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A Régi Belső-Ázsia Története

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A Régi Belső-Ázsia Története A régi Belső-Ázsia története Vásáry, István, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem BTK, Török Tanszék Szerkesztette Bende, IldikóZimonyi István, sorozatszerkesztő Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. A régi Belső-Ázsia története írta Vásáry, István és Bende, Ildikó Készült az Oktatási Minisztérium támogatásával a Felsőoktatási Pályázatok Irodája által lebonyolított Felsőoktatási Tankönyv- és Szakkönyv-támogatási Pályázat keretében. Szerzői jog © 2003 Vásáry István, Draskovits Zsuzsa, Balassi Kiadó E könyv kutatási és oktatási célokra szabadon használható. Bármilyen formában való sokszorosítása a jogtulajdonosok írásos engedélyéhez kötött. Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Tartalom Előszó az új kiadáshoz ....................................................................................................................... iv Előszó ................................................................................................................................................. v 1. BEVEZETÉS .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. 1. Belső-Ázsia fogalma ......................................................................................................... 1 2. 2. Belső-Ázsia természeti földrajza ....................................................................................... 2 3. 3. Belső-Ázsia és a nomadizmus ........................................................................................... 3 4. 4. Belső-Ázsia történetének korszakai .................................................................................. 6 5. 5. Belső-Ázsia történetének forrásai ..................................................................................... 7 2. Belső-Ázsia a türk kor előtt .......................................................................................................... 10 1. 1. Kimmerek, szkíták, szarmaták ........................................................................................ 10 2. 2. A szkíták utóélete ............................................................................................................ 12 3. 3. Hiungnuk ......................................................................................................................... 13 4. 4. A jüecsi népvándorlás ..................................................................................................... 15 5. 5. A hiungnu hatalom hanyatlása ........................................................................................ 18 6. 6. Szienpik és topák ............................................................................................................. 19 7. 7. A zsuanzsuanok birodalma .............................................................................................. 21 8. 8. Újabb nomád hullámok az iráni világban: hjónok és heftaliták ...................................... 23 9. 9. A hunok Európában ......................................................................................................... 25 10. 10. A hunok utóélete ......................................................................................................... 29 3. Belső-Ázsia török korszaka .......................................................................................................... 31 1. 1. A türkök felemelkedése és első birodalma ...................................................................... 31 2. 2. Türk–bizánci kapcsolatok és az avar-kérdés ................................................................... 34 3. 3. Az Elsőtől a Második Türk Kaganátusig ........................................................................ 37 4. 4. A Második Türk Birodalom ............................................................................................ 40 5. 5. Ujgur hegemónia ............................................................................................................. 43 6. 6. A kirgiz epizód ................................................................................................................ 47 7. 7. Kanszui ujgurok .............................................................................................................. 48 8. 8. Turkesztáni ujgurok ........................................................................................................ 50 9. 9. Kitajok és dzsürcsik ........................................................................................................ 52 10. 10. Tibetiek és tangutok .................................................................................................... 55 4. Az iszlám térhódítása Belső-Ázsiában ......................................................................................... 58 1. 1. Az első muszlim török dinasztia: a Karahanidák ............................................................ 58 2. 2. Oguzok és szeldzsukok ................................................................................................... 61 3. 3. Karakitajok ...................................................................................................................... 65 4. 4. Hvárezm .......................................................................................................................... 68 5. Belső-Ázsia nyugati nyúlványa: a kelet-európai steppevidék ...................................................... 71 1. 1. Onogurok és bolgárok ..................................................................................................... 71 2. 2. Volgai Bulgária ............................................................................................................... 74 3. 3. Avarok ............................................................................................................................. 76 4. 4. A Kazár Birodalom ......................................................................................................... 78 5. 5. Magyarok ........................................................................................................................ 81 6. 6. Besenyők és úzok ............................................................................................................ 86 7. 7. Kunok .............................................................................................................................. 88 6. Utószó helyett ............................................................................................................................... 91 7. Rövidítések ................................................................................................................................... 92 8. Időrendi táblázat ........................................................................................................................... 94 9. TÉRKÉPEK .................................................................................................................................. 99 10. Mutató ...................................................................................................................................... 103 iii Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Előszó az új kiadáshoz {7} 1993-ban jelent meg Szegeden A régi Belső-Ázsia története című könyvem a Magyar Őstörténeti Könyvtár 7. köteteként. Azóta sok víz lefolyt a Dunán, s a kis példányszámban megjelent könyv hamar elfogyott, a munka mára gyakorlatilag megszerezhetetlen lett. Mivel egyetemi hallgatók és kutatók részéről egyaránt igény mutatkozott könyvem iránt, örömmel vettem a sorozat egykori és jelenlegi szerkesztőjének, Zimonyi Istvánnak a mű új kiadása iránti kérését. A könyv megjelenése óta azonban tíz év telt el, a könyv kéziratát pedig lényegében 1989-ben lezártam, így értelmetlen lett volna, hogy a könyv szövegét teljesen változatlan formában nyomják újra. Bár a könyv lényegén és koncepcióján nem változtattam (közismerten ugyanazt a témát ugyanaz a szerző nem tudja kétszer, teljesen eltérően feldolgozni), de igen sok apróbb-nagyobb szövegbeli változtatást hajtottam végre, legjobb meggyőződésem szerint jobbítván a szöveget. Elsősorban pedig a bibliográfiai kiegészítés vált elkerülhetetlenné. Az elmúlt évtizedben a könyv témája iránti érdeklődés világszerte hihetetlenül megnőtt, és ez a témával foglalkozó szakirodalom ugrásszerű növekedését eredményezte. A jelenség okát elsősorban abban kereshetjük, hogy a Szovjetunió 1991 decemberében felbomlott, és a Kaukázusban három, Közép-Ázsiában pedig öt új független állam jött létre, melyek területei nagyrészt a történeti Belső-Ázsia alkotórészei voltak. Elsősorban a „globalizáció” nyelvén, az angolon írt szakirodalom szaporodott el, a térségre vetülő szuperhatalmi érdeklődésnek nyilvánvaló és leplezetlen jeleként. Egy évtized távlatából nézve, a terjedelmes, újabb szakirodalom áttekintése után is úgy látom, hogy könyvem újra megjelentetése nem fölösleges. S itt nemcsak arra a tényre gondolok, hogy máig ez az egyetlen összefoglalás magyar nyelven a mongol kor előtti Belső-Ázsia történetéről. Sokkal inkább egy másik szempont indokolja a könyv újra kiadását. Az eddig megjelent számos kiváló új monográfia és résztanulmány ellenére nagyon kevesen kísérelték meg a mongol kor előtti Belső-Ázsiát olvasmányos, áttekinthető, összefüggő történeti elbeszélés keretében ismertetni. Olyan elbeszélésben, amelyet a keleti nyelvekkel és kultúrákkal közelebbi ismeretségben nem levő történészek, egyetemi hallgatók és olvasók egyaránt haszonnal forgathatnak. Magyarán szólva mindig az érthető szintézisre fektettem a fő hangsúlyt, mely egy
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