The Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan Adopted by the Quinault Indian Nation Business Committee June 26, 2017 This Master Plan was prepared by the Quinault Those who provided input or assistance: Indian Nation Community Development and Planning Department. The Department would like to Andrea Halstead, Chief Operating Officer acknowledge those who have helped shaped the vision Patrick Hopper and the Master Plan: Garrett Phillips Teddy Wallace ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Patricia Dunn Marquel Waugh Quinault Indian Nation Business Committee Jesse Cardenas Larry Workman Fawn Sharp - President Marvin Oliver Tyson Johnston - Vice President Kathy Law Latosha Underwood - Secretary Quinault Housing Authority Larry Ralston - Treasurer QIN Finance Division Gina James - First Councilman QIN Division of Natural Resources Jim Sellers - Second Councilman QIN Division of Health and Wellness Aliza Brown - Third Councilman QIN Division of Administration Noreen Underwood - Fourth Councilman QIN Division of Community Services Dawneen DeLaCruz - Fifth Councilman QIN Public Safety Clarinda Underwood - Sixth Councilman QIN Office of the Attorney General Thomas Obi - Seventh Councilman Quinault Land and Timber Enterprise Kaul Design Associates Coates Design Architects QIN Planning Staff Administration for Native Americans Bureau of Indian Affairs Charles Warsinske, RLA, Community Development U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Planning Manager U.S. Army Corps of Engineers FEST-A Team Kelsey Moldenke, AICP LEED AP, Senior Planner USDA Rural Development, Olympia Office Sue Kalama, Administrative Assistant U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Richard Carpenter, Land Use Planner U.S. Department of Transportation Carl Smith, AICP LEED AP, Environmental Planner Federal Emergency Management Agency Indian Health Service Artwork: Lummi Nation National Renewable Energy Laboratory Chapter Page Watercolors - Coates Design Architects Washington State Department of Natural Resources - Salmon, Tree and Sun - Doug James Tim Walsh and Rey Cakir Washington State University Extension Staff of Quixote Village, Olympia

and all the members of the community who participated in Community Meetings, surveys and interviews!

Project funded by: This Page Left Blank Intentionally TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTERS:

Executive Summary...... v 1. History and the Need to Relocate...... 1 2. Goals and Principles ...... 13 3. Community Facilities...... 21 4. Housing...... 39 5. Neighborhoods...... 47 6. Culture...... 59 7. Infrastructure...... 65 8. Sustainability...... 87 9. Economic Opportunities and Funding...... 103 10. Land Use Code Changes...... 109 11. Resilience...... 119

FIGURES:

Chapter 1: Figure 1-1 Lower Village Inundation Map...... 2 Figure 1-2 Walking Times to Safe Areas...... 5 Figure 1-3 Extent of Modeled Tsunami in Taholah...... 6 Figure 1-4 Existing Taholah...... 6 Figure 1-5 Allotment Map...... 10

Chapter 3: Figure 3-1 Space Needs...... 23 Figure 3-2 Schematic Plan for Generations Building...... 25 Figure 3-3 Schematic Plan for Maintenance Hub...... 27 Figure 3-4 Schematic Plan for Justice Center...... 28 Figure 3-5 Schematic Plan for Fire Station...... 29 Figure 3-6 Schematic Plan for Community Center...... 34 Figure 3-7 Central Park Schematic Drawing...... 36 Figure 3-8 Floorplan of Proposed New Taholah School...... 36 Figure 3-9 Proposed New Taholah School...... 37

Chapter 4:

Figure 4-1 Housing Applications...... 112 Figure 4-2 Concept for Cottage Housing...... 112 Figure 4-3 Concept for Transitional Housing...... 112

Chapter 5:

Figure 5-1 Neighborhoods...... 50 Figure 5-2 Northeast Neighborhood...... 51 Figure 5-3 West Neighborhood and Civic Corridor...... 53 Figure 5-4 Southeast Neighborhood...... 54 Figure 5-5 Allotment 3062, Existing Conditions and Possible Future Uses...... 55 Figure 5-6 Neighborhood Development and Land Use Summary...... 57

Chapter 6:

Figure 6-1 Potential Cultural Installation Sites...... 63

Chapter 7:

Figure 7-1 Realignment of Capoeman-Aalis Intersection...... 69 Figure 7-2 Street Sections...... 70 Figure 7-3 Wellness Walking Routes and Future Trails in the Upper Village...... 72 Figure 7-4 Future Trails in the Upper Village...... 73 Figure 7-5 Existing and Suggested Transit Routes and Stops...... 74 Figure 7-6 Map of Existing Water Infrastructure - Lower Village...... 75 Figure 7-7 Map of Existing Water Infrastructure - Upper Village...... 76 Figure 7-8 Map of Future Water Infrastructure - Upper Village...... 77 Figure 7-9 Map of Existing Sewer Infrastructure - Lower Village...... 78 Figure 7-10 Map of Existing Sewer Infrastructure - Upper Village...... 79 Figure 7-11 Map of Future Sewer Infrastructure - Upper Village...... 80 Figure 7-12 Trail Section (Typical)...... 81 Figure 7-13 Infrastructure Opinion of Probable Cost...... 82 Figure 7-14 Phasing Diagram...... 85

Chapter 8:

Figure 8-1 Quinault House...... 88 Figure 8-2 Energy Savings Chart...... 89 Figure 8-3 Low Impact Development...... 96

Chapter 10:

Figure 10-1 Existing 2011 Comprehensive Plan Land Use Designations...... 110 Figure 10-2 Revised Comprehensive Plan Designations...... 110 Figure 10-3 Existing Title 48 Zoning Designations...... 111 Figure 10-4 Revised Title 48 Zoning Designations...... 112 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A phasing program has been designed to provide for development in a logical manner. Phasing will ensure This document constitutes the Taholah Village that necessary roadways, site grading, and utility Relocation Master Plan. It discusses the process backbone improvements and easements will occur in a of creating a vision and development plan for the timely manner. project, establishes development and design standards for ensuring a quality community, determines Numerous financing mechanisms may be required infrastructure demands, incorporates culture, and sets to facilitate and implement the development and forth implementing this project through phasing and operation of major infrastructure items and essential financing. community facilities.

Relocating an entire village is a rare undertaking, The Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan although as sea levels rise and awareness of the past emphasizes the creation of a livable, pedestrian- earthquakes and tsunamis caused by the Cascadia oriented community that will provide for a unique Subduction Zone grows, the need to relocate the Lower Quinault identity and variety in housing in a safe Village of Taholah increases. Already subject to minor location. flooding during storms, after an 9.2 earthquake caused by the Subduction Zone, Taholah could be inundated by up to 50 feet of water. This would likely lead to mass casualties, as residents would have little time to escape to higher ground, as well as a total loss of property in the Lower Village. One-fifth of the Quinault Indian Nation (QIN) lives in the Lower Village of Taholah. Many facilities, including emergency services and the museum, the main repository for Quinault culture, are threatened by damage from a tsunami.

The new Upper Village of Taholah will be a mixed-use community consisting of approximately 300 dwellings units, approximately 200,000 square feet of community facilities and commercial buildings, as well as parks, trails, and open space. Comprised of five QIN-trust allotments, the total site area is approximately 207 acres.

The Taholah Village Relocation project will utilize and Geologists examining evidence of past tsunamis north of expand upon the history of the Lower Village,while Taholah. Photo by Larry Workman introducing new housing concepts, steps to become a more resilient community in the face of disaster, and energy efficiency measures. Development and design standards have been incorporated into this document, in order to create a framework which reinforces the structure, character and quality desired for this community. These guidelines address building parcels, home lots, architecture, civil engineering and landscape architecture.

v This Page Left Blank Intentionally History and the Need to Relocate Figure 1-1: Lower Village Inundation Map History and the Need to Relocate

HISTORY AND THE NEED TO RELOCATE

The QIN has always depended on the Quinault Riv- er and the Pacific Ocean for sustenance. Both have played integral roles in the Nation’s identity and sur- vival. The Quinault traditionally lived in villages along the river and at its mouth. However, this proximity to the ocean and river threatens residents in low-lying ar- eas. Tsunamis, flooding and rising sea levels associated with climate change could inundate villages and result in loss of life and devastating property damage.

According to geologists, 8.0 or greater magnitude earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) occur, on average, approximately every 500 Lower Village of Taholah. Photo by Larry Workman years. The CSZ lies approximately 50 miles off-shore Tsunami modeling conducted by the Washington State from Taholah. Historical records from Japan and Department of Natural Resources predicts that the physical evidence, such as the Ghost Forest along the lower village of Taholah would be entirely submerged nearby Copalis River, indicate that the most recent to a depth of 40 feet if there were a 9.0 earthquake on of these quakes occurred in January 1700. In the case the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore. In the case of a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, the whole western of tsunami, there would be little time for residents to side of the Olympic Peninsula might drop up to six escape; a tsunami caused by an earthquake associated feet, making low-lying areas even more vulnerable to with the CSZ could reach Taholah within 20 minutes tsunamis and later coastal flooding. of the event. The United States Geological Survey estimates an evacuation time of nearly twenty minutes Taholah, the largest village on the reservation, is from the northwestern part of the village (assuming located at the confluence of the Quinault River and the ideal conditions). Please refer to Figure 1-2. Pacific Ocean and therefore is particularly vulnerable to rising waters and tsunamis. When Taholah was Even minor storm events can endanger the lower platted by the Bureau of Indian Affairs around 1915, village. In March 2014, a storm surge breached the the town was laid out on estuary soils and fill, making seawall that protects Taholah, causing the QIN to the village subject to liquefaction and to greater danger declare a state of emergency. While the seawall was than would occur had it been laid out on a more solid reconstructed after that event, the seawall is not a footing. The draft FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map permanent solution. In December 2015, waves nearly (FIRM) for Taholah (2015) places the lower village topped the seawall during a minor storm. In March west of Highway 109 in the one-percent flood zone and 2016, residents could canoe between First Street and subject potentially to high flood insurance rates. the police station because of localized flooding likely

Localized Flooding on First Avenue After a Storm.Photo by QIN Planning Dept.

3 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Sea Wall during a Storm, 2015. Photo by QIN Planning Dept. c. 1885 Sketch of Taholah by Sarah Willoughby caused by the flooding of Long Pond, which lies south Special Collections Division, University of Washington Libraries, Negative No: NA4045 of the seawall. HISTORY OF MOVING The safety of the nearly 700 people (about 20% of tribal membership) who live and work in the flood The 2016 All Hazards Mitigation plan strongly and tsunami zones in the Lower Village of Taholah recommended that an “orderly and long-term is threatened by rising waters. At risk are nearly 100 progression of services, houses and businesses to tribal elders; 150 children who live or attend school in the Upper Village” be undertaken, given the threat the lower village; 175 homes; a K-12 school; Head Start posed to the Lower Village by tsunamis. In 2012, and day care facilities; the Senior Programs Center; visioning and community outreach called Noskiakos The Mercantile; the Quinault Pride Fish house; the was initiated. Noskiakos was named for a former Quinault Cultural Center; police, fire, health, and other village at the mouth of the Quinault River. Community community facilities; administrative offices, such as members identified their most immediate priorities those for the Tribal Court, Recreation, the Housing through this process. The highest priority identified Authority, and the Quinault Nation Enterprise was relocation of the Head Start and Day Care Board; and infrastructure for water, sanitation, programs. The next priority was relocation of the communications, and transportation. Senior Program and Youth Programs. Relocation of emergency services was also frequently mentioned. The Lower Village of Taholah is threatened, not only Community members stated that housing and essential by the CSZ-triggered tsunami, but also rising sea levels services should be phased together for continuity. caused by climatic change which may lead to increased flooding of the village. According to Preparing for Most comments regarding housing reflected a desire a Changing Climate: Washington State’s Integrated for single family housing, but some community Climate Response Strategy, “for the central and members mentioned a need for apartment units. southern Washington coasts, the medium estimate is Community members wanted both formal and an increase of 5 inches by 2050 and 11 inches by 2100. informal gathering areas, such as the Mercantile, to be Increases of up to 3 feet for the northwest Olympic included in the Upper Village design. Visual and trail Peninsula, 3.5 feet for the central and southern coast, connections down to the river and ocean were also and 4 feet for Puget Sound by 2100 cannot be ruled out requested by community members. at this time due to large ranges for accelerating rates of ice melt from Greenland and Antarctica.” THE RELOCATION PLAN

With support from the community, QIN leadership made the difficult decision to begin planning for relocating the lower village of Taholah to approximately 200 acres of higher ground 1/2 mile 4 History and the Need to Relocate

Figure 1-2: Walking Times to Safe Areas

5 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 1-3: Extent of Modeled Tsunami in Taholah. Rendering by QIN Planning Dept.

Figure 1-4: Existing Taholah Rendering by QIN Planning Dept.

6 History and the Need to Relocate from the existing village center. Development of this Senior Center, School, Health Center). Master Plan was initiated in the spring of 2014 with support from a Social and Economic Development A large, permanent settlement pattern is relatively Strategies (SEDS) grant from the Administration for new to the Quinault. Historically, the Quinault lived Native Americans. This Master Plan articulates land in small villages or seasonal encampments along uses, private and public development standards, lot the length of the Quinault River. In fact, the name lines, and the location and design of public buildings Quinault was adapted from Kwi’nail, the name of a and facilities. The aim is to provide the residents and village at the mouth of the river, where Taholah stands businesses of the lower village with the opportunity today. to move to a safer place in a manner that ensures continuity in government service provision and According to the QIN Comprehensive Plan, “families affordable housing options for those who wish to dispersed to different locations throughout the year relocate. The Relocation Area lies within the Taholah along the length of the river, depending on the season Infrastructure Growth Boundary (IGB), the area set and resource availability. Temporary camps consisted aside for future development of the Village. of simple shed roof or A-frame structures that were covered with mats. In some cases families built Because Taholah is relatively isolated and likely will semi-permanent structures where resources could be among the last areas to receive emergency aid, the be consistently harvested. Longhouses were built of Master Plan includes the best ways for the village to be cedar posts, cross beams and stringers. The roofs and resilient in case of disaster. This includes backup power walls were made of split cedar planks which could be and emergency water supplies and armoring of the disassembled and transported to other locations when wastewater facility. necessary.”

The construction of the Multi-Use Building for the This free, seasonal movement ended in the late Senior Program, Day Care, Early Head Start and Head 1800s, with the establishment of land ownership and Start will commence shortly. This building is the first subdivision of land under the General Allotment project to be designed and constructed, following the Act of 1887, also known as the Dawes Act. The priorities set in the initial Noskiakos study. Dawes Act divided reservation land into allotments for tribal members, for the stated purpose of Existing Taholah agricultural production. Land that was not allotted to Quinaults was allotted to members of other tribes The population of Taholah is approximately 825; and the remainder of reservation land was sold off to approximately 660 of these residents live in the Lower homesteaders. Shortly after 1910, the Bureau of Indian Village. There are 175 residential units in the Lower Affairs platted Taholah with a grid street pattern and Village; all but 10 of these are single family homes. established lots and ownership. Much of the Lower The Quinault Housing Authority leases one five-unit Village of Taholah was built on fill and therefore is now building for elder housing, one duplex and one-triplex. subject to liquefaction in earthquakes. Public buildings are located throughout the village. Administration, Natural Resources and the Health Public Buildings Center are located in the upper village. In the lower village, there is a small core of public buildings near Community Buildings in the Lower Village include: Quinault Street and Second Avenue (Mercantile, • Community Center Community Center, Police, Courts, Fish House); the • Taholah School remaining public buildings are dispersed throughout the residential area. Most of the residential areas in the Offices and Services: Lower Village are within a five-minute (quarter-mile) walk of an important public facility (the Mercantile,

7 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

• Roundhouse: Communications (Newspaper and many records), Public Defender, Construction Management, Emergency Management, Director of Community Services • Building Maintenance • Child Support Services • Commodities • Community Development • Day Care, Head Start and Early Head Start • Diabetes Program • Recreation • Education • Museum • Senior Program • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Emergency Services and Justice: • Police • Criminal Court and Office of the Attorney General

Division of Natural Resources: • QDNR Fisheries Storage • Fire Top: Senior Building, Lower Village Housing: Bottom: Taholah Mercantile, Lower Village • Quinault Housing Authority offices and Photos by QIN Planning Dept. maintenance building and playground equipment at the school. There is an Enterprises: additional basketball hoop along Spruce Street and a • Quinault National Enterprise Board and associated playground between Pine and Cedar Streets. In the accounting office Upper Village, a basketball court and playground are • The Mercantile located in the center of the Snob Hill development. The • Quinault Pride Fish House old Seabreeze baseball fields between First and Second Avenue have been abandoned and replaced by a field Semi-public Uses in the Upper Village to the north of the Administration Building. The field was built by and is maintained by There are two religious institution in the Lower Village, the Taholah School District. the Shaker Church and a new church on Cuitan Street near the TANF Building. The other church in Taholah is located on land above the tsunami zone. There are THE RELOCATION AREA no other semi-public uses. The Village Relocation Area, as selected by the Recreation and Parks Facilities Quinault Indian Nation Business Committee is comprised of all or part of five allotments, roughly Along with the recreation building, there are a few ½-mile southeast of the lower village of Taholah. other recreational facilities in the Lower Village. There The Relocation area varies in elevation from 164 are a football field, softball field, basketball hoops feet to 26 feet (the general elevation of the tsunami

8 History and the Need to Relocate zone along the northern edge of the Relocation Area field, are located on Allotment 3062. Allotment 3062 near the wastewater treatment plant). Currently, the slopes downward towards the river from elevation 90 Relocation area can be seen as three topographically to elevation 20 feet. Approximately half of Allotment distinct areas. The southern half of the site is a plateau 3062 is located above the tsunami zone. All existing sloping from the high point of 164 feet along the uses are located above the tsunami zone except for the Area’s eastern boundary to State Route 109 in the west. Sewage Treatment Plant. The allotment was previously This area is currently undeveloped, other than a few used as a quarry and garbage dump. Much of the area overgrown logging roads. North of the plateau, the of this allotment is still available for development. site slopes steeply downward. This slope is the second distinct topographic area. At the toe of the slope there Allotments 164 and 164A are generally flat and are is a second flat area, or bench, on the top of bluffs forested by small trees. Allotment 164 drains to the above the river. This bench extends from the eastern west and 164A drains both to 163 to the north and to boundary of the area to State Route 109. The northern the south. Capoeman Road serves the residences on edge of this bench is the northern boundary of the Snob Hill via an easement across adjacent Allotment Relocation Area. The land to the north of the bluffs 75A. There are no identified streams within the Village then slopes down to lower-lying areas and eventually Relocation Area boundaries. The Relocation Area is to the river. surrounded by forest lands to the south and east, State Route 109 and the residential area of Snob Hill to the The Village Relocation Area is composed of two west, and lowlands within the tsunami zone sloping to full allotments (164, 164A) and the areas above the the Quinault River to the north. tsunami zone on three allotments (162, 163 and 3062). There has been limited development on two allotments Existing Conditions and no development on three of the allotments (164, 164A, 162). The Quinault Indian Nation owns or has The soils within the Relocation Area are largely Joe substantial control of Allotments 162, 163, 164, 164A Series, a well-drained gravelly soil. The soils associated and 3062. The portion of 163 in the Relocation Area with the large wetland are of the Sekiu Series, a is generally flat, at an elevation of 128 feet. The Roger poorly draining soil type. There are no areas prone to Saux Health Center is located on Allotment 163 along landslides or liquefaction within the Relocation Area Kla Ook Wa Drive and currently the only development (South Sound Geotechnical Consulting Geotechnical on this allotment. The remainder of the allotment is Report, June 3, 2014). There is generally a 2- to 4-foot forested with trees less than twenty years in age. layer of silt and clay and 1 to 2 feet of organic material, including stumps, on top of the silt and clay. Sand Allotment 162, to the east, will be the location of the and gravel lie beneath the silt and clay. This organic new Taholah School and Multi-Use Building (Senior material will need to be removed before infrastructure Program, Day Care, Head Start and Early Head Start). installation. Infiltration will be feasible in the areas of The allotment is generally forested with trees less than sand and gravel. Retention or detention facilities would twenty years old; the areas for the new school road and be required in areas of silt and clay. Excavation to the Multi-Use Building have been cleared. Two wetlands gravel layer via drywells will facilitate infiltration. are also present on the allotment, an approximately 3-acre site just to the south of the Capoeman Ranch The prevailing winds are from the west year-round. In Road and a 1/3-acre wetland east of the homes on the summer the winds come from the northwest and Aalis Drive on the northwest portion of Allotment in the winter, the southwest. There are no endangered 164A. species or critical habitat in the Relocation Area. A large wetland will be retained in the northeastern The Administration and Quinault Division of Natural portion of the site, as will a smaller wetland behind the Resources buildings, along with the Archives Building, existing homes on Aalis Drive. the Sewage Treatment Plant and the upper baseball

9 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 1-5: Allotment Map

10 History and the Need to Relocate

Views from the Relocation Area are relatively limited due to tree cover in the surrounding areas. Selective cutting could open up view corridors in selected locations to visually link the upper village with the Quinault River and the ocean.

The Relocation area is generally forested. The forested areas towards the north of the site were planted in the 1990s. The remainder of the forested area, roughly Two-thirds of the site was last harvested in 2005 and replanted in 2006. There are no records of endangered plants in the Relocation Area. No pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers are known to have been used in the Relocation Area, as there is a Business Committee resolution restricting the use of such chemicals on forest plots across the Reservation. This Plan envisions that a mature forest will remain at the northeast corner of the site.

