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Resource Practices Branch Pest Management Report Number 15 Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. - - 2001 - Annual. Vols. for 2011- issued in Pest management report series. Also issued on the Internet. ISSN 1715-0167 = Summary of forest health conditions in British Columbia. 1. Forest health - British Columbia - Evaluation - Periodicals. 2. Trees - Diseases and pests - British Columbia - Periodicals. 3. Forest surveys - British Columbia - Periodicals. I. British Columbia. Forest Practices Branch. II. Series: Pest management report. SB764.C3S95 634.9’6’09711 C2005-960057-8 Front cover photo by Art Stock: Larch needle blight damage near Yahk 2011 SUMMARY OF FOREST HEALTH CONDITIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Joan Westfall1 and Tim Ebata2 Contact Information 1 Forest Health Forester, EntoPath Management Ltd., 1654 Hornby Avenue, Kamloops, BC, V2B 7R2. Email: [email protected] 2 Forest Health Officer, Resource Practices Branch, PO Box 9513 Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2. Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary ............................................................................................................................................. i Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 3 General Conditions ........................................................................................................................... 6 Damaging Agents of Pines ............................................................................................................... 8 Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae ................................................................... 8 White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola ............................................................................ 17 Dothistroma needle blight, Dothistroma septospora .............................................................. 18 Pine needle cast, Lophodermella concolor ................................................................................. 18 Pine needle sheathminer, Zellaria haimbachi ......................................................................... 19 Damaging Agents of Douglas-fir ..................................................................................................... 20 Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis ......................................................... 20 Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata ................................................................... 24 Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ..................................................................... 26 Laminated root disease, Phellinus weirii ................................................................................ 27 Damaging Agents of Spruce ............................................................................................................. 28 Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis ................................................................................... 28 Large-spored spruce-labrador tea rust, Chrysomyxa ledicola ............................................. 29 Damaging Agents of True Fir ........................................................................................................... 30 Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus ................................................................. 30 Two-year-cycle budworm, Choristoneura biennis ................................................................ 32 Delphinella needle cast, Delphinella spp. .............................................................................. 33 Damaging Agents of Hemlock ......................................................................................................... 34 Western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa ..................................................... 34 Western blackheaded budworm, Acleris gloverana ............................................................. 36 Damaging Agents of Larch ............................................................................................................... 37 Larch needle blight, Hypodermella laricis .............................................................................. 37 Larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella ..................................................................................... 38 Damaging Agents of Cedar .............................................................................................................. 38 Yellow-cedar decline ................................................................................................................ 38 Damaging Agents of Deciduous Trees .......................................................................................... 39 Aspen (serpentine) leaf miner, Phyllocristis populiella ................................................... 39 Venturia blight, Venturia spp. ............................................................................................. 41 Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria ....................................................................... 42 Large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana ................................................................... 43 Birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla ............................................................................................ 43 Aspen and birch declines ..................................................................................................... 44 Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar ............................................................................................. 44 Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata .............................................................................. 45 Satin moth, Leucoma salicis .................................................................................................. 45 Damaging Agents of Multiple Host Species ................................................................................ 46 Armillaria root disease, Armillaria ostoyae ........................................................................... 46 Black army cutworm, Actebia fennica .................................................................................... 46 Pitted sap rot, Trichaptum abietinum ..................................................................................... 47 Abiotic injury and associated forest health factors ............................................................ 47 Animal damage ........................................................................................................................ 50 Miscellaneous damaging agents .................................................................................................... 51 Forest Health Projects ....................................................................................................................... 52 Forest Health Presentations ............................................................................................................. 67 Forest Health Publications ............................................................................................................... 77 SUMMARY The 2011 Summary of Forest Health Conditions in British Columbia (BC) is a compilation of current forest health data from a variety of BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (MFLNRO) sources. The primary source is the provincial forest health aerial overview survey program, with additional information from insect population assessments, ground observations by trained personnel and summaries of special projects, meetings, presentations and publications undertaken by MFLNRO entomologists, pathologists and their associates. Over 7 million hectares of forested land in BC were damaged by a wide variety of forest health agents in 2011. Mountain pine beetle continued to affect the most area and was the most widespread damaging agent, with 4.6 million hectares of mortality. Damage by this beetle has steadily declined over the past three years, after the outbreak peaked at 10.1 million hectares in 2007. Attack was very low and scattered in the initial outbreak areas of the Cariboo Region and the southern portions of the Skeena and Omineca Regions, where very little susceptible pine remains. Infestation expansions continued only on the leading edges in the far northern and southern areas of the province. Mortality due to other bark beetles also declined in 2011. Western balsam bark beetle attack dropped to one-fifth the area recorded last year, with a total of 325,711 ha affected. Damage continued to occur in the same general areas but infestations tended to be recorded as spots or small polygons rather than large, light disturbances. Size and intensity of spruce beetle infestations decreased to 19,346 ha, and Douglas-fir beetle attack dropped to only 15,789 ha. This trend is anticipated to reverse in 2012 for Douglas-fir beetle and spruce beetle in several areas of the central interior, where populations have been building in trees damaged by wind, flooding and extensive wildfires. A variety of deciduous defoliators were abundant in BC this year. Aspen (serpentine) leaf miner affected a record 669,050 ha of primarily
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