribe), 345 See Tuoba Dao taicu 太簇 (musical note), 719 Taixuan 太玄 (The Grand Mystery), taifu 太傅 (Grand Mentor), 46, 82 70, 524 taifu 太府 (Palace Bursary), 319 Taixue 太學 (imperial university), Taihang 太行 mountains, 159, 185, 490–492, 496 227, 405n92 Taiyi 太一 (Retreat of Grand Taihe wuzhu 太和五銖 (coin), 317 Unity), 566 Taihedian 太和殿, 411n125 太原, 126, 127, 181, 375, 382, Tailaosi 太牢祀 (large beast 548, 666 sacrifice), 496 taizai 太宰 (Grand Steward), 128 taiping 太平 (Great Peace), 147, 151 taizhong daifu 太中大夫 (superior grand Taiping jing 太平經 (Scripture of Great master of the palace), 76 Peace), 555, 556 Taizong 太宗, Emperor of the Tang Taiping qingling shu 太平青領書 (Book of (r. 626–649), 295, 603 Great Peace with Blue Taizu 太祖. See Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪 Borders), 556 tan 賧 (impost), 342 Taiping zhenjun 太平真君 (Perfect Ruler Tan Chao 檀超, 243 of Great Peace), 170 Tan Daoji 檀道濟, 242, 247 taipingdao 太平道 (Way of Great Tan Pingzhi 檀憑之, 242 Peace), 556 Tan Qixiang, 330, 331 taiqing 太清 (Grand Purity), Tang 唐 dynasty, 34, 662, 665, 689, 564n34, 567 691, 698 Taishang dongxuan lingbao shoudu yi 太上 Tang Bin 唐彬, 89 洞玄靈寶授度儀 (ritual script), Tang Changru, 13 566n42 Tang code, 85 Taishang dongyuan shenzhou jing 洞淵神 Tang Yong 唐邕, 202 祝經 (Most High Spirit Spells Tang Yongtong, 522, 524 Penetrating the Abyss), 572 Tängri (sky-god or Heaven), 129 taishang huangdi 太上皇帝 (Retired sacrifices to, 157, 159, 168–170, Emperor), 173 176 Taishang Lingbao tiandi yundu Tanigawa Michio, 8 miaojing 太上靈寶天地運度自 tanke 談客 (guests engaging in pure 燃妙經 (Most High Lingbao Self- conversation), 522 Actualizing Scripture on the tanshi 談士 (conversationalist), 517, 522

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880 glossary–index

Tanshihuai 檀石槐, 27, 123, 130, Tianshi dao 天師道 (Celestial Masters 156, 157 Daoism), 602, 648 tanxuan 談玄 (to converse on mysterious 天水, 74, 75, 124, 134, 140, profundities), 523 147, 375, 677 Tanyao 曇曜, 540 Tiantishan 天梯山 caves, 677 Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (456–536), 261, tianyuan shi 田園詩 (farmstead 539, 563, 564, 573, 576 poetry), 640 陶璜, 90, 91 Tianzhongtian Temple 天中天寺, 353 Tao Qian 陶潛 (poet, d. 427), 601, 613, tianzhu 天主 (Zoroastrian leader), 615, 618, 620, 621, 381, 416 639–641, 654 tieguan 鐵官 (Iron Monopoly Tao Qian 陶謙 (132–194), 31 Offices), 320 Tao Yuanming 陶淵明, 118 Tillya-tepe (Afghanistan), 708 Taohua Yuan ji 桃花源記 (Account of ting 亭 (post), 465 peach Blossom Spring), 601, tomb paintings, 390, 392, 400, 406, 618, 620 410, 665 Tarim oases, 406 tombs, southern, 432–434 taxation, 33–34, 309–316 disappearance of architectural model Northern Qi, 198 furnishings, 435 temples, 582–586 disappearance of weapons in, 441 Ten Elders of Tiangu (tiangu shilao), 574 figurines and clothing, 436–439 tents, 410 furnished as architectural models, textile production, 365–366 425–430 three-elders/headman system. See sanzhang inscriptions, 421–422, 434 三長 (three-elders system) materials, 422–424 Three Notables, 206 ornaments in, 430–431, 439–441 ti 體 (body or substance), 506, 525 personal effects in, 431 Ti xing 體性 (Style and Personality), 611 vessels in, 424–425, 434–435 Tian 天 (sky or Heaven), 168, 169, weapons in, 431–432 500, 501 tongba 銅鈸 (bronze cymbals), 714 tian 天 (Zoroastrianism), 380n14 Tongdao guan 通道觀 (Abbey of the Tian Hong 田弘, artifacts from the tomb Pervasive Dao), 574 of, 387n12, 392, 394n45, 395 Tongguan 潼關 Pass, 185, 210, Tian Tou 田頭, 343 212–213, 214, 220 tian wang 天王 (), 126 tongke 僮客 (servile clients), 316, Tiancun 田村, 412n132 325 tiandi taishi 天地太師 (Grand Master of tongwa 筒瓦 (cylindrical tiles), 411n124 Heaven and Earth), 151, 561 Tongwan 統萬, 141–142, 164, 327, tiangu shilao 田谷十老 (Ten Elders of 415n144 Tiangu), 574 Tongwancheng 統萬城, 375 Tianguan 天官 (Office of Heaven), 225 Tongzhou 同州, 213, 214, 228, 375, tianke 田客 (land clients), 315 379, 380 tianshe 田舍 (homesteads), 462 Tongzhou 潼州 (), 222 Tianshi 天師. See Celestial Masters T’o-pa. See Tuoba

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glossary–index 881

toushi 鍮石 (copper–zinc alloy), 396 farming systems, 312–313 townships, 461, 463–467 founding of the Northern households in, 466–467 Wei dynasty, 156–159, 216, township–village system, 463, 465, 300–301 466, 468 glassware, 395 trade imperial universities, 491–492 maritime (southern sea lanes), lacquerware, 390 303–305 language, 155 northern economies, 321–323 making of a nation, 159–164 trade routes, 322–323 marriage alliances, 443, 445 northwest passage, 305–308 military institutions, 293–294 Sogdian, 375–377 nobility, exclusion from taxes, 316 transcendence-seekers, 595 origins, 155–156 travel literature, 618–619 regent empress dowagers, 456 Treatise on the Barbarians and the Chinese rituals and traditions, 168–171 (Yixia lun), 576 second wave of conquests, 164–168 tribute system, 297–298. See also Tuoba Dao 拓拔燾 (posthumously investiture system Emperor Taiwu of Northern tuan 團 (battalions), 295 Wei, r. 424–452), 6, 164–168, tuduan 土斷 (residence determination), 172, 176, 211, 278, 577 101, 255, 336 construction of imperial university Tufa 禿髮, 140–141 and prohibition of private Tujue 突厥 (Türks), 143, 198, 202–203, education, 492 208, 283, 308, 417 persecution of Buddhism, 169–170, Tulufan 吐魯番, 375 536–537, 539 tunqi xiaowei 屯騎校尉 (commandant of use of symbols to justify the realm, the garrison cavalry), 125 170–171 屯田 (military agricultural Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪 (posthumously colonies), 32–33, 36, 42, 49, 54, Emperor Daowu of Northern 201, 230n67, 309, 344 Wei (aka Shegui and Taizu), Tuo 沱 river, 151 r. 386–409), 159–161, 171, 181, Tuoba 拓跋, 4, 6, 126, 138, 141, 182–183, 283 142–144, 277–278, 283, 306 absolutism, 175 See also Tufa behavior in his final years and absolutism, 171–178 succession, 163–164 belts worn, 400 Buddha statue in honor of, 679 building techniques, 411 descendents of, 177 burial customs, 387, 400, 405, establishment of Imperial university 412, 413 for state youth, 491 capital cities, 326, 384, 654 use of traditional Chinese rituals, ceramic production, 388 168–169 conquered by Fu Jian, 136 Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘 (posthumously costumes, 409 Emperor Xianwen of Northern fall of the, 178–182 Wei, r. 466–471), 171, 172–173

