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Western Hemlock Tsuga heterophylla (Raf .) Sarg. Western Hemlock Pinaceae Pine family E. C. Packee Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), also called Pacific hemlock and west coast hemlock, thrives in humid areas of the Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountains. Its potential for management as an effi- cient producer of fiber has long been recognized. It is an important browse species for deer and elk. Western hemlock provides an important part of the esthetic background for eight national parks-four each in the United States and Canada. It is a pioneer on many sites, yet it is commonly the climax dominant. Although western hemlock grows like a weed, its versatility and potential for management make it the “Cinderella of the Northwest.” Habitat Native Range Western hemlock (fig. 1) is an important commer- cial tree species of the Pacific coast and northern Rocky Mountains. Along the Pacific coast, its range extends north along the Coast Ranges from central California to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, a dis- tance of 3200 km (2,000 mi) (11,18,33). It is the dominant species in British Columbia and Alaska along the Coast Mountains and on the coastal is- lands. Inland it grows along the western and upper east- ern slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and the west side of the Continental Divide of the northern Rocky Mountains in Montana and Idaho north to Prince George, BC (7,18,26). Climate Western hemlock thrives in a mild, humid climate where frequent fog and precipitation occur during the growing season. Best stands are in the humid and superhumid coastal regions. In subhumid regions with relatively dry growing seasons, western hemlock is confined primarily to northerly aspects, moist stream bottoms, or seepage sites. Within the coastal range of western hemlock, mean Figure l-The native range of western hemlock. annual total precipitation ranges from less than 380 mm (15 in) in Alaska to at least 6650 mm (262 in) tains is 560 mm (22 in) to at least 1730 mm (68 in) in British Columbia. The range in the Rocky Moun- (25). Mean annual temperatures range from 0.3” to The author is Assistant Professor of Forest Management, Univer- 11.3” C (32.5” to 52.3” F) on the coast and 2.2” to 8.2” sity of Alaska, School of Agriculture and Land Resources C (36.0” to 46.8” F) in the Rocky Mountains. Ob- Management, Fairbanks, AK. served mean July temperatures lie between 11.3” 613 Tsuga heterophylla and 19.7” C (52.3” and 67.5” F) along the coast and on soils with good drainage to 43.2 cm (17.0 in) on 14.4” and 20.6” C (58.0” and 69.0” F) in the interior. poorly drained soils (15). Commonly, the majority of Mean January temperatures reported for the two roots, especially fine roots, are concentrated just areas range from -10.9” to 8.5” C (12.4” to 47.3” F) below the organic horizon. The importance of the and -11.1” to -2.4” C (12.0” to 27.6” F), respectively. organic horizon as a continual supply of available Recorded absolute maximum temperature for the nutrients for western hemlock cannot be overstated. coast is 40.6” C (105.0” F) and for the Rocky Moun- In coastal British Columbia, earthworms are com- tains, 42.2” C (108.0” F). Absolute minimum mon in the organic horizons, even where the pH is temperatures tolerated by western hemlock are less than 4; earthworms may play an important role -38.9” C (-38.0” F) for the coast and -47.8” C (-54.0” in making nutrients available for root uptake. On F) for the interior. many soils of Oregon and Washington, however, root- The frost-free period within the coastal range of ing depths exceed 1 m (3.3 ft). western hemlock averages less than 100 to more Soil reaction (pH) under stands containing western than 280 days (25). In the Rocky Mountains, the hemlock ranges from less than 3.0 to nearly 6.0 in frost-free period is 100 to 150 days (20). the organic horizons. The pH in the surface mineral horizons ranges from 4.0 to 6.3 and that of the C Soils and Topography horizon from 4.8 to 6.2 (21). Optimum range of pH for seedlings is 4.5 to 5.0. Western hemlock is highly productive on soils with Western hemlock grows on soils derived from all a broad range of available nutrients. Evidence from bedrock types (except possibly serpentines) within its various locations on the Pacific coast suggests that range. It grows well on sedimentary (argillites, the productivity of western hemlock increases as soil shales, sandstones, limestones), metamorphic (gneis- nitrogen increases (15,21). There is no evidence that ses, marbles, quartzites, schists), and igneous (an- seedlings prefer ammonium over nitrate ions (32). desites, basalts, diorites, gabbros, granites) Phosphorus may be limiting on some sites as sug- materials. