Table of Contents

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Table of Contents US Department of State Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism Country Reports on Terrorism 2004 April 2005 i Department of State Publication 11248 Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism Printed in Multi-Media Services Released April 2005 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Legislative Requirements and Key Terms ......................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Overview ........................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 3. Global Jihad: Evolving and Adapting .............................................................. 7 Chapter 4. Building International Will and Capacity to Counter Terrorism....................... 9 Antiterrorism Assistance Program................................................................... 9 Countering Terrorism on the Economic Front ................................................. 11 Multilateral and Regional Cooperation ........................................................... 12 Role of the United Nations in Fighting Terrorism............................................ 14 Chapter 5. Country Reports .............................................................................................. 28 Africa Overview ............................................................................................. 28 Djibouti ................................................................................................... 29 Ethiopia.................................................................................................... 30 Kenya ....................................................................................................... 30 Nigeria ..................................................................................................... 30 Rwanda .................................................................................................... 31 Somalia .................................................................................................... 31 South Africa ............................................................................................. 31 Tanzania .................................................................................................. 32 Uganda .................................................................................................... 32 East Asia and Pacific Overview ....................................................................... 33 Australia ................................................................................................... 35 Cambodia ................................................................................................ 35 China ....................................................................................................... 36 Indonesia ................................................................................................. 36 Japan........................................................................................................ 37 Laos ......................................................................................................... 38 Malaysia................................................................................................... 38 New Zealand ........................................................................................... 38 Philippines ............................................................................................... 38 Singapore ................................................................................................. 39 Taiwan ..................................................................................................... 39 Thailand ................................................................................................... 41 Europe and Eurasia Overview ......................................................................... 42 Albania .................................................................................................... 44 Armenia ................................................................................................... 44 Austria ..................................................................................................... 44 Azerbaijan ............................................................................................... 44 Belgium ................................................................................................... 44 Bosnia and Herzegovina .......................................................................... 45 Bulgaria ................................................................................................... 45 Czech Republic ........................................................................................ 45 iii Finland ..................................................................................................... 45 France ...................................................................................................... 46 Georgia .................................................................................................... 46 Germany .................................................................................................. 47 Greece ..................................................................................................... 47 Hungary ................................................................................................... 48 Italy.......................................................................................................... 48 Kazakhstan............................................................................................... 48 Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) .............................................................. 49 Kyrgyzstan................................................................................................ 49 The Netherlands ....................................................................................... 50 Norway .................................................................................................... 50 Poland...................................................................................................... 50 Portugal.................................................................................................... 50 Romania .................................................................................................. 51 Russia ...................................................................................................... 51 Slovenia ................................................................................................... 52 Spain........................................................................................................ 52 Tajikistan .................................................................................................. 54 Turkey ...................................................................................................... 54 Turkmenistan............................................................................................ 54 Ukraine .................................................................................................... 55 United Kingdom....................................................................................... 55 Uzbekistan ............................................................................................... 56 Near East and North Africa Overview ............................................................ 57 Algeria ..................................................................................................... 58 Bahrain .................................................................................................... 59 Egypt ........................................................................................................ 60 Iraq .......................................................................................................... 60 Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza ............................................................... 63 Jordan ...................................................................................................... 64 Kuwait...................................................................................................... 65 Lebanon ................................................................................................... 65 Morocco .................................................................................................. 66 Oman ...................................................................................................... 67 Qatar ....................................................................................................... 67 Saudi Arabia............................................................................................. 67 Tunisia ..................................................................................................... 68 United Arab Emirates ............................................................................... 68 Yemen ...................................................................................................... 69 South Asia Overview ...................................................................................... 70 Afghanistan .............................................................................................. 70 Bangladesh .............................................................................................. 72 India .......................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Waqf Development in Malaysia and Singapore: a Comparative Study
    Durham E-Theses WAQF DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY HAJI-MOHIDDIN, HAJAH,MAS,NOORAINI How to cite: HAJI-MOHIDDIN, HAJAH,MAS,NOORAINI (2015) WAQF DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11118/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah, the most gracious and the most merciful for the guidance and blessing in realising my goal to achieve this success in my studies. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to many people and organisations for their willingness to assist me in the process of completing this thesis. Firstly, I would like to dedicate a special thanks to my supervisor Prof Habib Ahmed for his guidance, assistance, support, patience and motivation throughout my study in Durham University.