11 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

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12 Goals and Priorities Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE MASTER and discussed. PLAN The first survey question asked of community The Master Plan staff has conducted Village-wide members was “What do you like about the community meetings and door-to-door and on-line surveys to and what makes it special?” The most common gain an understanding of conditions, community answers were “our people,” the river, the ocean, aspirations and how best to translate the culture of the family, “our elders,” “the closeness of our community”, Lower Village to the Upper Village. This information “that everyone knows each other”, and “easy access influenced community design and priorities that will to everything”. From these responses, issues were guide the subdivision and land use plans. This Master identified and goals were set. Plan incorporates the needs of the community and provides for the appropriate community facilities and KEY ISSUES housing; infrastructure; and business, administrative, public health and safety and recreation facilities. The During the public participation process, community community had identified moving the programs of the members expressed their concerns regarding the most vulnerable populations as a priority even before relocation. This input, as well as feedback from staff commencement of the planning process. members and the Business Committee, yielded nine main themes that the Master Plan should address. Adhering to these goals will produce a walkable These themes include: community denser than the existing Taholah with a greater mix of housing types, yet retain the rural feel of Elders the community. Quinault members have strongly indicated a desire PUBLIC PARTICIPATION to ensure that the needs of the elders are met as part of the Relocation, in terms of prioritizing both Public participation has been critical to the the relocation of facilities serving their needs, and preparation of this Master Plan. Information was providing easy access to these facilities once they are solicited from community members at a series of built. The design and construction of the Multi-use community meetings and in various surveys over (Generations) Building, concurrent with the Master a two-year period. Staff set up booths at various Plan, will be a major step in providing a modern space community events to inform the public about the for elders with ample space and amenities above the project and to talk with Quinault members about their tsunami zone. Other comments included a desire for concerns. Over the course of the preparation of the one or two bedroom homes for seniors, concerns that plan, seven community meetings and dinners were parks and public spaces be accessible to elders and held at the Community Center. Staff also presented the consideration of the financial situation of many elders project at an Elders’ Dinner and set up informational in regard to costs of relocating to a new home. tables at various other events, such as wellness fairs, the Tribal Picnic, and the Halloween party. Surveys Children were distributed and collected in association with the first three of these meetings, both at the meeting and Along with elders, children are the highest priority on the project website. Staff went door-to-door in the for the residents of Taholah. Residents prioritized lower village of Taholah to ask the public additional the early relocation of facilities geared towards questions, educate community members about the children, including the school, Head Start programs plan, and answer questions. In the surveys and at and day care. Expansion of youth facilities, especially the meetings, critical issues, concerns, challenges, recreational facilities, was commonly mentioned in community desires and partnerships were identified comments. The Multi-use (Generations) Building is a

14 Goals and Priorities positive first step in moving youth programs out of the Public Facilities and Infrastructure tsunami zone. Community members expressed their opinions Housing regarding the type of public facilities and gave some input as to preferred locations for various facilities, Housing in the Upper Village is a major concern for such as police and fire facilities. A substance abuse Taholah residents. Residents asked many questions recovery/transition facility and laundry facilities were regarding house and lot size and how new homes suggested in meetings. Safe streets, sidewalks and would be paid for. Many residents were happy with increased lighting were also suggested. Concerns of the their current lot sizes, though some residents needed community and the Business Committee have been homes for large families and others wanted smaller incorporated in this Master Plan to generally site the lots with reduced upkeep responsibilities. Based on required facilities and allow space for growth. comments at the community meetings and the surveys, the community is in favor of a mix of housing sizes Recreation and types. The Housing Authority expressed a desire to have the affordable homes scattered throughout Community members indicated that current recreation neighborhoods, not concentrated in one area, where facilities in Taholah are lacking. Respondents the homes can be more readily stigmatized. QIN Staff mentioned a range of ideas for new recreation has also indicated a need for housing for the homeless facilities, including a fitness walk and trails, more and for people reentering the community after drug recreational opportunities and parks for youth, such as and other rehabilitation programs. playgrounds and skate parks, a larger recreation facility than the Riverview Fitness Center, and an aquatic Culture center. Taholah residents appreciated living in close proximity to playgrounds and sports facilities, such as The Quinault people have a unique culture that can be basketball courts. There was a desire both for outdoor integrated into the village design. Feedback from the and indoor recreational facilities. Some residents community included a desire for areas for traditional preferred several small parks and other preferred basket-weaving materials to be grown and for art and one large park. Maintenance of the new recreational language to be incorporated into the village to mark facilities (such as a swimming pool) was a concern to the village as Quinault. some residents.

Project Funding Resilience to Disaster

The Relocation will be a significant investment of Taholah is located at the end of State Route 109 and money, time and resources. Many concerns were power and phone infrastructure lines. Community raised at meetings and in surveys regarding how to members were concerned about the water and power fund various aspects of the project. This Master Plan supplies, as well as facilities to be used as temporary outlines logical phasing for the housing, road and shelter in case of disaster. Power outages are not utility infrastructure and public facilities and link infrequent, especially during winter storms. It is potential funding sources to each phase. The funding possible that, in the case of disaster, power from the sources include Tribal revenue streams, foundations, Grays Harbor PUD will not be restored for months, government grants and various financial instruments, perhaps up to two years. The Relocation provides such as tax credit financing. an opportunity to plan for protecting existing infrastructure and finding effective backup strategies to provide essential services during a disaster. This is vital, as Taholah will likely be attended to last by

15 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Federal and State aid agencies, given its location and Village. Various community members mentioned a population. New locations that are not in the tsunami need for walking paths in their surveys. Input from the zone must be found for emergency services. Health and Wellness Division also indicated a desire for walking trails to improve health outcomes in the The waterline servicing Taholah from the upriver community, which is subject to high levels of obesity well crosses the river on the SR 109 bridge and is and diabetes. vulnerable in the case of a tsunami. Maintaining a safe water supply in case the waterline is damaged Infrastructure Coordination in the earthquake and/or tsunami is of paramount importance. The Master Plan provides a detailed guide to development phasing, including infrastructure. Sustainability/Energy/Salmon: The Master Plan includes street sections detailing the location of future stormwater, sewer, water and The community members and Business Committee communications infrastructure. The Plan lists which desire a community that is sustainable; after all, the infrastructure improvements must be completed Reservation is at risk from climate change. This plan before others can begin. examines and suggests home design and lot layout that are energy efficient. Alternative energy is incorporated Culture as part of the plan for economic development, greenhouse gas reduction and resilience at the time of The inclusion of Quinault culture in the Master disaster. Plan will help create a unique village that provides residents and visitors of a sense of being in Quinault Salmon are of extreme importance historically, country. Culture can be manifested visually in art and culturally and economically to the Quinault. Thus, traditional architecture and through the provision of concern was expressed regarding cleanliness of water facilities like salmon baking pits in the open space as it flowed off the site and potentially to salmon area. Less obviously, but just as culturally significant, habitat. This plan emphasizes low impact stormwater the needs of the elders and children are prioritized. development to limit any chemicals or excessive sediment from entering the river or ocean. Water Quality

GUIDING PRINCIPLES Salmon has long been the staple food of the Quinault and the salmon runs continue to provide food to the The desired outcome of this project is to identify and Nation, as well as being a major economic driver for provide a blueprint for a village that will remove the tribal members and the Quinault Nation Enterprise residents of the Lower Village from imminent danger Board. Therefore, maintaining water quality in the in a way that promotes public health, Quinault culture Quinault River is paramount. The stormwater runoff and sustainability. that will be generated by the homes, commercial development, government buildings and roads in the Walkable Community Upper Village must not pollute the river. This Master Plan specifies the use of Low Impact Development The Master Plan focuses on creating walkable stormwater facilities, including bioswales, detention neighborhoods to reduce greenhouse gas emission and retention facilities and, where possible, infiltration and improve public health through encouragement measures. Bioswales and basins may be lined with of walking, link parks and recreation facilities and native and culturally significant vegetation, including mirror the existing development pattern of the Lower various reeds and camas.

16 Goals and Priorities

Resilience 5. the fire station.

Given Taholah’s remote location and the probable The Taholah School is a priority for the community. severe damage that will be done to infrastructure in However, the school is not under control of the QIN; a major earthquake and tsunami, the village must the Taholah School District under the auspices of be designed to be as resilient as possible. Even small the State of Washington is responsible for the school events, such as windstorms, close roads and down relocation. Land has been set aside in the Relocation power lines, isolating the village. Thus, planning for Area for the School and its accompanying sports safe havens in case of disaster and alternative energy fields. According to the Education Specification for the sources is a must when determining facility siting, Taholah School prepared in 2011, a new school will sizing, orientation and programming. be 86,000 square feet for K-12 classes. The Education Specification will need to be reviewed and updated PRIORITIES before school design is undertaken by the Taholah School District. The northerly road to the school is Eventually all non-water related uses in the Lower approximately half complete. This extension of Kla Village will need to relocate to higher ground. Ook Wa Road was completed in 2015 from the Health Prioritization of the facility construction is important Center to Capoeman Ranch Road. for life safety issues and infrastructure phasing. The following are the two categories of highest priority. The new Community Center is planned to be approximately 15,000 square feet. The Center will First Priority: function much as the existing center in the Lower Village does, serving as the community space most • Seniors, Head Start Early Head Start and Day Care used for community meetings, various fairs, sales, Programs (prioritized 2007) funerals and training sessions. The existing community • Police and Courts center is one large hall with poor acoustics and audio/ • Fire Station visual equipment. The new Community Center will • Community Center/Evacuation Center contain smaller meeting rooms as well as a larger hall. There will be room dividers in the larger hall so that Second Priority: the hall may be transformed to a space that best fits the given function. A commercial kitchen is included • Museum to serve community functions, but will also address • Maintenance Programs (Road, Building) emergency needs. • Commodities • Social Services, such as TANF, Child Support The Community Center will also serve as the Services emergency shelter for Taholah. The bathrooms will be oversized and include shower facilities so that the This list is not exhaustive; buildings not on this list Center can handle an influx of displaced residents. may be constructed before or concurrent with listed There will be extra storage for emergency supplies, facilities. Schematic designs have been prepared for: such as cots and large tents. This facility could temporarily house 300 people. 1. the Multi-Use (Generations) Building 2. the new community center/evacuation facility Currently, there is no dedicated building for fire 3. a maintenance hub including Building protection. A shed near the mercantile and part of Maintenance, Construction Management, Road the pole building near the wastewater treatment Maintenance and the Rez Racer plant house much of the firefighting equipment. 4. the police station/courts building, and Thus, a central fire facility would greatly benefit

17 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan the community. The fire station is modeled on a facilities for the roads and building maintenance design from a 2007 feasibility study. The proposed programs, as well as construction management, are station is approximately 14,000 square feet. Space a priority. These programs will be housed together, could be added for EMS personnel and equipment along with the Rez Racer buses, in a new complex or EMS could be housed in a facility near the Health referred to here as the Maintenance Hub. It will consist Center. The EMS facility will require secure storage of various garages and offices for each program. Space for pharmaceuticals. The fire station will be located will also be set aside for a vehicle maintenance facility along the main entry road near State Route 109. Fire and vehicle washing facility. The maintenance hub will personnel expressed a desire to have fast access to State be located to the north and down the hill from the Route 109 to serve both upper and lower Taholah, as Administration Building. well as nearby areas, such as Santiago. Community members were concerned with siren noise and fire The Multi-use (Generations) Building will be located truck traffic and surveys showed a preference that to the east of the Health Center. Architectural and the fire station be located away from the center of the engineering design has commenced on this 32,000 village and most residential areas. square foot facility. The building will house the programs identified in 2007 as the first priority to The Police Station will share a building with the relocate to higher ground, the Senior Program, Day courts and the combined facilities will encompass Care, Head Start and Early Head Start. The language, approximately 20,000 square feet. Currently, the education, recreation and MIS programs will also have police must escort defendants from the police station space within the building. The children’s programs will outdoors across a parking lot to the court facility, be protected by secured entries. A kitchen will serve which is prone to security concerns and harsh weather. the Seniors and children’s programs and the building The new facility will allow secure, indoor escort of can serve as an interim emergency shelter until the defendants to and from court. The courts portion of completion of the new Community Center. Having the building includes new or expanded facilities, such the elders and children programs under one roof will as more offices for probation officers; a jury room; provide opportunities for intergenerational interaction designated bathroom facilities for substance testing; and learning. Various cultural facilities, such as fire separation between the courtroom and lobby which pits, will be associated with the Seniors wing. The is essential for cases requiring confidentiality; more building is slated to open in 2018. difficult access for the public to the judge's chambers; and enough room for security screening equipment. Social services could be combined into a one-stop shop The police area will also have new facilities, such as an for convenience. These services include TANF, TERO, armory, squad room and training room. Like the fire Commodities, Child Support Services, and the Ta’ala station, the police station will be located near State Fund. Route 109 and generally away from residences due to noise concerns, as well as security concerns inherent to While these buildings are of the highest priority, many a police facility. more facilities will need to be constructed over the course of the Relocation. These include: The marine air of Taholah damages vehicles by promoting rust and corrosion. Most QIN maintenance Administration: vehicles are currently parked outside. Security issues regarding these vehicles have also occurred. There is • Communications a need to provide garages for these vehicles to prevent • Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) this harm to the Nation’s investments. In the case of disaster, the tools and equipment of the various Community Services: maintenance departments may be invaluable. Thus,

18 Goals and Priorities

• Planning Department • Custodial • Other offices (Emergency Management, Director) • Executive: • Executive Offices Expansion • Secured Storage Space

Finance:

• Filing Room • Health and Wellness: • Chemical Dependency • Health Center Expansion

Public Safety:

• Animal Control

Quinault Department of Natural Resources (QDNR):

• Secure Storage for Storage for Fisheries, Environmental Protection, and Resource Protection

Quinault Housing Authority (QHA):

• Housing Administration • Maintenance

Quinault Nation Enterprise Board (QNEB):

• Administration Offices • Central Accounting • Mercantile

The Quinault Pride Fish House will remain in the Lower Village in its present riverside location.

Please refer to the Taholah Village Relocation Space Needs Assessment for more details.

19 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

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20 Community Facilities

Community Facilities

COMMUNITY FACILITIES Division Space Needed (sq. ft.) Administration 24,494 In January and February 2015, the Village Relocation Community Services 20,012 Team met with the Division Directors, as well as other Executive 1,608 Quinault Indian Nation staff, to determine which Finance 632 facilities each division would require in the future. These facilities could be either new or expanded. The Health and Wellness 34,568 Relocation Team also met with the Quinault Nation Legal 8,100 Enterprise Board regarding its space needs for both Public Safety 24,250 its office uses and the Quinault Pride Fishhouse. This QDNR 16,000 chapter also assesses the needed additional space and Quinault Housing 10,050 facilities that could be accommodated in the Upper QNEB/QLTE 10,000 Village, based on the staff interviews. Other Facilities* 16,467 GOALS TOTAL 166,181

• Identify the development needs of QIN programs Figure 3-1: Space Needs and the requisite square footage of needed facilities The following is a breakdown of necessary square • Develop a vision for open spaces in the new village footage of office space and other facilities by division (including replacement and additional needed space):

EXISTING NEEDS AND FUTURE PLANS *Other Facilities includes the US Post Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Community Center, Ta’ala Fund & All divisions have expressed a need for more space. Pacific Bank Some needs are modest, such as Finance’s desire for less than 700 square feet more of space, while others For a more detailed description of the needed facilities are more significant, such as the new police and fire and square footage, please refer to the Taholah Village facilities, the Mercantile, and the Community Center. Relocation Space Needs Assessment. Note that the There is enough room in the Relocation Master Plan Needs Assessment does not include the school or the area for these facilities. The community and staff will Multi-use Building. Square footages for the Multi-Use need to decide on the new locations of these uses, Building are included in the chart above (19,500 square whether any existing programs will be moved within feet of Administration for Day Care, Head Start and the Upper Village, and which uses can be collocated. Early Head Start and 10,500 square feet in Health and The community and staff will also need to prioritize Wellness for the Senior Program). the order in which these facilities are relocated. In the first section of this chapter, the needs of each The Taholah School (K-12) is located in the Lower division are tallied by department. Village and will need to be relocated. According to the Taholah School Master Plan, the new Taholah School Approximately 125,000 square feet of new construction will be approximately 85,000 square feet and cost will be necessary to replace the existing facilities in approximately $50 million. The school is described in the lower village, provide needed expansion for those further detail later in this chapter. facilities and provide required expansion for facilities already located above the Tsunami Zone, such as the Roger Saux Health Center.

23 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Administration Division are located in the Mini-Mall.

The Administration Division is primarily housed in Because the Museum is in the Tsunami Zone, priceless the Administration Building in the Upper Village. cultural knowledge and history is at risk of total However, several Administration Departments and loss. The Museum may relocate to Point Grenville Staff are located in facilities in the Lower Village. or, more likely, to a location at the heart of the new Lower Village facilities include Head Start on Second village, just south of the Roger Saux Health Center. Avenue, Early Head Start on Cuitan Street, Child This location would provide a more secure location Support Services on Fourth Avenue, TANF on than Point Grenville, as community members will 5th Avenue, Communications in the Roundhouse be nearby to report suspicious behavior, while Point and Education in the building adjacent to the Grenville is isolated and there are no “eyes on the Seniors Building. Functions of the Division in the street”. The location adjacent to a wetland may also Administration Building include the offices of the allow for cultural landscapes to be created, such as Chief Operating Officer and the Director, Human a camas meadow that will complement the museum Resources, TERO, MIS, Centralized Records and the use. The museum is envisioned to have display space, Mail Room. a studio for making crafts, cold storage for items that potentially harbor damaging insects and an area for art Consolidation of some of these offices into one facility sales. The Museum is anticipated to be approximately could prove advantageous, perhaps as part of a one- 5,000 square feet, more than tripling its current size. stop shop for community services (TANF, TERO, Commodities, etc), potentially along with social A feasibility study for a Recreation Center has been services provided by Health and Wellness. commissioned, as an activity area for community members, especially the youth, has long been sought. The Head Start, Early Head Start and Day Care The Recreation Center is envisioned to include indoor programs will anchor the new Multi-Use (Generations) basketball courts, a fitness center, locker rooms, Building, along with the Senior Program. This move and potentially a swimming pool, a long-promised will reduce the danger for the two most vulnerable amenity. The Recreation Center will be located directly populations in the village. The building will be east of the Health Center, as facilities such as therapy approximately 30,000 square feet and will also house pools could serve both programs. A room has been the Language, Adult Education and the Management provided in the design of the Multi-Use (Generations) Information Systems Department, all departments Building for the Recreation program for activities, such under the aegis of the Administration Division. as showing movies.

Community Services Consolidation of some of these offices into one facility could prove advantageous. Several programs within Facilities for the Community Services Division the division could be housed in a central facility, with are currently spread amongst several buildings in offices and storage in a building ideally designed the Lower Village, including the Roundhouse, the based on the Roundhouse. This facility might house Mini-Mall, the Building Maintenance building, the the division director, the Community Development Recreation Facility, the Wastewater Treatment Plant, and Planning Department, the Custodial Department, and the Custodial Building. Additionally, Road and Emergency Management. An ancillary shop Maintenance and Vehicle Maintenance are located facility for Building and/or Road Maintenance could above the tsunami zone along 5th Avenue. The Rez be located adjacent to the office building or located Racer and some Utilities storage are located in the elsewhere within the Relocation Area. The existing lower baseball field downhill from the administration Road Maintenance facility is located to the west building in a location above the tsunami zone. The of State Route 109. The current location is above Museum and Community Development and Planning the tsunami zone, but the facility is run-down and

24 Community Facilities

Figure 3-2: Schematic Plan for Generations Building Coates Design Architects, 2016

25 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan inadequate for the needs of the department. Trucks and heavy equipment are left outside, unsheltered from The Finance Department is housed wholly within the the salt air and weather, which causes the vehicles to Administration Building and employs approximately deteriorate. Covered space for these vehicles is vital. 20 staff. The Division has no functions in buildings lying within the tsunami zone. Unlike other Divisions, As part of this Master Plan, schematic drawings have the personnel of Finance are consolidated in one area been prepared for a Maintenance facility, referred and the Division is well located in the Administration to hear as the Maintenance Hub. The Hub will most complex, near complementary uses. Thus, there is likely be located on the lower baseball field near the not a need to plan for new, stand-alone facilities for wastewater plant. In addition to covered space for Finance. the Road Maintenance Program, office and storage space for the Building Maintenance, Construction However, the Division is currently lacking in office Maintenance and Beautification programs, covered space and would benefit from a filing room. If Bank parking for the RezRacer buses, an area for washing of the Pacific or other offices within Administration vehicles and a building for vehicle maintenance (oil were to move to new locations, the needs of Finance changes, etc.) are included in the schematic plan. could be satisfied by using those vacated spaces. The Division’s records are stored in various locations The Wastewater Treatment Plant will remain in in Grays Harbor County. Consolidation of the its current location. For more details, refer to the records would be beneficial, but may best be done Infrastructure chapter. electronically.

