Review of Public Administration and Management Vol. 1 No. 3 ISSN 2315-7844 July, 2013 A bi-annual Journal of the Department of Public Adminitration Nnamdi Azikiwe Univeristy, Awka, Nigeria Website: www.arabianjbmr.com; http://reviewofpublicadministration.wordpress.com E-mail:[email protected] i Review of Public Administration and Management © Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria Published July, 2013 by Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission of the publishers. ii Editorial Board Chief Editor: Prof. M.C. Muo, Ph.D, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Executive Managing Editor: Emma E.O. Chukiwuemeka, (Assoc. Prof.), Ph.D, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Members: Prof. F.C. Nze, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu Prof. J.C. Okoye , Ph.D - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Prof. Ezimma Nnabuife, Ph.D Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Prof. Chikelue Ofuebe, Ph.D University of Nigeria Nsukka Ngozi Ewuim, Ph.D Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Okey Francis Chikeleze, Ph.D Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu Ehsan Azhar,M.Sc Sohar University, Sohar Sultanate of Oman, Saudi Arabia Consulting Editors: Prof. Kunle Awotokun, Ph.D – Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife Prof. Emma Ezeani, Ph.D – University of Nigeria, Nsukka Prof. Ike Ndolo, Ph.D – Enugu State University ofScience and Tech, Enugu Prof. Charles Okigbo, Ph.D – North Dakota State University, United States of America Prof.B.C. Nwankwo, Ph.D – Kogi State University, Ayingba Chukwumerije Okereke, Ph.D, University of Reading, United Kingdom D. Stamatakis , Ph.D– Athens National and Kapodistrian University I.M. Ambe, Ph.D - University of South Africa S. Jabulani, – University of Swaziland iii Editorial Policy The Review of Public Administration and Management is a referred Journal that is published by The Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria bi-annually (July and November). The Journal endeavors to provide a forum for researchers, practitioners, students, resource persons and other people in the academia who are interested in the discussion of current and future issues and challenges impacting on the field of Public Administration, Management Sciences, Humanities, Education, Arts and Social Sciences. We adopt double blind peer review policy in which both authors and reviewers are kept anonymous so as to maintain the high technical and quality standards as required by the researchers. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers submitted will be published approximately two months after acceptance. Interested contributors should type their scientific papers on A4 size with wide margins and double line spacing in 12 fonts. It should not exceed 15 pages including the abstract of not more than 250 words. Not more than five keywords should be provided immediately after abstract. The paper should be empirical or theoretical, well researched, and persuasive. Short communications, original research articles, reviews, commentaries and methods could also be considered. Contributors should include: brief profile of the author including institutional affiliation and status, title of paper, abstract, introduction, statement of problem, review of related literature, method of investigation, discussion of findings and recommendations. Authors should include their phone numbers including addresses and e-mail. Manuscripts must be in conformity with the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation style 6th edition. Journal titles should be abbreviated for multiple citations in the same year, a,b,c, should be used immediately following the year of publication. Manuscripts should be submitted in hard copy and soft copy in CD with password clearly indicated. Correspondence should be addressed to the Executive Managing Editor, Review of Public Administration and Management Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Nigeria, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State Tel: 08060967169, 08033249488, 08033577153 Email:[email protected] or [email protected] The views expressed in the articles do not reflect that of the Editorial Board but of the author(s) concerned. iv The Contributors Onyima Jude. Dr. Nzewi Hope and Dr. Obianuju Chiekezie - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Dr. Osa-Edoh G.I. (Assoc. Prof) - Faculty of Education, University of Benin Dr, Vin Onodugo and Prof. U.J.F. Ewurum - Faculty of Administration, University of Nigeria Echekoba Felix and Ezu Gideon - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Prof. F.C. Okoli and Dr. Edwin Izueke - University of Nigeria Nsukka Dr. Salome