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Home , All India Services, Central Civil Services, Indian Foreign Service, Indian Forest Service, Indian Police Service

UNIT 11 ALL AND CENTRAL SERVICES Structure 1 1.0 Objectives 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development 1 1.3 Constitution of 1 1.3.1 Indian Administrative Service 1 1.3.2 Indian Service 1 1.3.3 1 1.4 Importance of Indian Administrative Service 1 1.5 Recruitment of All India Services 1 1.5.1 Training of All India Services Personnel 1 1 5.2 Cadre Management 1 1.6 Need for All India Services 1 1.7 Central Services 1 1.7.1 Recwihent 1 1.7.2 Tra~ningand Cadre Management 1 1.7.3 1 1.8 Let Us Sum Up 1 1.9 Key Words 1 1.10 References and Further Readings 1 1.1 1 Answers to Check Your Progregs Exercises r 1.0 OBJECTIVES 'lfter studying this Unit you should be able to: Explain the historical development, importance and need of the All India Services; Discuss the recruitment and training methods of the All India Seryice; and Through light on the classification, recruitment and training of the . 11.1 INTRODUCTION A unique feature of the Indian Administration system, is the creation of certain services common to both - the Centre and the States, namely, the All India Services. These are composed of officers who are in the exclusive employment of neither Centre nor the States, and may at any time be at the disposal of either. The officers of these Services are recruited on an all-India basis with common qualifications and uniform scales of pay, and notwithstanding their division among the States, each of them forms a single service with a common status and a common standard of rights and remuneration. Like other federal polities the Centre and the constituent states, under the Indian Constitution, have their separate public services to administer their respective affairs. Thus, there are Central or Union Services to administer Union subjects, like defence, income tax, customs, posts and telegraphs, railways, etc. The officers of these Services are exclusively in the employment of the Ur~ion . Similarly, the states have their own separate and independent services. 11.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Ever since the creation of the Indian in the days of the Cnmnnnv thew hna alwnvs existed in lndin nn All-Tndia cadre of service The All- India cadres were introduced almos~in all departmehts of the Central Goveniment. All Irdla and-Central These services were, however, not under the control of the -&grid; Services they were directly under the Secretary of State for India and his Council,,,No.All- India service officer could be dismissed from his service by any tither' ailthoiity than the Secretary of State-in-Council, An officer had a right of appeal to that body .if he was adversely dealt with in important disciplinary matters. His salary, pension, etc. were not subject to the vote of any Indian legislature. I These elitist Services, unresponsive and unaccountable to public opinion, found i it difficult to adjust themselves to the reform-era introducing every limited i i responsible government under the Act of 1919. The ~ee Commission in 1924 recommended the abolition of certain all India Services, particularly those dealing with departments that had been 'transferred' to Indian hands under the Act of 1919 namely the Indian Educational Service, Indian Agricultural Service, Indian Veterinary Service and the Roads and Building Branch of the Indian Service of Engineers. It, however, recommended the retention of the , Indian Police, Indian Forest Service, Indian Medical Service and the Irrigation Branch of the Indian Service of Engineers. It also recommended the increasing Indianisation of these Services. The Commission further recommended that any British officer should be free to retire on a proportionate pension if at any time the department in which they were employed should be transferred to the control of responsible Indian ministers. These recommendations were implemented in practice. Further changes were made in the position of these Services by the Government of India Act of 1935. Indians had always been demanding the abolition of All India Services. It was argued before the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament considering the draft of the Act of 1935, and emphasised by the British India delegation in their Joint Memorandum. It stated that further recruitment by the Secretary of State of Officers serving under the Provincial which were to be handed over to popular control was undesirable, and that Services in future be recruited and controlled by the authorities in India. The Joint Committee, however, only partly accepted such demands, and recommended the continuance of ICS, IP and IMS (Civil). This recommendation 'was embodied in Section 224 of the Act of 1935. Thus, at the time of transfer of power in 1947 recruitment was open only to two all India services, namely the ICS and the IP, the recruitment to the IMS had been suspended. The most important and the highest ranking of all such services was the Indian Civil Service commonly known as the ICS which owing to its very high remuneration and enormous authority and prestige, constituted the 'steel frame' of the British Government of India. When the British were leaving India, there were ten all lndia services and twenty-two Central Services. While guaranteeing the rights of the old Services, the new Indian Government had foreseen the need for replacing them with Services controlled and manned by Indians. In fact, as early as October, 1946, Sardar Patel, the then Home Member in the Governor General's Council, had secured the agreement of the Provincial Governments to the formation of the two new all India services, namely the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the (IPS), which were to replace the old ICS and IP. 11.3 CONSTITUTION OF ALL INDIA SERVICES - - - -- The Constitution also provides for the all India cadre of Civil Services. It adopts specifically the IAS and the IPS cadres which had already been created earlier (Article 312-2). It empowers the Union Parliament to create more of such all India services whenever it is deemed necessary or expedient in the national interest, provided the Council of States (the Upper House) passes a resolution to the effect supported by not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting (Article 312-1). Since the Council of States is composed of the < Central Administration representatives of different States, its support will ensure the consent of the States to the creation of new Services. The Constitution also authorises the Parliament to regulate by law the recruitment and the conditions of services of persons appointed to these Services. Accordingly, the All India Service Act was passed by the Parliament in October 1951. Since the inauguration of the Constitution,. ,.. only one, namely, the Indian Forest Service, has been setup. 