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Potential of Guggulsterone, a Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonist, In Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy Open Access Review Potential of guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, in the prevention and treatment of cancer Sosmitha Girisa , Dey Parama , Choudhary Harsha , Kishore Banik , Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara* Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India *Correspondence: Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. [email protected]; [email protected] Academic Editor: Gautam Sethi, National University of Singapore, Singapore Received: August 8, 2020 Accepted: September 14, 2020 Published: October 30, 2020 Cite this article: Girisa S, Parama D, Harsha C, Banik K, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2020;1:313-42. https://doi.org/10.37349/ etat.2020.00019 Abstract Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases in the world with a mortality of 9.6 million annually. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, it still remains a serious concern due to the limitations associated with currently available cancer management strategies. Therefore, alternative strategies are highly required to overcome these glitches. The importance of medicinal plants as primary healthcare has been well-known from time immemorial against various human diseases, including cancer. Commiphora wightii that belongs to Burseraceae family is one such plant which has been used to cure various ailments in traditional systems of medicine. This plant has diverse pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and antitumor which mostly owes to the presence of its active compound guggulsterone (GS) that exists in the form of Z- and E-isomers. Mounting evidence suggests that this compound has promising anticancer activities and was shown to suppress several cancer signaling pathways such as NF-κB/ERK/MAPK/AKT/STAT and modulate the expression of numerous signaling molecules such proteins, angiogenic proteins, and apoptotic proteins. The current review is an attempt to summarize the as the farnesoid X receptor, cyclin D1, survivin, caspases, HIF-1α, MMP-9, EMT proteins, tumor suppressor biological activities and diverse anticancer activities (both in vitro and in vivo) of the compound GS and its derivatives, along with its associated mechanism against various cancers. Keywords Cancer, Commiphora wightii, guggulsterone, Z and E isomers, anticancer activities Introduction Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases of the present century, which consists of over 277 different types [1]. According to GLOBOCAN 2018, cancer has a very high rate of occurrence with a mortality © The Author(s) 2020. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2020;1:313-42 | https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2020.00019 Page 313 of around 9.6 million per year globally [2-6]. It is now well-established that the alterations of various vital genes and proteins drive the transformation of normal cells to cancer phenotypes, which ultimately lead to cancer [1, 7-16]. Besides, many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer, including elevated metabolic requirements that lead to the upregulation of enzymes required for the synthesis of fatty acids and modulation of several signaling pathways [17, 18]. These molecular alterations are caused by various factors such as an imbalanced diet, physical inactivity, pollution, and consumption of addictive substances such as tobacco and alcohol [4, 19]. The past couple of decades have evidenced substantial improvements in conventional methods for the treatment of cancer, such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy [20-23]. In addition, novel therapeutic modalities have emerged for the treatment of this disease such as immunotherapy, gene therapy, targeted therapy, personalized medicine, and nano vaccines [24-29]. Regardless of the advancement, the treatment approaches have not shown significant improvement in terms of survival and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients due to several factors such as chemoresistance, radioresistance, adverse side effects of drugs, and cancer recurrence [30-34]. Further, the majority of the drugs used in conventional methods target a single protein or pathway, which induce several survival signals that restrict their efficacy. Therefore, the development of alternative therapy is required for improving the survival and QOL of cancer patients. This drives the urge to develop safe, efficacious, affordable, and multi- targeted agents for the management of this disease [4, 9, 35-38]. Accumulating pieces of evidence, since the rise of human civilization, suggest that medicinal plants have gained colossal importance in different traditional medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) owing to their limitless properties in disease prevention and treatment [5, 39-42]. Studies have also advocated the immense biological properties of compounds isolated from these plants as potential candidates against various fatal diseases, including cancer [43-56]. Guggulsterone (GS) is one of those naturally derived multi-targeted compounds that have exhibited massive therapeutic potential against cancer. Therefore, the current review summarizes its prospects in the prevention and treatment of cancer. GS is a sterol compound derived from the gum resins of the guggul plant Commiphora wightii (C. wightii) that belongs to the family of Burseraceae [57, 58]. C. wightii is commonly found in Somalia, Northeast Africa, Southern Arab countries, and countries of Southeast Asia such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan [59-61]. In India, C. wightii is mostly distributed in the States of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Karnataka; however, the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat form the commercial centers of this gum [59]. Before being justified with its present name as C. wightii by Bhandari, it was named as C. mukul or Blasmodendron mukul and then as C. roxburghii [62]. The oleogum resin of this plant is commonly known as guggul (in Hindi), guggulu (in Sanskrit), gukkulu and maishakshi (in Tamil), and Indian bdellium (in English) [59]. The therapeutic benefits of C. wightii have been reported in the treatment of various diseases including tumors, malignant sores, ulcers, obesity, and liver and intestinal problems; hence, it has been widely used in Ayurveda for thousands of years [57]. Besides, GS has also gained importance due to its chemopreventive and therapeutic properties against various cancers and their hallmarks [63, 64]. This plant metabolite was first recognized as an antagonist for the nuclear receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) [57]. The later studies revealed that it could also target the receptors of mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen and estrogen [60]. Subsequently, the underlying mechanism behind GS-mediated hypolipidemic effect was identified. GS was found to decrease FXR activity and increase bile salt export pump, a transporter that regulates bile efflux [60]. Further, this sterol was also found to modulate the expression of several proteins such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and anti-apoptotic proteins such as inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (IAP1), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-related protein A1 (Bfl-1/A1), cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL- 64]. GS has also nuclear factor 1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (cFLIP), and survivin in various cancer models [ kappa B 64, 65]. This compound was also reported shown to suppress tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IkappaB kinase (IKK), IkappaB alpha (IκBα), to modulate other pathways like phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, steroid receptor coactivator (Src)/ (NF-κB) activation, and NF-κB regulated gene expression [ focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and their downstream molecules [66, 67]. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2020;1:313-42 | https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2020.00019 Page 314 As mentioned, GS acts as an antagonist for FXR. Studies have reported that FXR helps in stabilizing the metabolism of bile acids and cholesterol and it is involved in the development of different diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer [57, 68, 69]. Numerous lines of evidence also suggest that interruption of cholesterol homeostasis is one of the major events in cancer development as the failure in the sustenance of cholesterol synthesis through feedback inhibition results in high recruitment of cholesterol and its precursors in cancer cells [70, 71].
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