Executive Health and Wellness

The Council Chamber and Executive offices are located Most functions of the Health and Wellness Division are between the Administration Building and QDNR. housed in the Roger Saux Health Center. This includes The Chamber was built along with the Administration Administration, Contract Health, Billing, Dentistry, Building; the current Executive Offices were added Emergency/Primary Care, the Diabetes Program, some later during the construction of the QDNR Building. Social Services, Chemical Dependency, the Pharmacy, The Chamber is 1,440 sf, with an additional 720 sf of Mental Health and Family Services. The Business restroom, foyer and closets (totaling 2,160 sf). There Committee has approved two additional medical are four Executive offices and a lobby with a desk for staff, and a Quality Improvement Coordinator will be two support staff. This area is 1,360 sf. joining the staff shortly. Except for family services, all the departments in the Health Center are cramped. While a low priority, the Executive Offices would Dentistry would like to add staff and a conference benefit from an increase in space. Currently two room. There is no place to archive medical records. council desks are located in the chamber. An The building is already filled to capacity and the additional seven offices would provide space for all Division will probably opt to use a modular building councilmembers. However, a more pressing need for for temporary office space to relieve the crowding. the Council is the need for a secure, conveniently The Division employs approximately 90 people, 52 of accessible facility for records that are accessed for use whom commute to Taholah. by the Business Committee. This facility should be centrally located. There is also a shortage of parking This division’s facilities in the Lower Village include around the administration complex that can hinder the Commodities Building, the Fitness Center, the visitors to the executive offices. Diabetes Program and the Senior Center. Additionally, the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) program has Finance been recently transferred to the Health and Wellness Division. The Fitness Center, located along the river on Quinault Street, is currently slated to become part

26 Community Facilities

Figure 3-3: Schematic Plan for Maintenance Hub Kaul Design Associates, 2015

27 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 3-4: Schematic Plan for Justice Center Kaul Design Associates, 2014

28 Community Facilities

Fire Station Rendering QIN Planning

Figure 3-5: Schematic Plan for Fire Station Shur Architects, 2007

29 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan of a Recreation Center to be placed east of the Health into the community and more permanent, sustainable Center in the Upper Village. housing. This facility would house twenty people and require approximately five staff members. Staff would The Senior Program will move to the Multi-Use need to be able to lock down the facility and thus (Generations) Building to the east of the Health the facility would require perimeter fencing. Kitsap Center. Facilities for the Senior Program forecast in Mental Health’s Keller House is a local example of the new building’s design include a large kitchen, a such a facility. Opened in 2010, this 16,000 square foot dining area, an area for sitting, offices, a craft room, facility accommodates 16 beds. It was built at a cost of reading room/library, exercise room, a room for the $4.3 million. Kitsap County has also studied a 16-bed nutrition program and a therapy room. The area in facility of a smaller size, 7,000 square feet. the building dedicated to Senior Program uses is approximately 10,500 square feet. Public Safety/Police The Roger Saux Health Center was designed for expansion. It is currently 31,431 square feet. The The Police Department is located behind the post architect’s scheme allows for it to expand to 45,829 office near the court building. The Police Department square feet. Therefore, expansion of medical facilities is underserved in terms of space and type of facilities. will occur on-site and a new site for such activities There is a shortage of holding cells and a need does not need to be identified. for meeting areas for coordination with other law enforcement agencies. The Department is responsible Other facilities that could be beneficial to the for 15 law enforcement vehicles and two ambulances. community, but for which plans have not been started, The building is owned by the BIA. include an assisted living facility, a treatment center for people with mental health and chemical dependency Staff believes that the Police Station should not be issues, a helipad and employee housing for some located in the center of the community, due to noise, contract staff. Assisted living facilities are uncommon driving speeds during police response and the need on Indian Reservations; generally, the infirm are cared to move inmates. Relocating the Police Station above for at home by family. Community members have the tsunami zone is a high priority, so the police may expressed a desire for such a facility, but no detailed assist other community members in case of emergency, planning or budgeting for this facility has occurred instead of focusing their efforts on their own escape as of yet. The assisted living facility would most likely and transport of inmates to higher ground. A location need to be located on the parcel west of the Health near SR109 and the court would be ideal. A helicopter Center. landing zone near the station would also be beneficial. A sensible location for this facility would be just to the A helipad near the clinic would be desirable, but north of the Administration Building, due to the site’s should also be convenient for the police and fire. All proximity to State Route 109. medical providers live off the reservation; it would be beneficial to have employee housing, so that in case Animal Control is located in a relatively new facility of disaster there is a place for the providers to stay or adjacent to the police station. There is one staff already be living. Those injured in a disaster could then person associated with Animal Control, and the EMS be served quickly. Employee housing would likely be personnel currently utilize an office in the Animal located in the Southeast neighborhood. Refer to the Control facility. Given the small number of staff and Housing Chapter for more detail. newness of the facility, the building program should meet the needs of Animal Control well into the future. The Health and Wellness Division stated that there Thus, relocation of the facility should be a low priority may be a need for the Nation to invest in a mental for the Nation. health/chemical dependency recovery facility to aid in the reintegration of those with such problems back Quinault Division of Natural Resources

30 Community Facilities

Quinault Division of Natural Resources (QDNR) Resource Protection would be the easiest department facilities in Taholah are concentrated in the QDNR to move out of the Natural Resources Building, but building adjacent to the Administration Building. would need to remain nearby or attached to the QDNR occupies approximately 25,000 square feet building. Resource Protection has no secure area for in that building, sharing the rest with the Bureau confiscated materials, such as gill nets, and vehicles. of Indian Affairs. QDNR has approximately 100 There should be a covered area for the confiscated permanent employees and up to 30 seasonal vehicle. Currently the vehicles are stored at the Road employees, making it the largest Division at QIN. Maintenance shed, but new facilities more convenient There is already a lack of office space and there to QDNR could be constructed and the shed are unfilled positions, so more office space is a transferred to road maintenance, which is in need of priority. There may be enough space to adequately such a structure. There needs to be cold storage for live accommodate the office needs if sufficient new storage evidence, such as clams and crabs. This facility could space is constructed elsewhere and the stored materials be built at the base of the bluff adjacent and to the east moved out. There is also a shortage of parking both of the baseball field to the north of the Administration for private and QIN/GSA vehicles. The only QDNR Building. facilities in the Lower Village are two sheds belonging to Fisheries. Legal

The wildland and structure fire functions have been The Legal Department is composed of the Office of combined into one unit under the auspices of QDNR. the Attorney General (OAG) and the Criminal Court Per QDNR staff, the main firehall could be in Taholah which currently share one building just south of the with some equipment stored around the Reservation Police Station. The OAG includes five Attorneys/ at Seedling Storage and Qui-nai-elt Village. However, Assistant Attorneys General, two secretaries, the the Seedling Storage facility may also be an appropriate prosecutor and the public defender. The criminal location, as there is water service available there, and court staff includes the Chief Judge, three clerks, the site is along State Route 109 with quick access to two probation officers/bailiffs and an administrative Taholah, Santiago and Qui-nai-elt Village. Dispatch assistant. The current configuration of the OAG and for wildland fire is currently in the QDNR building Court sharing a building will change in the Relocation. and dispatch for structural fire is at the police station. The staff of the OAG prefer to be near Administration The dispatch facilities will be combined. A bunkhouse and the Executives, as they spend much of their time at the firehall would be useful, as would a fire training in meetings with the Executives. However, the criminal center that could hold 50 to 60 people. The training court needs to be adjacent to the police facility, maybe needs might be accommodated in a new village even under the same roof, for safety reasons given the Community Center. The fire hall described in the 2007 transfer of inmates between the two. Quinault Fire Station Feasibility Study by CooperZietz Engineers and Shur Architects is 14,000 square feet. There are currently nine staff members in the Office Please refer to the figures showing the layout for a of the Attorney General (OAG), three of whom are possible fire facility. associated with the criminal court. Of these nine, the public defender currently maintains an office in the The Environmental Protection Department needs Roundhouse. The future space needs of the Office of more office space and a warehouse to store gear. the Attorney General are similar to the current space Approximately 2000 square feet of storage space is use (1,600 sf). necessary. This space must be secure for the storage of gasoline, laboratory chemicals and drugs. This The Criminal Court will require new office space, a space could be shared with other QDNR departments. jury room, conference rooms for the attorneys and the There is a need for garage space for work on outboard probation officers. Additionally, the currently facility motors. lacks security and privacy. A person can walk into

31 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan the building and continue unimpeded to the judge’s Fishhouse. On February 21, 2015, the Relocation Team chambers. The chambers should be located somewhere attended and presented the project at a QNEB Board with greater protection. In the future, metal detectors Meeting. The square footage for a relocated Mercantile, may be necessary; space must be reserved in the Centralized Accounting and QNEB offices would be design for the detectors. Sensitive conversations in the approximately 10,000 square feet. The QNEB board courtroom can be heard in the lobby; thus, the new indicated a desire for the Fish House to remain by the courtroom needs to have sufficiently thick walls and river. some separation between the lobby and the courtroom is desirable. The probation officers could benefit from The main office of QNEB is located in the 5th Street more office space and a small conference room. The MiniMall, a building QNEB owns and maintains. Its public defender’s office and conference room should office uses currently use 1,200 square feet of space. be located away from the courtroom for the sake of privacy for the defendant. Occasionally, there is a While there is no need for additional office space need for the judge to order immediate drug testing for the main office, consolidation of the office and for someone involved in a case. This testing must take centralized accounting would be desirable, according place in a facility uncontaminated by heavy use by staff to Myrna Figg. A location relatively convenient to and the public. A separate bathroom facility for this the Administration Building would also be desirable. purpose will be necessary. Overall, the court area will These office uses do not need to be adjacent to the need to expand from 2,400 sf to 6,500 sf. A schematic Fishhouse or Mercantile. plan has prepared for this facility. Please refer to the Justice Center plan. Centralized Accounting is located on 5th Avenue near the intersection with Spruce Street. There are currently Quinault Housing Authority 8 employees in the two-story building. Records are stored outside the building in storage sheds. Per Quinault Housing Authority (QHA) staff, the new QHA Building should be approximately 1.5 times If a new facility were built for Centralized Accounting, larger than its current size of 3,500 sf (5,250 sf). This QNEB office and accounting staff would consolidate would allow space for one additional staff member, a in that facility. Additional space would also expedite board room and a small classroom. hiring additional staff. Per Myrna Figg, the facility should be able to accommodate 20 to 30 employees The QHA Maintenance Building is located across the and have space for records storage. street from the QHA Building at Second Avenue and Spruce Street. The QHA Maintenance Building should The Mercantile is the sole market in Taholah. The be relocated and expanded for more storage space Mercantile sells mainly food, but also has an attached and should be about 4,800 square feet. Per the QHA, gas station. The Chitwhin Café, a small deli, is located the maintenance building should be connected to the in the west end of the building. There is some office QHA Building. The QHA facilities would be located space upstairs. in the Civic Corridor in the new village, most likely adjacent to the West Neighborhood. Alternatively, Were the Mercantile to be relocated, it should be larger there may be space for a QHA facility to the north of than its current size, per QNEB management. This the Multi-Use (Generations) Building. increased size would include meeting rooms which the store would cater and perhaps a larger restaurant Quinault Nation Enterprise Board in place of the deli. Community surveys indicate that many residents do not shop at the Mercantile as their The Quinault Nation Enterprise Board (QNEB) primary food store and would like to see a greater properties in the Lower Village include its main variety of foods, especially fruit, more household office in the 5th Avenue MiniMall, the Mercantile, Centralized Accounting, and the Quinault Pride 32 Community Facilities supplies and perhaps fishing equipment. The new conference rooms. A generator will be necessary to Mercantile, were it to leave its current location, would provide power in case of emergency. Please refer to the be located in the Civic Corridor. floorplan shown in this chapter.

The Quinault Pride Fish House is located on Quinault Street extending over the river. The Fish House Bureau of Indian Affairs will remain in its riverside location, as it is a water- dependent use. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is located in the lower floor of the western wing of the QDNR Building.

Quinault Land and Timber Enterprise The BIA, if relocated, would require a new vault in its space. The existing facility has a concrete block-walled The Quinault Land and Timber Enterprise (QLTE) vault, but the fire sprinklers would likely severely is located on the Old Shake Mill site on 5th Avenue. damage the records were they to be activated. Per the QLTE facilities are all situated above the Tsunami BIA Taholah superintendent, the BIA does not need to Zone. The current building is comprised of offices and be situated with another particular use, but a location a garage serving a staff of three. near QDNR would be desirable. The GSA would likely require a server room, also. The BIA may alternatively In the new village, QLTE facilities can be housed move some or all of its staff to the agency’s Aberdeen in a building shared with QNEB and Centralized office. Accounting or remain in the current location, as there is room for possible expansion on-site. Post Office

Other Facilities, Tenants, and Other Potential Uses: The Post Office leases a building from the QIN on Quinault Street between the Mercantile and the Community Center Memorial Park. The facility is 1,344 sf. One to two employees service the village. The new facility can The Community Center is located on Quinault be slightly smaller than the existing facility, based on Street adjacent to the Roundhouse, two blocks from figures provided by the USPS. 13 parking spaces would the seawall. Facilities include a main hall, kitchen, be required, over twice as many as currently provided. bathrooms and janitorial closet. The Community The Post Office will be located in the Civic Corridor. Center is 6,800 square feet. The Community Center is used for community meetings, fairs, festivals, bazaars, Bank of the Pacific training sessions, weddings, and memorial services, so it is a focal point for the village. The Bank of the Pacific maintains a branch at the east end of the Administration Building with a staff of three The Community Center in the Upper Village be employees. There are currently no restroom facilities utilized for these activities and can serve as an within the bank. evacuation center as well, if properly designed. Thus, additional space will be needed for storage In the future, the Bank would need restroom facilities of emergency equipment, such as cots. The kitchen and an area in which private conversations could be can remain the same size as the existing facility. The conducted. According to bank staff, the ideal size of current hall cannot be split into smaller rooms, which the bank would be approximately 4,000 square feet. A can be problematic for small group presentations, drive-thru window would be required. given lighting and acoustics. The new facility should allow for movable curtains to create smaller spaces, and perhaps the plan should include smaller

33 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 3-6: Schematic Plan for Community Center Kaul Design Associates, 2014

34 Community Facilities

Ta’ala Fund boardwalks. The area between the wetland and Kla Ook Wa Drive may be used for recreational facilities The Ta’ala Fund is located in Pacific Beach at the such as the skate park, community gardens, disaster intersection of SR109 and Ocean Beach Road and has a equipment storage or fish smokers. Please refer to the staff of five. There is a lack of storage space in the Ta’ala schematic plan for the park on the following page. Fund building; most materials are currently stored in the restroom. Ta’ala Fund would be open to moving The second park has been located in the Southeast to Taholah. Ideally, the Fund could share a building Neighborhood, so that it is on flat land to allow with other financial agencies or social services in a for installation of athletic fields and courts and a one-stop shop. Complementary uses might include community garden. The park will be approximately 5 Commodities, TANF, and TERO. acres. The final location of the park will be determined at the time that the land is subdivided. Stormwater PARKS AND RECREATION facilities would also be a prudent use of the area.

At the third community meeting, community Other open spaces may be distributed throughout the members were queried about their desires for villages, associated with utility corridors and pathways. recreation facilities in the new village. Residents indicated that they utilize the river and beach, as well A new recreation facility is planned for the area as the basketball courts, school playground and school between the Health Center and the Multi-Use track. They indicated that they would most likely use Building. This facility will provide the community with playgrounds, play sports and walk in the new village. greater opportunities for fitness, unhindered by the generally rainy weather. The Riverfront Fitness Center Residents indicated that they desire sports facilities, on Quinault Street is a small facility; the new facility a walking track, gardens, a picnic area and fire pits in will provide a larger area for a fitness center, walking new parks. The most requested sports facilities were track, changing rooms, indoor basketball courts and, a baseball field, playground, basketball courts and a potentially, a swimming pool. This program is based skate park. The respondents were split on whether on community input and the stated desire for these one large park or several smaller parks would be more facilities. An expanded recreation facility will help appropriate. Other suggested facilities included a long encourage residents to exercise and increase wellness house, quad tracks and public smokers to prepare in a community that struggles with obesity and meat and fish. Residents wanted to make sure that diabetes. park facilities would be designed to easily serve elders. If parks are developed, the Nation should ensure that The first step to the development of this facility there is adequate maintenance staff to care for the will be a feasibility plan that examines the desires parks. There are currently no large parks in Taholah, so of the community and the potential building and new staff positions may need to be created. maintenance costs for the swimming pool in order to determine which facilities are economically There are two park and open space areas designated by sustainable. The study would determine the proper this Master Plan. The first is the area south of Kla Ook sizing of the pool and examine how the pool or pools Wa Drive where the large wetland is located. This area may be used by programs. For example, the Health is largely encumbered by a slope, but could be used for and Wellness Division might be able to use a pool trails and, if graded, some athletic facilities. The trails for exercise classes for elders and physical therapy. would connect the Civic Corridor with the school and Comparable facilities have cost between $15 and $20 the area of the Northeast Neighborhood south of the million. Ranch Road. The Community Center and museum can be integrated into the park and cultural pieces can be installed. The wetland can be improved into an amenity, perhaps with an adjacent camas meadow and

35 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 3-7: Central Park Schematic Drawing

Figure 3-8: Floorplan of Proposed New Taholah School Harthorne Hagen Architects, 2013

36 Community Facilities

TAHOLAH SCHOOL According to the TECMP, this plaza will be designed to promote community and nature appreciation to the In 2013, a Master Plan was prepared for a new K-12 students from the parents and elders. school in the Relocation Area. This document, the Taholah Education Center Master Plan (TECMP), Funding the school will be a challenge; the TECMP included a schematic design for the new school, an estimates a total cost for school construction of $48 education specification for the facility and an estimated million. According to the TECMP, the School District cost for construction. is not eligible for Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) capital projects funding and no single federal agency has Per the TECMP, the new school is envisioned to adequate capital investment program appropriations accommodate between 230 and 350 students and to undertake the new school project. The State of 50 full-time staff in an 86,000 square foot facility. Washington requires that school districts raise the Classrooms were sized for 22 to 26 students, physical local share (up to 80%) of the funding for a new school education facilities for classes averaging 35 students through local bond issues, however, the School District and Special Education facilities for classes averaging encompasses Tribal Trust Land and therefore has 15 students. The school, as designed in the TECMP, is essentially several building wings under a single roof, a unanimous selection by families, staff, faculty and community, due largely to the effects of the local weather. The classroom buildings are separated into Elementary Middle and High School “wings” that radiate from a central core area containing Administration, Cafeteria, Commons, Music and lounges. The gymnasium is near the Middle and High School wings. A covered play area is sited near the Elementary School wing of the building.

Support facilities in the design include a library, administration offices, a cafeteria/stage/central area (commons), music rooms, athletic and play facilities, and support rooms for students and staff. The TECMP included space for garden areas; an area for a Cultural Resources Program; facilities for aquaculture instruction, including a small hatchery; a Ceremonial Courtyard; and an environmental education shelter. The Cultural Resources Program space would include facilities for canoe and totem carving, basket weaving, painting and sculpture. The Environmental Education Center will provide access and educational space for wetland-related programs. Trails, viewing decks, blinds and a reed pond would be developed in and around the wetland. Figure 3-9: Proposed New Taholah School The Ceremonial Courtyard would occupy the central Harthorne Hagen Architects, 2013 position north of the building. A ceremonial fire pit will occupy the center of the courtyard with space available for seating in amphitheater-style around it.

37 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan virtually no bonding capacity. The TECMP concluded that the only viable option for funding a new school would be special federal financial assistance through Congress.

The TECMP was completed before the commencement of this Plan. Therefore there are some differences between the school layouts shown in the respective plans, such as different locations for the athletic facilities.

38 Housing Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

HOUSING compared to the national average (21% to 12%), so accessibilty should be an emphasis in residential Approximately 175 housing units are situated in design. the Lower Village. The Relocation will provide opportunities for replacement, expansion and In the Taholah zip code (includes Taholah and improvement in design and variety for housing in outlying areas, including Santiago), two-thirds of Taholah. Because people spend most of their time the households own their homes. Approximately at home, rather than at work or other locations, a quarter of the households are 1-person. 23% are the presence of homes in the tsunami zone greatly 2-person households. 18% are 3-person and 34% are increases the likelihood of high mortality and severe 4-person (use chart from Community Housing Needs property damage in the event of a disaster. Assessment. Two-person households are over twice as likely to rent as own a home, whereas 3-person GOALS: households are three times more likely to own than rent. Almost all lots within the lower and upper • Promote a mix of dwelling types to serve the needs villages of Taholah are owned by the Quinault Indian of the community more than the existing housing Nation and leased to residents, many of whom own the mix in Taholah home on the property.

• Encourage diversity in unit size and number Per the 2010 Census, 5% of the population had in- of bedrooms in single family and multi-family migrated to the reservation within the previous year. developments to serve a range of living situations However, this statistic may not be indicative of future in the community, including singles, large families in-migration trends, as there has been a documented and elders. demand for housing, but a shortage of land available for residential construction in Taholah and throught • Relieve overcrowding in homes the Reservation. Thus, it is anticipated that there would be an increased demand for residential units in the • Serve all economic segments of the community Upper Village were lots to become available. from homeowners to the homeless The Quinault Housing Authority (QHA) has received • Whenever possible, dwelling unts shall be over 125 applications for housing that have not been accessible without the need for ramps fulfilled. The need for housing on the Reservation is extensive. In 2014 the waiting list for the Quinault DEMOGRAPHICS Housing Authority included a waiting list of 24 applications for home ownership, 60 applications The population of the entire Quinault Indian for rental housing and 45 applications for either Reservation was 2,045 in 2010, a 9.5% growth from ownership or rental. These 129 applicant families total 2000 (QHA Community Housing Needs Assessment). 347 people. The families applying for home ownership Approximately 30% of households on the reservation averaged 3.83 people per household; rental, 2.12; and include children under 18. Approximately 13% of both, 2.84. Some people requested different numbers housing units on the Reservation were reported as of bedrooms, hence the high and low figures. The high overcrowded in the 2008-12 American Community estimate took the larger amount of bedrooms into the Survey; the national average is 4%. Twenty-nine total amount and low took the lower number into total percent of housing units were reported as substandard; amount. the national average is 36%. According to the 2009-13 American Community Survey, people with disabilities are more common on the Quinault Reservation

40 Housing

Total Rental Home Ownership Both Home and you have in the lower village that you want in the new, Applicants Applicants Rental Applicants upper village?”, residents asked for housing for larger 60 24 45 families and apartments for singles. When asked for a vision for the new, upper village, Total Popu- Total Population Total Population survey respondents foresaw “big houses for lation everybody”, a “community with a variety of houses”, 127 92 128 “clean, well lit, mixed housing, planted green yards and a place where children are safe” with “nice parks and Average Average House- Average House- nice homes”. Household hold Size hold Size Size Home Ownership Home & Rental According to the surveys, seventy percent of homes Rental Ap- Apps. Apps. have at least one elder resident and over 40 percent plicants had a disabled resident or frequent visitor. There was a desire for lots for elders and demand for both small 2.12 3.83 2.84 homes/lots and large homes/lots. Those preferring smaller lots liked them for their low maintenance. Those who wanted larger homes expressed a desire Avg. Total Avg. Bedrooms Avg. Bedrooms for room for privacy, fences, garages, large doorways, Bedrooms Home Home & Rental paved driveways, grass yards, and front and back porch Home (High, Low) (High, Low) ramp access. A suggestion was made that the senior (High, Low) housing not be congregate housing.