111-1951 All India Services Act was passed. By virtue of powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section (3) of this Act the Central Government framed new sets of rules and regulations pertaining to the All India Services. It became necessary because the old rules at certain places had become redundant. The rules that were in force before commencement of the Act were also allowed to continue. Thus, there came into existence two sets of rules regulating the conditions of All India Services. The old rules made by the Secretary of State, or the Governor General in Council, which regulated the conditions of service of ICS and IP officers, and the new rules made under the 1951 Act were applicable to the officers of the Indian Administrative and Police Services. 11.3.1 Indian Administrative Service The Indian Administrative Service (IAS) is the direct descendant of the old Indian Civil Service. As an all India service, it is under the ultimate control of the Union Government, but is divided into State cadres, each under the immediate control of a State Government. The salary and the pension of these officers are met by the States. But the disciplinary control and imposition of penalties rest with the Central Government which is guided, in this respect, by the advice of the Union Commission. On appointment, the officers are posted to different State cadres. The strength of each State cadre, however, is so fixed as to include a reserve of officers who can be deputed for service under the Union Government for one or more 'tenures' of three, four or five years before they return to the State cadre. This ensures that the Union Government has at its disposal the services of officers with first hand knowledge and experience of conditions in the States, while the State Governments have the advantage of their officers being familiar with the policies and programmes of the Union Government. Such an arrangement works for the mutual benefit of both governments. The majority of individual officers have an opportunity of serving at least one spell of duty under the Union Government; many have more than one such spell. The practice of rotating senior officers in and out of the Secretariat position is known in official parlance as the tenure system. Another distinctive feature of this Service is its multi-purpose character. It is composed of 'generalist administrators' who are expected, from time to time, to hold posts involving a wide variety of duties and functions; for example, maintenance of law and grder, collection of revenue, regulation of trade, commerce and industry, welfare activities development and extension work, etc. In brief, the IAS is intended to serve all the purposes formerly served by the ICS except providing officers for the judiciary. Thus, this Service is a kind of generalist service, and its officers are liable for posting in almost any branch ,of the administration. 11.3.2 Indian Polite Service The Indian Police Service is an original all India Service (it had pre-independence origins) which differs frbm its compeer - the IAS in two ways: (i) most of the officers in this service work only in the state since there are only a few police posts at the Centre and (ii) its pay scale apd status are lower than those of the IAS. The officers of the IPS are recruited from the same unified All India Civil Service examination which recruits all members of the IAS, IFS and other Central Civil Services. Recruits to the IPS are first given a five months foundational training and All India and Central Services later special training at the Sardar Pate1 National , . The subjects of study and the training is drill, handling of weapons, etc., which have a direct bearing on the normal work of a police officer. The syllabus of training includes studies of crime psychology, scientific aids in detection of crime, methods of combating corruption and emergency relief. After completing a year's training, the probationer passes an examination conducted by the UPSC. He is, then appointed as an Assistant of Police. But, before this appointment he has to undergo a year's programme of training; he is given practical training which requires him to do the work of various subordinate officers. It is only after this that he is appointed an Assistant Superintendent of Police. As an all India Service it is under the ultimate control of the Union Government, but is divided into state cadres, each under the immediate control of a state government. The Indian Police Service is managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs, though the general policies relating to its personnel are determined by the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms. 1 1.3.3 Indian Forest Service The Indian Forest Service is the only all India Service that has been set up after independence. It became operational by an Act of Parliament in 1963. Its pay scale and status is lower than that of the two original all India Services - the IAS and the IPS. Its recruits are chosen from an exclusive examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission which consists of a written test and interview. Though it is an All India Service, its nature is not that of a generalised civil service, but is specialised and fbnctional. It is managed by the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms which is in charge of making rules of recruitment, discipline and conditions of service regarding all India Services. After selection the appointees undergo a foundational course lasting three months along with successfbl candidates of the other all India and Central Services. After the foundation course, the probationers move to their own Academy (Indian Forest Institute) at for a rigorous two year training course, the end of which they have to pass an examination before fonnal posting. The Indian Forest Service is cadre-based as in the case of other All India Services. Like all other All India Services, a member of this Service can comq to the Centre on deputation but has to go back to his cadre after the period of deputation is over. Immediately, after being posted in any Office within the cadre he is kept on probation for one year whereafter he gets his regular posting at a different Office in the same cadre. The outer parameter of the operational area is a state or union temtory. Check Your Progress 1 Note: i) Use the space given below for your answers. i i ii) Check your answers with those given at the end of the Unit. I 1) Trace the evolution of the All India Services after the Government of India Act of 19 19 till the advent of independence in 1947. I Central Adminbtrdon* 2) What are the constitutbnal provisions regarding the All India Services? ------

