The Research Progress and Comprehensive Treatment of Lake Eutrophication in China
lecturer: Zhou Bin（Phd） Contents
1 Current Situation of Lake Eutrophication in China
2 Reseach Progress of Lake Eutrophication in China
3 Solutions of Eutrophication Treatment in China
4 Work by TAES in Yuqiao Project
www.taes.org TAES 1. Current Situation of Lake Eutrophication in China
www.taes.org TAES 1. Methods to assess Eutrophication in China
TLI is mainly used as follows.
⑴ TLI（chla）=10（2.5+1.086lnchl） ⑵ TLI（TP）=10（9.436+1.624lnTP） ⑶ TLI（TN）=10（5.453+1.694lnTN） ⑷ TLI（SD）=10（5.118-1.94lnSD）
⑸ TLI（CODMn）=10（0.109+2.661lnCOD） Unit: chla: mg/m3, SD: m, Others: mg/L
Assessing Standards TLI(∑) 030 50 60 70 100
Low Medium High Nutrient Low Medium Level Nutrient Nutrient High Nutrient Level Level Level(Eutrophication) www.taes.org TAES 2.Current Situation of Lake Eutrophication in China
Main Lake region in China Lakes in Eastern Plain Area Distribution of Lake in China Lakes in Northeast Plain and Mountain Area Lakes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area Lakes in Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau Area Lakes in Yunan-Guizhou Plateau Area
Statistics of Area and Runoff Volume of Inner and Outer Rivers in China Area of Outer Rivers Area of Inner Rivers Volume of Outer Rivers Volume of Inner Rivers Number of Lakes：2742( > 1 km2) Total Area: 91020 km2
www.taes.org TAES 10 ．Cao Sea Heavy Eutrophication •NanTaizi Lake•Moshui Lake •Liwan Lake •Liuhua Lake •ChaiWobao •Dongshan •Dianchi Lake •Ci Lake •Li LakeLake •Xuanwu Lake Lake 4.50 •South Lake•Muogu of Lake Eutrophication •Gucheng •Western Lake Hulun Changchun TN •DianshanLake •Gantang Lake •WesternLake• 邛Lake 海 (2) •BaiYangdianLake Lake•东湖 •Dai Sea •WuLiangsu •South Lake of Sea•Hasu Sea Nanning•Jingbo Lake WuDalian Lake •Dongqian Lake 0.765 (mg/L) •Er Sea Medium Nutrient •Shisha Sea •Qiandao•NaMucuo Lake •Xingkai Lake Yuqiao 0.235 •Songhua Lake Low Nutrient •Qinghai Lake
•贫营养区FuXian Lake •BoSiteng Lake •ChangBai Lake
0 0.019 1.0 www.taes.org 0.065 P (mg/L) 0.413 TAES Medium 15 ％ Low 0 ％
Heavy 85 ％ 1990s Based on investigation of 26 lakes in China, the number of Low 4 ％ eutrophication lakes in China in the Heavy 61 ％ 1970s, 1980s and 1990s is 27%, 61% and 85% respectively. In 2000, Medium 35 ％ it develops faster and China has 1980s become a heavy eutrophication country in the world. Medium 69 ％ High 27 ％
1970s Low 4 ％ www.taes.org TAES Total Area of Eutrophication Lakes
Year 2000 2006 2010 Total Area（km2） 3800 5000 6700
Distribution of Eutrophication Lakes in China
East 56.7 Midland 29.9 West 13.4 1530 45 %
www.taes.org TAES Sea gourds of Kunming Lake Kunming Lake
Taihu Lake
Waterweedswww.taes.org of Chao Lake Meiliang Bay of TaihuTAES Lake Example-Taihu Lake
Annual water quality of Taihu Lake
100%
90% 19
80%
70% 55 57.1 71.4 67 60% 85 86 50% 57.2
40% 5
30% 23.9
20% 35 14.3 33 10% 23.8 15 14.3 19 14 0% 5 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 Ⅴ类 劣Ⅴ类
www.taes.org TAES Annual Water Quality of Chaohu Lake
0.12 6 0.1 5
4 0.08
3 0.06
2 0.04 Permanganate Index(mg/L) 总磷（mg/L） Total Phosphorus(mg/L) 1 0.02 高锰酸盐指数（mg/L）
0 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
3.5 64 3 63 2.5 62 61 2 60 1.5 59 58 营养状态指数
总氮（mg/L） 1 57 Total Nitrogen(mg/L) Nutrient Condition Index 0.5 56 0 55 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 www.taes.org TAES Area of Blue Algae Bloom in Taihu Lake from 1950 to 2006
1950’s1970’s 1980 1987
1994 2000 2006 www.taes.org TAES 2. Research Progress of Lake Eutrophication in China
www.taes.org TAES 1.Research Progress