1.88, 1.75 2.42, 2.12 3.29, 3.01 Seventy-six percent of surveyed households felt that Figure 4-1: Housing Applications their housing was of adequate size. The people that felt their homes were too small lived in 3- bedroom homes. In order to serve the varied needs of the community, a Most of those who felt their homes were inadequately- range of housing types and lot sizes will be developed sized lived in families of five or six people. Twenty-six in each phase of development. Lotting for each percent of the interviewed households were 5 or 6 neighborhood will include approximately 50% 7,500 people; most of these households stated that their ideal square foot lots, 30% 6,000 square foot lots and 20% home size would be 4- to 6- bedrooms. Meeting this 10,000 square foot lots. Additionally, multi-family need would alleviate overcrowding in homes. housing will be dispersed throughout the four neighborhoods. EXISTING CONDITIONS

COMMUNITY SURVEYS Housing in the Lower Village is somewhat segregated by income. Low-income housing is concentrated in the Both the Planning Department, as part of this Master southern portion of the Lower Village, on Cedar, Pine Plan, and the Quinault Housing Authority, as part of and Spruce Streets. In the Relocation Area, however, its Community Needs Assessment surveyed residents the neighborhoods will be mixed-income with lots regarding their housing needs and preferences. Surveys allocated to the Quinault Housing Authority adjacent were handed out at community meetings, posted to others leased to market-rate owners. This will on-line and/or distributed door-to-door. Over 60% prevent certain areas being labeled as “the projects” of survey respondents desired a variety of lot sizes and incurring a stigma. Most housing in Taholah is available in the new village. Slightly over half wanted owner-occupied, though most of the underlying land is a village with smaller lots and streets, sidewalks with owned by the Quinault Nation. more public space and trails. When asked “What don’t

41 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING maintenance staff would tend the common areas and landscaping. Cottages could be larger if a second floor This Master Plan proposes a community composed were added; however, the Housing Authority has stated mainly of single-family homes with a mix of multi- that its preference is for single-story, fully accessible family and transitional/supportive housing to serve units for the greatest flexibility in serving its clients. specific groups. Lots in Taholah currently range from Cottages often do not have attached garages; however, 5,250 square feet to over 12,000 square feet. Current given the climate of Taholah and a community Title 48 regulations require a minimum lot size of preference for units with garages, any cottage units 7,500 square feet (the smaller lots predate Title 48). As in the new village should include attached garages. part of this Master Plan, Title 48 has been revised to Cottages: The cottages should face the nearest street or allow lots as small as 6,000 square feet.This reduction green space, when possible. will yield a greater number of lots and provide for a greater variety of lot sizes. The lots are all large enough Accessory Dwelling Units to accommodate homes to fulfill the needs of larger families, while retaining Taholah’s rural character. The Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) are attached or three basic lot sizes will be 6,000 square feet, 7,500 unattached dwelling units sharing a property with a square feet and 10,000 square feet at a ratio of 50% primary home. ADUs, otherwise known as “granny (7,500), 30% (6,000) and 20% (10,000). Single-family flats” or “mother-in-law units”, can be used to provide homes are a principally permitted use in Residential, housing for elders and singles in proximity to their Commercial and Forestry Zones and conditionally extended family. Historically, Native Americans, more permitted in the Wilderness Zone. than other groups have cared for elderly relatives at home more than relying on assisted care facilities. NEW HOME TYPES The accessory dwelling units would allow elders some independence while being close to the younger According to the 2016 QHA Community Needs generations, enabling easier care for the elders or Assessment, 86% of Reservation residents believe facilitating child care by older relatives. Accessory that a lack of a mix of dwelling types is a problem. dwelling units are not currently permitted by the QIN Given the lack of variety of housing types in the Zoning Code. This Master Plan includes changes to existing village and the need to better serve a variety the Code to allow the accessory dwelling units. Please of family sizes, this Plan includes suggestions and lands set aside for housing types not currently found in Taholah. Community members in the community meetings commented on the need for small units that would not require lawn or landscape maintenance to house elders. Other discussions with QIN Staff and community members identified a need for housing for singles, especially those returning from college. Two housing types, cottages and accessory dwelling units, not currently found in Taholah can meet these needs.

Cottages

In this context, cottages refers to small homes, 600 square feet to 1000 square feet, on a shared property, functioning much as a condominium would. This works well in Taholah as the QIN owns the underlying land. Beautification personnel or Housing Authority Figure 4-2: Concept for Cottage Housing

42 Housing refer to Title 48 for more details regarding regulations governing ADUs. Multifamily housing is conditionally permitted in Residential and Commercial Zones. Multifamily uses Multi-family can be standalone developments or can be combined with office or commercial space in the central corridor There are only three multi-family structures with a in mixed-use projects. There is a need for both 1- and total of ten units in Taholah, all along Spruce Street 2-bedroom apartments. One- and two-bedroom across from the Housing Authority. Multi-family units in the Relocation Area will help satisfy the demand for housing for singles and elders and a lack of rental units. These units will likely be one story to have all rooms accessible per Housing Authority preferences, though there could be two-story units. The Place of Hidden Waters, a housing project in Tacoma by the Puyallup Tribe, is a model for multi-family housing in the new village. The mix of apartments and townhomes serve a varied population. Place of Hidden Waters is a sustainable project in a similar climate created in Indian country, so this shows that such a high-quality, sustainable project is achievable in Taholah. Apartments could be located in the Western Neighborhood north of the new Capoeman Road or in PLACE OF HIDDEN WATERS the multi-family area of the Northeast Neighborhood. PHOTO BY QIN PLANNING

Figure 4-3: Concept for Transitional Housing 43 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan apartments could serve elders, singles and those area is planned to be adjacent to social services and returning from college, while 3- and 4-bedroom units medical facilities, so it may be unnecessary to dedicate could serve larger families. space for social services within the project itself. These potential models are discussed below. Employee Housing Quixote Village Employee housing has been identified by QIN staff members as a potential asset to the community. Quixote Village is a 30-unit development of single- Taholah’s remoteness requires long commutes; by room occupancy tiny homes that was developed providing housing opportunities in the new village, to take the place of a homeless encampment. The the QIN may be better able to attract and retain Village is considered permanent supportive housing. employees, such as teachers, nurses and doctors. After Some social services, such as nurse visits, occur on- 5 pm on weekdays, such staff leaves the village. Were site, but many such activities occur off-site. Guests there to be a disaster during non-work hours, the must sign in, have background checks run and presence of these staff members in the community residents participate in a chore rotation. There are two would be beneficial. Employee housing could include permanent staff members. At least one staff member is a mix of housing types and would most likely be rental present 6 days a week during normal working hours. housing owned by the QIN. The provision of employee Along with the staff, the Village is run by a Residential housing would be a secondary priority; creating Council of 5 elected members. residential opportunities for residents of the Lower Village is the top priority. The 144-square foot units are comprised of a main space for a bed and half-bathroom (ADA units are Supportive and Transitional Housing slightly larger). The units are insulated and served by hot water, heater, intercoms and wi-fi. The units are The relocated village will serve all segments of the furnished with a bed, coffee table, storage under the community from homeowners to the homeless and bed, and a chair. There is a closet in the bathroom. those transitioning back to the community from Along with the units, there is a central common substance abuse rehabilitation and mental illness. building with a kitchen, a common area, 2 offices, a Some families live in travel trailers for up to six months room of lockers (1 per unit), shower facilities and a on Nation-owned lots. Those not fortunate to have coin laundry. secure housing or unable to maintain a home need roofs over their heads, also. Provision of transitional People are allowed to stay as long as they want, as long and supportive housing is also a goal of the Quinault as they are not a nuisance. The lease includes a code Housing Authority, as outlined in the Authority’s 2017- of conduct, including a provision that no alcohol or 2022 Strategic Plan. An emergency shelter for victims drugs are allowed other than marijuana. Drug test and of domestic violence may also need to be incorporated background checks are required upon signing lease. in the new village, either as part of the supportive The residents are subject to drug testing during their housing or elsewhere in a neighborhood. residency. Residents receive 10-day notice to vacate if a drug test is failed. No violent or sex offenders are Two local models serve as examples of possible permitted, but those convicted of other crimes in the housing types for the homeless or transitional past are permitted. Residents must pay 30% of income; populations, Quixote Village in Olympia and Turkey the staff works with residents on possible payment Shoot on the Lummi Reservation. Both models plans. include the integration of space for service providers; the facilities in this Master Plan may do so, although Cost for the project, including infrastructure, grading, the location of these facilities within the Relocation and the common building was about $80,000/unit. Funding for the project came from the State Housing

44 Housing

Trust Fund, HUD, CIP Grants, and the Medina Historically, Native American families have been more Foundation. likely to care for an ailing elder in their home, rather than at an assisted living facility. However, input from Turkey Shoot the staff at the Roger Saux Health Center and the community indicates that their is a need for such a Turkey Shoot is comprised of 55 units of single and facility in Taholah. The facility would likely start small two-story triplexes, four-plexes and single-family with approximately ten residents, but could expand as homes. Turkey Shoot includes a component of the need grew or the facility was marketed to elders transitional or “transformational” housing to ease of other Northwest tribes that lack such a facility. people back into a stable life. The transitioning The Master Plan tentatively places this facility to the residents and families live in 3 bedroom four-plexes northwest of the Health Center. This location is ideal, arranged around a shared central courtyard and in as it is near medical services at the Health Center, not proximity to other residential uses, such as elder far from the Senior Program and perched on the bluff housing. Facilities for social programs are provided overlooking the Lower Village, mouth of the river and within the neighborhood. Cape Elizabeth.

A person transitioning from homelessness, prison Energy Efficient Design or rehabilitation would re-enter the community by staying in an apartment for a year or two, then Energy efficiency will be an important aspect of home transition to a house for a year in the complex for a construction; information regarding energy efficiency year before leaving for a home on their own lot or in structures is found in the Sustainability chapter of other housing opportunities. The infrastructure (utility this document. and street) of the Turkey Shoot project was funded by a $500K USDA Rural Development grant which was renewed over 4 to 5 years. Housing units were funded through HUD.

These examples are not the sole models that can be examined when designing such a project for Taholah; however they are proven in the Pacific Northwest and, in the case of Turkey Shoot, in Indian Country. As part of this Master Plan, transitional and supportive housing have been added to Title 48. Transitional and Supportive Hosuing are conditionally permitted uses in Residential, Commercial and Industrial zones.

Assisted Living

The population of the Quinault Indian Reservation is aging, with a greater number of residents 45 or older than the national average. The care of these current and soon-to-be elders is a concern for the community. The idea of building an assisted living facility in Taholah has been discussed for many years.

45 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

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46 Neighborhoods Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

48 Neighborhoods

NEIGHBORHOODS village. Kla Ook Wa Drive, the road serving the Health Center, was extended and paved in 2015 by the While moving public facilities is important, residents School District. This street will provide initial vehicle spend most of their time in their homes. Concurrent access and utilities to the area. Kla Ook Wa Drive will with the relocation of public facilities, there is a need eventually serve the school and connect to the road for the creation of residential lots to give those in the network of the Southeast Neighborhood, providing Lower Village a place to which they can relocate. There a second ingress/egress route to the neighborhood. is also a need to relieve the current shortage of lots Capoeman/Ranch Road intersects Kla Ook Wa in the available to community members. The Relocation Area neighborhood and proceeds east to forest lands and has been split into three neighborhoods, reflecting the the river. Capoeman/Ranch Road, currently a one- boundaries of the existing allotments and a the Civic lane gravel road, will be improved to a two-lane paved Corridor traversing western two allotments. These road to the eastern boundary of the allotment. There neighborhoods are the Northeast, West, and Southeast. is a large wetland to the southwest of the residential The neighborhood graphics show lotting patterns; neighborhood. This wetland will serve as an open please note that these plans are conceptual and subject space amenity and will be associated with storm water to change at the time that the neighborhoods are treatment. designed and constructed. To the north, the neighborhood abuts the top of the GOALS bluff. A mature forest on the slope of the bluff will remain for erosion control and as a scenic amenity. • Provide a mix of housing types in each The existing water main serving the Village is routed neighborhood to serve a variety of households through the neighborhood. A north-south street has been aligned to include the water main within its right- • Provide ample opportunities for housing and space of-way. The other streets are aligned in an east-west for civic uses direction to maximize solar exposure.

• Relieve shortage of buildable lots The proposed Biomass Energy Facility was originally planned to be located across the street from the • Create walkable neighborhoods with the school, Health Center to provide hot water to the various museum and community center at the heart of the civic buildings scattered throughout the upper village. village This proposed site for this facility has been moved from the center of the community to the Northeast NORTHEAST NEIGHBORHOOD Neighborhood, as part of the Energy Park.

The Northeast Neighborhood includes the area of WEST NEIGHBORHOOD the relocation in Allotment 162. The neighborhood is generally split into two distinct areas by a 25-foot The West Neighborhood is located on approximately slope generally traversing the allotment approximately the western half of Allotment 164A. The existing 700 feet north of the allotment’s southern boundary. 25-foot slope will be regraded to allow for street The southern third of the neighborhood, perched construction at a 5% grade or less on the new entry above the slope, will house an energy park and the road. The remainder of the slope will remain so as new K-12 school with its associated athletic facilities. not to affect a wetland at the foot of the slope on the North of the slope, a residential neighborhood will western edge of the Allotment. The west neighborhood provide the first opportunity for families to relocate will be largely residential. Capoeman Road will be from the tsunami zone. Two existing roads in the extended and realigned to intersect the new entry road neighborhood will be utilized as part of the new across from the community center linking the existing

49 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 5-1: Neighborhoods 50 Neighborhoods

Figure 5-2: Northeast Neighborhood (outlined in green) Lotting and buildings shown are conceptual and subject to change at time of development Yellow lots are approximately 6,000 square feet, yellow are 7,500 sf and purple, 10,000 sf

51 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Snob Hill development with an important public the neighborhood. Property in the vicinity of the high facility. The sidewalk along Capoeman Road will be point may need to be set aside for a water tower. enhanced with landscape to provide a vegetated link between the existing recreational facilities in Snob Hill CIVIC CORRIDOR and the Community Center and school. The Civic Corridor traverses the eastern edge of the Single family homes will occupy the area south of the West Neighborhood, lying along the proposed new realigned Capoeman Road. Apartments are slated for entry road on Allotment 164 and to the north of Kla the area north of Capoeman Road above the slope. The Ook Wa Drive including the existing Health Center existing wetland will remain at the foot of the slope. and the lands adjacent to the east and west. The The wetland should be enhanced to be an amenity Corridor is bounded by the West Neighborhood to or should be fenced to avoid the wetlands becoming the west, the south boundary of Allotment 164, Kla an attractive nuisance. The area along the south side Ook Wa Drive on the north and the proposed school of Kla Ook Wa Drive at the foot of the slope is set on the east. The uses in the corridor will consist of aside for smaller housing units, both cottages and commercial uses, such as the Mercantile and bank, housing for the homeless and for those transitioning the post office, public offices and the new Community back into the community from treatment. The West Center. The area west of the Health Center could be Neighborhood has been selected as the location for utilized for an assisted living facility, office buildings or semi-public uses, such as churches, because of its the police station. proximity to the Civic Corridor and the Corridor’s larger, non-residential uses. The Plan suggests that the The Community Center will not only serve as a semi-public uses be located adjacent to the commercial meeting space for community meetings, bazaars and and civic uses in the Corridor. The semi-public uses funerals, but also serve as an emergency evacuation can be located within the residential area, as churches shelter. Extra storage has been provided in the building and other such uses are permitted uses in Residential for cots and emergency food and bathrooms have been zones in Title 48. oversized to provide showers and extra facilities in case the building is used as a shelter. The water main serving the community currently follows the existing gravel Capoeman Road. As The office and commercial spaces on the west side Capoeman Road is to be realigned and a portion of of the main north-south street in the Civic Corridor the slope graded, the water main will also need to be may also include housing in mixed-use buildings realigned. (office or commercial on the ground floor and one to two stories of apartments above). Such development SOUTHEAST NEIGHBORHOOD would require careful site planning for integration of resident parking. Such a development would require The Southeast Neighborhood is roughly equivalent agreement between QIN and the Housing Authority to the lands of Allotment 164. This neighborhood is or new staff to maintain the building and collect rents. generally flat and drains both to the north and south. Alternatively, the buildings could be two stories of The neighborhood will be predominantly residential office space. with residential densities increasing as the distance from the school and civic corridor increase. There The baseball field adjacent to the community building are also opportunities for a park and open space. will serve as a helipad for the community. The field Streets are generally laid out in an east-west direction is convenient for moving supplies to the Community to maximize passive solar opportunities. Walkways Center in case of emergency and easily accessible from are spaced at no less than 500 feet to reduce walking the police station and Health Center. distances and block lengths. The highest point in the Relocation Area is located along the eastern edge of The existing Health Center was designed for expansion

52 Neighborhoods

Figure 5-3: West Neighborhood (outlined in blue) & Civic Corridor (outlined in orange) Lotting and buildings shown are conceptual and subject to change at time of development Yellow lots are approximately 6,000 square feet, yellow are 7,500 sf and purple, 10,000 sf 53 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 5-4: Southeast Neighborhood Lotting and buildings shown are conceptual and subject to change at time of development Yellow lots are approximately 6,000 square feet, yellow are 7,500 sf and purple, 10,000 sf

54 Neighborhoods at the time of its original design. All expansion of the include a fitness center, locker rooms, a basketball Health Center should be able to be accommodated court and, potentially, a pool. within the Health Center’s current site. Future facilities that might be associated with the Health Center could Many community members remarked on lack of be placed on the site adjacent to the west. Interviews storage space in their homes. Additionally, various conducted with the Health Center staff indicated QIN programs also would benefit from additional potential facilities might include an assisted living storage space. A storage building, either owned and facility and a residential substance abuse home. operated by the QIN or as a private enterprise, would be a use that would likely benefit the community. A The Generations Building will house the priority storage building is shown on this plan along Kla Ook programs for Relocation (the Seniors Program, Day Wa Road, but could be located anywhere within the Care, Head Start and Early Head Start), as well as Civic Corridor. various complementary programs. This facility will be located to the east of the Health Center at the heart of Along with the West Neighborhood, the site will the community, the intersection of Kla Ook Wa Road be graded to remove the steep area sloping to the and the new entry road. A recreation facility is slated north along the existing gravel Capoeman Road. This for the land directly east of the Health Center and will will allow streets and sidewalks to be graded at less

Figure 5-5: Allotment 3062 Existing Conditions and Possible Future Uses Lotting and buildings shown are conceptual and subject to change at time of development

55 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan than a 5% slope, reducing speeds on the road and trails will connect open spaces and neighborhoods. encouraging those of all abilities to walk through the Pathways will be built connecting the central park and Corridor. school with new parks in the Relocation Area and to the existing facilities in the Snob Hill neighborhood. A trail connection should be made at the south end The trail system will connect to the existing trail from of the neighborhood linking the main street with the the Taholah School to the Administration Building, as residences 400 to 500 feet south of the main street’s well as the walking routes created by the Health and intersection with Capoeman Road. Wellness Division. Trails will be 5 feet wide and paved. At a minimum, a pedestrian walkway shall be provided NORTHERN BLUFF every 500 ft. along any street, connecting it to the next parallel street. Mid-block pathways shall occupy a The bluff at the northern edge of the Relocation corridor no less than 15 feet in width and the sidewalk Area would remain as open space and subject to itself shall be no less than 5 feet in width. Trails can the new zoning designation of Village Open Space. be lit with solar lighting, such as that used on the Development would extend to the top of the bluff, Haxton Way project on the Lummi Reservation. The but the only development activity allowed within the lights adjust brightness automatically upon sensing open space area is selective cutting of trees to establish oncoming pedestrians and then reduce the brightness a visual connection to the river and ocean. A trail as after the pedestrian has passed. This will allow is planned along the top of the bluff connecting the for lighting within the community even in the case northeast neighborhood to the wider trail network, of power outage and will cause the least amount of including the Lower Village. disturbance to neighboring properties and reduce light pollution. Parks and open space provide opportunities ALLOTMENT 3062 to incorporate art and culture into the village.

Various uses may be placed on Allotment 3062 north THE FUTURE OF THE LOWER VILLAGE of the Administration Building. Currently, there are a ballfield (upper) and a former ballfield (lower) to Given that no residents will be forced to move from the north of Administration or on the parcel due west the Lower Village, there will likely be some residents of the Health Center. The police and courts building there for several years or longer. As the residents of will be located directly north of the Administration the Lower Village gradually relocate to higher ground, Building on the upper ballfield. The lower ballfield may a plan for the Lower Village will be necessary. A plan house the maintenance hub facility. To the east of the at this time is premature; however, a moratorium upper ballfield, there is ample space for a fire station, on new residential buildings in the Lower Village is if the station is located in the village. Alternatively, advisable as land in the new village becomes available. the fire station may be located near Point Grenville. at Suggestions for the Lower Village have been made Seedling Storage. Areas of Allotment 3062 may also during the public participation process include accommodate QDNR storage buildings. There is a celebration space for Chief Taholah Days, gardens, shortage of parking at the Administration Complex. recreational areas, such as sports fields and RV parks, Additional parking lots may be sited on Allotment and the reintroduction of fish habitat in a constructed 3062; lots for General Services Administration vehicles estuary. could be placed further from the Complex to provide more space for employees’ vehicles.. OTHER FACILITIES

PARKS, OPEN SPACE AND TRAILS Health and Wellness Division staff suggested a farm be included in the new village or in the general vicinity. A In order to encourage residents to walk more and schematic plan was created to explore such a use. This to reduce driving within the village, a network of plan included acreage for orchards, rotational grazing for livestock, such as goats and alpacas, vegetable

56 Neighborhoods gardens, apiaries, greenhouses, market space to sell backbone infrastructure. The QIN may construct the produce, and outdoor dining. The farm would be used neighborhoods or commission other entities, such for job training and the production of fresh vegetables as the Quinault Housing Authority, to construct the and fruits to be used within the village. The supply neighborhoods. Lots within the new village will be of food in the immediate vicinity will help improve leased to residents, as is the case in most of Taholah health outcomes in the community, as well as serve currently. as a potential food source in the case of disaster. The schematic plan considered a farm of approximately 25 The phasing plan may be required to change due to acres. This use is likely too large for integration into unforeseen infrastructure or community needs. The the new village, as the limited area is needed for homes phasing of the project will continue the balance of land and community facilities. If adjacent or nearby lands uses throughout development, as is possible, based were acquired by the Nation, a farm would be prime upon any changed conditions related to infrastructure use. or the community needs. IMPLEMENTATION This phasing process is illustrated in detail in the Phasing following Phasing Plan exhibit. The order in which neighborhoods are built out has been established The following program is the currently anticipated based on the logical patterns of infrastructure phasing for the relocated village. This phasing improvements and anticipated market demands. All program is conceptual and is subject to modification necessary roadways, site grading, and utility backbone as conditions change over time. Specific timing for improvements and easements will occur in a timely project buildout will depend upon demand for housing manner with each development subphase as required and community facilities, funding and infrastructure by the demands generated by each infrastructure availability. This program has been designed to provide demand phase. for development in a logical manner and efficient use of infrastructure improvements. Below is a table illustrating each development phase by area, acreage and number of units. The number As the sole landowner, the Quinault Indian Nation of units, linear footage of road, and square footage of will be the master developer of the new village in buildings is based on a conceptual lotting diagram and that the Nation will be responsible for subdivision of the Space Needs Assessment and is subject to change land and will assume responsibility for items such as based on the future needs of the QIN.

Neighborhood Acreage Approximate Approximate Approximate Number Linear Feet of Sq. Ft. Buildings Number of Multi-family Units Road Single Family Residential Lots Northeast 63.4 85,000 (school) 57 11 5,825 LF West 16.9 N/A 29 52 2,388 LF Civic Corridor 53.6 99,900 0 0 1,451 LF Allotment 3062 15.6 55,150 0 0 1,435 LF Southeast 44.4 N/A 117 24 10,065 LF TOTAL 193.9 ac. 240,050 sf 203 87 21,164 LF (4 mi.)