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882 glossary–index

Tuoba Hong 拓跋宏 (posthumously Wang 王 family, 81, 555n7, 675n27 Emperor Xiaowen of Northern wang 王 (prince or king), 133, 148, 225 Wei, r. 471–499). See Yuan Wang 王, Lady, 61 Hong Wang Bao 王褒, 657 Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬 (posthumously 王弼, 46, 485, 512, 516n28, Emperor Wencheng of Northern 517, 520, 521, 522, 524–529 Wei, r. 452–465), 168, Wang Biaozhi 王彪之, 107 171–172, 177 Wang Can 王粲, 604n14, 629–630 advocacy of Buddhism, 171, 536, 571, Wang Dao 王導, 99–100, 103–105, 573, 676, 678 106, 118 Tuoba Si 拓拔嗣 (posthumously Wang Dun 王敦, 100, 103–105, 106, Emperor Mingyuan of Northern 111, 281 Wei, r. 409–423), 163–164 王蕃, 60 Tuoba Yilu 拓跋猗盧, 126 王甫, 35 Tuoba Yun 拓拔雲, 443 Wang Gong 王恭, 114, 116 Turfan tax receipts, 377–378 Wang Gui 王軌, 228n57 tutan 塗炭 (Retreat of Mud and Wang Han 王含, 104 Ash), 566 王弘, 241 吐谷渾, 134, 142, 306–307 Wang Hun 王渾, 89 Tuzhong 涂中, 89 Wang Huzhi 王胡之, 638 Twenty-Four Armies structure, 215 Wang Jingze 王敬則, 257, 258 Twenty-Four Friends (Ershisi you), 王濬, 89 605–606 王朗, 500 Wang Lin 王琳, 267, 269 urbanism, northern regions, 326–329 王莽, 58, 66, 84 王猛, 135 villages, 460–461, 462 Wang Ningzhi 王凝之, 115, 565 administration, 463–466 Wang Qian 王謙, 234 households in, 466 王戎 (c. 224–305), 89, Vimalakı̄ rti (Weimojie), 413n134, 519–520, 523n58, 526n71, 517, 678 605n15 Vimalakı̄ rtinirdeśa Sutra, 532, 544 Wang Rong 王融 (467–493), 256, 601, Völkerwanderung (migrations of 607, 646 peoples), 297 Wang Sengbian 王僧辯, 199, 267, 268 Wang Sengda 王僧達, 615n52 wadang 瓦當 (tile end), 427 Wang Sengqian 王僧虔, 516, Waiguo zasu 外國雜俗, 397n64 517n34, 521 waijun 外軍 (outer army), 293 Wang Shu 王舒 (c. 266–330), 104 Waldron, Jeremy, 219 Wang Shu 王述 (303–368), 345 Waley, Arthur, 19 Wang Sizheng 王思政, 195, 220 Wan 宛 city, 50 Wang Songnian 王松年, 201 wan 碗 (type of bowl), 424, 435 Wang Su 王肅, 484, 499–501 Wanfosi 萬佛寺 (Temple of Ten 王微, 689 Thousand Buddhas), 683 Wang Xianzhi 王獻之, 600

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glossary–index 883

Wang Xiu 王修, 521 Sun Quan’s allegiance, 56–57 Wang Xizhi 王羲之, 115, 118, 565, ’s attack on, 74–75 599–603, 616, 637, 688–689 Wei 魏 code, revision by Jin, 86 Wang Xuanmo 王玄謨, 246 Wei 魏, Duke/King of. See Cao Cao 王衍, 103, 515n20, 522, Wei 魏, Emperor of. See Cao Pi (Emperor 523n58, 574 Wen of Wei) Wang Yanqing 王雁卿, 390n27 Wei 魏 family, 64 Wang Yi 王廙, 102 Wei 魏 state (350–352), 130, 132 Wang Zhen 王楨, 365, 367 Wei Huacun 魏華存, 454 Wang Zhonglao, 13 wei jiangjun 衛將軍 (general of the wangliang 罔兩 (demon), 587 guards), 75 Wan’gong 完工, 401n77 Wei Jie 衛玠, 515 Wanzhang 灣漳 tomb, 415n143, 666 Wei Jin shengliu huazan 魏晉勝流畫贊 war (“Depictions of Famous Figures patterns of conflict, 275–283 in the Wei and Jin Periods with tools and techniques, 283–289 Eulogies”), 689n53 warships, 287–289 Wei Jing 尉景, 188 Watanabe Yoshihiro, 501 Wei Lan’gen 魏蘭根, 294n34 Watson, William, 21 Wei 渭 river, 37, 210–211, 212, weapons, 142, 283, 285–286 214, 277 cavalry, 287 Wei Shou 魏收, 554, 614, 656 fire as, 54, 288 Wei Wu gushi 魏武故事, 40n14 found in tombs, 431–432 Wei Xiaokuan 韋孝寛, 220, 230, manufacture of, 285, 319, 397 234 naval, 285–286 Wei Yuansong 衛元嵩, 575, 577 weaving, 365–366 Weilüe 魏略, 122n14 wei 尉 (commandant), 69 Weimojie 維摩诘. See Vimalakı̄ rti Wei 魏 (renamed from Dai), 142 weiqi 圍棋 (“go” or “encirclement Wei 魏 (Three Kingdoms period), chess”), 113 40–41, 58, 60, 69n20, 138, Weishu 魏書 (History of the Northern Wei), 147–148, 275–276 123n27, 155–157, 162, 163, Cao Shuang, Sima Yi and the fall of, 171, 357, 554, 614 46–49 Weiyin 魏尹, 329n77 conflicts with Wu, 62–63 Weizhou 衛州 (modern Jixian), 375 defeat of Gongsun Yuan, 59 Weizhou 衛州 (north of modern economy, 321 Daming), 375 fall of, 91 wen 文 (writing and literature), 614 Jiang Wei’s confrontations with, Wen 文, Emperor of Chen. See Chen Qian 75–77 Wen 文, Emperor of Liu-Song. See Liu military colonies, 86 Yilong military institutions, 289, 291 Wen 文, Emperor of Sui. See Yang Jian military means, 29–32 Wen 文, Emperor of Wei. See Cao Pi rise of the Sima clan under, 79–84 Wen 文, Emperor of Western Wei. See rule of Cao Pi and Cao Rui, 42–46 Yuan Baoju

