Polonization of the EU and NATO Socialization after Enlargement Universität Hamburg Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Würde einer Doktorin der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften „Dr. phil.“ (gemäß der PromO vom 24. August 2010) Dagmara Paciorek-Herrmann aus Skwierzyna (Polen) Hamburg, März 2017 Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Rolf von Lüde Ersgutachterin: Prof. Antje Wiener, PhD FAcSS Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Andrea Lenschow Datum der Disputation: 20. Januar 2016 “Polish Membership of major institutions comprising the most developed countries of the World System – NATO and EU – will undoubtedly help maximizing our position within the World System.” Stemplowski, Ryszard (2001), p.98. Contents Abbreviations .………………………………………………………………….. 6 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………... 9 1.1 Polonization of the EU and NATO?…………………………………………….... 9 1.2 The Theoretical Breeding Ground of the Study…………………………………. 17 1.3 Design of the Book………………………………………………………………. 21 2. Theoretical-Methodological Background……………………………………... 23 2.1 Theoretical Background………………………………………………………….. 23 2.1.1 Socialization………………………………………………………………... 24 2.1.2 Practice……………………………………………………………………... 30 2.1.3 Power………………………………………………………………………. 32 2.1.4 Norm……………………………………………………………………….. 33 2.1.5 Identity……………………………………………………………………... 38 2.1.6 Doing and Living…………………………………………………………... 41 2.1.6.1 Doing……………………………………………………………... 42 2.1.6.2 Living…………………………………………………………….. 45 2.1.6.3 Doing and Living and their Application in Empirics…………….. 49 2.1.6.3.1 Doing………………………………………………….... 50 2.1.6.3.2 Living………………………………………………........ 50 2.2 Methodology and Method ……………………………………………………...... 51 2.2.1 Method Choice…………………………………………………………… 52 2.2.2 Methodology……………………………………………………………... 53 2.2.3 Content Analysis…………………………………………………………. 57 2.2.3.1 Content Analysis of Philipp Mayring…………………………….. 60 2.2.4 Document Choice……………………………………………………........ 68 3. The Foreign Policy-Making Systems of Poland, EU and NATO…………….. 69 3.1 The Foreign Policy System of Poland……………………………………………. 70 3.1.1 Institutional Setting………………………………………………………. 71 3.1.2 Decision Makers………………………………………………………….. 73 3.1.2.1 President and Prime Minister…………………………………….. 73 3.1.2.2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs………………………………………. 77 3.1.2.3 Sejm and Senate………………………………………………….. 79 3.1.3 Constitution and International Agreements………………………………... 80 3.2 The Foreign Policy System of EU……………………………………………….. 81 3.2.1 Evolution of CFSP……………………………………………………….. 82 3.2.2 Instruments………………………...……………………………………... 88 3.2.3 Actors…………………………………...………………………………... 90 3.2.3.1 European Council………………………………………………… 90 3.2.3.2 Council of Ministers……………………………………………… 91 3.2.3.3 Commission ……………………………………………………… 92 3.2.3.4 European Parliament……………………………………………… 93 3.3 The Foreign Policy System of NATO…………………………………………… 94 3.3.1 Evolution of NATO………...……………………………………………. 94 3 3.3.2 Organization of NATO…………………………………………………... 99 3.3.3 Decision-Making Process………………………………………………… 101 4. Reconstruction of Relations between 1989 and 1999…………………………. 102 4.1 Poland ……………………………………………………………………………. 106 4.1.1 Poland and its Foreign Policy-Making from 1989 until 2000: Characteristics…………………………………………………………….. 106 4.1.2 Polish-Ukrainian Relations……………………………………………….. 107 4.1.2.1 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 1989 until 1993: Taking Impetus…………................................................................ 107 4.1.2.2 Summary from 1989 until 1993…………………………............... 114 4.1.2.3 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 1993 until 1995: One Security Sphere……………………………………………… 116 4.1.2.4 Summary from 1993 until 1995………………………………….. 119 4.1.2.5 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 1995 until 1999: A Strategic and Close Partnership………………………………... 120 4.1.2.6 Summary from 1995 until 1999………………………………….. 126 4.1.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 127 4.2 European Union……………………………………………………...................... 129 4.2.1 European ‘Foreign Policy’ towards Eastern Europe from 1989 until 1999………………………………………………………………… 129 4.2.2 EU/EC-Ukrainian Relations…………………………………………….... 132 4.2.2.1 EU/EC-Ukrainian Relations from 1991 until 1994: The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement……………………. 132 4.2.2.2 Summary from 1991 until 1994…………………………………. 135 4.2.2.3 EU-Ukrainian Relations from 1995 until 1998: The Strategy of Integration………………………………............. 137 4.2.2.4 Summary from 1995 until 1998………………………………….. 139 4.2.2.5 EU-Ukrainian Relations in 1999: The European Strategy towards Ukraine…………………............ 139 4.2.2.6 Summary of 1999……….………………………………………... 141 4.2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………... 141 4.3 NATO……………………………………………………………………………. 