DOCSLIB.ORG

Design of a Blended Wing Body Aircraft

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Design of a Blended Wing Body Aircraft Design of a Blended Wing Body Aircraft A project present to The Faculty of the Department of Aerospace Engineering San Jose State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering By Randhir Brar December 2014 approved by Dr. Nikos Mourtos Faculty Advisor ABSTRACT Blended wing body (BWB) aircraft is more than an idea. NASA in a joint venture with Boeing, has recently completed a highly successful and productive flight test program of experimental BWB aircraft. These successful flight tests have opened the doors for the further development of BWB aircraft for potential full-scale commercial aircraft in future. Being very efficient and quiet, the BWB has shown promise for meeting all of NASA's environmental goals for future aircraft designs. This configuration incorporates design features from conventional fuselage as well as traditional flying wing. In this concept, wide airfoil-shaped body is smoothly blended with high lift wings, which means that the entire aircraft contributes to the generation of lift thereby potentially increasing fuel economy and range, while at the same time, massive increase in internal payload is obtained. This report presents the preliminary design of large transport blended wing body aircraft capable of carrying 586 passengers, with range more than 9000 miles. It is also intended for required mission aircraft to meet FAR 25 requirements. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank all people including family members, teachers and friends who supported and motivated me throughout my graduate studies. First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Nikos Mortous. His guidance has helped me not only in this project but throughout my graduate program. Without his technical and personal support, this project would not have been possible. He is simple, humble and welcoming to students for any problem. I could not have imagined better advisor to my master program. Second, I want to acknowledge my brother Manpreet Brar and sister in-law Manbir Brar for their unequivocal support and motivation throughout my studies. Third, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents, Mohinder Singh and Jeet kaur for their love and care. Throughout the hardships in my life, they always stood by me and helped me. I still remember those sleepless nights my father worked to financially support mine and my brother’s education. And I cannot express enough thanks to my mother with just words. She is simply awesome. All the credit goes to my parents for what I am today. Above all, I would like to thank my wife Preet Brar for her personal support and great patience at all times. My mere words cannot express kind of support and motivation I got from her. She suffered a lot, worked double shifts to support our living and I can never pay her back for what she did for me. I appreciate her for maintaining patience during phases I was not able to give her time because of my busy study schedule. Last, but not the least, I would like to thank almighty God. I do not exist without him and I always believe that whatever he does or happens with me is for my betterment. 4 The Designated Committee Approves the Project Titled PRELIMINARILY DESIGN OF BLENDED WING BODY PASSENGER AIRCRAFT FOR LONG RANGE By RANDHIR BRAR APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY May 2014 Dr. Nikos Mortous Committee Chair, San Jose State University 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Motivation .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Mission Specifications ....................................................................................................... 18 1.2.1 Range ........................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Payload ........................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.3 Speed ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.2.4 Service Ceiling ............................................................................................................. 19 1.2.5 Climb Rate ................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.6 Takeoff and Landing Distance .................................................................................. 20 1.3 Critical Mission Requirements ........................................................................................ 20 1.4 Sketch of the Mission Profile ............................................................................................ 21 1.5 Market Analysis ................................................................................................................. 21 1.6 Economic Feasibility ......................................................................................................... 22 1.7 Constraints ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.0 Literature ............................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Blended Wing Body Related Concepts ............................................................................ 25 2.1.1 Burnelli RB-1 .............................................................................................................. 