Since the 1950s, China has started to concern about lake eutrophication and carry out specific research on aquatic organisms, planktons, and types of eutrophication. Especially in recent 20 years, Chinese researchers have done a lot of basic study on lake eutrophication control and econological restoration. in practices, many successful experiences have been achieved. Major research fields include: Study on eutrophication source, limiting factors and adjusting strategies Study on form, release patterns, influence factors and transformation mechanisms of source nutrient in lakes Study on rules of transport and transformation of N and P from agricultural non-point pollution Application of Remote Sensing Technology in dynamic monitoring of lake eutrophication Study on models of lake eutrophication prediction
www.taes.org TAES Sample Collection of Water and Hydrophyte
Environment monitoring Hydrophyte collection
Water collection
Hydrophyte collection
Sediment collection
www.taes.org TAES Remote Sensing Monitoring of Water Quality
Taihu Lake
Mouth of the Pearl River
Kunming Lake
Statistics of Red Tide Area in the Mouth Area of the Pearl River, in Oct. 2009.
www.taes.org TAES Sequence remote sensing monitoring of water quality for long period
www.taes.org TAES 2.Insufficiencies
In the Field of Research： Domestic study on nutrient source is much more focusing on monitoring and research of regular nutrient indices(TN,ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,TP,COD,SS). It lacks analysis on identification, labelling, transport and transformation of nutrient of different forms, especially lacking basic research on transport and transformation of P(Dissolved Phosphorus and Particulate Phosphorus)
In the Field of Technical Promotion In the Chinese mainland, there is some difference in technical level,such as remote sensing monitoring and building of pollution data base, especially between western and eastern coastal area,
In the Field of Policy: Some local authorities only pursue economic benefits and encourage the fast expansion of industries and enterprises. Some enterprises with high polluiton and high energy consumption still exist. www.taes.org TAES 3. Solutions of Eutrophication Treatment in China
www.taes.org TAES Characteristics of Natural Ciruclation of Water in Lake Basins Transport of Water Vapour
Transpiration Stormwater Evaporation Stormwater Evaporation Surface Runoff Backflow Infiltration Lake Ocean Land Groundwater Flow
Characteristics of water remains largely. www.taes.org TAES 20 Social Circulation of Water Natural Precipitation
Manufacture and Daily Life
Uptake Treatment
Rivers and Lakes
Characteristics of water changes constantly. www.taes.org TAES 21 General Thoughts on Comprehensive Treatment of Basins 1.Keep natural circulation of water and secure it as clean water source for down areas. 云与水汽 水汽输送 Mountains 2. Regulate social circulation of water and re Stormwaterduce anthroprogenic pollution. Transpiration Evapiration Surface Runoff
Infiltration
Forests and Lakes Small River Wetlands 3. Preserve or restore ecological condition Subsurface Runoff of lakes. Balance the ecosystem and play its fuctions www.taes.org TAES 22 General Thoughts on Comprehensive Treatment of Basins Population and Economic DevelopingDistribution Patterns Circular Economy Cleaner Production
Wastewater from townsPollution and villages source Lake Basins Industrial wastewater Monitoring Management Village sewage Treatment Farmland runoff Other non-point wastewater
Low Polluted Rivers Lakes Water
www.taes.org TAES General Thoughts on Comprehensive Treatment of Basins COD If precipitation is 1500mm/a，runoff is７ ０％ and water consumption is 10.0 Population 500ℓ/capital/d Population and farmlandIf annual discharge of P is 70%, COD is 8.0 70% and N is 50%. 人口+农田+牲畜
6.0 How to solve this problem?
4.0 ●Change lifestyle.