Figure 5-6: Neighborhood Development Land Use Summary Estimated Unit Yield and Road Lengths

57 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

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58 Art & Culture Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

gabled roofs. Design of public buildings in encouraged ART & CULTURE to echo the longhouse design to create a common theme along the main roads in the public areas. This Quinault culture can be incorporated in the new common theme will identify Taholah as Quinault village in several ways via art, language, architecture, and unique. This distinctiveness may also attract and landscaping. Street names, art and signage can economic development through tourism. Elements of incorporate Quinault language. The museum, along the longhouse that should be incorporated in the new with craft and carving space, can be located at the public buildings include: heart of the community. Plants traditionally used by the Quinault will be used in public spaces. • Gabled Roof • Use of Cedar GOALS • Post and Beam Construction

• Provide opportunities for art throughout the village to create a unique identity for the village and employ Quinault artists

• Re-establish a connection to native and traditionally-used plants

• Suggest architecture that is reminiscent of traditional Quinault buildings

ARCHITECTURE

The Quinault traditionally used two types of building, the longhouse and the pit house. The longhouses were constructed from cedar plant and posts with

Baskets.Variety of Quinault weaving patterns and basket shapes. Top: Cone basket for ferns Bottom: Twill weave maple basket (mExoi) Examples of Longhouse architecture and pole and beam construction

60 Art & Culture ART

Quinault art can manifest both in large installation and small details paying home to traditional patterns. Large art installations include story poles and totem poles in select public areas throughout the village. Spirit boards and smaller carvings reminiscent of speakers’ staffs can be incorporated into building facades. Details such as

Below: Copper can be an effective outdoor art medium. (Courtesy Marvin Oliver)

Top: Art on Paddle (Quinault Museum) Below: Examples of art incorporated into walls and windows. (Courtesy of Marvin Oliver)

Above: Signage can incorporate the Quinault language like this sign at Snoqulamie Falls Below: Language incorporated in to paving at Snoqualmie Falls

Above right: Speaker Staff Right, next column: Spirit Board (Corinna English) 61 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan shapes and patterns of weaves, nets, paddles and traditional painting can be translated to glass etching, brick patterns, painted or can be carved in doors.

The shape of baskets can serve as the inspiration for architectural details, such as light fixtures or flower pots. Materials appropriate for outdoor installations include the traditional medium of wood, as well as non- traditional material such as glass, fiberglass, powder-coated steel and bronze.

Art should feature prominently as people enter the village on the main road and as they travel along the main road though a cultural corridor. There should be a gateway to the village announcing one’s arrival in Taholah. This gateway could include welcome poles, canoes and other traditional elements. The cultural corridor would extend from the gateway at 109 along the main road to Kla Ook Wa Drive, where the museum is planned to be. The cultural elements will continue along a trail between the health center and the recreation building to the top of the bluff where there could be a tall art installation marking the end of the axis and a viewpoint. Please refer to the map on the next page for detail. Fire pits and smokehouses may also be included in public areas for the cooking of salmon at public gatherings; these facilities can also be used in case of disaster when the electrical system is down.

Use art to break up blank walls

OPPOSITE: Opportunities for Art Installations in the Relocation Areas. Sites shown in purple.

Example of Welcome Pole in copper (Courtesy Marvin Oliver) 62 Art & Culture

63 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

The inclusion of art within the community not only creates a distinct identity for Taholah and connects residents with their cultural heritage and instills civic pride; it also provides economic opportunity for talented Quinault artists through commissions. Art also adds to the beauty of the community. Blank walls should be adorned with art to enhance the visual feel of a building.

PRAIRIES

One possible method of incorporating Quinault culture into the new village is the design of stormwater quality facilities to mimic the bogs, known on the Pauline Capoeman picking Indian tea Reservation as prairies, which are home to native plants, such as Labrador (Indian) tea. The prairies could be accommodated in parks or within the existing wetland areas. Creation of prairies would require careful preparation of the soil. There are areas of peat in the Relocation Area that are not wetlands. These areas would be the most likely areas to successfully support a constructed prairie.

PLANTINGS

Please refer to the Plant Palette in the Sustainability Chapter for details on the plants to be used in public spaces. Many of the specified plants have historically been utilized by the Quinault.

Figure 6-1: Potential Cultural Installation Sites (opposite) 64 Infrastructure Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

INFRASTRUCTURE

This chapter details the infrastructure in the Relocation Area, first with a discussion of the existing street, wastewater, and water facilities and then with an accounting of the infrastructure that will be necessary to serve the new development. Infrastructure will play a major role in the future of the new village and will constitute the majority of the costs for the new village.

GOALS Kla Ook Wa Drive east of Health Center • Ensure adequate road, sewer, water, power and Photo by QIN Planning communication infrastructure within the new village and logical and predictable placement of utilities

• Specify road widths that discourage speeding and reduce impervious surfaces

• Build new trail infrastructure to link neighborhoods in the new village to each other and existing wellness routes to encourage walking and bicycling to improve community health

• Ensure sensible phasing of development Wastewater Treatment Plant Photo by QIN Planning • Consider future transit routes to ensure adequate service throughout the community Health Center to approximately the western boundary of Allotment 162. Capoeman Drive serves the Snob • Estimate the cost of developing the village to set Hill residential area to the west of the Relocation Area funding goals via an easement across Allotment 75A and will be extended into the Relocation Area. Capoeman Road and Aalis Drive are the two street connections to State Route 109. EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE Wastewater Streets Sewer lines in the Relocation Area will connect to the Other than a few logging roads, the area is served existing sanitary sewer system in Capoeman Road by Aalis Drive at the Administration Building; Kla and the sewer line serving the Health Center. The Ook Wa Drive, which serves the Health Center; and Wastewater Treatment Plant is located on Allotment Capoeman Ranch Road, a gravel road that traverses 3062 just north of the Master Plan boundary. The the site, eventually ending at the river. These roads are plant is located within the tsunami zone, though all toward the northern end of the Relocation Area. would be affected only by a worst-case scenario, and In 2015, Kla Ook Wa Road was extended beyond the is located above the 1% Flood Zone (100-year flood).

66 Infrastructure

The Plant, built in 2005, consists of a Control Building Center and then turns southeast along the Capoeman/ and four cells at elevation 28 feet. Four infiltration Ranch Road into Snob Hill and eventually to the ponds are located to the north; the top of the ponds storage tank west of Highway 109 near the Lighthouse are at elevation 24 feet. One sewer line feeds the Church. Development in most of the Relocation four cells. Approximately 100 feet upstream of the Area would connect to this pipe or others from Snob cells the line branch, one pipe carrying the sewage Hill. Development north of the Administration from the upper village and a force main carrying the Building would connect to water lines serving the sewage from the lower village. Because the wastewater Administration Building. treatment plant is relatively new, adequately sized for the expanded village, and situated at the upper reaches of the tsunami zone, construction of a new plant is a low priority. Indian Health Service has indicated that the plant is well-located to handle effluent from both the Upper and Lower Villages. Please refer to the Resilience Chapter for more details on how wastewater should be handled in the case of disaster.

The gravity sewer line from the upper village and the force main are less than ten years old. The sewer pipes in the upper village have been installed since the mid- 1990s. The sewage in the lower village all flows to a Water Tank lift station at the intersection of Queets and Commux Photo by QIN Planning Streets and then to the force main to the sewage treatment plant. The pipes in the lower village were Power and Communications installed in 1963 and 1968. The sewer line in 5th Street, which passes by the MiniMall and QLTE and was at Electricity service to Taholah comes via a 12.47 one time connected to the sewers in Snob Hill, was KV transmission line along SR 109 from the south, installed in 1978, when the first development on Snob through Pacific Beach and Moclips with connection to Hill was occurring. the Upper village area via Aalis Drive and Capoeman Road. Electrical lines extend to the clinic (QIN Water owned). A 480 KVA transformer is situated on the western side of the building. A well several miles upstream of Taholah provides the village with an ample supply of water. The water is In the upper village the lines are underground. piped underground along logging roads on the north In the residential areas of the Upper Village, the side of the river. The pipe surfaces and crosses the lines are owned by Grays Harbor Public Utility river on the State Route 109 bridge north of the village. District (GHPUD). The underground lines to the The water line as it crosses the bridge is vulnerable administration building, sewage plant and Health to damage in case of a tsunami. When the line was Center are privately owned by QIN. Electricity, phone originally built, it was designed to travel underneath lines and fiber optic telecommunications will be the Quinault River. However drilling operations were supplied to the currently undeveloped portions of the unsuccessful due to the nature of the soil beneath the Relocation Area via underground services currently in river. Aalis Drive and Capoeman Road. Any costs associated with the power line construction required for a new Once on the south side of the river, the pipe bears east subdivision would be the responsibility of the QIN. and eventually up the slopes near the Relocation Area’s Once the power infrastructure is in place, GHPUD will northeastern edge. The pipe turns west and follows be responsible for its operation and any maintenance Capoeman/Ranch Road to the vicinity of the Health needed in the future. New lines could be installed 67 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan underground or overhead, depending on the QIN’s lines from the main line, unlike the existing fiber lines. preferences. This higher speed fiber optic line could be extended Cellular phone service is spotty in Taholah. WiFi into the new Upper Village to serve QIN buildings extenders located in various public buildings improve and/or private residences. The cost of installing the service on Verizon phones. WiFi extenders are located new lines is estimated to be $95,000 per mile. Road in Administration, QDNR, the Health Clinic, the right-of-way plans would need to include joint trench MiniMall, Taholah School, the Police Station, the facilities with room for 2 to 4 conduits (4-inch). Senior Center, Riverfront Fitness, Early Head Start, Quinault Pride and Building Maintenance). Phone In case of power outage, seven days’ worth of batteries lines share the power poles along State Route 109 with and a generator are in place at the telecommunications the power lines. QIN is currently working to increase tower for use if the batteries drain. Police personnel, cellular service in Taholah. MIS and the emergency manager are trained in safe use of the emergency equipment. The internet is accessed by Taholah residents via a DSL line owned by Centurylink (also the home phone Power, phone and internet infrastructure is vulnerable service provider). QIN facilities are currently served to fallen trees in storms and is unlikely to survive a by a fiber optic line originating at the administration tsunami, as the inundation will cause severe damage to building. This line is installed underground in the lines along State Route 109 between Mileposts 33 and upper village area (serving the Health Center, QDNR/ 37 where the highway is only a few feet above sea level. Administration) and aerially on the telephone poles in the lower village where it serves all QIN government Stormwater infrastructure in the Relocation Area offices, except Riverview Fitness, Early Head Start and is limited. Stormwater from the Health Center is the Sewage Treatment Plant. The main line extends collected in a ditch along Kla Ook Wa and piped north from Administration to the Senior Center with no spur to the center of the adjacent property to the west where lines to the governmental facilities along 5th Street. A it is discharged. line south from the Senior Center on the same poles as the main line serves these government buildings. Solid Waste Fixed Wireless equipment communicating directly with the tower provide internet to the Fitness Center, Solid waste is collected by the QIN and taken to a the Sewage Treatment Plant and Early Head Start. transfer station, eventually ending up in the LeMay Fiber optic telecommunications will be supplied to the landfill in Aberdeen. Collection by the QIN will currently undeveloped portions of the Relocation Area continue in the new village and the waste will be via underground services currently in Aalis Drive and transported to the transfer station. Capoeman Road. An extension of fiber from Moclips to Taholah is planned at this time. FUTURE INFRASTRUCTURE

QIN recently installed 6,000 linear feet of higher speed Based on several conceptual land use plans and fiber optic cable originating at the telecommunications subdivision schemes, there will be approximately tower at the intersection of Capoeman and Aalis 4 miles each of sewer, water, street, power and Drives. The cable is installed underground, extending communication infrastructure in the new village. The along Aalis Drive to Highway 109, then along Highway following details each type of infrastructure slated for 109 south to 5th Street and then north along 5th Street installation or construction in the new village. to the Senior Programs Building. This line serves the Administration Building/QDNR, QLTE, Road Maintenance, the Mini-Mall, QNEB Accounting, Taholah School, the Diabetes facility and the Senior Center. Individual buildings can be served with spur 68 Infrastructure

Streets impervious surfaces and stormwater runoff.

There will be three street sections used in the A new connection to State Route 109 on the north Relocation Area based on street use and volume. The side of the Administration complex may be necessary Kla Ook Wa Drive section was designed prior to as traffic volumes in the Upper Village increase adoption of this Master Plan. Capoeman Road and with relocation. The existing access to SR 109, Aalis the main street in the Civic Corridor will use a second Drive, is narrow and subject to traffic conflicts with street section. the Administration parking lot. Aalis Drive could be widened, but doing so would require a substantial The majority of the streets in the Relocation Area will retaining wall in the hillside on the south side of the be residential streets. The rights-of-way for the streets road. Were the west end of Kla Ook Wa Drive rerouted will be 50 feet wide, including 30 feet of pavement (2 to the north along the northern edge of the existing 11-foot lanes and one 8-foot parking lane), two 5-foot baseball field, the field and surrounding areas could be sidewalks and a 10-foot bioswale on one side of the more readily developed. street. Any cul-de-sacs will have a radius of 40 feet (right-of-way 50 feet). Alternatively, a cul-de-sac may Additionally, a reconfiguration of the Capoeman be similar to the bulb at the eastern terminus of Chai Road-Aalis Drive intersection near the cellular Chu Drive with a central island. If there is a central phone tower in the residential area south of the island, the drive lane around the island will be 20 feet Administration Building will likely be necessary. The in width or greater. If the radius of the cul-de-sac is increased traffic volumes on Capoeman Road will less than 47 feet, a mountable curb on the island will make the intersection dangerous as drivers veer to be provided. The islands will be landscaped and used the east along Capoeman Road. Aalis Drive should for stormwater storage and infiltration. The streets are be rerouted to the location of the basketball court and relatively narrow to reduce vehicle speed and reduce intersect Chai Chu Drive at its existing intersection with Ji Lem Drive. Capoeman Road would maintain its existing right-of-way and continue into the Relocation Area.

There is an 80-foot easement along Capoeman Road on Allotment 75A, so Capoeman Road could be widened and improved, as it will be one of the two entrances to the new village. Capoeman Road and the main street in the Civic Corridor will have a 63-foot right-of-way, with a pavement width of 38 (2 driving lanes and two parking lanes).

If Allotment 75A is developed in the future, either by individual owner or the Nation, a new collector road should be constructed from SR109 to the main street in the Civic Corridor. Street connections to adjacent allotments are to be provided at the time of a neighborhood’s construction.

Streets should be constructed in an east-west configuration, where possible, to allow for optimal Figure 7-1: Realignment of Capoeman-Aalis positioning of homes for capture of sunlight for both Intersection 69 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

STREET SECTION: CAPOEMAN ROAD AND MAIN STREET IN CIVIC CORRIDOR

STREET SECTION: KLA OOK WA DRIVE AND EXTENSIONS

STREET SECTION: RESIDENTIAL STREET

Figure 7-2: Street Sections 70 Infrastructure active equipment, such as solar panels, and for passive lines will be installed in the street rights-of-way. heating. Wastewater will flow from the southeast, west and Several members of the community expressed northeast neighborhoods via a pipe at the Health concern about truck traffic in the new village. Truck Center. The existing sewers at and to the west of the traffic should not be routed through residential Health Center are deficient and need to be replaced. neighborhoods. Truck traffic should be restricted to The pipes may be located along the current path of the Aalis Drive (not in the residential area), the north- sewer or rerouted along Kla Ook Wa Drive, eventually south street in the Civic Corridor, the existing portion connecting with the system flowing north from Snob of Kla Ook Wa Drive and the future extension of Kla Hill. Wastewater from the Southeast Neighborhood Ook Wa Drive to State 109. Capoeman Road should be will likely flow in a line under the main street in the signed as prohibited to truck traffic. civic corridor to the main that leads to the Wastewater Treatment Plant, as a gravity system would be able Transit to serve the entire neighborhood with this routing. Alternatively, a line could be placed under the Kla Grays Harbor Transit and the RezRacer currently Ook Wa Road extension to the Energy Park. This serve the Health Center in the Relocation Area. It is layout would require a pump station to drain the anticipated that both services would alter their existing neighborhood. routes and pick up/drop off riders along the new main entry road in the civic corridor. Stops along this The main downstream from the clinic should be a 12- route would allow most of the village to access bus inch or 15-inch pipe. The line under the main street transportation within a 5- to 10- minute walk of their in the civic corridor from the intersection southeast of home. Most offices, the school, the Health Center, the the Health Center to the intersection southwest of the Mercantile and the Post Office would all be convenient Energy Park should be a 10-inch line. The remainder to these stops. of the sewer lines in the development should be 8-inch lines. While there are no bus shelters in the Lower Village, a series of shelters will be installed to protect riders Water from the elements in the Upper Village. There is an existing shelter at the Natural Resources Building, Water lines will be installed in the street rights-of-way. Likely locations for these shelters include the future The water lines along the main roads should be 12- intersection of Capoeman Road and Kla Ook Wa inch lines; lines associated with other streets should be Drive, the future Recreation Building and the school. 8-inch lines. This will allow for adequate fireflow. The buses stop at the Health Center underneath the covered entry, so no shelter will be needed at the A new water tank for the Village will likely be Health Center. The buses would no longer travel necessary to maintain adequate water pressure in along the south side of the Administration/Natural the higher areas of the project, such as the southeast Resources Building, so the shelter would move to neighborhood. The high point of the Relocation Area the north side of the complex, along the new road (approximately 165 feet) is at the southeast corner of connecting to State Route 109. Allotment 162, in an area designated as the Energy Park. This is an appropriate site for the tank. The tank Sewer may need to be elevated as much as 95 feet to match the tank on the north side of the river. Indian Health Service estimates that there will be . adequate capacity in the existing facilities to serve the new development. The existing system was constructed to handle effluent from a population of 1,350. Sewer

71 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 7-3: Wellness Walking Routes and Future Trails in the Upper Village

72 Infrastructure

Figure 7-4: Future Trails in the Upper Village

73 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 7-5: Existing and Suggested Transit Routes and Stops

74 Infrastructure

Figure 7-6: Map of Existing Water Infrastructure - Lower Village

75 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 7-7: Map of Existing Water Infrastructure - Upper Village

76 Infrastructure

Figure 7-8: Map of Future Water Infrastructure - Upper Village

77 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 7-9: Map of Existing Sewer Infrastructure - Lower Village

78 Infrastructure

Figure 7-10: Map of Existing Sewer Infrastructure - Upper Village

79 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 7-11: Map of Future Sewer Infrastructure - Upper Village

80 Infrastructure

Stormwater QIN-owned utilities (water and sewer) are to be Stormwater will be conveyed in bioswales along streets placed under streets. In some cases, the Utilities and on the premises of community buildings. The goal Department may permit these utilities to be placed of stormwater control in development plans will be in utility corridors. This situation may occur if there to retain as much stormwater on-site as possible. This is not adequate room for both utilities to be installed can be done through rain gardens and drywells, for with adequate separation distance under a street. This example. The upper layers of soil across much of the may also be permitted if construction phasing requires Relocation Area do contain expanding silts, which are the utilities to be installed prior to street construction not conducive to infiltration. However, infiltration tests (or if they already exist, such as the water main that done by a geotechnical engineer indicate that glacial traverses the Northeast Neighborhood) which might till gravel underlies this silt. This gravel is amenable to risk damage to the pipes during construction. infiltration, though in some places a dry well may need to be up to 20 feet deep. Infiltration tests must be done Trails for each development at the time of design. Please refer to the Sustainability Chapter for more details. A trail system in the new village will link to trails and walking routes in the Lower Village to maintain Utility Corridors a connection with the river and ocean. The main link connecting the Lower Village and the existing Joint trench utilities (power, fiber optic cable, Upper Village is the trail from the school to the telephone and other dry utilities) are to be placed Administration Building. This trail is the primary in utility corridors. These utilities are to be installed escape route in case of tsunami, but is in need of repair beneath the sidewalk or multi-use trail. Placement due to poor drainage along State Route 109 and the of underground vaults and structures, such as resultant soil subsidence. transformers and splice boxes, should be at the back of the sidewalk. In instances where these cannot be New trails to the Upper Village will connect to this placed underground, landscaping should be used for trail along the new road north of the Administration visual screening. If the vaults and other structures are Building. A new trail along the bluff at the northern owned by the Grays Harbor PUD, cable company or end of the Relocation Area will link the school trail another non-QIN entity, public utility easements may to the Civic Corridor and Northeast Neighborhood. need to be created around these facilities. On Kla There are opportunities along this trail for views to Ook Wa Drive, the dry utilities were placed under the Cape Elizabeth, to the mouth of the Quinault, and multi-use trail and the water line runs parallel to the to the north above the River towards the Olympic street to the south. Mountains. Selective tree removal may be required

Figure 7-12: Trail Section (Typical)

81 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan to achieve some of these views; selective cutting is sidewalks, striping and general items, such as permitted by the new Village Open Space Zoning. excavation, clearing and grubbing, fill, backfill and compaction and the cost of flagging crews. The costs of A trail will extend south from the Bluff Trail between community buildings and housing is not included in this the Health Center and future Recreation Center, estimate. connecting to the main street, museum and park area south of Kla Ook Wa Drive. This trail will be lined The following chart shows the estimated costs for each with Quinault art installations, such as welcome poles. phase. Also included in the chart are calculations for a Please refer to the Culture Chapter for more details. 15% mobilization charge for construction and a 30% concept level contingency factor. The OPC did not Trails within the central park area will link the main include power or fiber optic cable communications street to the school and Southeast Neighborhood. An lines; these items have been assigned a cost per linear enhanced sidewalk/trail will follow the north side of foot and included in the charts. A detailed OPC is the Capoeman Road extension into the Relocation included in the appendices. Area, providing a visual link between the new village and the basketball court and trail in the existing The Grays Harbor Public Utility District (GHPUD) neighborhood south of the Administration Building. estimates a cost of $2.9 million to construct the backbone power infrastructure in the new village. This Trails will be 10 feet wide to allow for ample space figure does not include costs or the school or energy for users and maintenance vehicles. Bollards should park. be placed at intersections that allow pedestrian, wheelchair and bicycle use, while excluding quads and other motorized vehicles. Please refer to Figures 7-4 and 7-12.