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3) Explain the 'tenure' and the system of 'dual control' with reference to the Indian Adrninispative Service.

4) What are the major points of difference between the AS and IPS?

11.4 IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE We will now discuss the distinct role of the Indian Administrative Service. The Indian arrangement cteating a common pool of officers, who are in the exclusive employ of neither theicentre nor the states and fill the top posts in both Union and State administrations, comes nearest to the ideal of joint action, co-operation and co-ordination, between the two levels of government as envisaged in a federal polity. On'the one hand, a single integrated federal service common to both the Centre and the States would be a negation of State autonomy. On the other hand, if the federal government is denied its own services, one of the two results may follow - either the State services will be reduced to the status of being mere agents of the Central Goveniment, or the Central Govemment may find itself helpless in case of non-cooperative attitude on the part of the State services. The Indian experiment avoids both by providing separate and independent Union and State services and yet facilities coordination and cooperation, and, if necessary, joint action between the two levels of government by creating a common cadre of officers at the top level. It also avoids the possibility of the best brains preferring Federal service to State service, leaving the latter to be manned by the second or the third best. As it is, the all-India services, being recruited by the Union Government on an all-1ndia basis, attracts the best persons who are then posted to different states. Such service cadres, thus, are a means for carrying a wider stock of I

talent to States. No better way of strengthening the State services can possibly be All India and Central Services suggested. Again, constant transfers of such officers from the States to the Centre and back makes them aware of and conversant with the administrative problq at both levels of the Government. Such officers, therefore, can be the best agents for carrying out administrative coordination between the federal and State administration. I 115 RECRUITMENT OF ALL INDIA SERVICES I We shall now describe briefly the method of recruitment to the All India Services in India. As mentioned earlier, the recruitment is made by the Central Government on the basis of a competitive examination annually conducted by the Union hblic Service Commission (UPSC). The examination is a combined one - for a numb& of services like the IFS, IAS, IPS and the Central Services Class I and 11. To appear at the examination, a candidate must be between the age of 21. and 30. Only a University graduate (one holding B.A. or B.Sc. or an equivalent degree) can appear at the examination. The examination combines a written test of a high standard with a 'personality test' by the Union Public Service Commission in the form of a personal interview. The former aims at judging the level of intelligence and academic learning and the latter attempts to make a measure of the qualities of personality and character. The examination system is .modelled on the British 'general' type rather than the American 'specialised' type. There is a provisidn for relaxation of age upto a maximum. of five years for SCIST candidates and three years for candidates belonging to OBC category. The number of permissible attempts to appear in the examination has been restricted t~ four, with relaxation for OBC candidates (seven attempts) and SCIST candidates (no limit). Prior to 1979 a single competitive examination used to be held. There were three compulsory papers: Essay, General knowledge and General English - each carrying 150 marks. But of a number of optional papers three papers of 200 marks each, and two additional subjects (for IAS and IFS only) out of another list of subjects each carrying 200 marks were to be offered. The candidates who qualifJed in the, written examination were called for interview, which carried 300 marks. The candidates who failed to secure a minimum of 33% of qualifying marks in the interview were declared unsuccessful, and it wasabolished in 1958. The interview