    [Show full text]
  • "Black" Hawala: Confronting ISIL on the Financial Front
    American University National Security Law Brief Volume 6 Issue 2 Article 4 2016 "Black" Hawala: Confronting ISIL on the Financial Front Kelsey Mowatt-Larssen American University Washington College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/nslb Part of the International Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Mowatt-Larssen, Kelsey ""Black" Hawala: Confronting ISIL on the Financial Front," American University National Security Law Brief, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2016). Available at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/nslb/vol6/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University National Security Law Brief by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Vol. 6, No. 2 "BLACK' HAWALA 59 "BLACK" HAWALA: CONFRONTING ISIL ON THE FINANCIAL FRONT KELSEY MowATT-LARSSEN* l. INTRODUCTION Hawala is an alternative remittance system 1 developed in the Middle East, allowing for the transfer of money outside of formal financial institutions. 2 Hawaladars, or hawala dealers, operate informally to organize the movement of cash, or its value equivalent, between customers.3 Because there is typically no record of the transaction, hawala is associated with money-laundering and terrorist financing. 4 The Islamic State oflraq and the Levant ("ISIL"), otherwise known as The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ("ISIS"), ad-Dawla al-Islamiyya fi al-'Iraq wa-sh-Sham, Daesh, or Dawla al Islamiya (hereinafter ISIL) is the most financially sophisticated terrorist organization in operation today.
    [Show full text]
  • 519 Ethiopia Report With
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R Ethiopia: A New Start? T • ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? AN MRG INTERNATIONAL REPORT AN MRG INTERNATIONAL BY KJETIL TRONVOLL ETHIOPIA: A NEW START? Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully © Minority Rights Group 2000 acknowledges the support of Bilance, Community Aid All rights reserved Abroad, Dan Church Aid, Government of Norway, ICCO Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- and all other organizations and individuals who gave commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- financial and other assistance for this Report. mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. This Report has been commissioned and is published by A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the ISBN 1 897 693 33 8 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the ISSN 0305 6252 author do not necessarily represent, in every detail and in Published April 2000 all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. Typset by Texture Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. MRG is grateful to all the staff and independent expert readers who contributed to this Report, in particular Tadesse Tafesse (Programme Coordinator) and Katrina Payne (Reports Editor). THE AUTHOR KJETIL TRONVOLL is a Research Fellow and Horn of Ethiopian elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1994, Africa Programme Director at the Norwegian Institute of and the Federal and Regional Assemblies in 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization (JITC)
    Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization (JITC) Volume 1, Issue 2, Fall 2011 ISSN: 2075-0943, eISSN: 2520-0313 Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc Issue DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.12 Homepage: https://www.umt.edu.pk/jitc/home.aspx Journal QR Code: Article: CIVILIZATIONAL CONNECTIONS: EARLY Indexing Partners ISLAM AND LATIN-EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE Author(s): Dr. S. M. Ghazanfar Online Fall 2011 Published: Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.32350/jitc.12.01 Article QR Code: Ghazanfar, S. M. “Civilizational connections: Early Islam To cite this and Latin-European renaissance”. Journal of Islamic article: Thought and Civilization 1, no. 2 (2011): 01–34. Crossref This article is open access and is distributed under the Copyright terms of Creative Commons Attribution – Share Alike Information 4.0 International License A publication of the Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization School of Social Science and Humanities University of Management and Technology Lahore Volume 1, Issue 2 Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization Fall 2011 CIVILIZATIONAL CONNECTIONS: EARLY ISLAM AND LATIN-EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE Dr. S. M. Ghazanfar ABSTRACT The paper discusses four interrelated themes. First, there is a description on the ―lost paradigm‖ of Islamic connections to European Renaissance, followed by a discussion of evidence that this Renaissance depended crucially upon the intellectual armory acquired through prolonged contacts with early Islamic civilization. The influence of many Muslim scholars on Western Enlightenment also cannot be denied. The paper documents the influence of some key Islamic scholars such as Al-Kindi, Ibn-e-Sina, Al-Ghazali and in particular Ibn-e-Rushd, whose writings contributed hugely to the European Enlightenment.