25 2.1.2 Westland Dreadnought .............................................................................................. 26 2.1.3 Northrop YB-49 .......................................................................................................... 26 2.1.4 Northrop B-2 Stealth Bomber ................................................................................... 27 2.2 Blended Wing Body Prototype Aircraft .......................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Boeing X-48 ............................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1.1 X-48A ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.2.1.2 X-48B ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.2.1.3 X-48C ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.3 Comparative Studies of Airplanes with Similar Mission Profile .................................. 31 2.4 Three Dimensional Views of Aircraft with Similar Mission Profile ............................. 33 3.0 Mission Weight Estimates .................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Data Base for Takeoff Weights and Empty for Long Haul Transport Jets ................. 35 3.2 Log-log plot for weight data ............................................................................................. 35 3.3 Comparison of Calculated Regression Coefficient with Roskam Data ........................ 36 3.4 Manual Calculation of Mission Weights ......................................................................... 36 3.5 Calculation of Mission Weights using the AAA Program ............................................. 39 6 3.6 Takeoff Weight Sensitivities ............................................................................................. 39 3.6.1 For the Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Payload Weight ..................................... 40 3.6.2 For Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Empty Weight ............................................. 40 3.6.3 For Sensitivity of Take-off Weight to Range ............................................................ 41 4.0 Performance Sizing ............................................................................................................... 42 4.1 Summary of Performance Sizing ..................................................................................... 43 5.0 Center body and Wing design .............................................................................................. 44 5.1 Airfoil Selection ................................................................................................................. 44 5.1.1 Center Body (Inboard) Airfoil ................................................................................... 45 5.1.2 Outboard and Tip Airfoil ........................................................................................... 46 5.2 Center Body Design ........................................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 Cabin Layout ............................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Wing Design ....................................................................................................................... 51 5.3.1 Inboard wing ............................................................................................................... 53 5.3.2 Outboard wing ...........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flying Wing Concept for Medium Size Airplane
    ICAS 2002 CONGRESS FLYING WING CONCEPT FOR MEDIUM SIZE AIRPLANE Tjoetjoek Eko Pambagjo*, Kazuhiro Nakahashi†, Kisa Matsushima‡ Department of Aeronautics and Space Engineering Tohoku University, Japan Keywords: blended-wing-body, inverse design Abstract The flying wing is regarded as an alternate This paper describes a study on an alternate configuration to reduce drag and structural configuration for medium size airplane. weight. Since flying wing possesses no fuselage Blended-Wing-Body concept, which basically is it may have smaller wetted area than the a flying wing configuration, is applied to conventional airplane. In the conventional airplane for up to 224 passengers. airplane the primary function of the wing is to An aerodynamic design tools system is produce the lift force. In the flying wing proposed to realize such configuration. The configuration the wing has to carry the payload design tools comprise of Takanashi’s inverse and provides the necessary stability and control method, constrained target pressure as well as produce the lift. The fuselage has to specification method and RAPID method. The create lift without much penalty on the drag. At study shows that the combination of those three the same time the fuselage has to keep the cabin design methods works well. size comfortable for passengers. In the past years several flying wings have been designed and flown successfully. The 1 Introduction Horten, Northrop bombers and AVRO are The trend of airplane concept changes among of those examples. However the from time to time. Speed, size and range are application of the flying wing concepts were so among of the design parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • CANARD.WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED to MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT at SUBSONIC SPEEDS by Blair B