marks were added to the marks obtained in the written papers. After this, the Commission recommended the list of selected candidates in order of merit to the government. The above system ~f recruitment in the All India Services was criticized from a number of view points, and the UPSC decided to_wview the system thoroughly. For this purpose a Committee on Recruitment and Selection Methods under the Chairmanship of Prof D.S: Kothari was appointed by the UPS Committee submitted its report in 1976 and made the following 1) To hold a Preliminary examination to screen the candidates for the Main examination; 2) To hold the Main examination to select candidates for entry to the LBS National Academy for a foundation course of about nine months; 3) To hold a post-training test of 400 marks to be conducted by the UPSC on completion of the foundation course, the purpose being to assess personal qualities and attributes relevant to the civil services; 4) To assign candidates to a particular service on the basis of the total marks obtained in the Main examination and the Post-Training Text at LBS Academy, taking into account the candidate's for the services; Central Administration 5) To allow the catldidates to answer all papers, except the language paper, in any language listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, or in English. The Kothari Committee's recommendations regarding the examination scheme (preliminary and main) was accepted by the government, and it was implemented by the UPSC in 1979. Satish Chandra Committee The UPSC set up another Committee in 1988 under the Chairmanship of the former UGC Chairman Satish Chandra to review and evaluate the system of selection to the higher Civil Services and to make suggestions for further improvement. The Committee submitted its Report in I993 and the government is gradually implementing some of th recommendations with effect from the Civil Service Examination of 1993. The main recommendations as accepted by the government are: 1) The practice of holding a common examination should continue; 2) An essay paper should be introduced fiom 1993 examination, and the candidates should be allowed to answer this paper in any one of the languages included in the Eighth Schedule or in English; 3) The marks for the personality test should be raised from 250 marks to 300; 4) From the list of optional subjects certain languages like French, German, Arabic, Pali should be excluded; 5) For both Preliminary and Main Examinations Medial Science should be included as an optional subject; 6) Allotment of services should be on the basis of the candidate's rank and preferences; 7) LBS Academy of Administration should be developed into a high level professional institution; 8) Adequate infiastructural facilities and proper faculty support should be provided to the training institutions; 9) The UGC may review the scheme of conducting coaching classes for students belonging to the minority communities to enable them to compete in various competitive examinations. Present Pattern of Civil Services Examination The competitive examination comprises three successive stages: (a) Civil Services (Preliminary) ~xamination, (b) Civil Services (Main) Examination, and (c) Interview. a) The preliminary Examination consists of two papers of objective type (multiple choide questions) and carry a maximum of 450 marks: on paper on general studies having 150 marks, and another paper of 300 marks on one subject to be selected from a list of optional subjects. The question papers are set in English and . The Preliminary Examination is meant to serve as a screening test only; the marks obtained in this examination by the candidates who are declared qualified for admission to the Main Examination are not counted for determining their final order of merit. The number of candidates to be admitted to the Main Examination is twelve to thirteen times the total number of vacancies in the year. I I b) The Main Examination consists of a written examination and an interview test. The written examination consists of 9 papers of conventional essay type. The nine ~a~erztm: All India and Central Paper-I One of the Indian 300 marks Services languates to. be selected by the candidate from the languages included in the Eighth Schedule of the constitution