COD(mg/l) ●Invent new technologes. 2.0 ●Take new measures. 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Population Density(capital/km2)
Environment Limit: Environment Limit: 150P/km2 800P/km2 www.taes.org TAES General Thoughts on Comprehensive Treatment of Basins
3.0 (Ⅱ级3.0) 1.5 2006.1.1 Standards of water quality of (1B:1.5/1.0) discharged domestic wastewater (Unit (ⅠA:1.0(before)/0.5 1.0 … (after) ) ： (V类0.4) 0.3 mg/L ) Standard of water quality of rivers 0.2 (Ⅲ类0.2) (IV类0.3) (V类0.2)
0.1 Standars of water quality of lakes and reserviors (Ⅲ类0.05) (IV类0.1) 0.0 Ⅲ类 IV类 V类 A comparison among water quality of discharged domestic wastewater, lake water and river water. www.taes.org TAES Technical System of Comprehensive Treatment Wastewater treatment BOD facilities：wastewater Domestic 200mg/L treatment plants, wastewate purification tanks and etc. ： 20mg/L Qualified Eco-treatment projects effluent Contact Oxidation, constructed wetland and intensified purification 5mg/L Lakes intake Eco-treatment technologies: restoration by planktons, <1mg/L Lake water algea, hydrophyte and others
www.taes.org TAES Restoration Technologies of Lake ecology
①Control of nutrient source
②Control of sunlight intensity ⑥Eco-control of aquatic-terrestrial ecotone ③Vertical and mix control ⑤Control of fish community
④Control of dissolved oxygen
6 major control mechanisms in restoration of ecological environmental of lakes www.taes.org TAES Restoration technologies(RS) of ecological environment of lakes
RS in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone RS of rivers . Multi natural vegetation purification technology – Sand contact oxidation technology . Eco-landscape designing technology – Wetland purification technology . Vegetation optimizing configuration – Riverbed restoration technology technology . Base restoration technology – Eco river bank technology RS of lakes water RS in estuaries . Water flow control technology – River mouth purification technology . Light control technology – River mouth algea control technology . Control technology of odor and River mouth ecology restoration technology harmful microorganisms . Fishing ecology control technology Technologies of blue algea control Technologies of sludge control – Mechanical ecological algea control . Sludge sweeping technology technology . Safe covering technology – Algea removing technology . Safe solidifying technology – Chemical algea-control technology
www.taes.org TAES 4. Work by TAES in Yuqiao Project
www.taes.org TAES General Information of
Yuqiao Reservior 57.6km 60m3/s
Luanhe-Tianjin Water Division Project started from DaHeting Reservior in Panjiakou and went through a 12.4km tunnel and a 长度34km 57.6km part of Li River, then 50m3/s reached Yuqiao Reservior. The main function of Yuqiao 长度47.2km 50m3/s Resevior is water supply and flood 尔王庄水库 prevention. Total capacity is 1.559 0.45亿m3 billion m3, flood prevention capacity 尔王庄水库 is 1.262 billion m3, adjustment capacity is 385 million m3 and dead 长度26km capacity is 360 million m3. Nomal 19.1m3/s storage level is 21.16m and water area is 86.8km2.
www.taes.org TAES 主要河流
省界
潘家口 水库
河 大黑 汀水 库
北
天 Total area of Yuqiao 省 Reservoir watershed is 津 2060km2, most of which is in Hebei Province. Tianjin has a area of Yuqiao Reservoir 市 watershed of 456km2, 22% of www.taes.org the total watershed. TAES Distribution of protection zones of Yuqiao Reservoir
According to national regulations, Yuqiao Reservoir is devided into alerting zone, first level protection zone, second level protection zone.
The alerting zone consists of 4 villages, 3000 people and 153km2 area.
The first level protection zone is 33km2 and consists 44 villages with 43 thousand people.
The second level protection zone is 260km2 and consists of 135 villages with 102 thousand people.
www.taes.org TAES Eutrophication of Yuqiao Reservoir
•According to regulations and standards of China, water quality of Yuqiao Reservoir should be kept above III level •Based on investigation result from 1983-2008, TN is much more than normal standard. TN is IV level befiore 2005, and V after 2005. TP is just around the normal standards. •Now, Yuqiao Reservoir is in light entrophication.
