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Cedar, Seals and Whaling Ships Transport, Trade and Travel in Australia 1788-1830S by John Nicholson ISBN 9781741750034 Recommended for Ages 9 Yrs Or Older

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Cedar, Seals and Whaling Ships Transport, Trade and Travel in Australia 1788-1830S by John Nicholson ISBN 9781741750034 Recommended for Ages 9 Yrs Or Older BOOK PUBLISHERS Teachers’ Notes by Robyn Sheahan-Bright Cedar, Seals and Whaling Ships Transport, Trade and Travel in Australia 1788-1830s by John Nicholson ISBN 9781741750034 Recommended for ages 9 yrs or older These notes may be reproduced free of charge for use and study within schools but they may not be reproduced (either in whole or in part) and offered for commercial sale. Introduction...........................................2 Themes & curriculum topics .............2 SOSE/HSIE ............................................2 Literacy & language ................................6 Creative arts..........................................7 Food & public health ...............................7 Maths ................................................8 Questions for reading and discussion .........8 Conclusion.............................................8 Related texts and other sources................9 About the writers.................................. 10 83 Alexander Street PO Box 8500 Crows Nest, Sydney St Leonards NSW 2065 NSW 1590 ph: (61 2) 8425 0100 [email protected] Allen & Unwin PTY LTD Australia Australia fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 www.allenandunwin.com ABN 79 003 994 278 INTRODUCTION This story of Australia’s early European traders is a tale filled with intrigue. It details three of the most prosperous of industries – whaling, sealing and cedar-getting – and explains how and why they grew and declined. It shows how the early import and export of goods to and from Australia was influenced by its colonial ties with the United Kingdom and also by its interaction with many traders from a variety of cultures. Cedar, Seals and Whaling Ships is the second book in a five-book series ‘Transport Trade and Travel in Australia'. Book 1– Songlines and Stone Axes –details the trading practices already in place amongst Aboriginal people, and shows how the arrival of European settlers not only displaced Aboriginal people but destroyed their trading networks and altered the land dramatically. This book describes the way in which European settlement transformed the land and established a network of transport which continues to this day. THEMES & CURRICULUM TOPICS Themes suggested by the book which might be explored with class groups include: • Trading and Trading Practices • Transport and Travel (including roads, waterways and shipping) • Secondary and Primary Industries • Land and Property Ownership (Competition and Rivalry) • Human Rights (eg. displacement of Aboriginal people; exploitation of convicts) • Animal Rights • Historical Accuracy Topics which relate to these themes fall into Curriculum areas such as: • SOSE/HSIE – Studying Society and Societal Issues • Language and Literacy • Creative Arts • Food & Public Health • Maths * * * SOSE/HSIE In this curriculum area there are several topics you might explore with your students: 1. TRADING AND TRADE PRACTICES The book traces the history of early trade, the effects of capitalism, and the exercise of practices driven by a profit motive. Outcomes of trade include: • Productivity - 2 - • Exploitation • Competition • Trade Practices and Legislation • Unsustainable Usage of Land and Resources Question: What were the benefits of early trade? Question: What were the ill-effects? Activity: The East India Trading Company was founded in 1600, had a great deal of power over trade routes and practices in Australia’s early settlement days, and still exists today! [http://www.eastinditradingcompany.com] Read about the company and draw up a comparison between the good and bad aspects of their policies and the influence they have had on the countries they traded with. 2. THE WHALING INDUSTRY The whaling industry in Australia is a tale of rise and decline. This work shows how quickly the whale population was depleted due to whaling. Read about the history of whaling and the current world movement to halt the industry. Question: What products were made from whales? This book mentions meat, oil, candles and stiffening ribs for garments (p 16). Make a list of 20 things which were made from whale bone, blubber, cartilage and oil. Question: What were the three reasons for the decline of the whaling industry? (For answer: See p 16.) Whaling Quiz 1. What was scrimshaw? 2. How is spermaceti used? 3. What is baleen? 4. Who was the ‘most famous Sperm Whale of all’? 5. What was another name for the Black Whale? 6. What locally produced timber did Tasmanian whalers use to make their whale boats? 7. Entrepreneur Benjamin Boyd is often described as a ‘blackbirder’. Where did he get his slaves from? 8. Where did Ben Boyd build his Boydtown? 9. What were the so-called ‘doughnuts’ eaten on early whaling ships actually made of? 10. Who has been called ‘the father of Australian whaling’? Answers: 1. The art of intricate etching on whale teeth, baleen and jaw bones. (It’s also used to refer to a similar craft with ivory and other substitutes.) Sailors often carved pictures of sailing ships, or scenes of their times. 