Paper-I1 English 300 marks

Paper-111 Essay 200 marks

Paper-1V General Studies 300 marks for each Paper Paper-V

Paper-VI Any two subjects to 300 marks for each be Paper

Paper-VII & VIII Selected from the list of optional subjects

Paper-IX Each subject will have two papers.

It is to be noted that the papers on Indian languages and English are of Matriculation or equivalent standard and are of a qualifying nature; the marks obtained in the papers will not be counted for ranking. Moreover, the papers on Essay, General Knowledge and optional subjects of only such candidates will be evaluated as attain such minimum standard fixed by the UPSC. The Paper-I on Indian Languages is not, however, compulsory for the candidates hailing from certain North-Eastern States like , . The question papers for the examination are of conventional (Essay). type, and each paper is of three hours duration. The candidates may answer all the question papers, except the language papers in any one of the languages included in the Eighth Schedule. The question papers other than language papers are, however, set both in Hindi and English. \ c) The candidates securing minimum qualifyiwmarks in the civil Services (Main Examination, as stipulated by the UPSC, are called for an interview for personality test. The Candidates are interviewed by a Board and are asked question of general interest. The objh of the interview is to assess the personal suitability of the candidate. for a career in Public Service. The test is intended to judge the mental caliber of a'caiklidate. The interview carries 250 marks. The rank-order list of candidates is prepared on the basis of total marks secured in the -Main Examination and interview. The alIocation of candidates to different services is made on the basis of their rank in the tests and preferences. The rank order list is forwarded by the UPSC to the government for hrther necessary action. 11.5.1 Training of All India Service Personnel Recruits to .tKe- All India and Central Services are given a five months' foundational course and then special training in the training institutio-ns for their - Central Admlnlstration respectin acivicg$.- e idmi-un&lyinb fhe {f~und~tional)course is that officers of the higher semi& s9 td acquire an understanding of the constitutional, economic and social fitpxxv* with& which they ,have to function, .as these largely determine the &I@it$ and &ogrammes towards the fmming and execution df which they w'ill, hiivel ta make their contribution. They should, further, acquaint themselves witk'the &hi,ery of Government and the broad principles of .. . The foundational course is also intended to cover such mattes as . aims kid obligati&ns of the Civil Service, and thk ethics of the profession. Foundational course ailsu'develops among recruits to different services a feeling of 'belongingness to cobon public service and a broad common outlook. After completing this five months' foundational course the probationers of the services other thatl the IAS, Mave for their respective training institutions for institutional training, but the TAS hmbationers stay at the Academy to undergo a Mher course of institutional training. From 1969, the Government has introduced a new pattern of training called the . '~'sandwichbcourse,for the Indian Administrative Service. The new entrants to I~S -undergo two spells of training at the Academy with an interval of about a year - whbh is utilised for foundational course. After completion of the foundational course and spell of institutional training at the Academy, the probationer, as he is called, is sent to the State (to which he has been allotted) for practical training. At the end of this training, he again comes to the Academy for a second spell of

a training where emphasis is placed on the discussion of administrative probIems the probationer has either encountered or observed in the course of practical training in the State. This part of the training is, thus, more problem-oriented. At the end of ; the second spell of training at the Academy, the IAS probationer has to sit for a UPSC examination bdore being given the charge of a sub-division in a district.