浓度 2 1.81 1.8 1.64 1.65 （mg/L） 1.47 IV类标准值 1.6 1.37 1.4 1.2 III类标准值 1 0.769 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 83-04 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 年份
www.taes.org TAES ØBecause of eutrophication and hydrology condition, algea growth year by year. Good weed: Jucao Many dead weeds will damage the quality of Luanhe River. The weeds will also release nutrient for algea growth. Many weed were collected manually in 2006,2007,2008.
www.taes.org TAES Analysis of pollution in Yuqiao Reservoir
Analysis of pollution source TN load from inner and outer source 6.5% Water from Three rivers go Activities Luanhe River into the around the reservoir reservoir Outer source: 93.5% mainly Eutrophication of Yuqiao provide N Reservoir TP load from inner and Inner outer source source: mainly provide P Nutrient release after long time accumulation
www.taes.org TAES Analysis of pollution in Yuqiao Reservoir
Analysis of Outer pollution source TN load from outer TP load from outer source source
引滦来 引滦来 三条入 水20.5% 三条入 水30.6% 库河流 库河流 40.9% 55.5% 水库周 水库周 边38.6% TN load of three 边13.9% rivers
TN load from Yuqiao Reservoir nearbyTP load from Yuqiao Reservoir nearby
TP load of three rivers ØMain source for Li River Mineral mountain, agricultural runoff, rural life ØWay of combination Most pollution combines through 9 subrivers at the mouth of Li Main source：solid waste, agricultural non-point pollution, rural River, 4 of which consist 80% of sewage, mountain runoff total water amount. Way of combination: together with surface runoff and through www.taes.org tunnels around reservoirs and end in reservoir TAES Analysis of pollution in Yuqiao Reservoir
Analysis of inner pollution source Accumulation for long years：In many years, input nutrient is more than output, most of nutrient stays in the reservoir (TN:64.5%、TP:70%) Optional release: In proper temperature, PH, turbulence and hydrophyte, P can be released by 144ton/year. 内源TN污染负荷 内源TP污染负荷 底 水 0.3% 水生动物(鱼、 0.5% 泥 5.9% 体 浮游动物) 25.8% 水生植物（水 水生动 草、水藻） 植物 73.9% 93.6% 水体
Inner nutrient source is mainly from waterweed, which contains a N and P of 74% and 94% respectively. ØDuring the growth of weed, it can help transfer inner pollution and purify the water.www.taes.org After the dead of weed, it will release the nutrient and pollute the water.TAES Our Recent Work
Temp Top Soil Stor Veg Far Raiz Life Fish Recr eratu ogra mwa etati min ing ing eati re phy ter on g on measures and revision Natual Pollutionfactors load factor factor
Improved model of SWAT
Self purification Distribution of rural Limits by economy capacity factor pollution load and society
Immigration
www.taes.org TAES Our Recent Work
Classification of non-pollution sensitive area in Yuqiao Reservoir
www.taes.org TAES Our Recent Work
2003-2006 2006-2008 www.taes.org TAES www.taes.org TAES 近期开展的工作
CVMP comprehensive village waste management plan
garbage dumping site refuse treatment plant rural life faeces residue from biogas tank
fermentation fish culture
animal waste livestock feed composting organic fertilizer
Farmland straw return crop straw www.taes.org TAES Experiment Description
We chose seven programs with different nutrients input for field crops, and kept sampling surface runoff and soil of these programs in rainy season in order to measure nutrient load from the loss of surface runoff. Through comparison of crop yield in different programs, it is possible for us to determine the most optimal planting program for the village which could provide support for the CVMP. Design of Runoff Pond
Structure of runoff pond Design rendering Effect of actual construction
www.taes.org TAES Runoff Experiment
Plowing Sowing Discussion of nutrient ratio
Fertilizing Sampling runoff Sampling soil
www.taes.org TAES Experiment Description
Separately stack the manure of livestock and farmland soil of Dajugezhuang. The composting cycle is 70 days, sample soil and fertilizer once every 5 days, record weight, environmental temperature, relative humidity, surface wind speed. At last, we intend to build a proper soil and fertilizer nutrients loss model based on the residual nutrients in samples and meteorological data.
Stacking soil and fertilizer
Sampling soil Delivering Weighing Composting
www.taes.org soil & fertilizer soil & fertilizer TAES Vi trenger dine forslag …
Takk
www.taes.org