PROJECT COSTS

Based on a conceptual design prepared in July 2016, Kaul Design Associates prepared an Opinion of Probable Cost (OPC) for the infrastructure of the project. The OPC broke down the costs for each phase of the project and each type of infrastructure. The OPC is a estimate based on a conceptual plan; therefore, the actual project costs will differ from the estimate. Most likely costs will increase as time passes. The three phases of the project are:

Phase 1: Northeast Neighborhood

Phase 2: West Neighborhood and New Access Road and Utility Extension

Phase 3: Southeast Neighborhood

The OPC considered water, sewer, and drainage infrastructure, as well as parking lot surfacing,

82 Infrastructure

PHASE 1 INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure Type Estimated Cost Water $2,689,089 Sewer $1,045,685 Roads $585,531 Drainage $121,961 General $4,654,911 Power $400,000 Communications ($18/LF for 6,844 LF) $123,192 PHASE 1 SUBTOTAL $9,620,369 15% Mobilization Charge $1,443,095 30% Concept Level Contingency Factor of Subtotal $2,886,110 PHASE 1 TOTAL $13,949,574

PHASE 2 INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure Type Estimated Cost Water $1,259,376 Sewer $1,479,750 Roads $1,033,880 Drainage $345,681 General $8,872,569 Power $700,000 Communications ($18/LF for 3,819 LF) $92,772 PHASE 2 SUBTOTAL $13,784,028 15% Mobilization Charge $2,067,604 30% Concept Level Contingency Factor of Subtotal $4,135,208 PHASE 2 TOTAL $19,986,840

Figure 7-13: Infrastructure Opinion of Probable Cost

Since the Quinault Nation does not currently maintain a history of civil engineering project construction cost data, KDA has developed an Opinion of Probable Cost (OPC) worksheet for the Taholah Master Plan Project. The OPC utilizes itemized Unit Items & Unit Quantification Type commonly used by WSDOT and other Puget Sound Agencies to develop their project Bond Quantity Estimates. There was no one source found that included a list of Unit Costs for all of the work required for this Master Plan. The Unit Cost Data was populated from a variety of sources that includes: the Construction Estimate for the 2015 con- struction of the school road extension in Taholah & Unit Costs from Bond Quantity Worksheets made available by City, County, State & Franchise Utility Bonding Worksheets with the closest proximity to Taholah. The RS Means manual was used to locate an appropriate Remote Site Factor and construction Contingency. The Unit Quantities were developed by maintaining separate drawings of the Unit Type ACAD linework by phase to list the expected quantity for each phased portion of the Unit Type. Unit Costs for Phase 1 is based on the 30% design plans and the remaining phases is based on the current conceptual Master Plan dated July 13, 2016. 83 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

PHASE 3 INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure Type Estimated Cost Water $2,221,531* Sewer $1,505,050 Roads $855,212 Drainage $286,122 General $5,776,537 Power $700,000 Communications ($18/LF for 10,065 LF) $181,170 PHASE 3 SUBTOTAL $11,525,622 15% Mobilization Charge $1,728,843 30% Concept Level Contingency Factor of Subtotal $3,457,686 PHASE 3 TOTAL $16,712,151 *Includes $1.32 million storage tank

INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS Phase Estimated Cost Phase 1 $13,949,574 Phase 2 $19,986,840 Phase 3 $16,712,151 INFRASTRUCTURE COST TOTAL $50,648,565

Figure 7-13: Infrastructure Opinion of Probable Cost (continued)

84 Infrastructure

Figure 7-14: Phasing Diagram 85 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

86 Sustainability Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

SUSTAINABILITY reduce energy bills and the village’s carbon footprint.

Given the deleterious effects that climate change The Quinault House is not meant as a design for a potentially will have on the Lower Village of Taholah, specific home, nor will its elements be required to be pursuing a sustainable future in the new village is incorporated into each building in the new village. It is an important facet of this Master Plan. Additionally, included in this Plan to educate community members maintaining good water quality is a priority of the and QIN staff about energy efficiency and the Master Plan, especially because of the salmon runs in importance of building in a manner that is compatible the Quinault River. To these ends, this chapter outlines with the climate of Taholah. The use of energy efficent the Quinault House, a model for energy efficiency and measures, such as passive solar heating and natural appropriate architectural design; a renewable energy lighting, is also a goal of the 2017-2022 Quinault park; and low impact development for stormwater. Housing Authority Strategic Plan.

GOALS The following summarizes principles that may be applied throughout the design and construction • Encourage energy efficiency in homes and of future structures. More detail is provided in the community buildings sections following.

• Encourage the use of native landscaping to reduce Planning the need for irrigation • Plot lots out to minimize winter low-angle shading of homes from trees, other structures, and • Require low impact development methods for topography where feasible stormwater to reduce impacts on the Quinault • Site homes on lots to maximize solar potential, River where possible • Grade lots to encourage natural drainage • Develop an energy park to supply energy and away from foundations and promote ease of heating to the village to reduce the village’s carbon maintenance footprint and increase resilience in the event of a disaster Building Envelope

ENERGY

The Quinault House

The Quinault House is an example prepared for this Master Plan to demonstrate suggested building materials and principles that are suited for Taholah’s climate and are energy efficient. While called the Quinault House, the principles and materials are also suggested for community facilities and other non- Figure 8-1: Quinault House residential structures as well. Taholah receives an average of 88 inches of rain per year and is subject to strong winds during storms. Therefore, structures should be designed to withstand winds and moisture. Mold and water damage are frequently found in structures in Taholah. Energy efficiency measures will 88 Sustainability

(LAML) • Build homes with slab-on-grade construction • Install 100% high-efficiency lighting • Design floor plan to maximize exposed slab floor • Install high-efficiency Energy Star dishwashers in sunlit areas with low hot water consumption • Use 2”x 6” wall studs construction techniques • Install Energy Star refrigerators rather than 2”x 4” • Install high-efficiency Energy Star front-loading • Use R-38 cellulose attic insulation washing machines and encourage the use of • Design window placement on walls to maximize outside line drying in lieu of electric dryer when daylighting of living areas and uncovered slab appropriate floors • Encourage and educate homeowners on effective • Design building envelope to a heat load of roughly LAML conservation strategies 2 5.0 Btu/hr/ft • Limit building envelope air leakage to a maximum of 3.0 ACH@50 Pascals (ACH=Air Changes per Hour) • Maximize roof eave overhangs to enhance weather protection Maximum Energy Savings • Design medium pitch roofs with minimal valleys 2x6 wood stud walls Wood Stud Walls • Provide a rain screen behind exterior wall cladding R-21 fiberglass batt insulation • Use durable exterior cladding materials and Attic Insulation R-38 cellulose insulation appropriate installation techniques to minimize bulk water intrusion Roof Material Asphalt shingles, medium color • Drain roofs directly to tight line storm drains and Radiant Barrier None onto storm water mitigation system(s) or rain Slab insulation 4-ft R-10 perimeter, R-5 Gap XPS barrels Double-pane, low-e, medium Window Type heat gain, air fill, insulated • Train housing staff and homeowners in the frames principles of building science and building Doors Fiberglass maintenance to ensure building and mechanical Infiltration 7ACH50 system durability Heating type Ductless, mini-split heat pump • Use R-5 fiberglass, rather than wood, doors Cooling Same • Double- or triple-paned windows Water Heater Hybrid heat pump • Durable materials, especially those from Refrigerator Energy Star sustainable sources are encouraged • Schedule and ensure regular building maintenance Dishwasher Energy Star Clothes Washer Energy Star Mechanical Systems Plug-in Lighting 100% LED • Install high-efficiency (≥12.0 HSPF) ductless or PV Capacity 4 kW PV hydronic heat pump technology with distribution Source Energy Savings (%) 57% systems located entirely within the conditioned Life-cycle Cost Savings (%) 9% space • Install heat pump water heaters with EF (Energy Figure 8-2: Energy Savings Chart Factor) of ≥2.0 in attached garages Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory • Install whole house and local exhaust ventilation per ASHRAE Standard 62.2 or equivalent

Lighting, Appliances, and Miscellaneous Loads

89 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Renewable Energy Production be evaluated as each new home is built; air leakage • Construct homes to be rooftop photovoltaic (PV) test results can help inform and evaluate air sealing ready performance. • Consider grid-tied PV and designing the system in each home to be battery backup-ready There is no such thing as a home that is too tight, but • Consider a community solar PV system each habitable space must receive the benefits of whole house ventilation as the homes get tighter. This can be The energy conservation measures outlined above accomplished with a heat recovery ventilation system. are likely to be more cost-effective than the energy With any whole house ventilation system, the system production measures. The community should must be properly maintained and operated to assure prioritize the construction of well-insulated, air sealed, optimal performance and indoor air quality. and durable structures with effective ventilation systems and high-efficiency mechanical systems. The Slab-on-grade construction may provide superior reduction in energy leakage and demand will reduce ease of maintenance and improved indoor air quality, the amount of money and space that could be devoted be more accessible to the physically impaired, and be to photovoltaics and other renewable energy projects. more adaptable to age-in-place housing. Washington State University (WSU) experts indicate that long-term energy performance of slab-on-grade construction Building Envelope will likely be superior to framed floor construction due to durability of the components. WSU found that A building envelope is referred to as all aspects of the annual energy cost savings (kWh) reached a point building that separate interior space from exterior of diminishing returns with an R-25 fully insulated space. The boundary between thermally conditioned slab. However, it is important to note that R-25 slab and unconditioned spaces of the building envelope is insulation at the slab perimeter, while a difficult considered the thermal boundary. A home’s thermal design detail to implement, is necessary to protect envelope built to current Washington State Energy exposed insulation and create a durable and long- Code requirements accounts for roughly 40% of the lasting thermal component. WSU recommends that home’s annual energy consumption. A building’s this detail be evaluated when the home prototype thermal boundary usually maintains its integrity structural design process begins. A fully insulated R-25 longer than do mechanical systems and other loads. slab for this 1,500 ft2 prototype home saved ~450 kWh With proper and routine maintenance, a building annually relative to an R-10 fully insulated slab in WSU envelope can last 100 years or more. Useful mechanical models. Slab edge details are less problematic with 2” system life spans are often between 10 and 20 years, depth of R-10 insulation as opposed to 5” for the R-25 and technological advances are likely to outpace the insulation. useful life spans of currently available mechanical equipment. Therefore, maximizing the building The slab design should include an appropriate envelope’s thermal performance should be prioritized vapor barrier over a compacted gravel base for the over mechanical equipment and appliance efficiencies. insulation to sit on. Although the insulation under slab foundations are considered as part of the vapor barrier, Reducing air leakage is always a very cost-effective it is not advisable to rely solely on the material and component of residential energy conservation. Air taped seams to prevent water from wicking up into the leakage rates of 3.0 ACH50 (3 air exchanges per hour concrete slab. Per WSU, slab-on-grade construction at 50 pascals)can be accomplished without the use of also lends itself well to providing thermal mass for specialized materials. Proper training is essential to passive solar gains during the heating season and ensure that the tradespeople involved with the home thermal storage during the warmer summer months. construction apply the appropriate attention to detail This mass has a small but measurable impact on throughout the construction process. This process can reducing heating costs.

90 Sustainability

pane windows with a U-value of 0.15 could be The building commissioning process should include substituted for U-0.30 double pane windows that meet commissioning of the building envelope to insure Washington Energy Code requirements.The triple that all performance requirements are being met. pane windows were found to reduce the heat load by Commissioning of the building envelope can identify 13%. If a solar heat gain coefficient of 0.60 is specified areas of concern related to air infiltration and leakage, for the triple pane windows, the resulting increase in moisture diffusion, surface condensation, and rain heat gain during the heating season will reduce energy water entry—all issues that can negatively impact consumption by 6% at little or no cost. However, the building’s energy performance and indoor it should be noted that specifying the triple pane environmental quality. Of particular importance is windows may be twice the cost of the double pane to begin commissioning of the building envelope windows permitted by code. during design when design modifications can be easily incorporated, rather than waiting until construction Walls when remediation can cost significantly more. Thermally, any combination of cavity and continuous Windows exterior insulation with identical R-values would perform similarly. However, fiberglass and rock wool Windows and glazed doors should be distributed to insulation are advised for their ability to dry out more maximize day lighting and encourage passive solar readily if saturated. For similar reasons, exterior grade gains. This can be accomplished by designing an open- plywood (CDX) made up of five or more layers of concept floorplan on the south aspect of the home veneer is advised over oriented strand board (OSB) and optimizing window placement to provide direct for exterior wall sheathing. CDX has twice the drying sunlight to the uncovered slab. Bedrooms, bathrooms, potential of OSB, making it more forgiving and durable the mechanical room and utility room, and any space than OSB. not frequently used during daylight hours should be placed along north-facing walls and on second floors For optimal wall assembly durability, construction when practical. details should include an air-impermeable but vapor- open weather barrier installed between the exterior Optimizing solar gains in Taholah’s climatic region continuous rigid rock wool insulation and plywood may not have huge thermal energy benefits, but it wall sheathing. A vapor-open weather barrier protects will help reduce lighting loads and raise mean radiant the wall assembly from bulk water and wind intrusion temperatures inside the home when the sun is out; this while allowing vapor to pass through (this works will improve occupant comfort and improve indoor air much like Gore-Tex® fabric). A rain screen should quality by helping to dry interior surfaces. The ratio of be installed between the exterior cladding and the glazing area to floor area should be as low as practical rock wool. The interior of the exterior walls should to reduce heating loads. In the Taholah climatic region, remain vapor-open and not include a vapor retarder there is no energy conservation advantage to having so the wall can dry to the inside. Exterior walls a minimum area of glazing because there is just not should be properly sealed to prevent air intrusion enough solar gain potential in the heating season from the interior and exterior into the wall cavities. to outweigh the heat loss through the glazing to the Air intrusion into wall assemblies contributes to the outside. in order to provide adequate cross ventilation bulk of moisture transported from the interior to the on warmer days, rooms should have windows that can exterior, and can lead to moisture-related durability be opened. issues within the wall assembly.

While the National Renewable Energy Laboratory A rigid plastic foam (EPS, XPS, Polyisocyanurate) suggested that double-paned windows be used for exterior continuous insulation of a similar R-value will maximum efficiency, WSU suggested that triple perform similarly to other types of thermal insulation,

91 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan but it does not have the same drying potential as boards. Minimizing seams and maximizing lap will the assembly specified. The windy and wet climatic increase the cladding’s ability to resist wind-driven rain conditions of Taholah warrant special attention to penetration. ensure the wall assembly is airtight and vapor-open to prevent premature deterioration of the building Installation and maintenance of proper roof drainage assembly. is essential to protect the building’s thermal envelope. Light-framed wood construction has a proven record Appropriately sized gutters and downspouts must be of durability and performance in the marine climate provided to drain roofs directly to tight line storm of the Pacific Northwest when it is well designed, drains connected to storm water mitigation system(s). constructed, and maintained. Other wall-framing strategies such as structurally insulated panels Advanced framed ventilated roof assemblies with (SIP) and insulated concrete forms (ICF) are viable R-60 insulation show the best thermal performance alternatives but were not included in this analysis due for the investment. This will require a raised heel to non-thermal concerns about durability, availability, truss of roughly 20”. Asphalt roofs and metal roofs are and cost. appropriate for the climate, with metal roofs generally having a longer life. Cladding and Roofs Mechanical Systems Exterior shading, provided by eaves and roof overhangs, had very little impact on energy Designing heat recovery ventilation (HRV) into the consumption in the modeled prototype home. Quinault House design is ideal for energy conservation However, substantial eaves and roof overhangs and indoor air quality, especially in homes tighter are suggested to provide critical protection from than 2.0 ACH50. HRV’s deliver outside air directly to rainwater intrusion into the building wall and window individual zones and provide filtration. Unfortunately, assemblies. Rain screens behind the exterior cladding HRV’s are expensive and require routine maintenance. of all walls should be seriously considered. Although If maintenance is not performed regularly, these this feature will have little direct effect on the energy systems will not perform appropriately resulting consumption of the home, it will increase the drying in increased potential for indoor air quality issues. potential of the wall and protect the integrity of the A routine maintenance program sponsored by wall assembly and insulation. the Quinault Indian Nation or Quinault Housing Authority could help maintain proper function of Exterior cladding (siding) should be selected for HRV’s. its ability to inhibit intrusion of wind-driven rain. Properly installed lap siding will likely perform best Exhaust-only whole house ventilation is an alternative in rainforest conditions. Cedar or cement fiber plank that may prove more maintenance-free. However, or shake lap siding should be primed on both the face these systems do not provide filtration and distribution and back to limit moisture intrusion into the material. effectiveness is not as good. Cement fiber or cedar plywood panels can also be an effective cladding material when properly flashed at Ease of maintenance of the mechanical system should all edges. With any cladding material, care should be be a priority, since a complicated system may lead to taken to ensure all cut edges are primed and painted homeowners avoiding maintenance and result in mold when installed. Butt joints should be back flashed. and other problems within the building. Avoid caulking joint seams, and leave appropriate gaps at joints to discourage capillary wicking, encourage Heating and Hot Water drying, and ensure the integrity of the building’s thermal envelope. Use of tongue-and-groove and Centrally ducted air source heat pumps (ASHPs) channel siding is not advised due to increased potential are commonly installed throughout the region. The for intrusion of wind-driven rain at seams between technology is proven and the trades are experienced 92 Sustainability in installing such systems. Properly designed and all systems and components of a building to ensure installed ducted ASHPs will evenly distribute that they have been installed correctly and are working conditioned air. They have proven reliability and are according to the operational requirements of the roughly 200% efficient when designed and installed equipment. properly (An ASHP can extract much more energy from the air than it takes in equivalent electrical energy WSU’s analysis of this DHP system in the prototype to power the mechanics. Thus efficiencies can exceed Quinault House indicates that it performs better than 100%). However, several design and installation issues a traditional heat pump because there are no ducts, can significantly degrade the system’s performance. so no duct leakage. This technology looks to be a great fit for this home design given the heating load of Duct leakage outside the thermal envelope is one of the prototype home configurations. Installation and the biggest issues related to these systems. Current maintenance costs are also low, and they have a proven energy code limits leakage, but many systems still track record in the Pacific Northwest when installed in fail to meet those requirements. These systems also well-insulated and air-sealed homes. employ electric resistance (ER) heat as backup (small, 750-1500 watt baseboard or wall heaters). Controls are Several varieties of air-to-water heat pumps for supposed to be set to prevent activation of the ER heat combination space and water heating are available. when the heat pump itself can handle the load. Because Like any other heat pump, they work by transferring these controls are seldom tuned correctly, nameplate heat from ambient outside air to the interior efficiencies are rarely realized. environment through an outside compressor and a refrigerant cycle. Unlike the two heat pumps The various configurations of the prototype Quinault mentioned above, air-to-water heat pumps transfer House have heating system design loads of less than heat from ambient outside air to water, which can then 10,000 Btu. It would be difficult – or impossible – to be used to heat both the home and the domestic hot find a ducted ASHP that is small enough to match the water. These heat pumps are typically used to supply heat load of the prototype Quinault House. Grossly hot water for a hydronic floor heating system and a oversizing of ASHP systems leads to short cycling storage tank for domestic hot water uses. energy waste and occupant comfort complaints. Although the analysis shows good performance for a Air to water heat pump systems achieve similar heating properly tuned and installed centrally ducted forced system efficiencies as the DHPs but deliver additional air heat pump, we do not recommend their use in this energy savings by providing domestic hot water at prototype for the reasons discussed above. Nameplate efficiencies not seen with any other technology. Cost efficiency was used in this analysis. Analysis results effectiveness of these systems compared to DHP likely overestimate performance of actual installed technology must be thoroughly evaluated to define the systems. best value. System design and installation can be more complicated than the other two systems discussed, and Inverter-driven zonal ductless mini-split heat pumps trade expertise with these systems is harder to find. (DHP) installed in the main living area and combined Both the ducted and ductless ASHP systems provide with backup ER wall heaters in isolated but habitable air conditioning as well as heating. These models areas of the home are becoming common in the Pacific predict the added electrical load to be up to 350 kWh Northwest, and are now code required for any home annually. However, use of natural cooling strategies using ER zonal heating strategies. These systems such as cross ventilation, night flushing, and exterior are simple, easy to install, very efficient, quiet, and shade can be employed to reduce this load to well provide very comfortable heat. They come in sizes below model predictions. small enough for effective use in small and efficient homes. DHP systems do not require the same attention Water heating options are fairly limited. Standard to system commissioning that ducted ASHPs do in storage tank electric water heater efficiencies max out order to operate optimally. Commissioning is testing at roughly 93% efficient. They perform best if designed 93 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan to be installed within the thermal boundary. This quality and building durability. A family of four can will limit waste of heat that radiates from the tank. emit roughly 3 gallons of moisture into a house every This waste heat will reduce the heating load during day. If not properly exhausted through controlled the heating season. When installed in unconditioned ventilation, this moisture can build up to a point where space, all waste heat is lost. biological pollutants such as molds, mildews, fleas, and dust mites flourish. Properly designed, installed, and Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) can be 100% operated mechanical ventilation will exhaust polluted to 200% efficient. (A HPWH can extract much and moist interior air to the outside and bring outside more energy from the air than it takes in equivalent replacement air in. Even during the long, rainy winters electrical energy to power the mechanics. Thus in Taholah, this air exchange will reduce the relative efficiencies can exceed 100%). Because they are fairly humidity in the home, and decrease the risk of indoor loud, they should not be installed within the home. air quality and building durability issues. Additionally, HPWHs installed inside utilize the conditioned air of the home to heat the water and Whole house and local exhaust ventilation can be then exhaust cool air back to the space where they are accomplished by installing systems designed to the located. This increases the heating load of the home current Washington State Code requirements for during the heating season. Installing a HPWH in an residential ventilation systems or ASHRAE Standard attached garage is a decent compromise for reducing 62.2-2016. With any whole house ventilation system, noise and space heating impacts; however, HPWHs care must be taken to properly maintain and operate lose efficiency when located in a cooler space, such as a the system to assure optimal performance and indoor garage. Annualized efficiency of 150% can be expected air quality. Educating home occupants in the function when installed in an unconditioned space. and proper operation and maintenance of mechanical ventilation systems is imperative to maximize indoor The air-to-water heat pumps for combined space and air quality and building durability. water heating systems perform well and do not have the same issues of standalone HPWHs. Although In order to reduce concentrations of chemicals that cost efficiencies are gained when utilizing the heating may be harmful to residents and the environment, systems heat pump to also heat a home’s hot water low-emitting materials, such as paints, sealants and needs, additional costs are incurred. These systems adhesives with no volatile organic compounds should must also include a heat exchanger and storage tank. be used. However, these combination space heating and water heating systems show great promise in outperforming Indoor Lighting all other systems evaluated in this analysis. Lighting, appliances and miscellaneous loads in high Air Quality performance homes should utilize the latest in energy efficient technologies. Appliances should meet Energy New and existing homes, whether drafty or air tight, Star requirements. Not all Energy Star appliances are susceptible to an unhealthy buildup of indoor are created equal. The annual consumption data air pollutants. These pollutants can include, but are for products of interest must be evaluated prior to not limited to, biological organisms such as fleas, specifying. In general, the following guidance can be dust mites, molds, mildews, and volatile organic used when specifying LAML’s : compounds (VOCs) that off-gas from homebuilding materials and the furnishings and finishes brought into • 100% CFL or LED lighting the home. • high efficiency Energy Star dishwashers with low GPM hot water consumption Additionally, without mechanical ventilation, any • Energy Star refrigerators home in any climate is susceptible to an unhealthy • high efficiency Energy Star front-loading washing buildup of moisture that can affect the indoor air 94 Sustainability

machines 135 mph. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory estimates a village of approximately 400 homes and 200,000 sf of community buildings similar to the village shown in the Master Plan would require OUTDOOR LIGHTING approximately 20-25 acres of land to be set aside, if the sole power source were solar panels in an array. Full cut-off, high efficiency light fixtures are However, a smaller area would be necessary if a mix of encouraged for outdoor use to reduce light pollution energy sources were used or if only essential facilities and maintain clear night skies. Lighting along trails were to be powered in the case of disaster. should, at least in part, be powered by solar panels and include motion sensors, so that the lights are only A solar array would be less costly than solar panels on when needed. These solar-powered lights would on each building and could more easily optimize remain on even during power outages and disasters, capture of solar energy than placement on individual providing emergency lighting to the community. homes and interference from trees. Additionally, the ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PARK electricity for the array could serve homes in the lower village before those residents relocate to higher ground Because of Taholah’s isolation and the fact that the and the homes south of the Administration Building only powerline serving the village is susceptible to that were not designed or laid out with photovoltaics in the tsunami, as well as to routine damage during mind. The advantages of solar panels on each buildings storms, energy resilience within the village is an are probable earlier deployment of solar energy in the important aspect of the Master Plan. The need for village – the panels could be installed with the first resilience suggests a strategy of using off-grid energy buildings to be constructed in the new village – and to the greatest extent possible. Photovoltaics is the avoiding a lapse in service to the entire village if there most likely source of power from solar energy. Solar is a problem at the solar array. energy could be collected either at each home and community building through rooftop solar panels or at To this end, approximately seven acres to the east of a separate, collective solar array. Community PV may the school site are designated as an Energy Park. The be advantageous to communities such as the Quinault Energy Park will serve a portion the community’s Indian Nation, where constraints of organizing energy needs via housing a solar array and a biomass community property partnerships may not be a large facility that will provide heat to community facilities. issue. A community system may be advantageous The biomass facility will be powered by locally sourced over rooftop systems, as the overall costs will be logs from timber operations on the Reservation. A less and homeowners will not have to purchase and buried and insulated pipe conveying hot water will maintain systems. However, one large interconnected flow downhill to serve various community buildings, community PV power generation system may be less such as the Multi-use Building, Health Center and secure, since one problem can bring down the entire Administration Building with the hot water being system, while if a rooftop system malfunctions, only converted to heat via heat exchangers to reduce the one building is affected. If Taholah were still connected need for electric heaters. to the Grays Harbor PUD grid, however, a disruption in service by the community system would not be problematic.