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884 glossary–index

Wen Zisheng 溫子聲, 656 mourning rituals, 498 Wenchang 文昌, 585 nepotism, 243 Wencheng 文成, Emperor of Northern poetry, 633–639 Wei. See Tuoba Jun population, 323 Wen fu 文賦 (“Rhapsody on Literature”), pottery, 384 610–611, 612 pure conversation, 515, 520, Wenming, Empress Dowager 522 文明太后. See Feng, Madame reign of Emperor Wu (Sima Yan), wenren 文人 (literary personages), 522 84–92 Wenshushan 文殊山 caves, 677 settlement farming, 312 Wenxin diaolong 文心雕龍 (The Literary tombs, 413, 419–432, 666, 675 Mind and the Carving of Dragons), transition to the Eastern , 355, 609, 610–612, 616, 654 96–97, 103 Wenxuan 文宣 Emperor of Northern Qi. xuanxue (Dark Learning), 522, 527 See Gao Yang Western Liang 梁, 141, 713 Wenxuan 文選 (Selections of Refined Western Liang music, 699 Literature), 262, 355, 608–609, 秦, 140–141, 677 613–614, 615n52, 623, 628n19, Western Wei 魏, 182, 195–196, 197, 635, 642n67, 645 198–199, 210–226, 235, 278 wenxue 文學 (literary studies), 491 bestowals, 217 Wenying 文瀛 Road, tomb military institutions, 294–295 on, 415n144 monetary system, 318 Wenzhang liubie ji 文章流別集 (Collection occupation of Luoyang, 193–194 of Literature by Genre), 606n20 sabao, 379 Wenzhou 溫州, 349 siege of Yubi, 220–221, 284 Western Jin 晉, 79, 157, 283, 347, support for Xiao Cha, 267 475, 598 Western Yan 燕, 139 bronze artifacts, 399 whistling, 707 Buddhist institutions, 676 White Wolf Mountain, Battle of, commercial activity, 322 32 conquest of Wu, 99 whiteware, 388 dialect, 102 Wirkak. See Shi Jun 史君 (Wirkak), economy, 321 tomb of fall of, 92–94, 117, 148, 265, 276, women, 443–446 325, 377 Confucian family ethics, 446–447 government involvement in heads of households, 468 manfacturing, 319 marriage, 447–449 jade, 392 religion and, 453–456 lacquerware, 390n24 reproduction and motherhood, landholding, 311 449–453 landholding restrictions, 107 as rulers, family bonds, 456–458 migration, 331 social status, 458–459 military service, 316 Woye 沃野, 186 monetary system, 317 written language, spread of, 296

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glossary–index 885

Wu 吳 (Three Kingdoms period), 46, 50, Wu Liang 武梁 Shrine, 692–693 75, 77, 85, 271, 275–276 Wu liu xiansheng zhuan 五柳先生傳 aid given to Liu Bei, 69 (“Biography of the Master of Five alliance with Wei, 42–43 Willows”), 615, 620 capital city, 96 Wu Mingche 吳明徹, 269, 270 failure to assist Wei, 47–48 wu shu 巫書 (spirit medium or shamanic great families of, 63–65 writings), 593 language, 238 Wu strips, 15–16, 463–464, 466, 467, military institutions, 290, 291 468, 470, 473 population, 336–338 Wu 吳 vernacular, 238 reign of Sun Quan, 57–61 Wu Zetian 武則天, Empress, 536 relations with Gongsun Yuan, 80 吳質, 604, 610 Sun Quan’s conquest, 52–56 wubao 塢堡 (fortified villages), 313 Sun Quan’s successors and the fall of, wubi 塢壁 (fortified villages), 313 61–65, 87–90 Wuchang 武昌, 60, 89, 103, 104, 117 tombs and burial goods, 419–432 Wucheng 武成, Emperor of Northern trade, 350 Qi. See Gao Zhan under Western Jin rule, 99 Wuchuan 武川, 186, 210, 215 wu 塢 (rampart) settlements, 462 Wudi 武帝. See Wu Emperors wu 巫 (spirit-mediums or shamans), Wudoumi dao 五斗米道 (Five Bushels/ 593–595 Pecks of Rice), 114–115, wu ce 五策, 108n56 478, 558 Wu 吳 commandery, 50, 52, 58, 64, Wudu 武都, 43, 148n5, 152, 245 334, 472, 635 wufu 五服 (five degrees of mourning) Sun Ce’s conquest of, 51–52 system, 446, 450, 452, Wu 吳 elites, 354 457–458 Wu 武, Emperor of Chen. See Chen wugu 巫蠱 (black magic), 584 Baxian Wuguan (Five pavilions), 491, 495 Wu 武, Emperor of Han (r. 140–87 shiliuguo 五胡十六國, 145 bce), 73, 713 烏桓, 32, 123, 289, 299 Wu 武, Emperor of Jin. See Sima Yan wujing 五經 (Five Classics), 484 Wu 武, Emperor of Liang. See Xiao Yan wujing 蕪菁 (rape turnip), 364 Wu 吳, Emperor of Liu-Song. See Liu Yu Wujun 吳郡, 335 Wu 武, Emperor of Northern Zhou. See wulei 塢壘 (fortified villages), 313 Yuwen Yong Wuling Shan 武陵山, 57 Wu 武, Emperor of Southern Qi. See Wuluohou 烏洛侯, 170 Xiao Ze Wuming lun 無名論 (Discourse on the Wu ge 吳歌 (Wu songs), 348 Nameless), 525 wu hu 五胡 (Five Hu), 120 Wuren 吳人 (Wu people) 吳景, 51–52 Wushang biyao 無上秘要 (Essentials of the Wu Jun 吳均, 619n66, 653–653 Highest Secrets), 575 Wu 吳, King of. See Sun Quan wushi san 五石散 (Five Minerals Wu 吳, Lady, 51, 72 Powder), 46n24 Wu Liang 五梁, 73n38 Wutaishan 五臺山, 185

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886 glossary–index

Wutiandi 五天帝 (Five Celestial Xianbei 鮮卑, 6–7, 27, 43, 118, 120, Emperors), 500 123–124, 137, 139, 143, 185, Wuwan 烏丸, 123, 228n57 188, 209, 215–218, 220, Wuwei 武威, 133, 165, 375, 234, 236, 239, 277–278, 677 279, 718. See also Qifu; Murong; wuwei jiangjun 武衛將軍 (General of the Tufa; Tuoba Militant Guard), 82 bestowal of surnames, 217–218, Wuxi 五溪, 340 223, 234 Wuxing 吳興, 334 clothing, 407–409 Wuyi xiang 烏衣巷 (Black Robe connections with the Erzhu, 187 Lane), 606 control of western Northern Wei, 210 Wuzhou kilns 婺州窯, 349 cultural influence, 165 Wuzhou 武州 mountains, 405, 410 elite, 193, 197–198 wuzhu 五銖 (a type of coin), 33, 317, 318 epitaphs, 658 Wuzong 武宗, Emperor of the Tang, r. funerary art, 671, 675, 679 840–846, 537 hair color, 104 initiation ceremony, 191 Xi 傒, 268, 341 Jin incursions, 88, 89 xi 洗 (basin), 424, 435 language, 655 Xi (Ji) Kang 嵇康, 47, 519–520, 605, material culture, 391, 395, 397n60, 613, 616, 632, 704–706, 397–399 707, 720 military institutions, 292, 293–294 Xi Jian 郗鑒 (269–339), 332 sculptures, 665 Xi Jian 郤儉 (prefect of Yi Province) 67 sepulchral customs, 414–416 Xi qu 西曲 (Western tunes), 348 Sinification policy, 445 Xi Shi 西施, 652 staffing of the Six Garrisons, 186 Xi Shuye 嵇叔夜, 704n26 treatment and status of women, 郤正, 77 448, 453 夏 (legendary) dynasty, 125, veterans, 184, 190, 196, 207 131, 141 xianbei 鮮卑 (belt plaques), 397 Xia 夏 state or dynasty, 140, 141, 142, xiang 鄉 (townships), 461 164–165, 327 Xiang 湘 Province, 244, 269–270 夏侯惇, 35 Xiang 湘 river, 36, 55, 58, 59 Xiahou Xuan 夏侯玄, 525n68, 526 Xiang bujin yi lun 象不盡意論 (Discourse Xiahou Yuan 夏侯淵, 35, on the Inadequacy of an Image in 37, 38 Fully Articulating Meaning), 521 Xiakou 夏口, 53, 88, 89, 259 Xiang Kai 襄楷, 556 Xi’an 西安, 375, 382, 711 向秀, 519–520, 527, Xi’an 西安 Avenue, 683 605n15, 605 xian 縣 (districts or counties), 101, 326, Xiang yinjiu 鄉飲酒 (Village Libation 460, 461, 463 Ceremony), 496 xian 仙 (transcendent), 115 xiangbing 鄉兵 (local troops), 215, 294, Xian 獻, Emperor of Han. See Liu Xie 295, 380 Xian village 弦里, 468 xiangcun 鄉村 (rural settlements), 462n8

