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Monografías Del CESEDEN CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL MONOGRAFÍAS Del 75 CESEDEN CONCLUSIONES DEL XLIII CURSO MONOGRÁFICO

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Monografías Del CESEDEN CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL MONOGRAFÍAS Del 75 CESEDEN CONCLUSIONES DEL XLIII CURSO MONOGRÁFICO T040/05 portada modificada_T040/05 portada modificada 23/08/10 10:08 Página 1 CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL MONOGRAFÍAS del 75 CESEDEN CONCLUSIONES DEL XLIII CURSO MONOGRÁFICO LAS ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO LAS ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CESEDEN Monografías 75 MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA CENTRO DE PUBLICACIONES Colección Monografías del CESEDEN CENTRO SUPERIOR DE ESTUDIOS DE LA DEFENSA NACIONAL MONOGRAFÍAS del 75 CESEDEN CONCLUSIONES DEL XLIII CURSO MONOGRÁFICO LAS ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO Enero, 2005 Edita: NIPO: 076-05-094-0 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-05-96-1 (edición en línea) ISBN: 84-9781-173-9 Depósito Legal: M-21569-2005 Imprime: Imprenta Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 1.000 ejemplares Fecha de edición: mayo, 2005 LAS ORGANIZACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO SUMARIO Página INTRODUCCIÓN . .9 Por Jesús Joaquín Val Catalán Grupo de trabajo número 1 EL FENÓMENO TERRORISTA. CONCEPTO Y GENERALIDADES . .13 Grupo de trabajo número 2 EL TERRORISMO COMO FENÓMENO MUNDIAL: LA ONU . .59 Grupo de trabajo número 3 EL TERRORISMO Y EL VÍNCULO TRASATLÁNTICO: OTAN . .133 Grupo de trabajo número 4 EL TERRORISMO Y EUROPA: UNIÓN EUROPEA . .159 Grupo de trabajo número 5 EL TERRORISMO Y EL MEDITERRÁNEO . .237 Grupo de trabajo número 6 EL TERRORISMO EN ESPAÑA . .289 ÍNDICE . .451 INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCCIÓN Por JESÚS JOAQUÍN VAL CATALÁN Jefe de la Escuela de Altos Estudios de la Defensa. El Curso Monográfico que se desarrolla anualmente en el Centro Superior de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional (CESEDEN), tiene por finalidad gene- ral, reunir a un grupo de representantes, civiles y militares, de diversas ins- tituciones y organismos nacionales, que ocupan, o pueden ocupar en el futuro, cargos de especial responsabilidad relacionados con la Defensa Nacional, para estudiar, analizar y debatir un tema al que puedan aportar su experiencia, conocimientos y el resultado de sus investigaciones en dicho ámbito Los componentes de XLIII Curso Monográfico han desarrollado el tema: Las organizaciones internacionales y la lucha contra el terrorismo. No esti- mo necesario resaltar la oportunidad, actualidad e importancia del tema debido a la sensación de vulnerabilidad y especial sensibilidad que la ame- naza del terrorismo provoca en la sociedad, cualquiera que sea el lugar que se considere. Asimismo, podemos asegurar que la lucha contra el terrorismo ha pasado a ser elemento clave y primordial en la estrategia de las organizaciones internacionales. Cuando nos encontramos dispuestos a completar el primer lustro del siglo XXI, olvidados ya de la lógica normalidad de una guerra fría con actores muy definidos, contemplamos con ansiedad y con cierto grado de perple- jidad y escepticismo, el resurgir de peligros que creíamos superados y la aparición de nuevos actores y riesgos no convencionales, multidirecciona- les, complejos, muy difíciles de prever y analizar. — 11 — El concepto de la asimetría ha tomado cuerpo y protagonismo, poniendo fin a los parámetros y características de la guerra clásica enraizada en la disuasión, incluso nuclear y el equilibrio de fuerzas. Una de las partes en conflicto está organizada, equipada e instruida para un combate conven- cional, mientras que su oponente no acepta este tipo de lucha y utiliza unos procedimientos contra los que resulta muy difícil encontrar respues- tas eficaces en términos convencionales. De entre las diversas formas que puede adoptar el conflicto asimétrico, el terrorismo aparece como su principal expresión, con entidad propia y des- graciada actualidad. Los atentados del 11 septiembre de 2001 y 11 de marzo de 2004, debido a su magnitud, globalidad y capacidad para actuar incluso en territorios protegidos, han puesto de manifiesto la vulnerabili- dad de la sociedad actual ante este tipo de amenazas. El terrorismo se combina con la acción psicológica sobre la población, busca coaccionar la opinión pública paralizando el sistema que se consi- dere e influyendo en las decisiones políticas. El fenómeno terrorista ya sea en su vertiente interior como en la exterior, se ve respaldado por la exis- tencia de aspectos como: mercenarios, nacionalismos exacerbados, fana- tismos religiosos hasta el extremo del suicidio, material bélico muy sofisti- cado y rechazo a la legalidad internacional así como las posibilidades que ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías y las libertades públicas en sociedades democráticas. Dada la amplitud y facetas que presenta el tema propuesto, los compo- nentes del Curso lo han abordado a través de seis grupos de composición heterogénea, analizando diferentes áreas de investigación que van desde el estudio del concepto y generalidades del fenómeno hasta la considera- ción a nivel nacional pasando por los niveles global, interregional