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19740003706 2020-03-23T12:22:11+00:00Z NASA TECHNICAL NASA TM X-2897 MEMORANDUM CO CN| I X CANARD.WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED TO MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT AT SUBSONIC SPEEDS by Blair B. Gloss and Linwood W. McKmney Langley Research Center Hampton, Va. 23665 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION • WASHINGTON, D. C. • DECEMBER 1973 1.. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA TM X-2897 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date CANARD-WING LIFT INTERFERENCE RELATED TO December 1973 MANEUVERING AIRCRAFT AT SUBSONIC SPEEDS 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. L-9096 Blair B. Gloss and Linwood W. McKinney 10. Work Unit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address • 760-67-01-01 NASA Langley Research Center 11. Contract or Grant No. Hampton, Va. 23665 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Memorandum National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington , D . C . 20546 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract An investigation was conducted at Mach numbers of 0.7 and 0.9 to determine the lift interference effect of canard location on wing planforms typical of maneuvering fighter con- figurations. The canard had an exposed area of 16.0 percent of the wing reference area and was located in the plane of the wing or in a position 18.5 percent of the wing mean geometric chord above the wing plane. In addition, the canard could be located at two longitudinal stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving the Oblique Wing
    NASA AERONAUTICS BOOK SERIES A I 3 A 1 A 0 2 H D IS R T A O W RY T A Bruce I. Larrimer MANUSCRIP . Bruce I. Larrimer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Larrimer, Bruce I. Thinking obliquely : Robert T. Jones, the Oblique Wing, NASA's AD-1 Demonstrator, and its legacy / Bruce I. Larrimer. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. 1. Oblique wing airplanes--Research--United States--History--20th century. 2. Research aircraft--United States--History--20th century. 3. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration-- History--20th century. 4. Jones, Robert T. (Robert Thomas), 1910- 1999. I. Title. TL673.O23L37 2013 629.134'32--dc23 2013004084 Copyright © 2013 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the United States Government or of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks. Introduction v Chapter 1: American Genius: R.T. Jones’s Path to the Oblique Wing .......... ....1 Chapter 2: Evolving the Oblique Wing ............................................................ 41 Chapter 3: Design and Fabrication of the AD-1 Research Aircraft ................75 Chapter 4: Flight Testing and Evaluation of the AD-1 ................................... 101 Chapter 5: Beyond the AD-1: The F-8 Oblique Wing Research Aircraft ....... 143 Chapter 6: Subsequent Oblique-Wing Plans and Proposals ....................... 183 Appendices Appendix 1: Physical Characteristics of the Ames-Dryden AD-1 OWRA 215 Appendix 2: Detailed Description of the Ames-Dryden AD-1 OWRA 217 Appendix 3: Flight Log Summary for the Ames-Dryden AD-1 OWRA 221 Acknowledgments 230 Selected Bibliography 231 About the Author 247 Index 249 iii This time-lapse photograph shows three of the various sweep positions that the AD-1's unique oblique wing could assume.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Performance Study of a Modern Blended- Wing-Body Aircraft Under Severe Weather Situations
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Tamkang University Institutional Repository Aerodynamic Performance Study of a Modern Blended- Wing-Body Aircraft Under Severe Weather Situations Tung Wan1 and Bo-Chang Song2 Department of Aerospace Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taipei, 251, Taiwan, Republic of China Due to the high fuel cost in recent years, more efficient flight vehicle configurations are urgently needed. Studies have shown remarkable performance improvements for the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) over conventional subsonic transport. Also, aircraft during taking-off and landing might face strong crosswind and heavy rain, and these effects may be even more detrimental for BWB due to its peculiar configuration. In this study, a 3-D BWB is first constructed and numerically validated, and heavy rain effects are simulated mainly through two-phase flow approach. Three crosswinds considered are 10m/s, 20m/s and 30m/s, and the resulting BWB’s low speed stability derivative values under crosswind are different from typical transport, representing the intrinsic nature of BWB static unstable tendency. Also, the heavy rain influence to BWB is that lift decrease and drag increase at all angle of attack spectra, and liquid water content of 39g/m3 is more detrimental than 25g/m3, with maximum reduction of lift at 0 degree and maximum increase of drag at 6 degree angle of attack during taking-off and landing. The degradation in maximum lift to drag ratio could reach a stunning 10 to 15 percent at low angle of attack attitude. Nomenclature CL Lift coefficient CD Drag coefficient Cl Rolling-moment coefficient Cm Pitching-moment coefficient Cn Yawing-moment coefficient α Angle of attack, deg β Side-slip angle, deg L/D Lift to Drag Ratio dp Droplet particle diameter Re Reynolds number I.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Design Final Design Review