, 11S.2 Cadre Mlnagement Management of public services in 'lndia was until 1970 shared between the Ministry of Home AiTain and the Ministry of Finance. The responsibility of the former pertained to general conditions of service other than 'those having a financial bearing, while the latter was ultimately responsible for laying down conditions of service involving financial implications. The function of the Ministry of Finance is to consider the financial impli&s of these matters and that of the Home Ministry to take into account -their effects on the efficient funhioning of the services in general. The Ministry of Home Affairs was the Central personnel agency in the ~okmmentof India. Its respohsibility ran both vertically and horizontally. It administered and controlled the all India services. It regulated all matters of general applicability to the services in order to maintain a common standard of recruitment, disciplinb and conditions of service as well. Besides, it looked after the following matters: i) implementation of reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in various services, ii) re-employment of displaced or retrenched employees and also persons who join the army during the national emergency, iii) setting up of Whitley machinery for joint consultation and compulsory arbitration of unresolved diffhnces between the Government and its employees. I After 1970 the Department of Personnel and qdrninistrative Reforms (DEPAR) under the Home Ministry has become the managing authority in the case of the two All India and Central all India services, namely, (i) the Indian Administrative Service, and (ii) the Indian Services Forest Service. The Indian Police Service, which is'- an all India service, is managed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. 11.6 NEED FOR ALL INDIA SERVICES Cornmenti@ on the need for the setting up of all India Services, in a speech before the Constituent Assembly, B.R. Ambedkar, the Clyirman of the Constitution - Drafting Committee, said: ". .. It is recognised that in every country there are certain-posts in its administrativegetup which might be called strategic from the point of view of maintaining the standard of admipistration .. . There can be no doubt that the standard of administration depends upon the calibre of thk civil servants who are appointed to these posts .. . The Constitution provides that, there shall be All India Services, the members of which alone could be appointed to these strategic posts throughout the Union." Ambedkar, thus, emphasised the contributian such a Service could make in bringing about greater efficiency in the administration of the Union as well as the States. Secondly, there are others wbo emphasised the cohesive aspect of such Services, which, it is claimed, will ensure the uniformity of the administrative system throughout the country, We, in India, are fortunate enough to be able to carry out, if we will, that experiment in large measure, thus, providing afi effective check to fissiparous tendencies and secure for its recruits attractions which no other Services can have. In the fifth place, since the responsibility for the administration of a Stare, in the event of the breakdown of the normal constitutional machinery, is vested in the President, the existence in the State of a certain number of officers of All 1ndia Services occupying key posts in the administration will certainly be helphl to him, He can count more on the cooperation of officers, who, in the last analysis, are Union Government's employees, than on the officers of the State Government proper. Check Your Progress 2 Note: i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answers with those given at the end of the Unit. 1) What are the unique and distinctive features of the Indian Administrative Services?

2) Briefly describe the method of recruitment of the All India Services. Central Administration 3) What is the major content thrust of the common training of recruits to the All India Services in the first five months of training period?

4) Who manages the service conditions of the IAS and the IPS?