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glossary–index 887

Xiang’er zhu 想爾注 (Xiang’er Xiao Cha 蕭詧 (posthumously Emperor commentary to the Laozi), Xuan of Western Liang, 559–560 r. 555–562), 222, 223, 232, xiangguo 相國 (State Chancellor), 84 267–268 Xiangguo 襄國, 128, 129 Xiao Changmao 蕭長懋, 256 Xiangshan 象山, 675n27 Xiao Chen 蕭琛, 607n27 Xiangtangshan 響堂山 caves, 682 Xiao Chengzhi 蕭承之, 243 xiangtuan 鄉團 (local military Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 (posthumously company), 380 Emperor Gao of Southern Qi, r. 襄陽, 222, 247, 258, 267, 479–482), 243, 253–258, 281, 345, 348 282, 691 academy, 70 xiao dou 小豆 (lesser/adzuki bean), attacks from, 89, 137, 271 363, 364 garrison, 244, 250, 251 Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智 (posthumously immigrant armies from, 246–247 Emperor Jing of Liang, militarized settlers, 332, 333 r. 555–557), 268, 682 Xiangyin 湘陰, 423 Xiao Gang 蕭綱 (posthumously xiangzang 鄉葬 (township burials), 477 Emperor Jianwen of Liang, Xiangzhou 湘州, 103, 189, 194, 222, r. 550–551), 264, 266–267, 353 226, 233, 375 poetry, 262, 650–652, 652n108 bureau, 344 Xiao Hong 蕭弘, 347, 664, 665 supply of provisions and Xiao Huang 蕭晃, 256 equipment, 345 Xiao Huikai 蕭惠開, 243 trade routes, 349 Xiao Ji 蕭紀, 222, 267, 664 xianjiao 祆教 (Zoroastrian, Xiao Luan 蕭鸞, 256–258 Zoroastrianism), 379 Xiao Lun 蕭綸, 222, 266, 267 xianling 縣令 (magistrates), 147 Xiao Mozhi 蕭摹之, 243, 353 Xianren lun 賢人論 (On Worthy Xiao Sihua 蕭思話, 243 People), 521 Xiao Tong 蕭統 (Crown Prince of Xianwen 獻文, Emperor of Northern Liang), 262, 267, 608–609, 611, Wei. See Tuoba Hong 613–614, 629n21, 632n32 咸陽, 711, 718 Xiao Wenshou 蕭文壽, 242 Xianyu Xiuli 鮮于修禮, 188 Xiao Xiu 蕭秀, 664 “Xianyuan” 賢媛 (“Worthy Beauties”), Xiao Xun 蕭循, 222 516n25 Xiao Yan 蕭衍 (posthumously Emperor xianzheng 祆正 (Zoroastrian Wu of Liang, r. 542–549), 199, steward), 379 258–265, 282, 505, 506 xianzhu 祆主 (senior Zoroastrian army, 333 leader), 379 commitment to Buddhism, 434, xiao 孝 (filial piety), 173 535–536, 573, 676 xiao 嘯 (whistling), 707 creation of educational Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷 (Donghun Hou, institutions, 491 Master of Eastern Chaos), 213– Daoism, 555n7 Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融, 258–259 Hou Jing crisis and, 265–266

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888 glossary–index

Xiao Yan (cont.) Xiaomin 孝閔, Emperor of Northern literary circle, 607 Zhou. See Yuwen Jue northern campaigns, 277 Xiaoming 孝明, Emperor of Northern poetry, 650, 652 Wei. See Yuan Xu situation following the death of, 221 xiaoqi 小妻 (lesser wife), 467 succession, 221, 266–267 xiaoshuo 小說 (petty talk), 474 Xiao Yaoguang 蕭遙光, 258 xiaowei 校尉 (commandant or colonel), Xiao Yi 蕭繹 (posthumously Emperor 51, 58, 343 Yuan of Liang, r. 552–555), 221, Xiaowen 孝文, Emperor of Northern 223, 262, 266–268, 344, 507 Wei. See Yuan Hong library, 608 Xiaowu 孝武, Emperor of Eastern Jin. literary works, 617, 650, 652 See Sima Yao painted scroll by, 691 Xiaowu 孝武, Emperor of Liu-Song. See Xiao yi zhuan 孝義傳 (“Biographies of Liu Jun the Filial and Righteous”), 463 Xiaowu 孝武, Emperor of Northern Xiao Yingzhou 蕭穎冑, 258 Wei. See Yuan Xiu Xiao Yuanming 蕭淵明, 199, 268 xiaoxing 孝行 (filial conduct), 463 Xiao Yuanzhi 蕭源之, 243 xiaoyao 逍遙 (spiritual freedom), 521, Xiao Ze 蕭賾 (posthumously Emperor 522n52, 522, 529 Wu of Southern Qi, r. 483–493), Xiaoyao lun 逍遙論 (Discourse on Spiritual 255–257, 261, 262, 648 Freedom), 522n52 encouragement of foreign trade, Xiaoyi Empress 孝懿皇后 (Xiao 255–257 Wenshou), 242 literary activity in the reign of, 645 xiaoyi 孝義 (filiality and Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文, 257 righteousness), 463 Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業, 256–257 Xiaozhao 孝昭, Emperor of Northern Xiao Zhengde 蕭正德, 265, 336 Qi. See Gao Yan (sixth son of Gao Xiao Ziliang 蕭子良, 256, 257, 259, Huan) 346, 505, 539, 607, Xiaozhuang 孝莊, Emperor of Northern 608, 645 Wei. See Yuan Ziyou Xiao Ziqing 蕭子卿, 256 Xiapei 下邳, 96 Xiao Zixian 蕭子顯, 608, 614, 652 Xiazhou 夏州, 193, 211n6, 375, 381 Xiao Zixiang 蕭子響, 256 Xicetian 西冊田, 385 Xiao Ziyun 蕭子雲, 608, 659 西邸 (Western Residence), 607 Xiaodao lun 笑道論 (Essays Deriding the Xie 謝 family, 555n7 Dao), 575 Xie 谢, Madame, 673 Xiaojing 孝經 (Classic of Filial Piety), Xie An 謝安, 111–114, 118, 336, 448, 255, 485, 486, 487, 490, 600, 606, 626, 638–639, 653 504, 634 Xie Daoyun 謝道韞, 653 Xiaojing 孝靜, Emperor of Eastern Wei. Xie He 谢赫, 690 See Yuan Shanjian Xie Hongwei 謝弘微, 336 xiaolian 孝廉 (filial and incorrupt), Xie Hui 謝晦, 241, 242 493–494 Xie Huilian 謝惠連, 607 Xiaoling 孝陵, 393n39,n40 Xie Hun 謝混, 606