    Group 7 AIRCRAFT DESIGN FINAL DESIGN REVIEW March 20, 2013 Sagun Bajracharya Roger Francis Tim Tianhang Teng Guang Wei Yu Abstract This document summarizes the work that group 7 has done insofar regarding the design of a radio-controlled plane with respect to the requirements that were put forward by the course (AER406, 2013). This report follows the same format as the presentation where we inform the reader where the current design is, how the group progressed towards that design and how we started. This report also summarizes a number of the important parameters required for a conceptual design like the cargo type & amount,Wing aspect ratio, Optimum Airfoil lift(CL), Thrust to weight ratio & Takeoff distance. In addition, this report presents the plane's wing and tail design, stability analysis and a mass breakdown. The report finally ends with pictures of the current design. 2 Contents 1 Design Overview6 2 Required Parameters6 3 Trade Studies6 3.1 Wing Design....................................... 7 3.2 Wing Configuration................................... 8 3.3 Fuselage Design..................................... 8 3.4 Tail Design ....................................... 9 3.5 Overall Selection .................................... 10 3.6 Parameters from Reference Designs.......................... 11 4 Flight Score Optimization 11 4.1 Cargo Selection..................................... 11 4.2 Propeller Selection ................................... 12 4.3 Flight Parameter Selection............................... 13 5 Wing Design 16 5.1
    [Show full text]
  • The New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the New American Space Age: a Progress Report on Human Spaceflight the International Space
    The New American Space Age: A PROGRESS REPORT ON HUMAN SpaCEFLIGHT The New American Space Age: A Progress Report on Human Spaceflight The International Space Station: the largest international scientific and engineering achievement in human history. The New American Space Age: A Progress Report on Human Spaceflight Lately, it seems the public cannot get enough of space! The recent hit movie “Gravity” not only won 7 Academy Awards – it was a runaway box office success, no doubt inspiring young future scientists, engineers and mathematicians just as “2001: A Space Odyssey” did more than 40 years ago. “Cosmos,” a PBS series on the origins of the universe from the 1980s, has been updated to include the latest discoveries – and funded by a major television network in primetime. And let’s not forget the terrific online videos of science experiments from former International Space Station Commander Chris Hadfield that were viewed by millions of people online. Clearly, the American public is eager to carry the torch of space exploration again. Thankfully, NASA and the space industry are building a host of new vehicles that will do just that. American industry is hard at work developing new commercial transportation services to suborbital altitudes and even low Earth orbit. NASA and the space industry are also building vehicles to take astronauts beyond low Earth orbit for the first time since the Apollo program. Meanwhile, in the U.S. National Lab on the space station, unprecedented research in zero-g is paving the way for Earth breakthroughs in genetics, gerontology, new vaccines and much more.
    [Show full text]
  • Usafalmanac ■ Gallery of USAF Weapons
    USAFAlmanac ■ Gallery of USAF Weapons By Susan H.H. Young The B-1B’s conventional capability is being significantly enhanced by the ongoing Conventional Mission Upgrade Program (CMUP). This gives the B-1B greater lethality and survivability through the integration of precision and standoff weapons and a robust ECM suite. CMUP will include GPS receivers, a MIL-STD-1760 weapon interface, secure radios, and improved computers to support precision weapons, initially the JDAM, followed by the Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW) and the Joint Air to Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM). The Defensive System Upgrade Program will improve aircrew situational awareness and jamming capability. B-2 Spirit Brief: Stealthy, long-range, multirole bomber that can deliver conventional and nuclear munitions anywhere on the globe by flying through previously impenetrable defenses. Function: Long-range heavy bomber. Operator: ACC. First Flight: July 17, 1989. Delivered: Dec. 17, 1993–present. B-1B Lancer (Ted Carlson) IOC: April 1997, Whiteman AFB, Mo. Production: 21 planned. Inventory: 21. Unit Location: Whiteman AFB, Mo. Contractor: Northrop Grumman, with Boeing, LTV, and General Electric as principal subcontractors. Bombers Power Plant: four General Electric F118-GE-100 turbo fans, each 17,300 lb thrust. B-1 Lancer Accommodation: two, mission commander and pilot, Brief: A long-range multirole bomber capable of flying on zero/zero ejection seats. missions over intercontinental range without refueling, Dimensions: span 172 ft, length 69 ft, height 17 ft. then penetrating enemy defenses with a heavy load Weight: empty 150,000–160,000 lb, gross 350,000 lb. of ordnance. Ceiling: 50,000 ft. Function: Long-range conventional bomber.