1 1.7 CENTRAL SERVICES Unlike the all India services, the Central Civil Services are under the exclusive control of the Central Government, its member positions only in the Central Government. The Civil Services of the Central Government comprise established services known as central civil service as well as civil posts created outside the established services, which constitute the general central service. Both the established central civil services and the civil posts are classified in the descending order of importance into Class I, Class 11, Class 111 and Class IV. It has often been poinied out that since the appointing authority is the same, there is ho justification for classifying the services into the all India and central services. Though the appointing authority is the same, yet there is a significant difference between the two. Officers of all India services are employed to serve under the central as well as the state governments. Further, the members of IAS can be appointed to any office calling fqr duties of a general supervisory nature, while th9 officers of the central services are employed in jobs of specialised nature. Therefore, the distinction can be said to be justified. 11.7.1 Recruitment Recruitment to the Central Services Class I and I1 are made by the Union Public Service Commission on the basis of the unified all India Civil Service Examination. 11.7.2 Training and Cadre Management Recruits to the Central Services Class I have to attend a five months foundational course at the National Academy of Administration, and other Central Training Institute before they go to the caining institutions for their respective services. As the central services are unifunctional and specialised in nature, the syllabus of training differs from that of the all India services is as much as the courses of study have a direct bearing on the work which a mekber of the particular cihl service has to perform. A recruit to the Central Service is also given practical training or training on the job during his All India and Central Services training period. At the end of his training, the probationer passes a departmental examination 'in subjects directly related to his work before he or she is sent for her or his first posting. The basic pattern of training is the same for all recruits to the central services. The day-to-day administration of these services rests with the individual Ministry under which the posts exist. Also, involved in the management of these services are the Department of Personnel which determines the conditions of service (of administrative nature) and the Ministry of Finance which is concerned with the pay scales and other financial aspects of conditions of service like fixation of pay, grant of increments, pension and gratuity, contribution to provident fund, etc. 11.7.3 The Indian Foreign Service

The Indian Foreign Service (IFS) comes under Central Civil Service - Class I and was created after Independence. It is under the exclusive control of the Central Government and its members are recruited from the top few positions of the All India Civil Services examination. Among the Central Civil Services it is the topmost in prestige, status, pay and emoluments and its recruits are asked ,to serve in Indian mission and embassies abroad. It is managed by the Ministry of External Affairs. Also, involved in the management of the IFS are the Department of Personnel which deteimines the conditions of service and the Ministry of Finance which is concerned with the pay scales and other financial aspects of conditions of service. In matters of allowances the members of the 1Gian Foreign Service are more fortunate compared to other services. They are entitled to foreign allowance which are fixed with reference to: (a) local cost of living, (b) other expenditure which an officer serving abroad necessarily incurs either at home or abroad, over and above that an officer of corresponding grade serving in India, (c) representational expenditure, i.e., expenditure which while optional for a private individual is obligatory for a member of the service resident, by virtue of his officialposition. The recruit of the IFS undergoes a training programme which covers a period of three years. He is attached to a district for some time to enable him to pick up contact with practical work, he also undergoes a period of secretariat training. Training programme for IFS, however, puts emphasis upon the study of language (Hindi and a foreign language) and of subjects, the knowledge of which is considered essential to a member of the IFS, Check Your Progress 3 Note: i) Use the space given below for your answers. ii) Check your answers with those given at the end of the Unit. 1) What are Central Civil Services? How are they different fiom All India Services? Central ~dslihistr~tion 2) Why is the Indian Foreign Service considered to be in a more privileged position than the other Central Services?

3) Which agencied are responsible for managing the Central Civil Services?

11.8 LET US SUM UP In this Unit we read about: The evolution of the All India Services. The constitutional provisions regarding All India Services and their need. The distinctive features of the Indian Police Service and the Indian Forest Service. The impqrtant features and uniqueness of the Indian Administrative Service. The methods of recruitment and training of All India Services personnel, and the agencies responsible for their management. The Central Services, the difference between Central and All India Services, their classificatioq, recruitment, training and cadre management. 11.9 KEY WORDS Lee Commission : The Royal Commission on the Superior Civil Services in India set up in 1923, under the chairmanship of Lord Lee. It was appointed to inquire into the 'organisation of civil services in India and also the methods of recruitment for Europeans s well as Indians, to the Services. Parlance : Specialised manner of speaking. Whitley Machinery : Whitley councils had their origin in England during the first world war. In Whitley Councils the representatives of the government and employees association sit together to resolve various personnel problems. : The he'aring and determination of a 'dispute by an impartial refree selected or agreed upon by the parties concerned. Probationers : A new recruit undergding a test period. All India and Central I I Services Sandwich Course : Course consisting of alternate period of study and practical (field) work.