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glossary–index 889

Xie Lingyun 謝靈運, 118, 606–607, xiucai 秀才 (flourishing talent), 108, 617, 618–619, 641–643, 645, 198, 493–495 656n127 Xiude Temple 修德寺, 406 Xie Tiao 謝朓, 256, 257, 607, 647n87, Xiurong 秀容, 187, 189 647–650, 653, 654 Xiyu 西域 (Western Regions), 305 Xie Wan 謝萬, 600 xu 序 (prefaces), 601 Xie Xuan 謝玄, 112, 291, 333, 642 Xu 徐 Province, 31, 253n33. See also Xie Zong 薛綜, 339 徐州 Xiguan village, 388n15 Xu Chang 許昌, 50 Xijing zaji 西京雜記 (Miscellaneous Xu Gan 徐幹, 604n14 Accounts from the Western Xu gaoseng zhuan 續高僧傳, 350, 474 Capital), 621 “Xu hua” 敍畫, 690n55 Xiling 西陵, 88 Xu Hui 許翽, 562 Xin Ran 新冉, 149 Xu Jin yangqiu 續晉陽秋, 101n20 Xin’an 新安 commandery, 343 許靖, 72n34, 513 Xinchang 新昌, 683 Xu Jingzong 許敬宗, 381n23 Xindu 信都, 190, 192, 193 Xu Ling 徐陵, 652, 653, 659 xing 杏 (apricot), 360 Xu Lingqi 徐靈期, 565 xing 形 (bodily frame or shape), 506 Xu Mi 許謐, 561 xing 性 (nature), 528 Xu Mian 徐勉, 347, 608, 653 xing 行 (“running” script), 689 許劭, 513 xing 姓 (surnames), 216, 470 Xu Xianxiu 徐顯秀, 392n35, 409, Xing Luan 邢巒, 444 413n135, 675n27 Xing Shao 邢邵, 656 Xu Xianzhi 徐羨之, 241, 242 Xing Xun 邢遜, 444n6 Xu Xiaoke 徐孝克, 659 xinglü (“travel”) poetry, 635 Xu Xun 許詢, 600 邢台, 128 Xu Zhong 徐衷, 359 Xingzhou 邢州, 375 Xuan 宣, Emperor of Chen. See Chen Xu Xining 西寧, 375 Xuan 宣, Emperor of Northern Zhou. See xinli 新禮 (new rites), 87 Yuwen Yun Xiongnu 匈奴, 38, 80, 93, 120–121, Xuan 宣, Emperor of Western Jin. See 148, 156–157, 164, 166, 168, Sima Yi (179–251) 186, 215, 282 Xuan 宣, Emperor of Western Liang. See Jin incursions, 88, 276, 277 Xiao Cha lacquerware, 390 Xuan tu 玄圖, 524n65 military institutions, 292 xuan yan shi 玄言詩 (poems of arcane service in the Eastern Wei, 193 discourse), 602 threat to Cheng, 151 宣城, 335, 649, 650 Tuoba Dao’s campaigns against, Xuandu [guan] jingmu 玄都[觀]經目 164 (Index of Scriptures [of the Abbey] of xipi 犀毗 (belt plaques), 399 the Mysterious Metropolis), 575 Xiping 西平, 375 Xuanhu 懸瓠, 203, 226, 246 Xiping shijing 熹平石經, 405n92 xuanli 玄理 (the profound or mysterious Xishanqiao 西善橋 tomb, 669–670 truth), 523

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890 glossary–index

xuanlun 玄論 (discourses on Yan Da 嚴達, 574 profundity), 523 Yan Dong 嚴東, 568 xuanmen 玄門 (Gate of Mysteries), 523 Yan Hui 顏回, 509 xuanming 玄冥 (mysterious union), 528 Yan Shibo 顏師伯, 251 Xuanwu 宣武, Emperor of Northern Yan Yanzhi 顏延之, 601, 612, Wei. See Yuan Ke 632n32, 645 xuanxu 玄虛 (mysterious void), 519 Yan Zhitui 顏之推, 103, 223n45, 373, xuanxue 玄學 (Dark Learning), 14, 46, 413n134, 417n157, 448, 456, 70, 261, 483, 485–486, 487, 484, 486, 488, 495, 499, 491, 506, 511–512, 519, 506–509, 510, 617, 621, 626, 522–530, 546, 602, 632, 646n80, 653n112, 656n126 637–638, 640 Yan Zhiyi 顏之儀, 233 xuanyan 玄言 (words concerning Yan 嚴植之, 490 profundity), 490, 523 Yan Zixian 燕子獻, 200 xuanzhu 玄著 (profound), 523n58 Yanbei 雁北, 711 許昌, 40n15 Yang 楊 family, 71, 472 Xucheng 許城, 32, 33, 39, 40n15 Yang 揚 Province, 59–60, 244. See also xue 血 (blood), 451n30 Yangzhou 揚州 Xue Daoheng 薛道衡, 657 羊祜, 88–89 Xue Qiu 薛秋, 422n4 Yang Jian 楊堅 (posthumously Emperor 薛综, 350 Wen of Sui, r. 581–600), 227, Xun 荀 family, 81 233–235, 270–271, 278–279, 荀粲, 520 329, 536, 660 荀勖, 634, 719 楊駿, 93 荀顗, 87 Yang Lien-sheng, 12 Xun You 荀攸, 35 Yang Luan 楊亂, 410n119 荀彧, 35 Yang Nandang 楊難當, 245 Xunyang 尋陽, 244, 252, 254 Yang Nandi 楊難敵, 152 xutan 虛談 (vacuous talk), 511n2,4 Yang sheng lun 養生論 (“Discourse about Xuyi 盱眙, 166, 167 Nourishing Life”), 520, 605 Xuzhou 徐州, 166, 291. See also Xu 徐 楊羲, 561n24, 561–565, 573 Province Yang Xiong 揚雄, 70, 524 Xuzhou 徐州, South 南, 332 Yang Xuanzhi 楊眩之, 618, 676 楊儀, 75 Yada 嚈噠 (Hephthalites/White Huns), Yang Yin 楊愔, 196, 198, 199, 200, 209 306–307 Yang Zhong 楊忠, 221–222, 223, Yamato 倭馬台, 396n55 226, 227 Yan 燕 dynasty, 158, 300. See also Yang Zihua 杨子華, 691, 706 Former Yan; Later Yan; Yangdi 煬帝, Sui, 287 Northern Yan; Western Yan Yangping 陽平, 194 Yan 兗 Province, 31. See also North Yan yanguan 鹽官 (Salt Monopoly Province; South Yan Province; Offices), 320 Yanzhou 兗州 Yangzhou 揚州, 105, 332, 336, 337, Yan 燕 state, conquest of, 169 351. See also Yang 揚 Province