Ezeani - Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti Oladele Rotimi - Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Onto State Dr. Okeke VOS - Anambra State University, Igbariam Dr. Ugwu Chukwuka - University of Nigeria, Nsukka Eme Okechukwu - University of Nigeria Nsuka Dr.Edwin Izueke - University of Nigeria, Nsukka Dr. Nkwoede Joseph, Tiben Benz Nwali - Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki Ude Alexander - Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki Dr. Fatile Jacob, Dr. Okewale Raheem - Lagos State University Ojo Francis Chikwem - University of Nigeria Nsuka Prof. Fidelis Okpata - Ebonyi State University,Abakaliki Aniebo, CAJ - Madonna University Okija Oguanobi, C, Akamobi A, - Anambra State University, Igbariam Dr. Sunny Udeze - Enugu State University of Science and Technology Oko Theophilus - Enugu State University of Science and Technology v Dr. Emma Chukwuemeka (Assoc. Prof) Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Dr. Okey Oji - National Boundary Commission, Abuja Chukwurah, DJC - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Dr.Okafor Obiefuna - Federal Polytechnic Oko. Anslem Nweke - Anambra State University, Igbariam Momoh Attai, Makoji Stephen And Alfa Patrick I. - Federal Polytechnic Ida, Kogi State Dr. Pat. Ola Oyeniyi - Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti J.O. Ogusanya - Emmanuel Alayande College of Ed. Oyo Aremu, F.O. - Kogi State College of Education (Tech.) Kabba Dr. Killian Ogiedu and James Odia - University of Benin, Benin City Udunze Ugochukwu - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Okonta Jolly - University of Benin, Benin City. vi In this Issue page The effect of apprenticeship and social capital on new Business creation process of Immigrant entrepreneurs – Hope Nzewi et al 1 Employment and career status of people with disability- Osa-Edoh 12 Coping with leadership challenges for organizational survival and growth - Onodugo Vincent and Ewurun UJF 25 Islamic Banking in Nigeria: A critical appraisal of its effect on Nigerian Economy - Echokoba Felix and Gideon Ezu 37 Payout policy, agency conflict and corporate governance in Nigeria -\ James Odia and Killian Ogiedu 49 Local Government Leadership, wealth creation and poverty reduction in Nigeria – F.C. Okoli and Edwin Izueke 63 Threats to Security in Nigeria – Arinze Ngwube 74 Computer hardware and software an accountant must know in this era of Computer age – Ezeani Nneka and Oladele Rotimi 89 Nigerian Political Culture: The saga of militarism – Okeke V and Ugwu C 98 Local Government and Fiscal Autonomy for Local Government in Nigeria – Eme Okechukwu, Edwin Izueka and Ngozi Ewuim 112 Fiscal Federalism and Challenges of Development in Nigeria: A Search for Remediation – Nkwoede Joseph , Tiben Benz Nwali and Joe Orga 121 Adoption of IFRS as a strategy for capital flight in the third world countries – Udeh Alexander 133 Corruption and democracy in Nigerian Local Government – Fatile Jacob and Okewale Akanni 140 Boko Haram and Security Threat in Nigeria: A new Twist of Political Game in Town Security and The rule of law in Nigeria – Felix Okpata and Tiben Benz Nwali 173 vii Post Consolidation employment growth in the Banking Sector: The case of First Bank Nigeria PLC – Aniebo C.A.J. et al. 187 The new Media and Digital Divid: Knowledge gap Exacerbated – Sunny Udeze And Oko Theophilus 199 Give them their Rights: A Critical Review of godfatherism and godson Politics in Nigeria – Emma Chukwuemeka, Okey Oji and Chukwurah DJC 208 Shelter for all: An appraisal of Implementation of the National Housing Policy – Obiefuna Okafor 220 Securing Local Government Funds for National Development: An Overview – Anselem Nweke 235 Analysis of the Risk in Information Technology outsourcing in Public Organisation – Momoh A et al. 243 Environmental Resources for Teaching Physical Education and Health Education to persons with disability - Pat Ola Oyeniyi et al 248 Relationship between Budget Participation, Budget Procedural Fairness, Organisational Commitment and Managerial Performance – Killian Ogiedu et al 252 Local Government as an agent of Transformation in Nation Building – Udenze Ugochukwu 270 Anxiety and Test Performance: Implications for Counseling – Osa-Edoh and Okonta Jolly 281 viii Effect of Apprenticeship and Social Capital on New Business Creation Process of ‘Immigrant’ Entrepreneurs Onyima Jude K.C., Nzewi Hope N. & Chiekezie, Obianuju M. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Abstract This study investigated the effects of apprenticeship and social capital on new business creation process of Igbo entrepreneurs in Wukari Taraba State. The high success rate of apprentice-turned entrepreneurs and increasing attachment of these