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Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests

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Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests Cover photos clockwise from top: Spruce bark beetle damage (inset spruce bark beetle) Chicken of the woods conks Hemlock fluting and wood decay Wood wasp 2 Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests Edward Holsten, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist (retired) Paul Hennon, U.S. Forest Service Pathologist Lori Trummer, U.S. Forest Service Pathologist James Kruse, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist Mark Schultz, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist John Lundquist, U.S. Forest Service Entomologist Publication Number R10–TP–140 3 Acknowledgments The authors thank Tom Laurent, Richard Werner, and John Hard, retired U.S. Forest Service Pathologist and Entomologists, respectively, who were instrumental in developing previous editions of this handbook. We thank Courtney Danley, biological technician, U.S. Forest Service Juneau, for her efforts in obtaining new insect photos. We also appreciate the technical assistance of Ken Zogas, biological technician, U.S. Forest Service Anchorage, and Roger Burnside, Entomologist, Division of Forestry, State of Alaska, as well as the enthusiasm and professionalism of the Alaska Cooperative Extension IPM Technicians. This handbook would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of David Allen, graphic designer, Public Affairs Office, Chugach National Forest, Anchorage, Alaska. Photographs and other illustrations were obtained, as credited in the Appendix, from individuals and from the files of the State of Alaska, Canadian Forestry Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and other sources as cited. Preface The U.S. Forest Service publication, Identification of Destructive Alaska Forest Insects (91), dealt mainly with the damaging forest insects of Southeastern Alaska. Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests (137, 138) included disease agents and were a logical statewide expansion of Hard’s (1967) earlier insect work. Since then, our information on forest insects and diseases of Alaska has increased tremendously (279). In April 2001, a substantially revised and expanded Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests was printed (141). The popularity of the handbook and the need for minor revisions has resulted in this 2008 reprint. This handbook is divided into insect and disease sections, each with its own illustrations, and host index. Literature cited, glossary, and a general index follow at the end of the book. Handbook Organization Not every insect or disease in Alaska is covered in this handbook. Some are omitted because of limited distribution or minor importance, and others are awaiting more comprehensive surveys and information on their economic or ecological importance. Few chemical suppression measures are included for the organisms covered in this manual because many new control measures are quickly outdated or discarded with new advances, recognition of environmental hazards, or lack of benefit/cost effectiveness. Please refer to the nearest office of the Alaska Cooperative Extension Service or State and Private Forestry, U.S. Forest Service for information concerning specific control measures. A discussion of the forests of Alaska and invasive pests follows the introduction. A short description of insects and diseases affecting general parts of a plant follows next and directs the reader to the appropriate insect or disease section. For each insect or disease, a summary of its hosts, distribution, identification, damage, remarks, and references are provided. A specific index of insect or disease by host plant follows each respective section. The handbook concludes with a glossary, bibliography, appendix for submitting insects or diseases for identification, photography and illustration credits, and finally a general index. 4 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................ 10 Forests of Alaska ................................................................................................ 11 Alaska Land Cover Map...................................................................................13 Invasive Pests ...................................................................................................... 14 Guide to the Forest Pests .................................................................................. 17 Forest Defoliators ............................................................................................... 21 Western Black‑Headed Budworm .............................................................. 24 Spruce Budworm ......................................................................................... 26 Large Aspen Tortrix ..................................................................................... 28 Leaf Rollers .................................................................................................. 30 Western Hemlock Looper ........................................................................... 32 Spear‑Marked Black Moth .......................................................................... 34 Green‑Striped Forest Looper ...................................................................... 36 Saddle‑Backed Looper ................................................................................ 37 Mourning Cloak Butterfly ........................................................................... 38 Hawkmoth .................................................................................................... 39 Rusty Tussock Moth .................................................................................... 40 Spotted Tussock Moth ................................................................................. 41 Leaf Blotch Miner ....................................................................................... 42 Willow Leaf Miner ...................................................................................... 43 Birch Leaf Miners ........................................................................................ 45 Hemlock Sawfly .......................................................................................... 46 Larch Sawfly ................................................................................................ 48 Striped Alder Sawfly ................................................................................... 50 Alder Woolly Sawfly ................................................................................... 51 Leaf Beetles.................................................................................................. 52 Bud and Shoot Insects....................................................................................... 53 Spruce Bud Midge ....................................................................................... 54 Spruce and Larch Budmoth.........................................................................55 Sap‑Sucking Insects and Mites ........................................................................ 56 Spruce Aphid ................................................................................................ 57 5 Giant Conifer Aphids .................................................................................. 59 Spruce Gall Aphids ...................................................................................... 60 Woolly Adelgids .......................................................................................... 62 Spruce Bud Scale ......................................................................................... 64 Birch Aphid .................................................................................................. 65 Hardwood Gall Insects ................................................................................ 66 Spittlebug ..................................................................................................... 68 Spider Mites ................................................................................................. 69 Eriophyid Mites ........................................................................................... 70 Bark Beetles ........................................................................................................ 71 Spruce Beetle ............................................................................................... 73 Eastern Larch Beetle ................................................................................... 77 Engravers ...................................................................................................... 78 Hemlock Hylesinus ..................................................................................... 81 Cedar Bark Beetle ........................................................................................ 82 Four‑Eyed Bark Beetle ................................................................................ 83 Dryocoetes ................................................................................................... 84 Willow Bark Beetle ..................................................................................... 85 Wood Borers ....................................................................................................... 86 Round‑Headed Borers or Long‑Horned Beetles ....................................... 87 White‑Spotted Sawyer ................................................................................ 88 Xylotrechus ................................................................................................... 89 Other Alaska Cerambycidae ......................................................................
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