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glossary–index 891

yanhuang 鉛黃, 391n31 Liu Bei’s conquest, 68–70, 73 Yanmen Pass 雁門, 226 Liu Yan’s reign, 67–68 Yanqi 焉耆, 375 Liu Zhang’s reign, 68 Yanshi jiaxun 顏氏家訓 (Family yi 議 (appeal), 607 Instructions of Mr. Yan), 437, yi 邑 (charitable or religious 507–509, 617 organizations), 477, 682 yanyue 燕樂 (Chinese musical ensemble), Yidu 宜都, 153, 357 698, 714 Yijing 易經 (Book of Changes), 46, 150n8, Yanzhou 兗州, 292. See also Yan 兗 485, 490, 516, 517, 518, 521, Province 522, 523, 524, 528, 602, 612, 643 Yao 堯, 85, 150 Yili 儀禮 (Classic on Etiquette and the Yao Boduo 姚伯多, 574 Rites), 446, 449, 485 Yao Cha 姚察, 659 yin 蔭 (hereditary protective 姚萇, 137–138, 211 privilege), 315 姚興, 138, 141 yin 音 (set of musical scales), 719 Yao Zui 姚最, 690 yin 音 (tenor or purport), 624 Yaoxian 耀縣, 683 , 503, 560, 569n54, Ye 鄴, 37, 45, 125, 147, 209, 233–234, 642, 661 278, 294, 327, 328–329 Yin Hao 殷浩, 515, 521n48, 538 burial type, 666n9 Yin Keng 陰鏗, 659 cave complexes, 682 Yin Rong 殷融, 521 coinage, 318 Yin Xi 尹喜, 574 commercial activity, 321, 322 Yi’nan 沂南, 702–703 construction of Cao Cao’s capital at, 39 Ying 郢 Province, 244, 269 Gao Huan’s siege of, 191 Ying Yang 應瑒, 604n14 Ge Rong’s siege of, 189 Yingchuan 穎川, 80, 81, 221 literary talent, 604, 627, 657 yinghu 營戶 (encampment Northern Zhou conquest of, 208, 232 households), 290 Northern Zhou strategies for Ying-shih Yu, 513 reaching, 227 Yingzhou 營州, 375 sculptures found in, 686 yinnang 隱囊 (sack for [forwards] silk production, 406 leaning), 413n134 Yecheng 鄴城, a type of burial model, Yinping 陰平, 148n5 666n9 yinsi 淫祀 (excessive cults), 594 Yellow Turbans, 29, 31, 41 Yinxian 鄞縣, 350 origins of Daoism and, 555 Yinzhou 殷州, 188, 190–191 rebellion, 27, 50, 67, 69, 80, 275, yishe 義舍 (charity lodges), 478 309, 556, 557 yishi 義食 (charitable meals), 477 taken as prisoners, 289 yishi 邑師 (lay association teacher – a Yezhong ji 鄴中記, 128n52, 406n101, monk), 476, 549 413n136 Yishi zhuan 逸士傳 (Biographies of Yi 益 Province, 30, 37, 38, 43, 55, 56, Gentlemen in Reclusion), 615n46 66, 74, 149, 150, 558 yishu 義疏 (sub-commentaries on Liu Bei’s reign, 70–72 meaning), 489

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892 glossary–index

yitang 義堂 (charitable halls), 477 Yu 虞 family, 64 yitong 儀同 (captain), 380, 381 Yu 豫 Province, 28, 253n33 Yixia lun 夷夏論 (Treatise on the Yu, Empress Dowager 庾太后, 106 Barbarians and the Chinese), 576 Yu Changwen 于長文, 574 Yixian 義縣, 682 虞翻, 60, 64 Yixing 宜興, 100, 349, 423 Yu Hong 虞弘, 381 yiyi 義邑 (charitable associations), 471, sarcophagus, 405 476, 549 tomb of, 380, 382, 383 Yizhou 益州, 339n35, 349, 375 魚豢, 558 yizhu 邑主 (association directors), 476 Yu Ji 于吉, 556 yizi 邑子 (association children; that is, Yu Jianwu 庾肩吾, 650, 652n107 parishioners), 476, 549 Yu Jin 于謹, 214, 219n27, 223, 224 yong 用 (functions or manifestations), Yu Liang 庾亮, 105, 109 506, 525 Yu Tongzhi 虞通之, 448n19 yongdao 甬道 (tomb corridor), 666 Yu Xin 庾信, 223, 264, 617, 650, yonghuai shi 詠懷詩 (poems singing 652n107, 657–659 feelings), 632 Yu Yi 庾翼, 109, 291 Yongjia 永嘉, 645 Yu Ying-shih, 513, 517, 519 disturbances, 330, 332, 333, 334 Yu Yuanwei 庾元威, 422n3 period, 291 Yuan 元 (imperial surname), 177 seaport, 350 Yuan 元 family, 189–190, 191, 200 Yongming 永明 era, 256, 505, 601, Yuan 元, Emperor of Eastern Jin. See 607, 613, 645, 647, 648 Sima Rui Yongming ti 永明體 (Yongming-era Yuan 元, Emperor of Liang. See Xiao Yi style of poetry), 646 Yuan 元, Emperor of Wei. See Cao Huan Yongningsi 永寧寺 (Eternal Tranquility Yuan 袁, Emperor of Han (r. 48–33 Monastery), 676 bce), 472 yongshi 勇士 (braves), 198 Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 (posthumously yongtong wanguo 永通萬國 (a type of Emperor Wen of the Western coin), 318 Wei, r. 535–551), 213–213, 223 yongwu shi 詠物詩 (odes on objects), Yuan Cha 元叉, 180–181 646–648 Yuan Chen 元琛, 402n82 Yongzhou 永州, 227, 281, 282 Yuan Cheng 元澄, 443, 445 Yongzhou 雍州, 81, 93, 333, 340–341, Yuan Chuntuo 元純陀, 443–445, 446, 345, 351, 379 447, 450, 453, 454, census, 336 457–458, 459 Yoshikawa Tadao, 487 Yuan Cong, 444 You 幽 Province, 30 Yuan Gong 元恭 (posthumously you 有 (beings), 527 Emperor Jiemin of Northern You Lan 幽蘭 (Secluded Orchid), 698 Wei, r. 531), 191 Youming lu 幽明錄 (Records of the Invisible Yuan Hong 元宏 (posthumously and Visible World), 621 Emperor Xiaowen of Northern youxue 遊學 (traveling to study), 487 Wei, r. 471–499), 169, Youzhou 幽州, 80, 203, 375 175–178, 181, 182, 258

