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Literature Review and Conceptual Framework

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Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Understanding Contemporary Development: Tanzanian Life Narratives of Intervention A Thesis Submitted to the University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2010 ROBERT MICHAEL AHEARNE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................... 4 GLOSSARY OF KISWAHILI TERMS ............................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE – IMAGINING DEVELOPMENT: WHY OLDER PEOPLE IN SOUTH-EASTERN TANZANIA?............. 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................... 11 1.2 THE FOCUS OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 THESIS STRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 20 2.1 STUDYING AND THEORIZING DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................ 24 2.2 THE ‘DEVELOPMENT IMPASSE’ AND BEYOND ................................................................................................ 34 2.3 STUDYING MATERIALITY ................................................................................................................................. 42 2.4 PLACE IN DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................ 49 2.5 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................ 55 2.6 CONCLUSION AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER THREE – TANZANIA: IN FOCUS ............................................................................................................ 69 3.1 A HISTORY OF TANZANIA ................................................................................................................................ 72 3.2 TANZANIA: GEOGRAPHCIAL STATISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS .................................................. 92 3.3 CONCLUSION: READING DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA .................................................................................. 98 CHAPTER FOUR – METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS........................................................................ 103 4.1 LOCATING THE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................ 105 4.2 METHODOLOGY AND FIELDWORK CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 121 4.3 RESEARCH METHODS.................................................................................................................................... 126 4.4 CONCLUSION: REFLECTIONS ON THE RESEARCH PROCESS .......................................................................... 134 CHAPTER FIVE – DEVELOPMENT AS INACCESSIBLE MATERIAL CHANGE .......................................................... 139 5.1 INTRODUCTION: MATERIALITY AND SYMBOLISM ........................................................................................ 140 5.2 THE MATERIALITY OF MAENDELEO: PERSONAL PROGESS AND ‘THINGS’ .................................................... 147 5.3 NYERERE’S DEVELOPMENT LEGACY: EDUCATION AND ‘HARD WORK’ ........................................................ 154 3 5.4 ‘OVERALL’ VERSUS INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 159 5.5 MAENDELEO THROUGH DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS OR NGOS? ................................................................... 165 5.6 CONCLUSION: DEVELOPMENT – FOR RICHER OR POORER? ........................................................................ 172 CHAPTER SIX – DEVELOPMENT AS ELSEWHERE I: PLACE, SPACE AND INFRASTRUCTURE .............................. 175 6.1 INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SPACE AND PLACE ......................................... 176 6.2 THE ROLE OF PLACE IN SPATILAIZED READINGS OF DEVELOPMENT ............................................................ 179 6.3 UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN TANZANIA ........................................................................................ 186 6.4 SPACE, ‘RACE’ AND OUSTSIDE ASSISTANCE .................................................................................................. 202 6.5 CONCLUSION: DEVELOPMENT AS ELSEWHERE ............................................................................................ 207 CHAPTER SEVEN – DEVELOPMENT AS ELSEWHERE II: NOSTALGIA, ‘THE PAST’, AND UJAMAA ...................... 209 7.1 INTRODUCTION: DEVELOPMENT IN ‘THE PAST’? ......................................................................................... 210 7.2 INDEPENDENCE: AN IMPOSED HISTORICAL DISTINCTION? .......................................................................... 213 7.3 LOCATING (COLONIAL) NOSTALGIA: DEVELOPMENT IN ‘THE PAST’?........................................................... 221 7.4 UJAMAA VILLAGIZATION AND MAENDELEO ................................................................................................ 230 7.5 CONCLUSION: DEVELOPMENT NOT VILLAGIZATION .................................................................................... 242 CHAPTER EIGHT – REIMAGINING DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................ 244 8.1 DEVELOPMENT AS MATERIAL CHANGE? ...................................................................................................... 245 8.2 THE PLACES AND SPACES OF DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................... 253 8.3 ‘REPRESENTATIONS OF PASTNESS’ IN DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................. 261 8.4 BROADER IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE ...................................................... 268 8.5 CONCLUSION: THE ‘LOST VOICES OF OLDER PEOPLE’ .................................................................................. 270 CHAPTER NINE – OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................................... 275 9.1 MATERIALITY, PLACE AND TIME IN DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................... 276 9.2 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 279 9.3 BUILDING ON THIS RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 281 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 283 WORD COUNT: 77,472 4 FIGURES FIGURE 1: RESEARCH QUESTION AND DIMENSIONS ....................................................................................... 13 FIGURE 3: POLITICAL MAP OF TANZANIA (FROM MAPSORAMA, 2010) .......................................................... 68 FIGURE 4.1.3: MTWARA REGION ................................................................................................................... 113 FIGURE 4.2: EXPLAINING METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 121 FIGURE 8: RECALLING THE RESEARCH QUESTION AND KEY DIMENSIONS ..................................................... 240 ACRONYMS CCM: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Party of the Revolution) CIA: Central Intelligence Agency CS: Civil Society CSOs: Civil Society Organizations CUF: Civic United Front (Tanzanian Opposition Political Party) EU: European Union GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure HDI: Human Development Index IMF: International Monetary Fund ISI: Import Substitution Industrialization MDGs: Millennium Development Goals NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ROs: Religious Organizations TANU: Tanganyika African National Union TLP: Tanzania Labour Party UN: United Nations UNDP: United Nations Development Programme URT: United Republic of Tanzania 5 GLOSSARY OF KISWAHILI TERMS Azimio la Arusha: Arusha Declaration Bibi: Older woman (Grandmother) Daladala: Minibus Elimu: Education Fundi: Workman
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