    [Show full text]
  • 0714685003.Pdf
    CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism As a Global Peril: a Kenyan Scenario Tactic
    International Journal of Social Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 5 August 2018 Terrorism as a Global Peril: A Kenyan Scenario Tactic Mongare A. B. LLB, MBA, LLM University of Nairobi The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, The Faculty of Law/Advocates Training Programme KSL, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Abstract There is a global concern over terrorism threats due to its very nature of causing physical destruction of human and infrastructure. Resultantly, anguish is experienced through economic loss, insecurity and generally to social disorder to the polity whose effects cannot be accentuated. The paper interests itself with the Kenyan techniques on counter-terrorism. The status quo is worsened by a dearth of a universal definition of terrorism. Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are roiled in civil clashes and there has been a polemic on how to deal with the perpetrators of this conflicts; Kenya has remained relatively peaceful for decades and played host to countless evacuees fleeing neighbouring countries. Nevertheless, since 1998, terrorism-related activities have been on the upsurge in the country posing a major threat to national security and development. The scenery of terrorist activities in Kenya has been varying and growing in monstrousness, leaving numerous innocent citizens as victims, while in some incidences, the country has continuously been held at ransom by the terror groups. Though Kenya has put up a concerted fight to prize fight terror it has turned out to be an easy target for terror groups for close to twenty years. Kenya’s counter-terrorism exertions, nonetheless, cannot be undervalued but they have faced a lot of criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Terror Threat
    THECHRISTOPHER TERROR February 12, THREAT FROM THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF AL SHABAAB CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH APPENDICES AND MAPS BY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN FEBRUARY 12, 2010 A REPORT BY THE CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT OF THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 IMPORTANT GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN SOMALIA 3 NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS 4 INTRODUCTION 8 ORIGINS OF AL SHABAAB 10 GAINING CONTROL, GOVERNING, AND MAINTAINING CONTROL 14 AL SHABAAB’S RELATIONSHIP WITH AL QAEDA, THE GLOBAL JIHAD MOVEMENT, AND ITS GLOBAL IDEOLOGY 19 INTERNATIONAL RECRUITING AND ITS IMPACT 29 AL SHABAAB’S INTERNATIONAL THREATS 33 THREAT ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSION 35 APPENDIX A: TIMELINE OF MAJOR SECURITY EVENTS IN SOMALIA 37 APPENDIX B: MAJOR SUICIDE ATTACKS AND ASSASSINATIONS CLAIMED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO AL SHABAAB 47 NOTES 51 Maps MAP OF THE HORN OF AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST 5 POLITICAL MAP OF SOMALIA 6 MAP OF ISLAMIST-CONTROLLED AND INFLUENCED AREAS IN SOMALIA 7 www.criticalthreats.org THE TERROR THREAT FROM SOMALIA CHRISTOPHER HARNISCH February 12, 2010 Executive Summary hree hundred people nearly died in the skies of and assassinations. Al Shabaab’s primary objectives at TMichigan on Christmas Day, 2009 when a Niger- the time of the Ethiopian invasion appeared to be ian terrorist attempted to blow up a plane destined geographically limited to Somalia, and perhaps the for Detroit. The terrorist was an operative of an al Horn of Africa. The group’s rhetoric and behavior, Qaeda franchise based in Yemen called al Qaeda in however, have shifted over the past two years reflect- the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).
    [Show full text]
  • Submission on Self-Determination Under the UN Declaration on The
    Submission on Self-Determination under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the Expert Mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples Table of Contents 1 Overview............................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Summary....................................................................................................................................3 1.2 The submitting organization......................................................................................................4 2 Self determination themes................................................................................................................4 2.1 Peace and Self-Determination...................................................................................................4 2.2 Compromised spaces.................................................................................................................7 2.3 Disenfranchisement of unrepresented peoples........................................................................8 2.4 Criminalization of self-determination movements..................................................................11 2.5 International trade and self-determination.............................................................................12 2.6 Indigenous land: commerce and climate.................................................................................13 3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: a Threat to Europe?