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glossary–index 893

agricultural edicts, 313 Yuan Xiu 元修 (posthumously Emperor authority of classic texts under, Xiaowu of Northern Wei, 171 r. 532–535), 190, 191, 212 corvée labor, 315 Yuan Xu 元詡 (posthumously Emperor creation of schools, 492 Xiaoming of Northern Wei, cultural policies and relocation of r. 515–528), 178, 181–182, 284 capital, 387, 409, 497, 654, Yuan Xun 元恂, 177 671, 679 Yuan Ziyou 元子攸 (posthumously Empress Dowager Wenming’s Emperor Xiaozhuang of regency, 456 Northern Wei, r. 528–530), events following the death of, 181 189, 190 influence of Madame Feng, 173–174 Yuanhun zhi 冤魂志 (“Monograph about influence on trade, 321 Ghosts with Grievances”), introduction of the first Northern Wei 509, 621 coin, 317 yuanqiu 圜丘 (round hill), 500 program of eliminating Xianbei Yuanshi Tianzun 元始天尊 (Celestial features, 216 Worthy of Primal Origins), promotion of Confucian ritual 565, 685 practices, 498 Yuanzhou 原州, 375 Yuan Ke 元恪 (posthumously Emperor Yubi 玉壁, 195, 196, 220–221, 230, Xuanwu of Northern Wei, 231, 284, 655 r. 500–515), 178 Yuchi Dingzhou 尉遲定州, sarcophagus assimilation of Han music, 654 of, 410n119, 415n149, 671 construction of Binyang Caves, 549 Yuchi Jiong 尉遲迥, 222, 233 enjoyment of music, 699 yue 约 (covenant), 477 mausoleum of, 414n141, 665 Yue 越, 58, 60, 73, 268, 337–338, 341 mother of, 301 Yue 越 kilns, 423 Yuan Kuo 元廓, Deposed Emperor 樂廣, 522n53 (r. 554), 223 Yue Ji 樂記 (Record of Music), 703n18 元郎 (posthumously 樂進, 35 Emperor of Northern Wei, yuefu 樂府 (musical form of poetry), 39, r. 531), 191 643–644, 652–653, 654, 660 Yuan Mi 元谧, 671 during the Wei, 627–632 Yuan Qin 元欽, Deposed Emperor Yuefu shiji 樂府詩集 (Anthology of Music (r. 551–554), 223 Bureau Poetry), 627n16, 630n24, Yuan Shanjian 元善見 (posthumously 652n107, 652n109 Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern yueling 月令 (monthly tasks), 368 Wei, r. 534–550), 192 月氏, 307n68, 394 袁紹, 28, 31–32, 35, Yuhang 餘杭, 335 37, 44 yujing 偶景 (matching phosphors), 562 Yuan Shen 元深, 187 Yulin 語林 (Forest of Tales), 616 袁術, 28, 37, 51–52 Yulin 鬱林, Prince of. See Xiao Zhaoye Yuan Wenyao 源文瑶, 202 Yumen 玉門, 140 袁熙, 44 yundou 熨斗 (flatiron), 422

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894 glossary–index

Yungang 雲岡 caves, 171, 394n46, 410, Yuwen Yu 宇文毓 (posthumously 535, 548–549, 678–679, 682 Emperor Ming of Northern costumes, 409 Zhou, r. 557–560), 225 depictions of Emperor Xiaowen and Yuwen Yun 宇文贇 (posthumously Madame Feng, 174 Emperor Xuan of Northern lotus carpets, 413n135 Zhou, r. 578–579), metal artifacts, 404 232–233, 329 monumental Buddhas, 417n156 Yuwen Zhi 宇文直, 228 pearl roundel motifs, 407n104 Yuzhang 豫章, 52, 53, 58, 59, 62 pottery, 385 Yuzhang fujun 豫章府君 (Lord of the Yunji qiqian 雲笈七籤, 565n37, 566n41 Commandery of Yuzhang), 80 yunti 雲梯 (cloud ladders), 284 豫州, 227, 332, 341 Yunzhong yinsong xinke zhi jie 雲中音誦 Yuzhou 豫州, North, 195 新科之誡 (Precepts of a New Code to be Chanted to the Melody “Within Zach, Erwin von, 21 the Clouds”), 571 zachong Hu 雜種胡 (mixed-ethnicity Yunzhou 雲洲, 375 Hu), 377n4 yushi 御史 (censors), 149 zan 讚 (encomium), 606 Yutai xinyong 玉臺新詠 (New Songs from zaoxiang bei 造像碑 (stele with images), the Jade Terrace), 624, 653, 405, 663, 677 696n62 Zarafshan river, 374 Yutian 于闐 (Khotan), 306 zashi 雜詩 (miscellaneous verse), 624 Yuwen Hu 宇文護, 203, 223–229 Zeng hou yi 曾侯乙 (Marquis Yi of Yuwen Jue 宇文覺 (posthumously Zeng), 703 Emperor Xiaomin of Northern zhai 齋 (in Buddhism abstinence Zhou, r. 557), 224, 225, 228 ceremony, in Daoism fast or Yuwen Shenju 宇文神舉, 228n57 retreat), 476, 550, 566, 571 Yuwen Tai 宇文泰, 126, 182, 183, 191, Zhaili kiln, 387 192, 193, 212–215, 216–224, zhan 盞 (type of cup), 424, 435 225, 228, 229, 233, 235–236, zhang 帳 (canopy), 412, 427 267–268, 278, 294–295 zhang 丈 (half a bolt of cloth), 314 Yuwen Xian 宇文憲, 231, 233 Zhang 張 (surname/region), 472 Yuwen Xiaobo 宇文孝伯, 228n57 張賓, 575 Yuwen Yan 宇文衍 (posthumously zhang cao 章草 (semi-cursive scrip), 689 Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, Zhang Chang 張昌, 150 r. 579–581), 233, 234 Zhang Daoling 張道陵, 543, 557, 569 Yuwen Yong 宇文邕 (posthumously 張飛, 69, 70, 72 Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, Zhang Gui 張軌, 133 r. 561–578), 210, 225, 228, 張衡 (Han savant), 229–233, 295 524, 525 Daoism, 573, 574–575 Zhang Heng 張衡 (Son of Zhang establishment of schools, 492 Daoling), 146, 557 music at the court of, 701 張紘, 60 suppression of Buddhism, 536–537 張華, 618, 634, 637, 693