y regio- nal; en definitiva, una visión muy completa y actual de esta lucha contra el terrorismo. — 12 — GRUPO DE TRABAJO NÚMERO 1 EL FENÓMENO TERRORISTA. CONCEPTO Y GENERALIDADES EL FENÓMENO TERRORISTA. CONCEPTO Y GENERALIDADES Introducción Las causas que explican el terrorismo son múltiples, las fórmulas que per- miten a un grupo de personas considerar correcto su uso a pesar de su profunda inmoralidad, abundantes. La diferencia tecnológica, económica, militar entre unos países u organizaciones y otros obliga a que el terroris- mo sea la única respuesta, y que la justificación a esa violencia encuentre apoyo y comprensión en una amplia base social. Casi todos los grupos terroristas generan, de no existir previamente, ese apoyo, que rápidamen- te elabora los criterios intelectuales que justifican los atentados. El problema no es nuevo, pero conviene plantearse el porqué de la globa- lización del fenómeno terrorista. La globalización ayuda a todos los ele- mentos que concurren en la actividad terrorista. Facilita los contactos, electrónicos o personales, la transmisión de ideas, métodos, procedi- mientos, modelos. El contacto de criterios que amparan el terrorismo o ideas preexistentes o latentes antisistema refuerza esta tendencia. La pobreza, la falta de entendimiento en la concepción del mundo, el fana- tismo en la aplicación de las ideas, etc., justifica el asesinato y las vícti- mas acaban siendo culpables por su modo de vida, por su religión, por sus ideas, por sus profesiones. Lo peor de los argumentos del terrorismo es la culpabilización del otro como justificación del uso de la violencia. Debemos ser conscientes que en el mundo actual globalizado y cada vez más interdependiente, la globalización no es, como pudiéramos pensar, una causa sino una vía de transmisión, no genera el terrorismo, pero si — 15 — facilita su vida y su reproducción. Es la identificación posterior del fenó- meno de la globalización con determinadas corrientes de pensamiento económico o determinados Estados, capitalismo o Estados occidentales, en particular Estados Unidos, convierte a estos últimos y por partida doble en objetivo de la violencia terrorista. Este es un punto importante y posible- mente, determinante a destacar en la actual escalada terrorista. Los obje- tivos están relacionados con esos factores: Occidente, Estados Unidos, el capitalismo y la democracia liberal, y los terroristas y su sopor- te social, popular y cultural tiene su origen en los límites marginales de esa sociedad democrática, de la tradición de izquierdas radicales, de los separatismos igualmente radicales y de planteamientos ideológicos recientes, cada vez con más fortaleza y arraigo, como el fundamentalismo islámico. El combate antiterrorista requiere un cambio de sensibilidad en la opinión pública mundial, entender que lo que hasta hace muy poco era un pro- blema de otros hoy nos afecta a todos, todos como individuos, sociedad o Estado somos objetivos potenciales. No se pueden confundir, como a menudo se hace, condicionantes externos con causas precisas. La pobre- za, el hambre, la corrupción son condicionantes que pueden influir en el desarrollo de un conflicto pero raramente son su origen. Somos conscientes de que el terrorismo es un tema candente, preocu- pante, de permanente actualidad, y que, como ya hemos expuesto, nos afecta a todos, ya sea como personas, como sociedad, como nación o como integrantes de cualquiera de las organizaciones internacionales a las que pertenecemos. Es un fenómeno que está presente en nuestra vida cotidiana desde hace mucho tiempo, pero del que conocemos sólo los aspectos más superficiales, quedándonos, la mayoría de las veces, en el dramatismo del resultado de sus acciones; es un fenómeno que utiliza la falta de criterio de todos, de criterio colectivo, para encauzar con cohe- rencia las vivas y contradictorias reacciones sociales que suscita y que dificulta la búsqueda de una solución. Si entendemos que los grupos terroristas, incluso en los escenarios más dispares y finalidad perseguida, tienen una gran capacidad de mimetismo, colaboración y simbiosis en todos los terrenos, ya sea en los métodos, la logística o la estrategia, que su voluntad de actuación va más allá de un escenario concreto, que sus causas y efectos son de difícil comprensión y control, que son esencialmente dinámicos, que inciden y se mueven en el terreno siempre maleable, movedizo y de difusa precisión de los compor- tamientos humanos colectivos que nos arrastran al terror, a la frustración, — 16 — a la irritación, entenderemos un poco mejor el problema. Problema que como tal tendrá solución, no simple ni sencilla, pero solución: solución que hay que buscar en la actuación coherente, conjunta, imaginativa, de los Estados y de los organismos internacionales a los que pertenecen y con ello recuperar la esperanza de un mundo mejor que nos ayude a vivir sin esta real o ficticia inseguridad personal o colectiva que nos rodea día a día. El concepto Mito y realidad del fenómeno terrorista Después de los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 (11-S), George W. Bush anunció a los cuatro vientos que todo el mundo civilizado, en pos de Estados Unidos, estaba en guerra contra el terrorismo. Toda la inter- vención en Afganistán se nos presentó como un episodio, el primero, de una guerra que se predecía larga y compleja.
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