Photovoltaic panels and their riggings are generally rated for 110 mph winds. Panels are not warrantied for conditions beyond 110 mph. The building code standard wind load for Taholah in 135 mph. Therefore, rooftop solar panels will require custom-designed riggings to maintain their warranty if subjected to 95 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

STORMWATER • Vegetated swales, filter strips and buffers • Rain gardens, drywells and other facilities to STORMWATER LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT increase infiltration • Rain barrels and cisterns As protection of salmon is a guiding principle of • Rainwater recycling this Master Plan, the development covered in this • Runoff storage beneath or integrated into parking plan will not harm or harass anadromous fish in the lots, streets and sidewalks Quinault River or other fish-bearing streams. There • Avoidance of overbuilt parking lots is no fish habitat within the Relocation Area, but • Green roofs stormwater could potentially run off to the river or a • Permeable pavements stream south of the Relocation Area. This stormwater • Native and drought tolerant landscaping could convey pollutants, sediments and runoff with • Soil modification to increase infiltration capacity elevated temperatures to streams, all of which could • Wildflower meadows adversely affect fish populations. The most effective way to avoid harm and harassment of fish is to retain For instance, given the desire to have traditionally as much stormwater as possible in the Relocation Area. used plants in the new village, the wildflower meadow Any runoff leaving the Relocation Area should be could be populated by camas, bog Labrador tea and treated to ensure that as many pollutants as possible salmonberry. The climate of Taholah and the use of are filtered out and that water does not leave the site native plants will reduce the utility of rain barrels, as at temperatures such that fish in the Quinault River ample water is naturally available for landscaping, but would be subject to thermal stress. the barrels could still be useful in community gardens. To achieve these goals, stormwater infrastructure will LID facilities may be placed in yards, the public right- adhere to Low Impact Development (LID) standards of-way, parking areas or parks. Features like rain for stormwater facilities. Various LID methods that are gardens provide habitat for birds and other wildlife. appropriate to Taholah include:

• Development without curbs and gutters

Figure 8-3: Low Impact Development

96 Sustainability

Rain Gardens and Bioswales

A typical raindrop falling on a rooftop in the new village would travel from the building’s gutter either to a rain barrel, a small drywell connected to the gutter system or via a pipe or runoff to a bioswale along a street. The water would flow through the bioswale to a rain garden. While flowing through the bioswale and rain garden, much of the water will infiltrate into the soil. Temperatures will dissipate and pollutants will be filtered by plants in the swale or garden. If there is adequate flow to move the water through the swale and rain garden, the water will overflow into a drywell, a large perforated pipe placed vertically in the soil. The water will collect in the drywell and will be absorbed by the soils. While the top layer of soil in the new village does not readily absorb runoff, geotechnical tests indicate that the soils accept the water at an adequate rate when the drywells are sunk to a depth where sandy gravels are found underlying the relocation area. Thus, polluted water will not reach fish habitat in the Quinault River or the drainage south of the relocation area.

Stormwater facility designs should strive to meet the standards described in the Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington (amended 2014). LID reduces the need for stormwater infrastructure, such as storm drain pipes, curbs, gutters and inlet structures.

PRAIRIES

One possible method of incorporating Quinault culture into the new village is the design of stormwater quality facilities to mimic the bogs, known on the Reservation as prairies, which are home to native plants, such as Labrador (Indian) tea. The prairies could be accommodated in parks or within the existing wetland areas. Creation of prairies would require careful preparation of the soil. There are areas of peat in the Relocation Area that are not wetlands. These areas would be the most likely areas to successfully support a constructed prairie.

97 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Landscaping in public areas in the new village will consist mainly of native plants common to the area. Many of these plants have been utilized by the Quinault historically for baskets, medicine, food and other uses. The plants provide food and habitat to local wildlife, are climatically suited to the area, and will not require much maintenance, fertilizers or additional watering. Tree locations should be carefully chosen as to not negatively affect solar access on neighboring properties.

Plant Palette for Public Areas *Asterisks indicate traditional use by Quinaults and other Northwest Indians

Sun

• Camas – Camassia quamash* • Red elderberry – Sambucus racemosa ( can cause digestive problems) – (edible when toxic seed is removed)* • Blue elderberry- Sambucus caerulea (edible when toxic seed is removed)* • Salal –Gaultheria shallon* • Blackcap raspberry –Rubus leucodermis* • Woodland strawberry- Fragaria vesca* • Coastal strawberry- Fragaria chiloensis* • Common bearberry- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* • Golden currant –Ribes aureum* • Wapato - Sagattaria latifolia* • Nodding onion – Allium cernuum* • Tall Oregon-grape – Mahonia aquifolium • Creeping Oregon-grape – Mahonia repens • Oregon iris – Iris tenax • Cascara – Rhamnus purshiana • Madrone – Arbutus menziesii • Coltsfoot– Petasites frigidus • Mock orange – Philadelphus lewisii • Big leaf maple – Acer macrophyllum • Columbia lily – Lilium columbianum

Shade

• Mountain huckleberry- Vaccinium membranaceum* • Evergreen huckleberry- Vaccinium ovatum* • Coastal strawberry- Fragaria vesca* • Common bearberry- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* • Indian plum- Oemleria cerasiformis • Lady fern- Athyrium filix-fermina • Ostrich fern- Matteucia struthiopteris • Spiny wood fern- Dryopteris expansa Camas (molaIels) • Bracken fern- Pteridium aquilinum* • Miners lettuce – Claytonia perfolicata • Redwood violet- Viola sempervirens • Wapato- Sagattaria latifolia

98 Sustainability

• Beaked hazelnut- Corylus cornuta • Pacific Rhododendron – Rhododendron macrophyllum • Pacific Dogwood – Cornus nuttallii • Coltsfoot– Petasites frigidus • Mock orange – Philadelphus lewisii • Tall Oregon-grape – Mahonia aquifolium • Creeping Oregon-grape – Mahonia repens • Cascara – Rhamnus purshiana • Madrone – Arbutus menziesii • Vine Maple – Acer circinatum

Wet

• Camas – Camassia quamash* • Red elderberry- Sambucus racemosa* • Cranberry- Vaccinium ovatum* • Springbank clover- Trifolium wormskjoldii* • Pacific silverweed- Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica* • Salmonberry – Rubus spectabilis* • Thimbleberry- Rubus parviflorus* • Lady fern – Athyrium filix-femina* Tall Oregon Grape • Wapato- Sagattaria latifolia* • Blackcap raspberry- Rubus leucodermis* • Cattail – Typha latifolia* • Bog Labrador Tea – Rhododendron groenlandicum*

Well Drained

• Blue elderberry – Sambucus caerulea* • Mountain huckleberry – Vaccinium membranaceum* • Evergreen huckleberry – Vaccinum ovatum* • Service berry – Amelanchier alnifolia* • Soapberry- Shepherdia canadensis* • Wild blackberry- Rubus ursinus* • Choke cherry – Prunus virginiana* • Crabapple- Malus fusca* • Black gooseberry- Ribes lacustre* • Indian plum –Oemleria cerasiformis* • Nootka rose- Rosa nutkana* • Ostrich fern- Matteuccia struthiopterius* • Douglas fir- Pseudotsuga menziesii* • Western hemlock- Tsuga heterophylla* • Miners lettuce- Claytonia perfoliata* • Redwood violet – Viola sempervirens* • Hooker’s onion- Allium acuminatum* Elderberry • Biscuit root (wild carrot)- Lomatium dissectum*

Dry

99 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

• Common bearberry – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* • Golden currant – Ribes aureum* • Licorice fern- Polypodium glycyrrhiza* • Bracken fern- Pteridium aquilinum* • Hooker’s onion –Allium acuminatum* • Biscuit root (wild carrot) – Lomatium dissectum*

Light shade

• Salmonberry- Rubus spectabilis*

Moist

• Choke cherry – Prunus virginiana* • Crabapple – Malus fusca* • Black gooseberry –Ribes lacustre* • Indian plum- Oemleria cerasiformis* • Nootka rose- Rosa nutkana* • Spiny wood fern- Dryopteris expansa* • Bracken fern- Pteridium glycyrrhiza* • Miners lettuce – Claytonia perfoliata* • Nodding onion- Allium cernuum* Serviceberry • Beaked hazelnut- Corylus cornuta* • Douglas fir (limited)- Pseudotsuga menziesii* • Western hemlock (limited)- Tsuga heterophylla* • Sitka spruce (limited)- Picea sitchensis*

Edible Plants

• Red elderberry- Sambucus racemosa* • Blue elderberry- Sambucus caerulea* • Mountain huckleberry- Vaccinum membranaceum* • Evergreen huckleberry- Vaccinium ovatum* • Cranberry- Vaccinium macrocarpon* • Service berry- Amenlanchier alnifolia* • Salmonberry- Rubus spectabilis Berries and Sprouts (bear candy) * • Blackcap raspberry- Rubus leucodermis* • Thimbleberry- Rubus parviflorus - Berries and Sprouts (bear candy) * • Wild blackberry- Rubus ursinus* • Woodland strawberry- Fragaria vesca* • Coastal strawberry- Fragaria chiloensis* • Bitter cherry- Prunus emarginata* • Choke cherry- Prunus virginiana* • Common bearberry – Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* • Golden currant- Ribes aureum* • Black gooseberry- Ribes lacustre* Nootka Rose

100 Sustainability

• Indian plum- Oemleria cerasiformis* • Nootka rose- Rosa nutkana* • Cattail- Typha latifolia* • Fiddlehead ferns (bracken fern) - Pteridium aquilinum* • Fiddlehead ferns (lady fern) - Athyrium filix-femina * • Hazelnuts- Corylus avellana* • Acorns - Quercus spp. • Walnuts – Jugans nigra* • Beaked hazelnuts –Corylus cornuta * • Bog Labrador Tea – Ledum groenlandicum*

Rain Gardens/ Infiltration Areas Bioswale Bottom Ground Layer

• Dense sedge- Carex densa • Slough sedge- Carex obnupta • Taper Tip rush – Juncus acuminatus • Jointed rush- Juncus articulatus • Common monkey flower - Mimulus guttatus Douglas Spirea • Graceful cinquefoil – Potentilla gracilis • Common rush – Juncus effusus • Dagger-leaf rush – Juncus ensifolius • Small-fruited bulrush – Scirpus microcarpus • Pacific Ninebark – Physocarpus capitatus • Douglas Spirea – Spiraea douglasii

Slide Slopes Ground Layer

• Western fescue – Festuca occidentalis • Tufted hair grass – Deschampsia caespitosa • Bog Labrador Tea – Rhododendron groenlandicum Common Rush

Side Slopes Understory

• Red Osier Dogwood- Cornus stolonifera • Nootka rose- Rosa nutkana* • Snowberry- Symphoricarpos albus • Black Twinberry- Lonicera involucrata • Camas – Camassia quamash* • Red elderberry- Sambucus racemosa* • Cranberry- Vaccinium ovatum* • Springbank clover-Trifolium wormskioldii* • Pacific silverweed- Potentilla anserina ssp pacifica * • Salmonberry- Rubus spectabalis* Monkeyflower

101 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

• Thimbleberry- Rubus parviflorus* • Lady fern- Athyrium filix-femina*

Salmonberry

Pacific Rhododendron

102 Economic Opportunities and Funding Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND will fund essential community facilities such as child FUNDING care centers, courts, museums, fire stations, police stations, community centers, assisted living facilities, Funding for the new village will come from a variety of transitional housing, community gardens and food sources, both public and private. These are listed below pantries, all of which will be needed in the new village. and discussed with regard to the specific infrastructure A maximum of 75% of project cost could be covered the individual programs may support. Please note that by a grant, so were the Nation to receive such a grant grant availability and information is subject to change other funding would also need to be obtained. due to appropriations and agency goals. FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program moneys GOALS are also available to community facilities in harm’s way; however the value of the FEMA payment to remove • Identify funding sources for community facilities the endangered facility will likely be much less than and infrastructure the full replacement value for such structures. FEMA moneys can help pay for the relocated community • Identify economic opportunities that will arise facilities, but would likely need to be combined with from the new development and resources available funding from other sources. If FEMA funds are on the Reservation accepted as part of this program, the land may not be used for future development. This may infringe PROGRAMS of Tribal sovereignty and should be considered, if pursuing these funds. Public Programs Indian Community Development Block Grants can • USDA Rural Development be used for community facilities if the facilities benefit • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Low Income communities. • Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • Indian Health Service Roads • FEMA • Tribal Economic Development Bonds HUD • Bureau of Indian Affairs • Washington State Department of Health HUD Indian Community Development Block • Washington State Department of Ecology Grants (Community Facilities) can fund streets and neighborhoods, as well ans single or multi-purpose community facilities. Private Funding Opportunities USDA • Low Income Housing Tax Credits • New Market Tax Credits While focused on business development, the USDA • Venture Capitalists Rural Business Enterprise Grant will fund new • Banks construction, parking, streets and roads, utilities and • Foundations distance learning.

Community Buildings The Federal Highway Administration Tribal Transportation Program (formerly the BIA Indian USDA Rural Development has both loans and grants Reservation Roads Program) provides the Quinault available for community buildings via the Community Nation an annual award for road maintenance. These Facilities Direct Loan & Grant Program. Most USDA funds may be used for planning, engineering and funding is via loans, rather than grants. This program

104 Economic Opportunities and Funding construction of roads, as well as pedestrian and bicycle facilities, parking areas, interpretive signage and transit The Washington Department of Health has a $25,000 programs, all of which will be included in the new grant that could be used to explore for additional village. well sites on the south side of the Quinault River. Also available is a maximum $300,000 grant for Water, Wastewater and Stormwater preconstruction. This could pay for engineering and cultural studies and must move the Nation closer to USDA Rural Development can provide funds via the applying for a construction loan. Water and Waste Disposal Loan and Grant program. These funds will generally be long-term, low-interest Washington Department of Ecology loans, not grants. This program provides funding for drinking water systems, sanitary sewage disposal, The Department of Ecology has funding that could be sanitary solid waste disposal, and storm water drainage used for the design and/or construction of a berm or in rural areas. other armoring for the sewage treatment plant. Due to the tsunami danger, the project may qualify as a USDA RD Emergency Community Water Assistance hardship. The Department of Ecology can also assist Grants Program helps eligible communities prepare with stormwater facilities. Ecology staff recommends for, or recover from, an emergency that threatens referring to the facilities as bio-infiltration facilities, the availability of safe, reliable drinking water for rather than rain gardens. households and businesses. Cultural Facilities, Art and Trails The Economic Development Administration Public Works Program grants may be used for the National Endowment for the Arts revitalization, expansion and upgrade of physical infrastructure. This grant is tied to diversifying local The Our Town Creative Placemaking Grant Program economies generation and retention of long-term, funds projects that create activity, develop community private-sector jobs. identity and a sense of place and help revitalize local economies. Grants range from $25,000 to $200,000. Indian Health Service may provide funding for water The Art Works Grants Program funds, among other and sanitary sewer projects and conduct infrastructure projects, the commissioning and development of system studies. However, if HUD funds are used on the new work and the professional training of artists. The same project, the QIN must take care that the funds Art Work grants range from $10,000 to $100,000. aren’t mixed in a way that will violate IHS and HUD These art grants can be tapped to create freestanding regulations. installations or the integration of art into buildings and support Quinault artists through commissions. USDA Emergency Community Water Assistance Grants Washington State Historical Society

USDA grants are available when a decline in water The Washington State Historical Society, via Heritage supply or quality is considered imminent due to an Capital Projects Fund (HCPF) grant program, may emergency situation. Earthquakes, and likely tsunamis, reimburse up to 33% of the eligible costs of selected would be considered qualifying emergencies. heritage capital projects; grantees must provide at least a 67% match. Applicants must demonstrate Washington Department of Health: Drinking Water significant public benefit in the form of heritage Revolving Fund interpretation and preservation, involve property

105 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan that will be held a minimum of 13 years beyond the Programs, would most likely come via the Quinault completion of the project. HCPF-funded projects Housing Authority (QHA). QHA has years of must have a minimum total project cost of $25,000 and experience applying for and utilizing these programs. applicants request a grant of no more than $1,000,000. Imminent Threat funding for the project is unlikely, These funds could be used for interpretative trails, according to HUD staff. signage and Quinault art installations. USDA Rural Development’s Multi-Family Housing Direct Loan Program provides loans for construction Power and Communication of multi-family housing for low-income, elderly or disabled individuals. USDA Rural Development provides loans through its Rural Electric Program and Telecommunication FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program moneys Infrastructure Loan Program that could help fund are also available to replace housing in harm’s way. the extension of electric lines and broadband in the This program covers all housing, not specifically low- new village. The USDA Broadband Community income housing. Connect Program Grants may be used to finance the construction, acquisition, or leasing of facilities, Section 502 Direct Home Loan including spectrum, land or buildings, used to deploy service to all residential and business customers These loans are primarily used to help very low and located within the proposed service area. Funding low income individuals or households purchase homes will include up to 10 Computer Access Points to be in rural areas. Funds can be used to acquire, build used in the Community Center, which must reside on (including funds to purchase and prepare sites and to property owned by the awardee. The cost of providing provide water and sewage facilities), repair, renovate or the service will be free to community center for two relocate a home. years. The grants are much less likely to be awarded than the loans. The aim of the project will be to have Section 502 Home Loan Guarantee connections to each home, which will minimize the need for a facility in the Community Center. Applicants seeking a USDA Rural Development home loan guarantee may have an income of up to 115 Recreation Facilities percent of the median income for the area in which they live. Families must be without adequate housing, Washington Department of Commerce but be able to afford the mortgage payments, including taxes and insurance. Additionally, applicants must have The Washington Youth Recreational Facilities Program reasonable credit histories. provides funds to Washington non-profit entities for construction and renovation of nonresidential youth Mutual Self-Help Housing Loans recreation facilities. The grants will pay for up to 25% of eligible costs. Operating costs are ineligible. The The Section 502 Mutual Self-Help Housing Loan grant cap is $1,200,000. Program is used primarily to help very low- and low-income households construct their own homes Low Income Housing through the Mutual Self-Help Housing Program.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides funding for low income housing. Washington Department of Commerce These grants, such as the Indian Community Development Block Grants, and loan guarantee The Washington State Department of Commerce uses programs, like the Section 184 Loan Guarantee its Housing Trust Fund dollars to fund a diverse array

106 Economic Opportunities and Funding of projects that serve low-income populations. Most projects funded to via the Housing Trust Fund serve households with special needs or incomes below 30% of Area Median Income, including homeless families, seniors, and people with developmental disabilities. Housing Trust Fund dollars may also be used to develop projects that serve population of up to 80% of Area Median Income. This source would be likely to fund housing for the homeless.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Not only will the Relocation provide for the health and safety of the Village, but it will present the Nation with the potential for economic development. The new village will be one of the largest projects in Grays Harbor County. Wood and gravel, the raw materials for housing and road infrastructure, are abundant within the boundaries of the Quinault Reservation. By utilizing these resources, the Nation would retain money within the community and reduce the carbon footprint of its development through use of local materials. The Nation, either through government initiatives or the efforts of individual Quinault entrepreneurs, could invest in the following:

The relocation presents several business development opportunities, such as:

• Concrete Batch Plant • Asphalt Batch Plant • Saw Mill/Drying Facility • Labor Training/Provider • Communications Tower and Other Facilities • Temporary Housing for Construction Crews

Opportunities

Develop and Provide Building Materials from Nation- Owned Resources

• Timber • Sand and Gravel

107 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

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108 Land Use Code Changes Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN AND TITLE 48 ZONING CHANGES 1) 12. Village Mixed is used in Taholah and Queets to include villages and neighborhoods that might include COMPREHENSIVE PLAN commercial, residential, civic, semi-public, industrial and recreational uses. This allows greater flexibility The QIN Comprehensive Land Use Plan of 2011 gov- within a village setting for mixing uses, for instance a erns development on the Quinault Indian Reservation. civic building adjacent to a commercial building. In the Relocation Area, 162, 163 and 164A are desig- nated as Civic and 164 as Rural Residential. 2) the land use designations for Allotments 164 and 164A are Village Mixed. In order to allow a mix of uses and greater flexibility in subdivision of the large parcels, adoption of this Mas- 3) North of the top of the bluff adjacent to the Roger ter Plan amends the Comprehensive Plan, as follows: Saux Health Center, Allotments 162 and 163 are desig- nated as Preservation. The addition of a new land use designation: Village Mixed 4) South of the bluff, 162 and 163 are designated Vil- lage Mixed. The Comprehensive Land Use Plan is revised to in- clude the following Future Use Classification (page 158): Figure 10-1: Existing 2011 Comprehensive Plan Figure 10-2: Revised Comprehensive Plan Land Use Designations Designations

110 Land Use Code Changes

TITLE 48 Residential and Village Open Space.

