Europe and the End of the Cold War
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Europe and the End of the Cold War This book seeks to reassess the role of Europe in the end of the Cold War and the process of German unification. Much of the existing literature on the end of the Cold War has focused primarily on the role of the superpowers and on that of the US in particu- lar. This edited volume seeks to redirect the focus towards the role of European actors and the importance of European processes, most notably that of integration. Written by leading experts in the field, and making use of newly available source material, the book explores ‘Europe’ in all its various dimensions, bringing to the forefront of historical research previ- ously neglected actors and processes. These include key European nations, endemic evolutions in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, European integration, and the pan-European process. The volume serves therefore to rediscover the transformation of 1989–90 as a European event, deeply influenced by European actors, and of great significance for the subsequent evolution of the continent. This book will be of great interest to students of Cold War Studies, Contemporary European History and International Relations in general. Frédéric Bozo is Professor of Contemporary History, Sorbonne (Univer- sity of Paris III, Department of European Studies). Marie-Pierre Rey is Professor of Russian and Soviet History, Sorbonne (University of Paris I, Department of History). N. Piers Ludlow is Senior Lecturer in Inter- national History (London School of Politics and Economics). Leopoldo Nuti is Professor of History of International Relations (University of Roma Tre). Cold War history series Series Editors: Odd Arne Westad and Michael Cox ISSN: 1471-3829 In the new history of the Cold War that has been forming since 1989, many of the established truths about the international conflict that shaped the latter half of the twentieth century have come up for revision. The present series is an attempt to make available interpretations and mater- ials that will help further the development of this new history, and it will concentrate in particular on publishing expositions of key historical issues and critical surveys of newly available sources. 1 Reviewing the Cold War Approaches, interpretations, and theory Edited by Odd Arne Westad 2 Rethinking Theory and History in the Cold War Richard Saull 3 British and American Anticommunism before the Cold War Marrku Ruotsila 4 Europe, Cold War and Co-existence, 1953–1965 Edited by Wilfred Loth 5 The Last Decade of the Cold War From conflict escalation to conflict transformation Edited by Olav Njølstad 6 Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War Issues, interpretations, periodizations Edited by Silvio Pons and Federico Romero 7 Across the Blocs Cold War cultural and social history Edited by Rana Mitter and Patrick Major 8 US Paramilitary Assistance to South Vietnam Insurgency, subversion and public order William Rosenau 9 The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s Negotiating the Gaullist challenge N. Piers Ludlow 10 Soviet–Vietnam Relations and the Role of China 1949–64 Changing alliances Mari Olsen 11 The Third Indochina War Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79 Edited by Odd Arne Westad and Sophie Quinn-Judge 12 Greece and the Cold War Front line state, 1952–1967 Evanthis Hatzivassiliou 13 Economic Statecraft during the Cold War European responses to the US trade embargo Frank Cain 14 Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1960 Kitty Newman 15 The Emergence of Détente in Europe Brandt, Kennedy and the formation of Ostpolitik Arne Hofmann 16 European Integration and the Cold War Ostpolitik–Westpolitik, 1965–1973 Edited by N. Piers Ludlow 17 Britain, Germany and the Cold War The search for a European détente 1949–1967 R. Gerald Hughes 18 The Military Balance in the Cold War US perceptions and policy, 1976–85 David M. Walsh 19 Europe and the End of the Cold War A reappraisal Edited by Frédéric Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Leopoldo Nuti Europe and the End of the Cold War A reappraisal Edited by Frédéric Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Leopoldo Nuti First published 2008 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2008 Selection and editorial matter, Frédéric Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Leopoldo Nuti; individual chapters, the contributors Typeset in Baskerville by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN10: 0-415-44903-0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-93095-9 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-44903-8 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-93095-3 (ebk) Contents Notes on contributors x List of abbreviations xiii Introduction1 FRÉDÉRIC BOZO, MARIE-PIERRE REY, N. PIERS LUDLOW AND LEOPOLDO NUTI 1 Who won the Cold War in Europe? A historiographical overview 9 MICHAEL COX PART I Perestroika and its effects revisited 21 2 Gorbachev’s New Thinking and Europe, 1985–1989 23 MARIE-PIERRE REY 3 In the name of Europe: Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe 36 SVETLANA SAVRANSKAYA PART II Developments in Eastern Europe 49 4 Rumblings in Eastern Europe: Western pressure on Poland’s moves towards democratic transformation 51 GREGORY F. DOMBER viii Contents 5 The Catholic Church and the Cold War’s end in Europe: Vatican Ostpolitik and Pope John Paul II, 1985–1989 64 BERND SCHÄFER 6 The international context of Hungarian transition, 1989: the view from Budapest 78 LÁSZLÓ BORHI PART III German unification between the superpowers 93 7 In the name of Europe’s future: Soviet, French and British qualms about Kohl’s rush to German unification 95 JACQUES LÉVESQUE 8 Gorbachev’s consent to united Germany’s membership of NATO 107 HANNES ADOMEIT 9 The United States, German unification and European integration 119 ROBERT L. HUTCHINGS PART IV German unification: seizing the opportunity 133 10 German unification and European integration are but two sides of one coin: the FRG, Europe, and the diplomacy of German unification 135 HELGA HAFTENDORN 11 France, German unification and European integration 148 FRÉDÉRIC BOZO 12 A naturally supportive environment? The European institutions and German unification 161 N. PIERS LUDLOW Contents ix PART V German unification: concerns and misgivings 175 13 The United Kingdom and German unification 177 PATRICK SALMON 14 Italy, German unification and the end of the Cold War 191 LEOPOLDO NUTI PART VI Soviet disintegration and the building of a new Europe 205 15 From the common European home to European confederation: François Mitterrand and Mikhail Gorbachev in search of the road to a greater Europe 207 ANDREI GRACHEV 16 International reactions to Soviet disintegration: the case of the Baltic states 220 KRISTINA SPOHR READMAN PART VII Competing visions in the Euro-Atlantic area 233 17 Eastern Europe and the early prospects for EC/EU and NATO membership 235 VOJTECH MASTNY 18 Helmut Kohl and the Maastricht process 246 HANS STARK 19 The EU, NATO and the origins of CFSP and ESDP: old thinking, false starts and new imperatives 259 JOLYON HOWORTH Bibliography 271 Index 282 Contributors Hannes Adomeit is Senior Research Associate at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, and Director of Eastern Studies at the College of Europe in Natolin (Warsaw). His academic degrees are from the Freie Universität Berlin and Columbia University, NY. Among his publica- tions are Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gor- bachev (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998). László Borhi is a Senior Research Fellow, Institute of History, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; formerly holder of Hungarian Chair, Indiana University, Bloomington. A graduate of ELTE Budapest and Indiana University, Bloomington, his most recent book in English is Hungary in the Cold War 1945–1956: Between the Soviet Union and the United States (CEU Press, 2004) Frédéric Bozo is Professor at the Sorbonne (Université de Paris III, Department of European Studies). His main research interests are cold war history, transatlantic relations and French foreign and security policy. His latest book is: Mitterrand, la fin de la guerre froide et l’unification allemande. De Yalta à Maastricht (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2005, English trans- lation forthcoming, Berghahn Books). Michael Cox holds a Chair in the Department of International Relations at the London School of Economics where he is also Director of the Cold War Studies Centre. He holds Fellowships at Chatham House London, at the Royal United Services Institute, Whitehall, and at the Institute of the Americas, the University of London. He is the author of over 20 books including in 2007 an eight-volume study for Sage entitled Twentieth Century International Relations. Gregory F. Domber recently completed his Ph.D. in American history at The George Washington University, where he defended his disserta- tion, ‘Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989’. He is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University. Contributors xi Andrei Grachev is a Russian political analyst and journalist. Deputy Direc- tor of the International Department of the Central Committee of CPSU and adviser for Mikhail Gorbachev he was official Spokesman of the President of the USSR until his resignation in December 1991.