    © Rubbettino Centro Militare di Studi Strategici - Roma © Rubbettino Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism: A threat to Europe? Maria do Céu Pinto (University of Minho Portugal) Rubbettino © Rubbettino Copyright © by CeMiSS Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 Roma (RM) e-mail: [email protected] © 2004 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 -Tel. (0968) 662034 www.rubbettino.it © Rubbettino Index Abstract: 7 Introduction 9 I Islamist and Middle Eastern Terrorism in Europe: The Background 11 I.1. Palestinian Terrorism 11 I.2. Iranian Terrorism 17 II New Patterns of Islamist Terrorism in the 1990s 21 II.1. A New Age of Terrorism 21 II.2. Religious Terrorism 22 III The Web of Terror in Europe 31 III.1. Interlocking Terror Plots 31 III.2. Al-Qaeda: an Umbrella Network 32 III.3. Mosques: Recruitment and Indoctrination 36 IV Groups and Activities of Islamic Terrorists in Europe 41 IV.1. England 41 IV.2. France And Belgium 49 IV.3. Italy 53 IV.4. Germany 62 IV.5. Spain 65 IV.6. The Netherlands 71 V Evaluating the Terrorist Threat to Europe’s Security 75 V.1. Al-Qaeda’s European Infrastructure after 11th September 75 V.2. Islamic Communities in Europe: A Breeding Ground of Terrorists? 76 Conclusion 77 Bibliography 79 © Rubbettino 5 © Rubbettino Abstract During three decades Middle Eastern terrorism in Europe was largely a spillover from problems in the Middle East. Europe was a preferential oper- ational area for Arab, Palestinian and Iranian terrorists fighting each other. In the 1990s, a new Islamic threat emerged as a result of the activities of “ad hoc” terrorist groups, which lack a well-established organisational identity and tend to decentralise and compartmentalise their activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Vulnerability of Kenyan Youths to Radicalisation and Extremism
    Institute for Security Studies PAPER Assessing the vulnerability of Kenyan youths to radicalisation and extremism INTRODUCTION country is also central to the region and thus deserves That there is an emerging trend of religious radicalisation in closer scrutiny. Although Kenya’s intervention in Somalia East Africa is not in doubt. Somalia, which has experienced served to incite a terrorist response, the experience of various forms of conflict since 1991, has often been seen Uganda, Ethiopia and Burundi, all of which have had troops as the source of extremism in the region, especially in Somalia since 2006, showed different trends. Only the following the attacks on the United States (US) embassies attacks in Uganda and Kenya were attributed to those in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi on 7 August 1998. Yet closer countries’ interventions in Somalia. And, despite the fact investigation reveals that Somali nationals were not behind that those directly involved in these attacks were Ugandan most of the incidents outside Somalia’s borders. Somalia nationals, Kenyans and Tanzanians helped plan and provides a safe haven, training camps and opportunities for execute the attacks, not members of traditional extremists to fight the ‘enemies of Islam’, but al-Qaeda and Somali communities. later al-Shabaab have executed attacks in the region by This is not to say that individuals within the traditional relying on local assistance and support. At the same time, Muslim community have not used frustrations and al-Shabaab managed to recruit Kenyan, Ugandan and vulnerabilities among the youth – Muslim and non-Muslim Tanzanian nationals to its ranks in Somalia.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorismo: Giudice Per Le Indagini Preliminari Tribunale Venezia, Ordinanza Di Custodia Cautelare in Carcere N
    Terrorismo: Giudice per le indagini preliminari Tribunale Venezia, Ordinanza di custodia cautelare in carcere n. 2937/06 R.G. G.I.P. del 10 luglio 2006 Autore: In: Diritto penale ORDINANZA CHE DISPONE LA CUSTODIA CAUTELARE IN CARCERE Il Giudice per le indagini preliminari dr. Giandomenico Gallo esaminata la richiesta del Pubblico Ministero nel procedimento indicato in oggetto per l'applicazione della misura della custodia cautelare in carcere nei confronti di: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 tutti indagati per il seguente reato: a) art. 270 bis c.p., per avere partecipato all’associazione terroristica internazionale di matrice fondamentalista islamica denominata GRUPPO SALAFITA PER LA PREDICAZIONE E IL COMBATTIMENTO (G.S.P.C.), funzionalmente collegata alla rete dell’organizzazione terroristica internazionale denominata Al Quaeda, volta al compimento di atti di violenza con finalità di terrorismo ed eversione dell’ordine democratico in Italia ed all’estero, nella specie operando in un gruppo con base logistica in Vicenza, e collegamenti operativi con gli attivisti operanti in Brescia, Napoli e Salerno, volto alla realizzazione di un programma criminoso contemplante: - la preparazione ed esecuzione di azioni terroristiche o, comunque, violente da attuarsi in Italia o all’estero contro governi, forze militari, istituzioni e civili nel contesto del progetto globale di “Jihad ”, per © 2017 Diritto.it s.r.l. - Tutti i diritti riservati Diritto & Diritti ISSN 1127-8579 Fondatore Francesco Brugaletta P.I. 01214650887 1 di 91 l’affermazione universale dei sacri principi dell’Islam; - la raccolta dei finanziamenti necessari per il raggiungimento degli scopi dell’associazione; - il proselitismo effettuato attraverso video e audiocassette, documenti propagandistici e sermoni incitanti ad azioni violente ed al sacrificio personale in azioni suicide destinate a colpire gli “infedeli”; - il favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione clandestina in Italia e verso gli altri Stati dove operano i militanti dell’organizzazione; - © 2017 Diritto.it s.r.l.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb
    Journal of Strategic Security Volume 2 Number 2 Volume 2, No. 2: May 2009 Article 2 Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb Gregory A. Smith Air Force Special Operations Command Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, National Security Law Commons, and the Portfolio and Security Analysis Commons pp. 53-72 Recommended Citation Smith, Gregory A.. "Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb." Journal of Strategic Security 2, no. 2 (2010) : 53-72. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.2.2.2 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol2/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Strategic Security by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb Abstract This paper is organized into four chapters that focus on the terrorist group Al Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). The four chapters examine different facets of the collective environment that have allowed AQIM to succeed and even thrive at times. The first chapter begins with Algeria’s war of independence with the French. The second chapter focuses on the nomadic Tuareg people. It seeks to show how the Tuaregs were deprived by French occupiers and how European colonization cost the Tuaregs access to vital trade routes used for centuries.
    [Show full text]