144 4.3.1 NATO Policy towards Eastern Europe from 1991 until 1999…………… 144 4.3.2 The Eastern Dimension of NATO Policy………………………………... 145 4.3.2.1 Summary from 1991 until 1999………………………………...... 150 4.3.3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 151 4.4 Conclusion and Status Quo………………………………………………………. 152 5. Reconstruction of Relations between 1999 and 2011…………………………. 155 5.1 Poland………………………………………………………………….………… 156 5.1.1 Poland’s Self-Identity from 1999 until 2011…………………………….. 156 5.1.1.1 Poland’s Self-Identity from 1999 until 2004: The Rebel or the Cornerstone of Self-Confidence………………. 156 5.1.1.2 Poland’s Self-Identity from 2005 until 2007: The Adolescence or the Kaczyński Era………………………….. 159 5.1.1.3 Poland’s Self-Identity from 2007 until 2011: 4 The Young Adulthood or the Turn to Political Realism…………. 162 5.1.1.4 Summary: Identity Construction by Becoming a Family Member…………………………………………………... 164 5.1.2 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 1999 until 2011……………………….. 166 5.1.2.1 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 1999 until 2005: Tradition or Renovation? …………………………………........... 166 5.1.2.2 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 2005 until 2007: The Kaczyński Era……………………………………………….. 169 5.1.2.3 Polish-Ukrainian Relations from 2007 until 2011: Tusk.………... 171 5.1.2.4 Summary: The Continuity of Support (and Constraints)………… 172 5.2 EU………………………………………………………………………………... 174 5.2.1 EU-Ukrainian Relations from 1999 until 2011…………………………... 174 5.2.1.1 1999-2005: Stability Goes on ………………………………… 174 5.2.1.2 2005-2007: The Action Plan and Beyond………………………... 179 5.2.1.3 2007-2011: The EaP and Beyond……………………………….. 182 5.2.2 European Norms and Identity Construction between 1999 and 2011……. 188 5.2.2.1 The Norm of Stability and Democracy…………………………... 188 5.2.2.2 Context……………………………………………........................ 189 5.2.2.3 Identity…………………………………………………………... 191 5.2.3 Case Studies………………………………………………………………. 192 5.2.3.1 Orange Revolution………………………………………………... 192 5.2.3.1.1 The Context…………………………………………...... 192 5.2.3.1.2 Poland’s Engagement - Doing………………………….. 193 5.2.3.2 Eastern Dimension of the EU…………………………………….. 195 5.2.3.2.1 The Context…………………………………………….. 195 5.2.3.2.2 Poland’s Engagement - Doing………………………….. 196 5.2.4 Doing and Living in EU………………………………………………….. 200 5.2.4.1 Doing in EU......…………………………………………………... 200 5.2.4.2 Living in EU…………..………………………………………….. 204 5.3 NATO....…………………………………………………………………………. 207 5.3.1 NATO-Ukrainian Relations from 1999 until 2011…………………….. 207 5.3.2 Summary…………………………………………………………………. 212 5.3.3 Case Study: Poland and Enlargement of NATO………………………… 213 5.3.4 Doing and Living in NATO……………………………………………… 220 5.3.4.1 Doing in NATO………………………………………………….. 220 5.3.4.2 Living in NATO………………………………………………….. 221 6. The Polonization of the EU and NATO.……………………………………….. 222 Literature………………………………………………………………………... 229 5 Abbreviations ABM Anti-Ballistic-Missile Treaty AP Action Plan ANP Annual National-Plan AT Amsterdam Treaty ATP Annual Target Plans AAg Association Agenda AWS Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność/Solidarity Electoral Action BC Big Constitution/Duża Konstytucjia CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CoE Council of Europe CIVCOM Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe CSDP Common Security and Defense Policy CSP Country Strategy Paper CSF Civil Society Forum DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area DPC Defense Planning Committee DG Directorate-General EaP Eastern Partnership EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council EAS External Action Service Euratom European Atomic Energy Community EC European Communities ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ED Eastern Dimension EEC European Economic Community ENP European Neighborhood Policy 6 ENPI European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument ESDP European Security and Defense Policy EP European Parliament EPC European Political Cooperation EU European Union EUMC European Union Military Committee KSZ Komitet Spraw Zagranicznych/ Foreign Affairs Committee GAERC General Affairs and External Relations Council Greens/EFA Greens–European Free Alliance GUE/NGL European United Left–Nordic Green Left HQ Headquarter HR High Representative IGC Intergovernemental Conference IPP Individual Partnership Program ID Intensified Dialogue IMS International Military Staff IR International Relations IS International Staff JWGDR Joint Working Group on Defence Reform KFOR Kosovo Force LPR Liga Polskich Rodzin/League of Polish Families’ LT Lisbon Treaty LC Little Constitution/Mała Konstytucjia MT Maastricht Treaty MAP Membership Action Plan MC Military Committee MSZ Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych/Ministry of Foreign Affairs NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NIP National Indicative Program NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council