    [Show full text]
  • Facing the Heat Barrier: a History of Hypersonics First Thoughts of Hypersonic Propulsion
    Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics First Thoughts of Hypersonic Propulsion Republic’s Aerospaceplane concept showed extensive engine-airframe integration. (Republic Aviation) For takeoff, Lockheed expected to use Turbo-LACE. This was a LACE variant that sought again to reduce the inherently hydrogen-rich operation of the basic system. Rather than cool the air until it was liquid, Turbo-Lace chilled it deeply but allowed it to remain gaseous. Being very dense, it could pass through a turbocom- pressor and reach pressures in the hundreds of psi. This saved hydrogen because less was needed to accomplish this cooling. The Turbo-LACE engines were to operate at chamber pressures of 200 to 250 psi, well below the internal pressure of standard rockets but high enough to produce 300,000 pounds of thrust by using turbocom- pressed oxygen.67 Republic Aviation continued to emphasize the scramjet. A new configuration broke with the practice of mounting these engines within pods, as if they were turbojets. Instead, this design introduced the important topic of engine-airframe integration by setting forth a concept that amounted to a single enormous scramjet fitted with wings and a tail. A conical forward fuselage served as an inlet spike. The inlets themselves formed a ring encircling much of the vehicle. Fuel tankage filled most of its capacious internal volume. This design study took two views regarding the potential performance of its engines. One concept avoided the use of LACE or ACES, assuming again that this craft could scram all the way to orbit. Still, it needed engines for takeoff so turbo- ramjets were installed, with both Pratt & Whitney and General Electric providing Lockheed’s Aerospaceplane concept.
    [Show full text]
  • PRE-X EXPERIMENTAL RE-ENTRY LIFTING BODY: DESIGN of FLIGHT TEST EXPERIMENTS for CRITICAL AEROTHERMAL PHENOMENA Paolo Baiocco
    PRE-X EXPERIMENTAL RE-ENTRY LIFTING BODY: DESIGN OF FLIGHT TEST EXPERIMENTS FOR CRITICAL AEROTHERMAL PHENOMENA Paolo Baiocco * * CNES Direction des Lanceurs Rond Point de l’Espace – 91023 Evry Cedex, France Phone : +33 (0)1.60.87.72.14 Fax : +33 (0)1.60.87.72.66 E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT Atmospheric glided re-entry is one of the main key technologies for future space vehicle applications. In this frame Pre-X is the CNES proposal to perform in-flight experimentation mainly on reusable thermal protections, aero-thermo-dynamics and guidance to secure the second generation of re-entry X vehicles. This paper describes the system principles and main aerothermodynamic experiences currently foreseen on board the vehicle. A preliminary in-flight experimentation and measurement plan has been assessed defining the main objectives in terms of reusable Thermal Protection System (TPS) and Aero Thermo Dynamics (ATD) data on the most critical phenomena. This flight aims also to take the opportunity to fly some innovative measurements. A complete system loop has been performed including the operations, ground system assessment, and visibility analysis. The vehicle re-entry point is at 120 km and the mission objectives are fulfilled between Mach 25 and 5. Then the vehicle has to pass to subsonic speeds, the parachute opens and it is finally recovered in the sea. The VEGA and DNEPR launch vehicles are compatible of the Pre-X experimental vehicle. ACRONYMS ACS Attitude Control System AEDB Aero Dynamic Data Base AoA Angle of Attack ARD Atmospheric Re-entry Demonstrator ATD Aero Termo Dynamics ATDB Aero Termodynamic Data Base CDG Centre of Gravity CFA Continuum Flow Aerodynamics CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics CMC Ceramic Matrix Composite C/SiC Carbon / Silicon Carbide FCS Flight Control System FEI Flexible External Insulation GNC Guidance Navigation and Control LTT Laminar to Turbulent Transition LV Launch Vehicle RCS Reaction Control System SEL Electrical System Baiocco, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Enhancement by Wing Sweep for High-Speed Dynamic Soaring