11.10 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS - Bhambhri, C.P., 1976, Public Administration in India, Vikas Publishing House, New . Jain, R.B., 1976, Contemporary Issues in Indian Administration,Visual Publications, Delhi. Maheshwari, S.R., 1986, Indian Administration, Orient Longman, ,. Mehta, S.M., 1988, Civil Servants and Administration, Deep and Deep Publication, ~ewDelhi. Misra, B.B., 1986, Government and in India, 1947-1976: Oxford Publishing House, New Delhi. Sinha, V.M., 1985, The Superior Civil Services in India, The Institute for I Research and Advanced Studies, Jaipur. Bhattacharya, Mohit, 2000, Indian Administration, World Press, . 11.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISES I Check Your Progress 1 I 1) Your answer should cover the following points: Lee Commission in 1924 recommended the abolition of certain All India Services. Lee Commission recommended the retention and Indianisation of ICS, IP, IMS, Indian Forest Service and the Imgation Branch of the Indian Service of Engineers. Government of lndia Act brought further changes in the position of the Services. The Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament considered the draft of the Act of 1935 and recommended the continuance of ICS, IP and IMS (Civil). In October 1946, Sardar Patel secured the agreement of the Provincial Government to the formation of the two new All India Service, IAS and IPS to replace the old ICS and IP cover. I 2) Your answer should cover the following points: Article 3 12-2 empowers the Union Parliament to create more of An India Services whenever it is deemed necessary in the national interest. All India Service Act was passed by the Parliament in October 195 1. Two sets of rules regulate the conditions of All India Services, old rules made by the Secretary of State, or the Governor General in Council and the new rules under the 195 1 Act. I 3) Your answer should cover the following points: All India Services are under the ultimate control of the Union Government All lndia Services are divided into state cadres, each under the immediate control of a state government. Central Administration The salary and the pension of these officers are met by the states. The strength of each state cadre is fixed as to include a reserve of officers who can be deputed for service under the Union Government for one or more 'tenures' before they return to the state cadre. 4) See Sub-sections 11.4.1 and 11.4.2. Check Your Progress 2 1) Your answer should cover the following points: Creation of common pool of officers, who are in the exclusive employment of neither of the Centre nor the states, but who occupy top posts in both the Union and State administration facilitating cooperation and coordination between the Centre and States. Enables the Officers of the Indian Administrative Services, to become conversant with the administrative problems at both levels of the government. Since the Indian Administrative Services attracts the best persons, it is a means for carrying a wider stock of talent to states. 2) Your answer should cover the following points: Recruitment on the basis of a competitive examination conducted by the UPSC. Combined examination fo~All India Services and Central Services class I and 11. Nature of examination and interview. 3) [See Sub-section 1 1.6.1. 4) Your answer should cover the following points: Role of Ministry of Home affairs and Finance in the management of All India Services till 1970. Role of Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms as the managing authority since 1970. Check Your Progress 3 1) Your answer should cover the following points: Unlike All lndia Services, the Central Civil Services are under the exclusive control of the Central Government. Its members man positions only in the Central Government. Officers of All India Services are employed to serve under the Central as well as the State governments. Members of IAS can be appointed to any oftice calling for duties of a general nature while the ofticers of the Ceritral Services are employed in jobs of specialised nature. 2) Your answer should cover the following points: Its members are recruited from the top few positions of the All lndia Civil Services examination. It is the top most in prestige, status, pay and emoluments and its recruits are asked to serve in Indian Missions and embassies abroad. In matters of allowances the members of the Indian Foreign Service are most fortunate compared to other services. 3) Your answer should cover the following points: The day-to-day administration of these services rests with the individual ministry under which the posts exists. Also involved in the management of these services is the Department of All India and Central Services Personnel which determines the conditions of service for administrative nature. \ Ministry of finance which is coricerned with the pay-scale and other financial aspects of conditions of service like fixation of,pay grant of increments, pension and gratuity, contribution to Provident Fund etc.