2. Spermaceti is a waxy substance, collected from Sperm whales and is used to make lamp oil and also as a lubricant in cosmetic, textile, leather and other industries. 3. Baleen plates (or bones) in the whale’s mouth are used by the whale to filter tiny animals from sea water. It’s been used to provide ribs in - 3 - garments. 4. Moby Dick the creature invented by author Herman Melville. 5. Southern Right Whale 6. Huon pine 7. Solomon Islands 8. Twofold Bay on the NSW coast. 9. Ship’s biscuits fried in whale oil. 10. Eber Bunker 3. THE SEALING INDUSTRY The sealing industry was equally vigorous in the early days. This book describes the way in which seals were killed and how quickly their populations were depleted. It also details the brutal lifestyle lived by sealers, many of whom were pirates and often kept Aboriginal women captive, meting out extremely violent treatment to them. In 1798 Captain Charles Bishop established a sealing station in Bass Strait on Cape Barren Island and his men killed 9000 seals. The Australian Fur Seal is now the world’s fourth-rarest seal species and is wholly protected. Activity: Try to find out statistics on current Australian Fur Seal populations in that area. Question: What other types of seals have been found in Tasmania? This book covers issues such as unsustainable hunting, animal cruelty, exploitation of workers, and sexual and physical enslaving of Aboriginal Women. Activity: Discuss these and other issues raised in this coverage of the sealing industry. 4. THE AUSTRALIAN CEDAR INDUSTRY The Australian cedar industry is another key topic. Australian red cedar Toona ciliata was discovered by Europeans early in the settlement period, although the Aboriginal people had been very aware of the tree, and had given it many different names according to their language groups and areas. By 1798 it was the colony’s third largest export. Cedar is a beautiful timber, which European settlers found was easy to cut and cure. Question: What uses did Europeans make of the tree apart from furniture making? This book contains implicit criticism of the practices adopted by early settlers who used the rich resources of this country with no thought for their preservation, for the needs of the Aboriginal people who inhabited the land, or for re-population of fauna or re-growth of flora. Question: What were the effects of the widespread felling of cedar? Question: How much cedar is left in Australia and where is it most readily available? Collecting cedar was hazardous. Question: What were the hazards faced by timber-getters in cutting and transporting the huge trees to market? 5. HISTORICAL FIGURES This book mentions several historical figures who had a significant effect on Australia’s development, and whom students might choose to research. Eg. Governor Phillip; Eber Bunker; Robert Campbell; Benjamin Boyd; Elizabeth and John Macarthur; William Cox; Lachlan Macquarie; John Batman; John Pascoe Faulkner. - 4 - Question: How might you find out their dates of birth and death? Eg. Most can be found by searching the NLA catalogue under their names. Activity: Find a statement which encapsulates the nature of the person’s achievement. Eg. Nicholson calls Ben Boyd a ‘dodgy entrepreneur’ (p 16) and Lachlan Macquarie ‘that great builder of things’ (p 23). Try to find out why they gained such reputations. Your research may cause you to challenge these assertions as well. Activity: Debate the positive and negative effects of the role of one of these people in Australia’s development. 6. THE INTRODUCTION OF SPECIES OF FAUNA AND FLORA The introduction of species of fauna and flora has worked enormous changes on the Australian landscape. For example, the arrival of cows and horses (p 17) required the clearing of vast tracts of land, and the need to feed these animals had environmental impacts too. Other issues include the displacement of Aboriginal people and the destruction of many varieties of flora and fauna. Question: What other effect did the introduction of new species have? 7. SHIPS AND SHIPPING Ships and shipping are fascinating subjects in this book. See pictures of types of ships (p 26). Research the various types of craft such as a packet; a ketch; a barge. Question: What was a mosquito fleet? 8. ROAD BUILDING Road building has had great impacts too (see map p 21). Many roads followed particular courses due to expediency. Eg. William Cox’s Road over the Blue Mountains ‘followed the ridges (to avoid labour-intensive cutting and filling)’ (p 22). Activity: Research the building of the main roads and river crossings in the area in which you live. Try to find out why and how they were built. Question: What industries were influential in deciding where roads were built? 9. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES Human Rights Issues are raised by the discussion of the treatment of Aboriginal peoples, Islanders, convicts and poor employees. Slavery is not generally recognised as an Australian issue, and yet it has been a fact in our history. Ben Boyd employed indentured people from the Solomon Islands as virtual slaves.
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