Map Amendments Allotment 164 is amended from Forestry to Residential. Title 48 is the zoning code for the Quinault Indian Nation. As the new lands are incorporated into Allotment 164A is amended from Commercial to Taholah, various map and text amendments to Title Residential, Commercial and Village Open Space. 48 are necessary to allow new building types in the Upper Village and redesignate the land use assigned to It should be noted that many uses not conventionally allotments. These changes are as follows and shown on considered as residential are considered to be the Revised Title 48 Zoning Designations Map on the residential by Title 48. These include schools, churches, following page (Figure 10-4). public uses and cemeteries. The boundaries of the land use designations shown on the Revised Title 48 Allotment 162 is amended from Residential to Designations Map follow topographical boundaries, Residential and Village Open Space. such as top of slope. Where dimensions of a zone may not be obvious, the dimensions are noted on the map. Allotment 163 is amended from Residential to Figure 10-3: Existing Title 48 Zoning Designations

111 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Figure 10-4: Revised Title 48 Zoning Designations

112 Land Use Code Changes

Text Amendments Add a definition to Section 48.02:

In addition to the map amendments listed above, Habitat Restoration Projects: means conversion of many text amendments to Title 48 are necessary. The alteration of land to improve areas upon which fish following modifications are made to the listed sections. and other animals depend on for spawning feeding and migration. Add a definition to Section 48.02: Add a definition to Section 48.02: Accessory Dwelling Unit means an additional living quarters on a single-family lot that are independent of Live-Work unit means a building type with office or the primary dwelling unit. The separate living spaces retail space configured on the first floor, and residential are equipped with kitchen and bathroom facilities, space above. and can be either attached or detached from the main residence. Add a definition to Section 48.02:

Modify to add “or storm water facility” to Artificial Supportive Housing means housing linked with a Wetland definition in 48.02 social service. This includes housing facilities for those without homes or requiring a place to stay Artificial wetland or storm water facility means while completing rehabilitation programs. Along with wetlands created from non-wetland sites through residential units, these facilities often include shared purposeful, legally authorized human action, such as facilities, such as meeting rooms, kitchens, laundry, irrigation and drainage ditches, grass-lined swales, showers and other such facilities. Supportive housing canals, detention facilities, wastewater treatment may be inclusive in one building or may include facilities, and landscape amenities. several buildings. The length of stay of the occupant is determined by individual lease. Add a definition to Section 48.02: Add new section: Commercial Recreational Vehicle Facility means a campground with sanitary facilities and staff oversight. 48.05.35 Village Open Space Zone (VOS) This does not include residential use of a trailer, which is governed by section 48.07.020 (a) The purpose of the Village Open Space Zone is to permit limited to no development on lands Add a definition to Section 48.02: associated with Taholah, Queets, Amanda Park and Qui-naielt village in order to retain natural and Cultural facility means a structure or installation where recreational areas, parkland and areas of severe slope. traditional activities occur or Quinault art is displayed. (b) Non- motorized vehicle paths, trails and These include, but are not limited to, museums, trails, selective tree removal for safety and view purposes are art installations, outdoor cooking equipment, such as the only uses permitted in areas of greater than 15% smokers, and carving sheds. slope. These uses are conditionally permitted.

Add a definition to Section 48.02: To 48.05.080 add new uses and a new Land Use Category to Table 1, “Village Open Space”. Permitted Energy Generation Facility (Small) means a facility uses are Artificial Wetland and Stormwater Facility and used for the creation of electricity or hot water. These Parks. Conditional Uses are Commercial Recreation include biomass plants, solar arrays and wind energy Facilities and Campgrounds, Cultural Facilities, facilities. The maximum size of such a project is 20 Habitat Restoration Projects, Non-Motorized Vehicle acres. Paths and Trails, Selective Tree Removal and Sports

113 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

Fields. Add asterisk to “2 per unit*” Residential Off-street To Zoning District Use Table 1, Residential Uses add parking a row Supportive Housing. Supportive Housing is a conditional use in the Residential, Commercial and Industrial Zones. Add a row, Live/Work. Live/Work is Revise Section 48.06.050 Required Public Right-of- a conditional use in Commercial and Industrial zones. Way to add “residential and”.

To “Zoning District Use Table 1, Public and Semi- (a) Minimum standards for new street right-of-way public Uses” add two rows, Artificial Wetland and shall be: fifty (50) feet for residential and collector Stormwater Facility and Energy Facility - Small. streets, sixty (60) feet for secondary arterials, seventy Artificial Wetland and Stormwater Facility is a (70) feet for primary arterials and one hundred fifty conditional use in Residential, Commercial, Industrial, (150) feet for major highways. Said standards shall be Forestry, Wilderness and Village Open Space. Energy decreased only upon recommendation of the Planning - Facility - Small is a conditional use in Residential, Commission and approval of the Business Committee. Commercial, Industrial and Forestry. Add new Section 48.06.180 Accessory Dwelling units To “Zoning District Use Table 1, Other” add five rows, Cultural Facilities, is a permitted use in all zones. 48.06.180 Accessory Dwelling Units Habitat Restoration Projects, Non-motorized vehicle Paths and Trails, and Selective Tree Removal are An accessory dwelling unit (ADU) is an additional permitted uses in Residential, Commercial, Industrial residential unit on the same lot as a primary single and Forestry Zones and are conditional uses in family dwelling that provides complete, independent Wilderness and Village Open Space. Sports fields are a living facilities for one or more persons. conditional use in all zones. Accessory dwelling units may be established on any lot Revise Section 48.06.020 Address to add: in any district where a primary single family dwelling is permitted, provided all setback requirements can be Accessory Units shall be addressed with the address met. Only one second unit is permitted per primary of the primary residence followed by the letter A. (e.g. single family dwelling on the same lot. Development 435 Queets Street and 435 A Queets Street) criteria for second units include:

Revise Section 48.06.040 Off-Street Parking to add: • Type of Unit. A second unit may be attached, detached, or located within the living area of the (c) Transitional and Supportive Housing require 1 primary dwelling unit on the lot. parking space per unit. Homes with accessory dwelling units require an additional off-street parking space • Minimum and Maximum Floor Area. The beyond the two required for a unit in the Residential maximum floor area of a second unit shall not zone. This space may be in a driveway or garage. exceed 750 square feet or 40 percent of the floor area of the primary dwelling, whichever is less, except that an attached second unit of 400 square Revise 48.06.030 Building Setbacks to add note at the feet in floor area is permitted regardless of the size top of the chart. of the primary dwelling. No second unit may be smaller than 150 square feet. *Refer to Section 48.06.040(c) for additional parking requirements for Residential uses. • Development Standards. Second units shall

114 Land Use Code Changes

conform to setback, height, lot coverage, and capacity containing hazardous liquids or gases that other zoning requirements applicable to the are not common liquid industrial fuels installed in primary dwelling in the zoning district where the the Upper Village will require review by the Planning second unit is proposed, subject to the following Department to ensure that there is an acceptable additional standards: separation distance (per U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development guidelines) from Residential • An attached or detached second unit shall be zones. Such tanks may be installed underground or located on the interior side of a corner lot or behind blast barriers, such as walls, so that residences behind the existing dwelling. are not threatened by potential explosions or fire. Blast barriers must be designed by a licensed professional • An attached second unit that results in two-story engineer. construction shall be located in the rear half of the structure. 48.07.050 Taholah Village Relocation Mitigation Measures • A second unit shall have a separate, private exterior entrance. When a development application is filed with the Community Development and Planning Department • Architectural Compatibility. The architectural within the bounds or the Upper Village of Taholah design, exterior materials and colors, roof pitch (Allotments 23, 3062, 162, 163, 164, 164A) and and style, type of windows, and trim details of additional worksheet must be included with the the second unit shall be substantially the same as, standard Quinault Indian Nation Master Land Use and visually harmonious and compatible with, the Development Application. This supplementary primary dwelling, as determined by the Land Use worksheet will include a checklist of Mitigation Planner. Measures developed as part of the Environmental Assessment of the Taholah Village Master Plan. The • Exceptions. Exceptions to Development Standards Community Development and Planning Department and Architectural Compatibility above shall require will analyze the proposed development to ensure an Administrative Use Permit and a finding that consistency with the listed Mitigation Measures. the second unit is compatible with, and preserves, the single family character of the primary dwelling and the surrounding neighborhood. Exceptions to Minimum and Maximum Floor Area and Parking above shall require a Conditional Use Permit.

• For the accessory unit to be occupied, the property owner in the case of individual trust land or the owner of the primary unit in case of Tribal trust property must occupy the primary unit.

• Deed Restriction. The second unit shall not be sold, transferred, or assigned separately from the primary dwelling.

48.06.190 Storage Tanks

Any new storage tanks over 100 gallons containing common liquid industrial fuels or tanks of any 115 Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

AMENDMENT PROCESS FOR MASTER PLAN NEPA MITIGATION MEASURES

It is anticipated that certain modifications to the A Finding of No Significant Impact was made Master Plan text and exhibits may be necessary during September 1, 2016 by the Superintendent of the the life of the community. Any modifications to Taholah Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for these documents shall occur in accordance with the the Environmental Assessment for this Plan. The amendment process described in this section. These following Mitigation Measures were included in the amendments include, but are not limited to, changes in Environmental Assessment for the Master Plan and phasing, plant palette, editorial corrections to text or an Amendment to the Environmental Assessment to graphics, changes to text or graphics to conform with reduce any adverse effects on the human environment other pre-eminent laws, trail realignments, updated to a less than significant level. These measures will be regulations or policies, or retroactive changes to text or followed during the implementation of the Master graphics to conform with existing conditions. Amend- Plan. Failure to implement these mitigation measures ments allow for administrative changes to the Master will result in the requirement to amend the approved Plan and shall be approved by the Planning Com- Environmental Assessment. mission. All amendments shall be consistent with the Comprehensive Plan. Mitigation Measure #1: As access to Allotment The phasing plan may be required to change due 75A was not allowed by the landowners for site to unforeseen infrastructure or market conditions. The investigation, any development projects on the phasing of the project will continue the balance of land allotment will require further geotechnical and uses throughout development, as is possible, based wetland studies prior to construction. At the time upon any changed conditions related to infrastructure that the areas on all allotments containing wetlands or the market. are developed, the effects of that construction on the wetlands should be reconsidered. If an effect on The Environmental Assessment for the project esti- a wetland is anticipated, an updated 8-step process mated approximately 400 residential units and 200,000 should be performed for the specific project, the square feet of commercial and community facilities on project’s effects on the wetlands and to investigate Allotments 162, 163, 164 and 164A. If a project will possible mitigations. cause the amount of development on these four allot- ments to substantially exceed these totals, an amend- Mitigation #2: Should any human remains or historical ment will be required. If an allotment is added to the or unique archaeological resources be discovered Master Plan area, an amendment detailing the design during site development work, the work shall cease standards and land use will be required. until the Cultural Resource Specialist has indicated that work will not damage historic or cultural resources. At the time of construction an Inadvertent Discovery Plan should be prepared.

Mitigation Measure #3: All work activities will conform to local noise ordinances. The primary noise sources will be construction equipment such as vehicle engines and compressors. Since residences are present within 100 feet of the Project site, noise abatement controls such as careful staging of noise intensive construction activities during daylight hours and the use of less noise intensive construction practices will

116 Land Use Code Changes be instituted to minimize potential adverse effects. No blasting with a charge 2 lbs. or greater will be permitted. Use of helicopters to clear the site or in construction is not allowed from April 1 to September 15.

Mitigation Measure #4: Air quality impacts from fugitive dust emissions will be controlled through best management practices, such as wetting roadways, and dust covers on vehicles hauling fill from the Project site.

Mitigation Measure #5: New storage tanks over 100 gallons in volume containing flammable substances shall be buried or placed behind barriers, such as walls or diking. Containment must be to HUD standards for blast overpressure and thermal radiation covered by 24 CFR Part 51 Subsection C. New storage tanks in the Upper Village shall require review by the Community Development and Planning Department, so that there will be an acceptable separation distance to residence and other nearby structures or the danger of explosion is adequately mitigated.

Mitigation #6: Best Management Practices elements of Low Impact Stormwater Development shall be incorporated into the final site design to mitigate potential stormwater, drainage, and water quality impacts for the project site. Efforts will be made to keep stormwater on-site. If the stormwater exits the site, it will do so only after measures have been taken to remove excess temperature from the water, so as to not thermally harass native char species or other species of fish off-site, and significantly increase sedimentation. Designs should strive to meet the standards described in the Stormwater Management Manual for Western Washington (amended 2014).

Mitigation #7: Prior to construction, there must be a determination as to whether further geotechnical testing is necessary.

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118 Resilience Taholah Village Relocation Master Plan

120 Resilience RESILIENCE tsunami. Those displaced would live in relief tents until permanent housing was established. Tents, showers, The Village of Taholah is isolated from the rest of latrines and a dining area would comprise the relief Grays Harbor County and the road network. It is camp. There would be a need for three 10,000 gallon located at the end of State Route 109 and power lines. water tanks and a power source, such as a generator. There are no railroad or airport facilities. Thus, in case of disaster, Taholah will need to shelter-in-place. The Because Taholah is a close-knit community and sewer and water systems are vulnerable to earthquake many residents in the Lower Village have relatives and tsunami damage. In order to understand how in the existing housing south of the Administration the new village would be affected by an earthquake Building, some of the displaced may be able to shelter and tsunami and how the community would best in the homes of those relatives, potentially reducing react to service interruptions in public utility service, the number of acres required. As the residents of the the US Army Corps of Engineers FEST-A (USACE) Lower Village gradually relocate to homes in the new was invited to simulate a disaster in Taholah. The destruction caused by an earthquake and tsunami would render the Lower Village uninhabitable. Those living in the Lower Village would become refugees, as would any employees that would be cut off from their homes outside Taholah by damage to State Route 109.

GOALS

• Prepare for the aftermath of an earthquake and tsunami when power, water, and sanitation infrastructure may be jeopardized to ensure a safe recovery before and after relief arrives

DISASTER RESPONSE

According to the recommendations of the FEST-A team, relief efforts will require two design elements: an area to land helicopters and supplies, and eight cleared, flat acres of land. The area for landing and unloading supplies must be clear of power lines, trees and other End of the Highway things that pose a threat to aircraft. The current area QIN Planning used for helicopters is the baseball field to the north of the Administration Building. This space or a similar village. The parks can serve as this open space. After space would be adequate for relief purposes. This the Community Center is constructed, the need for baseball field will likely be redeveloped, so another the outdoor area for a refuge for those displaced by area should be developed in the new village. This Plan a tsunami will diminish. Alternatively, tents could envisions the baseball and softball fields for the new be set up in the lawns of the homes south of the school to serve as the new facility. These fields will Administration Building. This solution, however, is not be centrally located near the center of the village, the preferred, as not all residential lots are flat and it would community center/emergency shelter and the Health cause stress to existing residents. Center to promote the ease of moving relief supplies throughout the village and for medical evacuations. The eight acres would house those displaced by the

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to temperature and moisture. After the crises passes Wastewater the Wag Bags would need to be transported to an appropriate disposal system. The existing wastewater treatment plant sits well below the new village, within the upper extents of the According to the USACE, The Toilets with Wag bags modeled tsunami inundation. As the facility is in a and urinals strategy “consists of a toilet seat with a relatively high area compared to the rest of the Lower container lined with a plastic bag. After an individual Village, there is a chance that the facility will survive use, the waste material is double sealed in a bag for unscathed. However, prudent planning requires the disposal. The bags are primarily used to contain solid assumption that there will be some damage to the waste. An infiltration field would also be constructed plant. to handle liquid wastes. The facility would consist of facilities (tubes) to collect liquid waste and convey Originally, QIN Planning Staff explored building the waste to a buried infiltration field. A disposal site, a berm around the plant to armor the facility from either temporary or permanent would still be required the tsunami. However, this is likely infeasible and for the bagged waste. The liquid waste disposal field an expensive solution, as the berm would need to would require excavation and transportation of grave be upwards of 12 feet high and 40 feet wide and infiltration medium. Ten gallon trash bags will be used would encroach on wetlands. In the estimation of the for the WAG Bag system. This will allow trash bags USACE, the plant may survive the earthquake, as most to be used, reducing the number of different items of the facility is built into the ground and will move required for the disaster storage.” with the soil during the earthquake. The tsunami, were it to reach the plant, would likely damage the control Water facility and equipment at the top of the ponds, but not the ponds. USACE suggests that the backup generator The water supply of Taholah is derived from a well be relocated outside of the zone of inundation and located on the north side of the river and several miles that secondary control electronics be provided at the upstream. The supply reaches the community via a new back-up generator site. The relocated power and pipe that crosses the bridge at the northern terminus control facility will allow the treatment facility to be of State Route 109, well within the tsunami zone. returned to operation as soon as possible. An earthquake could cause the bridge to collapse, damaging the pipe and cutting off supply. The shaking While repairs are made to the wastewater treatment from the earthquake would likely damage the existing plant, an interim method of human waste disposal water infrastructure in the community. Thus, the will be necessary. The USACE examined three water supply is vulnerable to interruption and potential solutions; portable toilets with WAG (Waste alternative emergency measures should be examined. Alleviation and Gel) bags, container toilets and slit When the well and water system were constructed trench latrines. in 2003, test wells were dug on the south side of the river near Taholah. However, none of the test wells The USACE’s recommended method is the Wag bags produced adequate quality or quantity, requiring Toilets with liquid waste infiltration. Per the USACE, bringing the water from the current well site. Even if the Wag bag method has several advantages: it can be the pipe survives the disaster, if power to the well were quickly deployed, there are no energy requirement cut off, the water supply would also be threatened. A either for set up or use of the bagged facility, facilities generator at the well site should be provided to power could be concentrated if the population is housed in the well, as well as fuel stored to supply the generator. a disaster camp setting or distributed to individual Resupply of fuel to the generator would be problematic residences, and it requires no power to operate. The as the bridge is the sole access to the north side of the stockpiled materials (toilet seats, containers and bags) river. have a long storage life and are relatively insensitive

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The USACE explored two options: installation of a new pipe under the river and use of a package plant. At the time of the original design and installation of the pipe across the river, the Indian Health Service planned to route the pipe under the river. However, this approach proved infeasible as the soil under the river is mostly cobbles and the drilling machine failed several times to successfully tunnel under the river. The pipe was then placed on the bridge. The strategy to bore under the river is likely still infeasible. The following text is the USACE’s description of the preferred option and recommendation. Water Main Crossing Bridge QIN Planning

“Use package plant – This method would require a Reverse Osmosis Water Purification transmission systems. One for potable water Unit (ROWPU) system. This system is a trailer and one for non-potable water. Each system mounted reverse osmosis system. The trailer will require a dedicated pump and a dedicated is a self-contained water purification system transmission system. The pumps should containing a filtration unit and associated pumps, deliver approximately 20 gallons per minute at generators, and pumps sufficient to process a minimum of discharge pressure of 75 pounds river water to drinking water standards. The per square inch (psi). The transmission line ROWPU will be used to provide the potable water should be 2-inches in diameter with a length of requirements (drinking and cooking water) for approximately 1,200-feet. PVC pipe was assumed the facility. Non-potable water would be supplied in the transmission system analysis. It may be for other demands such as bathing. possible to use rolled flexible pipe. Whichever pipe is selected appropriate fittings will also need The ROWPU trailer would be located upstream of to be stored. the existing village at the river. The purification unit would process river water and deliver potable Two pumps and two 1,200 linear feet water. The estimated potable water demand is transmission lines will be required One pump and 12,000 gallons per day (gpd). The non-potable one transmission line for the potable water system demand is estimated to be 18,000 gpd. Separate and one for the non-potable system. In addition, pumps would be needed to supply water to the dedicated bladder tanks will be required for each disaster camp. It is suggested that collapsible system. bladder tanks be used to provide storage of both potable and non-potable water. The proposed Distribution storage would allow for maintenance of the ROWPU unit and the delivery pumps. It is Water from the transmission lines will deliver suggested that a minimum of three days storage water to bladder tanks located at the disaster be provided for potable water once the water camp. Flow from the bladder tanks will be reaches the disaster camp. Additional pumps will delivered to the distribution system with pumps. be required to pressurize the distribution system. The pumps should be capable of delivering the peak flow of approximately 20 gpm. The desired Transmission minimum pressure in the distribution system is 20 psi. Two distribution systems will be used, one Conveyance of the water from the filtration site for potable water and one for non-potable water. to the disaster camp will require two dedicated

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The distribution system within the disaster camp is assumed to be composed of PVC pipe. A Two inch diameter lie will deliver non-potable water to the shower facilities. At each shower tent a 1-inch diameter line will deliver non-potable water to each shower head. The shower heads will be connected to the 1-inch line via ½-inch diameter pipe. A valve should be installed at the point where the 2-inch line connects to the tent, and at each shower head.

A 2-inch diameter potable line will distribute potable water to the kitchen facilities and to potable water taps located in the disaster camp. 1-inch diameter pipe will “T” off of the 2-inch pipe to carry potable water to the taps. ½-inch pipe will “T” off of the 1-inch pipe to the individual potable water taps. Isolation valves should be provided at location one pipe “T” off of another pipe.”

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