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glossary–index 895

Zhang Jue 張角, 27, 556–557 Zhen Chen 甄琛, 346 張駿, 133, 153 Zhen’gao 真誥 (Declarations of the 張遼, 35 Perfected), 564 Zhang Ling 張陵, 146, 150n8, 557 Zhen Luan 甄鸞, 575 張魯, 68, 70, 71, 80, zhendong jiangjun 鎮東將軍 (General 146–147, 149, 154, 557–559, Garrisoning the East), 298 560, 571 zheng 箏 (zither), 322, 706, 720 Zhang Pei 張裴, 86n40 zheng xi da jiangjun 征西大將軍 (Senior Zhang Qi 張齊, 340 General Conquering the Zhang Rong 張融, 567 West), 135 張天錫, 133 Zheng Xuan 鄭玄, 151n9, 499, 張脩, 147, 558 500–501, 510 Zhang Yanyuan 張彦遠, 21, 690–691 Zheng Yi 鄭譯 (musician), 699 張翼, 75 Zheng Yi 鄭議 (Northern Zhou Zhang Yuan 張元, 685 courtier), 233, 234 Zhang Zhan 張湛, 525n68 Zheng Yi 鄭頤 (Northern Qi 張昭, 60 courtier), 200 Zhang Zhiming 張智明, sarcophagus of, zhengding 正丁 (full adults), 311 415n149 zhenggu 正鼓 (straight drum), 714 Zhangde fu zhi 彰德府志, 329n76 Zhengjue Temple 正覺寺, 353 zhangju 章句 (chapter-and-verse Zhengshi 正始 period, 46, 82, 522, 526 commentaries), 488 Zhengshi shijing 正始石經, 405n92 zhangshi 長史 (aide), 379 zhengxi jiangjun 征西將軍 (General of Zhangye 張掖, 677 the Western Expeditions), 80 zhantian 占田 (law of land registration), zhengxin 正心 (rectify the heart), 502 86, 89, 311–312 zhengyi 正役 (regular corvée), 315 zhantuo 盞托 (saucer), 435 Zhengyi fawen 政一法文, 568n50 zhao 詔 (edict), 179, 607 Zhengyi mengwei dao 正一盟威道 Zhao 趙. See Former Zhao; Later Zhao (“Correct and Orthodox zhao 麨 (parched grain), 360 Covenant with the Powers”), 559 Zhao Gui 趙貴, 214, 224–225, 235 Zhenji 真迹 (Traces of the Perfected), 576 Zhao Xin 趙廞, 149 zhenjun jiangjun 鎮軍將軍 (General of Zhao Yanshen 趙彥深, 202 Defense Command), 76 Zhao Yi 趙壹, 609n33 zhenmushou 鎮墓獸 (tomb-quelling Zhao Yi 趙翼 (1727–1814), 7, 10 beast), 675 Zhaoming 昭明, Crown Prince. See Xiao 真人 (perfected persons), 561 Tong zhi 治 (diocese), 146 Zhaowu jiuxing 昭武九姓 (Nine Zhaowu Zhi Dun 支遁, 515, 521n48, 521, Lineages), 374 522n52, 529, 542, 600, 637 Zhaowu 昭武, 377n4 Zhi yin 知音 (“The One Who zhen 箴 (admonition), 613 Understands the Tone”), 611 zhen 鎮 (military garrison), 461 Zhi Yu 摯虞, 606, 634 zhen 真 (perfect), 568 Zhigong tu 職貢圖 (Pictures of Zhen 甄, Lady, 44 Tribute-Bearers), 691

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896 glossary–index

zhiguai 志怪 (accounts of anomalies), Zhou Jielun 周杰倫 (Jay Chou), 601n6 581, 582, 584, 587, 607, 619, Zhou Kong zhi jiao 周孔之道 (the Way of 620–621 the Duke of Zhou and Zhiguan 軹關 Pass, 203, 226–227 Kongzi), 485 Zhijiabao 智家堡, 415n149 Zhou Xie 周勰, 100 zhijiao旨教 (Retreat of Instruction), 566 Zhou Yiliang, 12, 13 Zhiyi 智顗, 542 周瑜, 51, 53–55, 63, 69, zhizu 知足 (being content with what one 202–203 has), 502, 508 Zhou Zha 周札, 100 鐘會, 76, 77, 526 Zhou Ziliang 周子良, 573 Zhong lun 中論, 544n29 zhoubing 州兵 (prefectural troops), 293 Zhong Rong 鍾嶸, 612–613, 633, 646, Zhouli 周禮 (The Rites of the Zhou), 14, 654n116, 654 219, 224, 393, 464, 485 鍾繇, 37 Zhoushan Archipelago 舟山群島, Zhong Ziqi 鍾子期, 703 115 zhongbing canjun (central troop Zhoushi mingtong ji 周氏冥通紀 (Master adjutant), 348 Zhou’s Communications with the Zhongchang Tong 仲長統, 518–519 Unseen), 573 Zhongguo 中國 (Middle Kingdom), 99 zhu 注 (demonic infusion), 587 zhongjun 中軍 (central army), 292 zhu 祝 (invocator), 594 zhonglingjun 中領軍 (Capital zhu 渚 (islet), 462 Commandant), 82 Zhu 朱 (surname/region), 472 Zhongnan 中南 mountains, 574 zhu 銖 (unit of weight), 317n33 zhongqi 中妻 (middle wife), 467 zhu 筑 (zither), 703, 720 Zhongshan 中山, 139, 143, 159, 160 Zhu Ju 朱据, 61 Zhongxing shu 中興書, 105n39, 111n71, Zhu Ran 朱然, 422n4,8 118n101 Zhu Xiuzhi 朱脩之, 250 Zhongyang huanglaojun 中央黃老君 Zhu Zaiyu 朱載堉, 720 (Central Yellow Ancient zhuang 莊 (estate), 107 Lord), 563 Zhuang Zhou 莊周 (Master Zhuang). See zhongzheng 中正 (rectifier), 34 Zhuangzi 莊子 (book) Zhou 周, 679. See also Northern Zhou zhuangyuan 莊園 (estate), 107 founders, 125, 131 Zhuangzi 莊子 (book), 454, 490, 516, industries, 66 517, 518–519, 520, 521–522, music, 698, 719, 720 523, 527, 529, 538, 600, 602, success of the, 136 620, 638, 641 Zhou 周 family, 51, 108, 202–203 Zhuangzi 莊子(philosopher). See zhou 州 (prefectures/provinces), 101, Zhuangzi 莊子 (book) 326, 461 Zhuge Dan 諸葛誕, 47, 48, 62 zhou 洲 (isle), 462 Zhuge Jin 諸葛瑾, 62 Zhou 周, Duke of, 224, 225, 228, 448, Zhuge Ke 諸葛恪, 58, 62, 63 485, 496, 631 Zhuge Liang 諸葛亮, 38, 43, 46, 69n14, Zhou Hongzheng 周弘正, 659 70, 72–75, 80 Zhou Ji 周玘, 100 Zhuge Xu 諸葛緒, 76

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glossary–index 897

zhuguo 柱國 (Pillar of State), 215 Zongming guan 總明觀 (Pavilion of Zhulin qixian 竹林七賢. See Seven Sages Intellect), 491 of the Bamboo Grove Zoroastrianism, 307, 375, 379–380, zhuo 濁 (the mundane), 514 382, 383, 714, 715. See also Zhuoxian 涿縣, 68 xianjiao zi 子 (philosophical texts), 614 zou 奏 (memorial, presentation), 607 Zi ji wen 自祭 文 (“Sacrificial Offering to Zou 鄒, Mount, 166 Myself”), 615 Zoumalou 走馬樓 (site of wooden and zicao 紫草 (dye plant), 364 bamboo slips find), 15–16 Zichuan 淄川, 387 Zu 祖 family, 387 Zigui 秭歸, 72 Zu Ti 祖逖, 277, 280 ziran 自然 (naturalness or self-so), 520, Zu Ting 祖珽, 203–204, 205–206, 524, 527, 566, 603, 632 209 Zitong 梓潼, 151 Zu Yue 祖約, 332 zong 宗 (Buddhist lineages and schools of zun 尊 (animal-shaped vessel), 424, 435 thought), 532 zuo 左 (assisted commanderies), 331, Zong Bing 宗炳, 609n33, 689 341–342 Zong Que 宗愨, 247 Zuo Fen, 653 zongguan 總管 (commanders), 左思, 60, 64, 67n4, 606, 610, 323n54 617, 636, 653 zongmiao 宗廟 (imperial ancestors’ Zuozhuan 左傳 (Zuo’s Commentary), temple), 80 485, 606

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