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it gested by data from Oregon showing a strong rela- thrives on all major landforms-colluvial, eolian, tion between site index and soil phosphorus (21). fluvial, lacustrine, marine, morainal, residual, rock, Although the requirement of western hemlock for and organic. cations is unclear, rooting habit and field data sug- Western hemlock grows on a variety of soils and is gest that it requires or tolerates considerable a characteristic species on soils of 6 of the 10 soil amounts of calcium. orders: Alfisols, Entisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, The range in elevation at which western hemlock Spodosols, and Ultisols; and on many great groups, grows is broad, from sea level to 2130 m (7,000 ft); including: Fragiboralfs, Fragiudalfs, Hapludalfs; its distribution varies by latitude and mountain Fluvaquents, Udifluvents, Quartzipsamments; range. On the coast, western hemlock develops best Borofolists, Cryolfolists; Cryandepts, Dystrandepts, between sea level and 610 m (2,000 ft); in the Rocky Vitrandepts, Cryaquepts, Haplaquepts, Dystro- Mountains, between 490 and 1280 m (1,600 and chrepts, Cryumbrepts, Haplumbrepts; Fragiaquods, 4,200 R) (26). Placohumods, Crvorthods, Fragiorthods, Haplor- thods; and Haplohumults. ‘It is Tound on ‘most soil textural classes. Height growth, however, decreases Associated Forest Cover with increasing clay content or soil bulk density. This is attributed to inadequate soil aeration (35) or the Western hemlock (fig. 2) is either a major or a inability of roots to penetrate compact soils. minor component in at least 20 forest cover types of Western hemlock thrives on soils with perudic and the Society of American Foresters (6). udic soil moisture regimes. If, however, internal soil drainage is restricted within 1 m (3.3 R) of the soil Pacific Rocky surface, height growth decreases (35). Western hem- coast Mountains lock is poorly suited to sites where the water table is 202 White SprucePaper Birch X less than 15 cm (6 in) below the soil surface (22). 205 Mountain Hemlock X X 206 Engelmann Spruc+Subalpine Fir X Although capable of existing on soils with moisture 210 Interior Douglas-Fir X regimes tending toward ustic or xeric, it grows poor- 212 Western Larch X ly; frequently, tops die back in years of drought. 213 Grand Fir X The soil organic horizon under mature stands ran- 215 Western White Pine X ges from less than 7 to more than 57 cm (2.8 to 22.5 218 Lodgepole Pine X in); the average depth increases from 11.4 cm (4.5 in) 221 Red Alder 614 Tsuga heterophylla Pacific Rocky Coast Mountains 222 Black Cottonwood-Willow x 223 Sitka Spruce x 224 Western Hemlock X X 225 Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce X 226 Coastal True Fir-Hemlock X 227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock x X 228 Western Redcedar X 229 Pacific Douglas-Fir X 230 Douglas-Fir-Western Hemlock X X 231 Port Oxford-Cedar X 232 Redwood X The forest cover types may be either seral or climax. Tree associates specific to the coast include Patic silver fir (Abies amabilis), noble fir (A procera), bigleaf maple (Acer mucrophyllum), red alder (Alnus rubra), giant chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla), Port-Orford- cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsonianu), Alaska-cedar CC. nootkatensis), incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), tanoak (Lithocarpus o!ensifirus), Sitka spruce (Picea sit&en.&), sugar pine (Pinus lumbertiana), redwood (Se- quoia sempervirens), and California laurel (Umbelluluria californica). Associates occurring in both the Pacific coast and Rocky Mountain portions of its range include grand fir (Abies grandis), subalpine fir (A lasiocarpa), paper birch (Betulu papyrifira), western larch (Lanjd occiden- talis), Engelmann spruce @‘icea engelmannii), white spruce (I! glauca), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), western white pine (I?? monticola), ponderosa pine (r! ponderosa), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Pacific yew (2bxu.s brevifoliu), western redcedar (l’huja plicata), and moun- tain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana). Western hemlock is a component of the redwood forests on the coasts of northern California and ad- jacent Oregon. In Oregon and western Washington, it is a major constituent of the Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, and Abies amabilis Zones and is less important in the Tsuga mertensiana and Mixed- Conifer Zones (7). In British Columbia, it is a major element of the Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis, l’!zga heterophylla-Abies amabilis, l3uga heterophylla, Abies amabilis-Tsuga heterophylla, and Abies amabilis-Tsuga mertensiana Vegetation Zones; it is confined to a distinct understory portion or to moist sites in the Pseudotsuga menziesii-Tsuga heterophyl- la and Pseudotsuga menziesii Zones (25). In the Rocky Mountains, it is present in the Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla Vegetation Zones and the lower portion of the Abies lasiocarpa Zone (26). Various persons have described the plant associa- tions and biogeocoenoses in which western hemlock Figure 2-Open-grown western hemlock, Coeur d’Alene National is found; more than 75 are listed for the west coast Forest, ID.
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