    aerospace Article Performance Enhancement by Wing Sweep for High-Speed Dynamic Soaring Gottfried Sachs *, Benedikt Grüter and Haichao Hong Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Institute of Flight System Dynamics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Munich, Germany; [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (H.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Dynamic soaring is a flight mode that uniquely enables high speeds without an engine. This is possible in a horizontal shear wind that comprises a thin layer and a large wind speed. It is shown that the speeds reachable by modern gliders approach the upper subsonic Mach number region where compressibility effects become significant, with the result that the compressibility-related drag rise yields a limitation for the achievable maximum speed. To overcome this limitation, wing sweep is considered an appropriate means. The effect of wing sweep on the relevant aerodynamic characteristics for glider type wings is addressed. A 3-degrees-of-freedom dynamics model and an energy-based model of the vehicle are developed in order to solve the maximum-speed problem with regard to the effect of the compressibility-related drag rise. Analytic solutions are derived so that generally valid results are achieved concerning the effects of wing sweep on the speed performance. Thus, it is shown that the maximum speed achievable with swept wing configurations can be increased. The improvement is small for sweep angles up to around 15 deg and shows a progressive increase thereafter. As a result, wing sweep has potential for enhancing the maximum- speed performance in high-speed dynamic soaring.
    [Show full text]
  • Lift and Drag Characteristics of the HL-10 Lifting Body During Subsonic
    NASA TECHNICAL NOTE NASA TN D-6263 - _-­ e,.i KIRTLAkD AFB,N.M, LIFT AND DRAG CHARACTERISTICS . OF THE HL-IO LIFTING BODY DURING SUBSONIC GLIDING FLIGHT b . .. by Jon S. Pyle h Flight Research Center Edwards, Cali$ 93523 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, 0. C. MARCH 1971 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM I111111 11111 11111 11111 /Ill/lllll1111111111111 0333074 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA TN D-6263 I 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date LIFT AND DRAG CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HL-10 LIFTING BODY March 1973­ DURING SUBSONIC GLIDING FLIGHT 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Jon S. Pyle H-608 10. Work Unit No. 727-00-00-01-24 ?- 9. Performing Organization Name and Address NASA Flight Research Center 11. Contract or Grant No. P. 0. Box 273 Edwards, California 93523 d 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 112. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C. 20546 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract Subsonic lift and drag data obtained during the HL-10 lifting body glide flight program are presented for four configurations for angles of attack from 5" to 26" and Mach numbers from 0.35 to 0. 62. These flight data, where applicable, are compared with results from small-scale wind-tunnel tests of an HL-10 model, full-scale wind-tunnel results obtained with the flight vehicle, and flight results for the M2-F2 lifting body. The lift and drag characteristics obtained from the HL-10 flight results showed that a severe flow problem existed on the upper surface of the vehicle during the first flight test.
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050 | IATA
    Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050 NOTICE DISCLAIMER. The information contained in this publication is subject to constant review in the light of changing government requirements and regulations. No subscriber or other reader should act on the basis of any such information without referring to applicable laws and regulations and/or without taking appropriate professional advice. Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the International Air Transport Association shall not be held responsible for any loss or damage caused by errors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation of the contents hereof. Furthermore, the International Air Transport Association expressly disclaims any and all liability to any person or entity, whether a purchaser of this publication or not, in respect of anything done or omitted, and the consequences of anything done or omitted, by any such person or entity in reliance on the contents of this publication. © International Air Transport Association. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, recast, reformatted or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission from: Senior Vice President Member & External Relations International Air Transport Association 33, Route de l’Aéroport 1215 Geneva 15 Airport Switzerland Table of Contents Table of Contents ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]