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A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake

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A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake University of Kentucky UKnowledge Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Earth and Environmental Sciences Publications 4-2019 A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake: Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change Hanxiao Zhang Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, China Shouliang Huo Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, China Kevin M. Yeager University of Kentucky, [email protected] Beidou Xi Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, China Jingtian Zhang Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, China See next page for additional authors RFoigllohtw c licthiks t aond ope addn ait feionedalba wckork fosr mat :inh att nps://uknoew tab to lewtle usdg kne.ukowy .hedu/eow thies_fas documcpubent benefits oy u. Part of the Anthropology Commons, Earth Sciences Commons, Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Repository Citation Zhang, Hanxiao; Huo, Shouliang; Yeager, Kevin M.; Xi, Beidou; Zhang, Jingtian; and Wu, Fengchang, "A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake: Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change" (2019). Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications. 18. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_facpub/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Environmental Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Hanxiao Zhang, Shouliang Huo, Kevin M. Yeager, Beidou Xi, Jingtian Zhang, and Fengchang Wu A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake: Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change Notes/Citation Information Published in Engineering, v. 5, issue 2, p. 296-304. © 2019 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.022 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_facpub/18 Engineering 5 (2019) 296–304 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eng Research Environmental Protection—Article A Historical Sedimentary Record of Mercury in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake: Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change ⇑ Hanxiao Zhang a, Shouliang Huo a, , Kevin M. Yeager b, Beidou Xi a, Jingtian Zhang a, Fengchang Wu a a State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA article info abstract Article history: Mercury and its derivatives are hazardous environmental pollutants and could affect the aquatic Received 18 May 2018 ecosystems and human health by biomagnification. Lake sediments can provide important historical Revised 3 October 2018 information regarding changes in pollution levels and thus trace anthropogenic or natural influences. Accepted 8 November 2018 This research investigates the 100-year history of mercury (Hg) deposition in sediments from Chao Available online 2 February 2019 Lake, a shallow eutrophic lake in China. The results indicate that the Hg deposition history can be separated into three stages (pre-1960s, 1960s–1980s, and post-1980s) over the last 100 years. Before Keywords: the 1960s, Hg concentrations in the sediment cores varied little and had no spatial difference. Since Lake sediment the 1960s, the concentration of Hg began to increase gradually, and showed a higher concentration of Mercury Vertical distribution contamination in the western half of the lake region than in the eastern half of the lake region due to Anthropogenic activities all kinds of centralized human-input sources. The influences of anthropogenic factors and hydrological change are revealed by analyzing correlations between Hg and heavy metals (Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn), stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (d13C and d15N), nutrients, particle sizes, and meteorological factors. The results show that Hg pollution intensified after the 1960s, mainly due to hydrological change, rapid regional development and urbanization, and the proliferation of anthropogenic Hg sources. Furthermore, the temperature, wind speed, and evaporation are found to interactively influence the environmental behaviors and environmental fate of Hg. Ó 2019 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 1. Introduction decreasing global Hg emissions in order to reduce the damage caused by Hg to the environment and human health. Mercury (Hg) and its derivatives, including in particular the Direct long-term water quality monitoring was not initiated in + most toxic form of mercury, methylmercury (CH3Hg ), are haz- most of the lakes in China until the 1980s, due to the limitations of ardous environmental pollutants that can exist in the atmosphere monitoring technology and cost constraints [5]. In the absence of and in aquatic food chains for extended periods of time, primarily long-term water quality monitoring data, sediment cores can serve because of their persistence and tendency toward bioaccumulation as an important archive, as they record metal fluxes in aquatic sys- [1]. Mercury is discharged to the environment from natural sources tems and can be an effective tool for reconstructing pollutant his- and from human activities, such as ore refining and cement pro- tories and environmental fates [6]. Mercury concentration in the duction and reemission [2]. With global industrial and economic sediment cores of lakes has increased significantly over the last development, increasing amounts of Hg have been discharged into century [7]. Mercury contamination of lake sediments has been the environment. Mercury has been identified in lakes, wetlands, investigated in Lake Ballinger and Lake Whittington, in the United reservoirs, rivers, and estuaries worldwide [3,4], and Hg pollution States [4,8]. Recently, Lin et al. [9] investigated the influences of has become recognized as a global environmental problem. The climate change on Hg accumulation in a remote and shrinking lake United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) recently adopted located on the southern Tibetan Plateau in China. Most of the the ‘‘Minamata Convention,” which is aimed at controlling and existing research has been focused on the use of Hg isotopes in lake sediments to reliably trace historical, anthropogenic Hg contamination or to evaluate Hg cycling [10,11]. ⇑ Corresponding author. Chao Lake, a semi-enclosed shallow eutrophic lake in China, has E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Huo). been impacted by anthropogenic activities over the past three https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.022 2095-8099/Ó 2019 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier LTD on behalf of Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press Limited Company. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). H. Zhang et al. / Engineering 5 (2019) 296–304 297 decades, and has been a target of wide societal concern since the ② homogenized with an agate mortar and pestle, and ③ sieved 1980s, due to anthropogenic eutrophication [12]. A considerable using a 0.125 mm screen. The samples were then digested using amount of research has been performed on Chao Lake in order to an acid mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) resolve its historical records of multiple heavy metals [13], nutri- (3:1, v/v) [16]. TP was determined after heating the samples for ents [12], polychlorinated biphenyls [14], polycyclic aromatic 2 h at a temperature of 500 °C and performing 1 molÁLÀ1 HCl hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides [15], but few studies extraction. TN was analyzed using an elemental analyzer (Vario have focused on Hg. Research on Chao Lake can also help in under- EL III, Elementar Co., Germany). TOC was measured using a TOC standing the Hg profiles of the same type of lakes in the Yangtze analyzer (Multi N/CÒ 2100, Analytik Jena AG, Germany), after River Basin. To address this research gap, the objectives of this treatment with 1 molÁLÀ1 HCl to remove inorganic carbon. The study are as follows: to examine variability in the Hg supply to analytical precision was less that 3% for TN and 5% for TOC, using the lake and in the Hg distribution within the lake over approxi- six replicates of a homogenized sample. mately the last 100 years using sediment core chronology; and to Heavy metals were detected by inductively coupled plasma resolve important anthropogenic factors by applying statistical mass spectrometry (iCAP Qc, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) after analysis using indicators including heavy metals (iron (Fe), cobalt microwave digestion in a mixture of HNO3, HCl, and hydrofluoric (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc acid (HF) (1:3:6, v/v). The standard reference sediment SUD-1 (Zn), and Hg), nutrients (total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), (National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Canada) total organic carbon (TOC), d13C, and d15N), and grain size. This was
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